1.

Cl1, which is a precursor to/ is a trigger

for/ a contributing factor of/results in/leads
to/ contributes greatly to + NP.
Civilized human beings are faced with more and
more increased workload, which is a precursor
to elevated level of stress.
2. Cl1, which acts as a deterrent preventing
s.o from doing s.t
(acts as a bridge/ bridge s.t)/ acts as an
effective tool
+It is the government that should enforce more
stringent legislation, which acts as a deterrent
preventing youngsters from committing anti-
social conducts.
+ More and more severe penalties should be
imposed upon less friendly-environment
activities, which acts a deterrent to businesses
contaminating the rivers, air and atmosphere.
+act as a catalyst
3. Cl1, which aims at + V-ing/ targets at (on)
s.o/ targets for s.t
Many universities have launched charity-based
activities, which aims at bonding their students
as well as enhancing their sense of community.
4. Cl1, which is of paramount importance to /
is of great value to s.o/in s.t/ is of great
significance to s.o…..
Physical education should be prioritized in the
academic environment, which is of paramount
importance to boosting the physical well-being
of the young generation.
5. Cl1, which is of minor significance to….
Intelligent quotient, which is of minor
significance to the success of a person, is
primarily taken into consideration by almost all
parents.
6. Cl1, which puts enormous pressure
(burden/strain)/poses threats to/ poses
challenges to/detrimentally affects s.o =
exerts a detrimental effect on…………
The world natural resources are consumed at
an ever-increased rate, which exerts a
detrimental effect on the sustainable
development of human beings.
7.Cl1, which enables s.o to do s.t/ makes it
possible for s.o to do s.t/which unlocks the
door with numerous opportunities/golden
opportunity for s,o to do s.t/ facilitates s.t/
paves the way for s.t to +V/drives s.o to do
s.t/ motivates s.o to do s.t)
(cl1, which makes it impossible for s.o to do
s.t/ fails to enable s.o to do s.t/ block people's
access to education and health care services/
hinder s.t/ become a hindrance to s.t/retards =
slow down the development/growth of s.t
Cl1, which traps so in s.t)
+Getting exposed to a non-native language
since early childhood is a great way to boost
children’s brain, which makes it possible for
them to excel their peers in the long run.
+Excessive and prolonged usage of smart
phones could trap children in the virtual world,
which retards their well-rounded development.
8.Subject + offers an excellent
example/evidence/illustration of how + S + V-
finite …+when + clause.
+Japan offers an excellent example of how
poverty and sufferings were turned into dreams
and aspirations when the Japanese magically
transformed their country into a superpower
after the Second World War.
+ Vietnam offers an excellent example of how a
small-sized nation could win the powerful
country when they gained and declared their
independence after so many years of
experiencing long-lasting wars.
9.The fact that + S + V-finite….is ……………
The fact that excessively controlling teenagers
can results in psychological disorder is highly
demonstrated by longitudinal research.
He loves me. This makes me happy.
……………, which makes……..
The fact that he loves me makes me happy.
10. What makes them stand out is that +
clause (benefit)
What it needs to get them out of poverty is +
NP
+What makes these low-priced tickets stand
out is that it could make cross-border flights
become more accessible to people from all
walks of life.
+ What it needs to revitalize these businesses is
the governmental funding./ is that the
government should financially subsidize these
businesses.
11. It is + NP that + V-finite
It is parents that should stimulate their children
to get involved in charity-based activities.
12. Dung who, which, where,when chen vao
giua de giai thich:
Air pollution, which is mostly caused by motor
vehicles, can trigger health problems.
Celebrities, who are assumed to be the public
images, definitely exert wide-ranging impact on
the young generation.
Schools where children are nurtured in both
mental and physical aspects should carry out
reforms to keep pace with the development of
the society.
4-to-5-year-old stage is a golden period when
children’s brains are boosted.
13. The more…, the more
+The more toxic gases are released to the air,
the more contaminated the atmosphere is.
14. If cl1, cl2
If action is not taken soon on climate change,
global warming will get worse.
Should action be…., ……………………….
+if he has any problem, he will contact you.
= Should he have…., he will….
+should you have any question, please do not
hesitate to contact me.
15.Given + s.t
The couples seem to be happy given the fact
that they behave with each other.
given + sth “given” là discourse marker thể hiện
ý nghĩa rằng “người đọc sẽ hiểu tại sao nếu biết
về sth”
+In the end, the above analyses show that
shopping online has both merits and demerits;
however, I believe it is an inevitable trend given
the fast- paced development of e-commerce.
[Kết luận là, những phân tích bên trên cho thấy
mua sắm online có cả mặt tốt và mặt chưa tốt;
tuy nhiên, tôi tin rằng đây là một xu hướng tất
yếu, nếu như chúng ta nhìn vào tốc độ phát
triển nhanh chóng của thương mại điện tử ngày
nay.]
Cl1 given the fact that cl2.
15.Cl1, not to mention the fact that + clause.
+ Rampant corruption leads to dire
consequences on the socio-economic (social
and economic) development of a country, not
to the mention the fact that the commoners
will lose their belief in the authorities.
Cl1, not to mention + s.t
16. cl1, regardless of /irrespective of the fact
that + cl2.
The compassion should be put on top priority,
regardless of the fact that people live in
different parts of the world.
Regardless of = irrespective of geographical
locations/distance
17. S, no matter how + adj, clause.
Every country, no matter how affluent, has
groups of people who live under the poverty
line.
Every regulation, no matter how fair, has its
own merits and demerits.
18. cl1, which provides s.o with an access to
+NP/ unlock the door with golden opportunity
for s.o to do s.t: (7)
Seeking academic opportunities in a non-native
country is a rewarding experience to many
youngsters, which provides them with an
access to an educationally advanced system.
Firstly, people now have an inclination to
form nuclear families. This is
because…….
giair thich WHY
(extended families)
Secondly, individuals can learn the good
things of other more civilised societies and
alter the way they behave through movies
originated from other countries. For
example,…….
The first impact is that when fewer students
decide to learn about science, there would be
a serious shortage of employees working in
these fields. This would lead to ...
ket qua
Older parents are more likely to give birth to
less healthy progenies. Scientific research
has demonstrated that………..
nghien cuu
Idols who deeply get involved in scandals
can exert detrimental impacts on their
teenage fans. This is because

the use of cars is often held responsible for

environmental pollution. giai thich WHY

Rail and subway systems, however, could

ensure that traffic congestion is properly
addressed. Unlike cars and buses,
so sanh tuong phan
Extended families
Para1: co nhieu uu diem – Firstly,….uu diem 1
–topic sentence 1 – supporting cho Tp1.
Secondly, tp2- supporting tp2.
+ TOPIC SENTENCE: - tham dua nhieu y topic
sentence/focus – topic truu tuong- qua rong
(broaden horizon)
(time + money. This is because……
 1. Trinh tu thoi gian:
TP1: job opportunity
Tp2: boost linguistic competence/reach full
maturity
- Sai trinh tu time
2. Khong gian/ cap do:
Tp1: individuals
TP2: on a national scale,….sustainable
development
Tp2: globally,……
3. Linh vuc:
Tp1: on a social/economic/cultural/politic
aspect
+supporting sentence:
Topic sentence. This is because…
Topic sentence. As a consequence,…/ As a
result,…../Therefore,…………………….
Topic sentence. For example,……
++SUPPORTING SENTENCES:
1/ Đặt câu hỏi ‘why’
TOPIC SENTENCE: ‘studying in English-speaking
countries gives learners opportunities to
improve their English’.
This is because they can talk with native English
speakers every day, thereby improving their
listening and speaking skills’.

2/ Đặt câu hỏi‘so what’: cho người đọc biết

được kết quả/hậu quả của ý mà bạn đưa ra.
‘Children nowadays play video games too
much’; therefore, they may be addicted to
games, and in turn they will have less time to
spend on studying’.
As a consequence,../ as a result,…….
3/ Đưa ví dụ
“Firstly, if students spend a year working
before going to university, they can learn
many valuable things. They might acquire
much experience and knowledge from actual
jobs, and their horizons can be broadened.”
FAIL

“Firstly, if students spend a year working

before going to university, they can acquire
much experience and knowledge. For example,
working as a waiter at a restaurant allows
students to learn how to deal with customers,
or being a tour guide can help them improve
their communication skills. This might
contribute to the success of students in their
future career.”

I do not think that increasing the price of fuel is

the most workable method to mitigate
environmental contamination.
Although charging a skyrocketing price on fuel
can deter citizens from commuting by their
personal vehicles, it does not have any impacts
on factories that cannot use any other greener
sources. For example, Vietnam does not
develop technological devices to exploit natural
energy sources such as wind, water, tide and so
on, so manufacturing companies still have to
use oil, petrol or coal in spite of its exorbitant
price. Therefore, the environment is not
protected by this remedy.

4. Phát triển ví dụ thực tế có số liệu thống kê

The WHO reports that each year, smoking kills
more than 7 million people on a global scale,
with nearly 1 million being the victims of
second-hand smoking.

5. Phát triển ví dụ thực tế dựa trên xu hướng

xã hội

Sociological researches show that attending

nursery is more beneficial to kids than receiving
home schooling, because of the greater amount
of team work and social interaction at
nurseries.
6. Phát triển ví dụ thực tế dựa trên trải nghiệm
cac cá nhân
Many students who study abroad claim that
this educational experience helps them become
more independent and learn how to work as a
team.

7. Phát triển ý sử dụng từ IF

Increasing job satisfaction means that the
quality of human resource will also rise. For
example, ifcompanies offer excellent pay
packages, they can attract the most talented
people in their fields to work for them.

8. Phát triển ý sử dụng từ WITHOUT

Advertisements of many producers are now
omnipresent. If, for example, people watch a
football match on television, they will see the
logos of the tournament sponsors.
Likewise, if they watch the latest blockbuster
movie, very probably they will see a product
placed in the film by some advertising
agency. Without the information provided in
commercials, buyers cannot find essential
details about the products they are going to
buy.

9. Phát triển ý sử dụng FOR THIS REASON

The more expensive gas, petrol and oil become,
the fewer people burn them for commuting
demand. For this reason, CO2 emissions will
decline dramatically, curbing the possibility
of global warming.
Taking up extreme sports can
stimulate bravery and problem-solving skills,
leading to the success at work. Because every
decision they make in those extreme sport
endangers their life, they hone decision-making
skills under pressure unconsciously. For this
reason, at work or even in personal life, risky
sport players can suffer stress better and come
up with wise decisions in any condition.

10. sử dụng
Not only … but also
Trying extreme activities can put players’ lives
in jeopardy. They encounter
many unforeseeable dangers, which can not
only trigger serious injuries but also deprive
their lives. Parachuting, for example, is a
modern sport attracting many youngsters,
but if a player is not well trained about the use
of equipment and problem-solving skills and
then cannot open the parachute in the air, this
tiny mistake will ruin their life

11. So sánh: qua khu hien tai/ tuong phan

Some people may claim that the insights into
the local historical values are completely
enough for one to live. Their argument could be
true a few decades ago when most
interpersonal communications were between
people of the same race and origin. However,
this view is now outdated, as the world has
become globalised and international business
and migrant workers have made any
community a global village. In this context, an
understanding of a foreign country’s history
would enable future local workers to reinforce
the relationship between them and the
expatriates from that country.

12. Tương phản: while cl1, cl2.

Technology has created many affordable
activities for enjoyment for even the children
whose families are not too wealthy. While some
pastimes such as golf and stamp collection can
be too expensive for many, video games and
portable music players seem to be more
popular amongst average people.