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Core Knowledge Language Arts® • Skills Strand Grade 1
A
Unit 1
Teacher Guide
Skills Strand
GRADE 1
Core Knowledge Language Arts®
Creative Commons Licensing
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-
NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
Lesson
Alignment Chart for Unit 1
1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
STD RF.1.1a Recognize the distinguishing features of a sentence (e.g., first word, capitalization, ending punctuation).
STD RF.1.2b Orally produce single-syllable words by blending sounds (phonemes), including consonant blends.
STD RF.1.2c Isolate and pronounce initial, medial vowel, and final sounds (phonemes) in spoken single-syllable words.
v
vi
Lesson
Alignment Chart for Unit 1
1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
STD RF.1.2d Segment spoken single-syllable words into their complete sequence of individual sounds (phonemes).
Fluency
STD RF.1.4a Read grade-level text with purpose and understanding.
STD SL.1.6 Produce complete sentences when appropriate to task and situation.
vii
viii
Lesson
Alignment Chart for Unit 1
1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
STD L.1.2d Use conventional spelling for words with common spelling patterns and for frequently occurring irregular words.
These goals are addressed in all lessons in this domain. Rather than repeat these goals as lesson objectives throughout the domain, they
are designated here as frequently occurring goals.
Week Two
Day 6 (Lesson 6) Day 7 (Lesson 7) Day 8 (Lesson 8) Day 9 (Lesson 9) Day 10 (Lesson 10)
Assessment Assessment Assessment Assessment Assessment
CKLA Kindergarten CKLA Kindergarten CKLA Kindergarten CKLA Kindergarten CKLA Kindergarten
Stories (20–30 min.) Stories (20–30 min.) Stories (20–30 min.) Stories (20–30 min.) Stories (20–30 min.)
60 min. 60 min. 60 min. 60 min. 60 min.
Week Three
Day 11 (Lesson 11) Day 12 (Lesson 12) Day 13 (Lesson 13) Day 14 (Lesson 14) Day 15 (Lesson 15)
Warm-Up: Blending and Warm-Up: Blending and Warm-Up: Flip Book Warm-Up: Blending and Warm-Up: Blending and
Segmenting/Flip Book Segmenting/Flip Book Review (5 min.) Segmenting (10 min.) Segmenting/Flip Book
Review (10 min.) Review (10 min.) Review (10 min.)
Practice: Writing the Reviewing the Spellings: Reviewing the Spellings: Small Group: Writing the Reviewing the Spellings:
Spellings and Word Box Writing the Spellings Writing the Spellings Spellings/Word Box (15 Writing the Spellings/
(15 min.) (15 min.) (10 min.) min.) Label the Picture
(15 min.)
Practice: Sister Sounds Small Group: Label the Tricky Words: Tricky Grammar: Identifying Chaining: Pocket Chart
(15 min.) Picture (20 min.) Word Cards (15 min.) Nouns (10 min.) Chaining for Spelling
(15 min.)
Chaining: Large Card Chaining: Pocket Chart Small Group: Tricky Tricky Words: Tricky Tricky Words: Tricky
Chaining (10 min.) Chaining for Spelling Word Practice (15 min.) Word Cards (10 min.) Word Cards (10 min.)
(15 min.)
Tricky Words: Tricky Chaining: Large Card Practicing Reading: Practicing Reading:
Word Cards (10 min.) Chaining (15 min.) Phrases (15 min.) Phrases (10 min.)
60 min. 60 min. 60 min. 60 min. 60 min.
Unit 1 | Introduction 1
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
Week Four
Day 16 (Lesson 16) Day 17 (Lesson 17) Day 18 (Lesson 18) Day 19 (Lesson 19) Day 20 (Lesson 20)
Warm-Up: Blending and Warm-Up: Blending and Warm-Up: Blending and Tricky Word: Tricky Word Warm-Up: Blending and
Segmenting/Flip Book Segmenting/Flip Book Segmenting/Flip Book Cards (5 min.) Segmenting/Flip Book
Review (10 min.) Review (10 min.) Review (10 min.) Review (10 min.)
Reviewing the Spellings: Reviewing the Spellings: Reviewing the Sounds: Reading Time: Reviewing the Spellings:
Writing the Spellings/ Digraphs; Writing the Sister Sounds (5 min.) Demonstration Story: Writing the Spellings/
Label the Picture Spellings (20 min.) “Beth” (20 min.) Label the Picture
(15 min.) (20 min.)
Chaining: Large Card Grammar: Identify Nouns Reviewing the Spellings: Reading Time: Partner Tricky Words: Tricky
Chaining (10 min.) (10 min.) Digraphs; Writing the Reading: “Beth” (15 min.) Word Cards (5 min.)
Spellings (20 min.)
Chaining: Pocket Chart Chaining: Pocket Chart Chaining: Pocket Chart Answering Story Reading Time:
Chaining for Reading Chaining for Reading Chaining for Reading Questions: Story Demonstration Story
(15 min.) (10 min.) (10 min.) Questions Worksheet: (15 min.)
“Beth” (20 min.)
Tricky Words: Tricky Tricky Words: Tricky Practicing Reading: Reading Time: Partner
Word Cards (10 min.) Word Cards (10 min.) Phrases and Sentences Reading: “Nat” (10 min.)
(15 min.)
60 min. 60 min. 60 min. 60 min. 60 min.
Week Five
Day 21 (Lesson 21) Day 22 (Lesson 22) Day 23 (Lesson 23) Day 24 (Lesson 24) Day 25 (Lesson 25)
Warm-Up: Blending and Warm-Up: Blending and Warm-Up: Tricky Word Warm-Up: Noun Hunt Warm-Up: Flip Book
Segmenting Segmenting (5 min.) Review (10 min.) Review (5 min.)
(5 min.) (5 min.)
Reviewing the Sounds: Reviewing Vowel and Concept Review: Reviewing the Spellings: Reviewing the Sounds:
Mirror, Mirror; Vowel Consonant Sounds: Consonant Sounds Double-Letter Spellings; Sister Sounds /s/ and /z/
Discrimination (25 min.) Mirror, Mirror; Vowel (5 min.) The Sound /k/ Spelled (10 min.)
Discrimination Game ‘ck’ (25 min.)
(25 min.)
Reading Time: Grammar: Identifying Reviewing the Spellings: Practice: Word Sort with Reviewing the Spelling:
Demonstration Story Nouns (10 min.) Double-Letter Spellings; ‘c’, ‘k’, and ‘ck’ (25 min.) The Sound /z/ Spelled ‘s’
(15 min.) The Sound /k/ Spelled (10 min.)
‘ck’ (30 min.)
Reading Time: Partner Reading Time: Small Reading Time: Small Tricky Words: Tricky
Reading: “The Trip to the Group Reading: “Bud the Group Reading: “The Word Cards (10 min.)
U.K.” (15 min.) Cat” (20 min.) Fish” (20 min.)
Reviewing the Spellings
for /k/: Word Sort
(25 min.)
60 min. 60 min. 60 min. 60 min. 60 min.
2 Unit 1 | Introduction
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
Week Six
Day 26 (Lesson 26) Day 27 (Lesson 27) Day 28 (Lesson 28) Day 29 (Lesson 29) Day 30 (Lesson 30)
Warm-Up: Flip Book Warm-Up: Blending and Warm-Up: Blending and Warm-Up: Blending and Warm-Up: Blending and
Review (10 min.) Segmenting (5 min.) Segmenting (10 min.) Segmenting (10 min.) Segmenting (10 min.)
Grammar: Identifying Tricky Words: Tricky Reading Time: Partner Tricky Words: Tricky Reviewing Letter Names:
Nouns (10 min.) Word Cards (20 min.) Reading: “Which is the Word Cards (5 min.) “The Alphabet Song”
Best?” (15 min.) (5 min.)
Reading Time: Reviewing Punctuation Reviewing the Story: Reviewing Punctuation Dictation: Dictation with
Demonstration Story Marks: Question Mark Story Questions Marks: Quotation Marks words (15 min.)
(15 min.) (5 min.) Worksheet: “Which is the (5 min.)
Best?” (15 min.)
Reading Time: Small Practice: Tricky Word Practice: Tricky Word Grammar: Identifying Reading Time:
Group Reading: “The Cards (30 min.) Jump (20 min.) Nouns (10 min.) Demonstration Story
Flag Shop” (25 min.) (15 min.)
Practice: Dictation with Reading Time: Small
Words (15 min.) Group Reading: “On the
Bus” (15 min.)
Reading Time: Partner
Reading: “The Bus Stop”
(15 min.)
60 min. 60 min. 60 min. 60 min. 60 min.
Week Seven
Day 31 (Lesson 31) Day 32 (Lesson 32) Day 33 Day 34
Warm-Up: Blending and Warm-Up: Blending and Pausing Point Pausing Point
Segmenting (5 min.) Segmenting (5 min.)
Reviewing the Tricky Reviewing the Tricky
Words: Tricky Word Words: Tricky Word
Practice (15 min.) Practice (20 min.)
Reading Time: Partner Reading Time: Partner
Reading: “The Man in the Reading: “The Man in the
Black Hat” (20 min.) Kilt” (15 min.)
Small Group: Reviewing Small Group: Reviewing
the Story (20 min.) the Story (20 min.)
60 min. 60 min. 60 min. 60 min.
Unit 1 | Introduction 3
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
Welcome
Dear First Grade Teacher,
Welcome to the Core Knowledge Language Arts (CKLA) program! This
program has been carefully researched and crafted in order to make every
child in your classroom a reader. The Skills reading portion of the program
includes the following components:
Teacher Components
• Teacher Guide
• Consonant and Vowel Flip Books
• Spelling Card Set
• Media Disk
• Big Book
• Assessment and Remediation Guide
• Large Letter Cards
Student Components
• Student Workbook
• Student Reader
• Individual Code Chart
Note: Whenever the lesson suggests that the teacher display materials
(such as modeling a worksheet), or whenever we refer to the blackboard,
please choose the most convenient and effective method of reproducing
and displaying the material for all to see. This may include making a
transparency of the material and using an overhead projector, scanning the
page and projecting it on a Smart Board, or writing the material on chart
paper or a white board.
Additional Materials
In addition to the above provided materials, you should ensure the following
classroom materials are readily available:
• Pocket chart
• White index cards (unruled)
• Yellow index cards (unruled)
• Chart paper or dedicated board space
• Thin tipped green markers for each student
• Handheld mirrors (one for each student) (optional)
• The CD Alphabet Jam (optional)
4 Unit 1 | Introduction
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
Component Descriptions
Teacher Components
Teacher Guide
Each Skills Teacher Guide includes daily lessons that provide detailed
direction for all Skills instruction. The Teacher Guide will indicate whether
instruction and/or accompanying exercises should be presented as whole
group, small group, or independent practice. Instruction and exercises should
be presented in the order listed in the At a Glance chart.
Spelling: Explicit spelling instruction will begin in Unit 3. Weekly word
lists and exercises focused on the spellings of given sounds are included,
followed by a weekly assessment. The spelling exercises provide a
systematic review of the letter-sound correspondences that students have
already learned. The weekly assessment can indicate which students may
have gaps in their code knowledge and require remedial attention.
Grammar: Specific grammar lessons and exercises address the various
parts of speech and language usage conventions, such as capitalization and
punctuation, as identified in the Common Core State Standards. Students
first learn these concepts and practice them orally; then they are reinforced
through the written word. You will also find grammar teaching opportunities in
demonstration stories. Students will also practice grammar in the daily Warm-
Ups. In Unit 1 you will introduce nouns.
Writing: Writing instruction will be addressed starting in Unit 3. Students will
receive instruction in using a four-step writing composition process: plan,
draft, edit, and publish.
At the back of this Teacher Guide, you will find a section titled, “Teacher
Resources.” In this section, we have included assorted forms and charts that
may be useful.
Consonant and Vowel Flip Books
The Consonant and Vowel Code Flip Books will be used in Unit 1 to review
sound/spelling correspondences with the entire class. They may also be used
at any time during the year with individual or groups of students in need of
targeted remediation and practice.
Note: The exercises in the Unit 1 lessons are not designed to teach sound/
spelling correspondences to students who have not mastered the code in
Kindergarten. Students who have large gaps in their code knowledge will
be identified through the placement tests presented during Lessons 6–10
of this unit so that they can be appropriately placed in the level of CKLA
materials that will meet their individual instructional needs.
Unit 1 | Introduction 5
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
Media Disk
This unit includes a Media Disk that reproduces selections of the Student
Reader. This disk may be used with a computer and projection system to
display each page for group reading and discussion, if desired.
Assessment and Remediation Guide
A separate publication, the Assessment and Remediation Guide, provides
further guidance in assessing, analyzing, and remediating specific skills.
This guide can be found online at http://www.coreknowledge.org/AR-G1-U1.
The purpose of this guide is to assist you in providing targeted remedial
instruction to students who may be struggling with occasional gaps in letter-
sound knowledge, but who are not significantly below grade level. Students
who are below grade level with significant gaps in letter-sound knowledge
require intensive decoding instruction on their level, preferably by a reading
specialist, for at least 60 minutes a day, to bring them quickly up to grade
level.
Student Components
Individual Code Charts
Starting in Unit 2, students will use the Individual Code Chart to record the
vowel sound/spelling correspondences they have learned. These charts are a
good way for students to have at their hands a guide to help them remember
what they have learned. You may wish to encourage students to refer to the
Individual Code Chart when reading and writing independently.
Student Workbook
The Student Workbook pages are organized by lesson; the Teacher Guide
provides direction within each lesson as to when and how each Workbook
page should be used. Some Workbook pages are designed to be completed
as a group with teacher assistance, while other pages are intended to be
completed independently by each student. In addition to practice exercises
for reinforcement of skills, the Workbook also includes assessment pages,
homework, and Take-Home letters for family members.
Student Reader
Each unit includes a Student Reader. The stories are 100% decodable,
meaning they only use words and spellings that have been explicitly taught
and practiced. About halfway through Unit 1, students will begin to read
decodable stories in the Reader Snap Shots. The stories are told from Beth’s
point of view; Beth is a young girl who travels to the United Kingdom to visit
friends.
The first three stories are to be presented to the class as demonstration
stories, using the Big Book or Media Disk. Demonstration stories allow the
you to model fluent reading and concepts of print. They also allow you to
review grammar concepts, reinforce punctuation and Tricky Words, and
discuss important vocabulary words.
6 Unit 1 | Introduction
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
We strongly recommend that when assigning selections from the Student
Reader, you ask students to engage in partner reading. Partner reading
involves two students taking turns reading both new and old stories to each
other. The National Reading Panel found that repeated oral reading boosted
reading achievement, and partner reading is an efficient way to do repeated
oral reading.
Planning and establishing a partner reading routine will help this activity run
smoothly. You should consider things such as: (1) where students will partner
read in your classroom; (2) good partner reading manners, such as taking
turns; and (3) what to do when students finish reading a story before others.
Partner reading may be conducted as an oral activity in which students take
turns reading a paragraph or a page aloud to one another. Partner reading
may be also be used as a silent reading activity in which each student is
instructed to read the page to himself and then, when his partner has also
completed reading that page, to discuss what was read and ask questions of
one another. Silent reading can also be combined with oral reading whereby
both students read a single page silently and then one rereads it aloud.
Comprehension is the goal of learning to read. We include comprehension
and discussion questions in the Teacher Guide. The questions in the
Discussion Questions boxes are labeled Literal, Inferential, or Evaluative.
Literal questions can be answered by citing a specific text reference or
illustration. Inferential questions require understanding and interpretation of
text or illustrations. Evaluative questions require students to imagine and
hypothesize an answer.
Unit Organization
Unit 1 will be a review for students who completed the Kindergarten CKLA
program. In Unit 1, students will review the sounds and spellings taught in
the CKLA Kindergarten curriculum. They will also read decodable stories from
Snap Shots.
Back-to-School Week Lessons (1–5)
The Back-to-School lessons reacquaint students with CKLA daily routines
and exercises. In addition, the Back-to-School lessons prepare students for
the placement assessments that follow this week by providing practice and
review of reading skills and code knowledge.
Assessment and Placement Lessons (6–10)
Throughout the program, you will see the symbol whenever an
assessment is indicated. Details regarding the assessments are described in
further detail in the Assessment and Placement sections later in the unit. It is
imperative that students be placed in groups that correspond with their
reading abilities. Students must receive instruction that is a good match
for their reading abilities and knowledge of the code.
Unit 1 | Introduction 7
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
Review of Sound/Spelling Correspondences Lessons (11–32)
This review of sound/spelling correspondences allows for a rapid review,
most of which should be familiar to students. Although the pace is rapid,
it should be appropriate for students who have already learned the bulk of
these letter-sound correspondences. However, the pace will be too rapid for
students who know only a few of the letter-sound correspondences covered
in Unit 1. The Story Reading Test and the Word Reading Test will identify
students who struggle with recognizing these letter-sound correspondences.
Following administration of the assessments, the struggling students should
be placed at an earlier point of the CKLA grade level materials for Skills
instruction.
Unit 1 reviews the majority of sounds and spellings taught in the CKLA
Kindergarten curriculum. The sound/spelling correspondences are reviewed
in sets. This pace is designed for students who already know most of
these letter-sound correspondences. Again, it will be too fast for those
students who are not familiar with these letter-sound correspondences; we
recommend that these students be given additional practice reviewing the
Kindergarten (or adapted) version of it.
You will be reviewing several things at once: the sound (e.g., /b/), the letter name
(e.g., “bee”), the lowercase letter (e.g., ‘b’), and the uppercase letter (e.g.,‘B’).
These lessons will be helpful for students who remember most of the letter-
sound correspondences as well as for those who may have forgotten a few of
the correspondences over the summer.
In Unit 1, you will review:
Five Short Vowel Sounds
• the sound /i/ spelled ‘i’ (it)
• the sound /e/ spelled ‘e’ (pet)
• the sound /a/ spelled ‘a’ (hat)
• the sound /u/ spelled ‘u’ (but)
• the sound /o/ spelled ‘o’ (hop)
Twenty-Five Consonant Sounds
• the sound /p/ spelled ‘p’ (pot) and ‘pp’ (napping)
• the sound /t/ spelled ‘t’ (top) and ‘tt’ (sitting)
• the sound /d/ spelled ‘d’ (dot) and ‘dd’ (add)
• the sound /k/ spelled ‘c’ (cat), ‘k’ (kid), ‘cc’ (hiccup), and ‘ck’ (black)
• the sound /g/ spelled ‘g’ (gift) and ‘gg’ (egg)
8 Unit 1 | Introduction
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
• the sound /n/ spelled ‘n’ (nut) and ‘nn’ (running)
• the sound /h/ spelled ‘h’ (hot)
• the sound /s/ spelled ‘s’ (sun) and ‘ss’ (dress)
• the sound /f/ spelled ‘f’ (fit) and ‘ff’ (stuff)
• the sound /v/ spelled ‘v’ (vet)
• the sound /z/ spelled ‘z’ (zip), ‘zz’ (buzz), and ‘s’ (dogs)
• the sound /m/ spelled ‘m’ (mad) and ‘mm’ (swimming)
• the sound /b/ spelled ‘b’ (bat) and ‘bb’ (rubbing)
• the sound /l/ spelled ‘l’ (lip) and ‘ll’ (bell)
• the sound /r/ spelled ‘r’ (red) and ‘rr’ (ferret)
• the sound /w/ spelled ‘w’ (wet)
• the sound /j/ spelled ‘j’ (jump)
• the sound /y/ spelled ‘y’ (yes)
• the sound combination /x/ spelled ‘x’ (tax)
• the sound /ch/ spelled ‘ch’ (chin)
• the sound /sh/ spelled ‘sh’ (shop)
• the sound /th/ spelled ‘th’ (thin)
• the sound /th/ spelled ‘th’ (them)
• the sound combination /qu/ spelled ‘qu’ (quit)
• the sound /ng/ spelled ‘ng’ (sing)
Unit 1 | Introduction 9
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
The Double-Letter Spellings for Consonant Sounds
The double-letter spellings for consonant sounds were taught in Unit 8 of
Kindergarten, and might be new to students who did not get that far. Some
of these are rare in one-syllable words, so you should use a decodable two-
syllable example (e.g., shopping for the ‘pp’ spelling). It is unlikely that these
spellings will be problematic for students when they are reading. If a student
knows that ‘f’ is sounded /f/, he or she will quickly learn that ‘ff’ is sounded /f/
as well. However, these spellings may cause some trouble when a student is
writing because the student has to choose between two possible spellings—
‘f’ and ‘ff’. This is also true of the other spelling alternatives that are reviewed
during this unit. A student spelling /k/ has to choose between ‘c’, ‘k’, ‘cc’,
and ‘ck’. Some students will need a lot of exposure to print in order to learn
when to write sounds with their basic code spelling and when to write them
with a spelling alternative. At this point, you should praise any spelling that is
a plausible representation of the sounds in the word. Accept stuf for stuff, kab
for cab, eg for egg, etc.
The Tricky Spellings ‘th’ (pronounced /th/ or /th/) and ‘s’ (pronounced /s/ or /z/)
When a spelling can be sounded more than one way, we say that the spelling is
a “tricky spelling.” In this unit, students learn (or are reminded) that the letters
‘th’ can stand for two slightly different sounds: voiceless /th/ as in thin and
voiced /th/ as in them. (You can use the pairs teeth/teethe and ether/either to
help them hear the difference.) Students also learn that the letter ‘s’ is usually
pronounced /s/ but is sometimes pronounced /z/. This pronunciation is used in
a handful of very common words, including is, has, as, his, and was. It is also
used in many cases when an ‘s’ is added to a word to mark a plural as in dogs,
or in the present-tense form of some verbs, as in she runs.
Fortunately, neither one of these tricky spellings is likely to cause major
difficulties while reading. The tricky spelling ‘th’ does not generally cause
troubles because /th/ and /th/ sound very similar. The tricky spelling ‘s’ is also
usually not problematic. It is pronounced /z/ after voiced sounds (dogs, bins)
and /s/ after voiceless sounds (cats, ducks), but our mouths tend to choose
/s/ or /z/ automatically, without having to think about it. (Try pronouncing
dogs as /dogs/ as opposed to /dogz/; you will find that your mouth resists.)
Students may need more time to learn when to spell /z/ with an ‘s’.
An effort has been made to minimize the number of tricky spellings
students are exposed to in the early part of Grade 1. The tricky spellings are
introduced gradually as the sequence progresses.
Tricky Words
In CKLA, the term “Tricky Word” refers to a word that cannot be sounded
out using the letter-sound correspondences that students have been taught
so far. In other words, the word is not pronounced quite the way you would
expect based on the letters in its printed form. During this unit, students will
review the following Tricky Words: a, I, no, so, of, is, all, some, from, word,
are, were, have, one, once, to, do, two, who, the, said, says, was, when,
where, why, what, which, here, and there.
10 Unit 1 | Introduction
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
Each of these Tricky Words has an irregular element, but most contain parts
that can be blended. When introducing these words, be sure to point out which
parts are regular and can be blended and which parts are not regular and
simply must be remembered. You might want to create a word wall with Tricky
Words, adding to your wall each time a new word is introduced. Tricky Words
printed on yellow cards remind students to use caution when reading them.
All of the Tricky Words were taught in the CKLA Kindergarten sequence. For
students who did not go through the Kindergarten CKLA sequence, these
words may be completely new. Once a Tricky Word has been introduced in a
lesson, it will be underlined in the Reader and on worksheets until it has been
seen around 20 times.
A few words should be said about “sight words.” The term sight word is often
used to describe a common word that students should practice reading and
learn to recognize rapidly. At the same time, a sight word may describe a
Tricky Word. We believe that it is necessary to distinguish between words that
are genuinely tricky (words like one, two, of, who, and could) and words that
are high-frequency but pronounced as expected (words like in, at, on, and
up). Words in this last category should not be taught as Tricky Words, since
there is actually nothing tricky about them.
At the end of each lesson, there is a note about when common sight words
become decodable. You can do traditional sight word activities with words
once they have either become decodable or been introduced as Tricky Words.
Pausing Point
A Pausing Point section is included at the end of each unit. The Pausing
Point lists additional exercises you can assign if students need more work
to achieve mastery of a particular spelling or concept. The Pausing Point
exercises are organized by objective and target specific skills. You may
choose to use the Pausing Point activities upon the completion of Unit 1.
Alternatively, sidebars throughout the Teacher Guide will notify you of Pausing
Point activities that pertain to skills being covered in the lessons. If using
Pausing Point activities before the very end of the unit, be sure to check the
word lists as they may contain words that are not yet decodable, but will
be by the end of Unit 1. You might need to use a subset of the words listed,
limiting yourself to the ones that are decodable.
Unit 1 | Introduction 11
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
Back-to-School Week
After the summer break, all students need time to re-acclimate to the school
environment. The “Back-to-School” lessons are designed to provide just that
opportunity for students. They will also allow you an opportunity to begin
to get to know students as you observe how they complete these review
lessons in which no new skills are introduced.
Please take the time to teach these procedures thoroughly, making sure
that you present at least part of every exercise in each lesson. Use the time
recommendations for each exercise as a guideline. If you find that you have
exceeded the time estimated for the initial activities in a lesson, please adjust
the remaining exercises accordingly by doing fewer items per exercise.
Remember that the point of these Back-to-School lessons is to remind
students of CKLA routines. If necessary, do fewer items per exercise, but try
to do all exercises in every lesson.
As students learn the procedures, your presentation of each lesson will
become more efficient. Do not get frustrated in these first days if it takes a
little longer to do portions of the lessons. The lessons will become a routine
and you will be glad that you took the time to do it.
The following exercises are included in the Back-to-School lessons:
/a/
12 Unit 1 | Back-to-School Week
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
The other side of the card shows three things:
a
hat
The top of this side of the Spelling Card shows the spelling. The bottom
shows a sample word containing the spelling. In the middle is something
called a power bar. The power bar gives an indication of how common this
spelling is for the sound it represents. A long power bar that stretches almost
across the card means that this is the main spelling for the sound and there
are very few English words that have this sound spelled any other way. A very
short power bar means that the spelling is less common and occurs in fewer
English words.
Note: The exercises in the Back-to-School lessons are not designed to
teach sound-letter correspondences to students who have not mastered
the code in earlier grades. Students who have large gaps in their code
knowledge will be identified through the placement tests presented during
Lessons 6–10 of this unit so that they can be appropriately placed in the
level of CKLA materials that will meet their individual instructional needs.
As noted earlier, these lessons are intended to remind students to think about
letter-sound correspondences and the written English code after the summer
break. Keep the Code Flip Book and other exercises briskly paced so they do
not become tedious.
Chaining
Students have been completing chaining exercises in CKLA since the earliest
Kindergarten units. This critical activity reinforces students’ ability to manipulate
the sounds in words in which only a single phoneme/grapheme is changed,
added, or deleted at a time, such as cat > hat; cat > cab; at > hat; or cat > at.
In Kindergarten, students chained by manipulating individual letter cards
on either an individual Chaining Folder or group pocket chart. In Grade 1,
chaining activities are completed by either the teacher or student writing on a
blackboard, whiteboard, Smart Board, or chart paper.
During the Back-to-School lessons, remember to present the chaining
exercise exactly as it is written; do not make up your own chaining activities.
Worksheets
The worksheets are numbered so that the worksheet number coincides with
the lesson number. For example, worksheets in Lesson 1 will be numbered
1.1, 1.2, 1.3; while worksheets in Lesson 2 will be numbered 2.1, 2.2, 2.3; etc.
An answer key is included at the back of this Teacher Guide.
Take-Home Material
Many lessons include materials students can take home and complete
with their family members. These materials usually consist of a worksheet
or a Take-Home story from the Reader. The worksheets are meant to give
students extra practice with concepts taught in the unit. Rereading the
stories will help students develop fluency. Please note that the Take-Home
materials are optional and can be assigned or omitted on any given day at
your discretion.
Objectives
The following language arts objectives are addressed in this lesson. Objectives aligning with the Common Core
State Standards are noted with the corresponding standard in parentheses. Refer to the Alignment Chart for
additional standards addressed in all lessons in this unit.
Segment words into phonemes by tapping Read one-syllable short vowel words
one finger for each phoneme and then blend and then write each word under its
the phonemes together to form one-syllable corresponding picture (RF.1.3b)
words (RF.1.2d) Read and spell chains of one-syllable short
Orally produce words with various vowel and vowel words that include the letter-sound
consonant sounds by blending the sounds correspondences ‘p’ > /p/, ‘c’ > /k/, ‘g’ > /g/,
(RF.1.2b) ‘n’ > /n/, and ‘a’ > /a/ in which one sound is
added, substituted, or omitted (RF.1.3b)
Isolate and pronounce initial, medial vowel,
and final sounds in spoken single-syllable
words (RF.1.2c)
Advance Preparation
Write each letter listed in the At a Glance chart on a separate white index card.
a
Be sure to make two cards with the letter ‘g’. Save these cards for future use.
Using these cards, set up the pocket chart for the chaining activity as shown in
the sidebar.
p c g n
Pocket Chart Setup
Unit 1 | Lesson 1 15
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
Warm-Up 10 minutes
Blending and Segmenting
The finger taps represent Note: In this Warm-Up, students will practice first blending and then
sounds. This helps segmenting words that contain two or three sounds.
students hear and
distinguish individual Blending
sounds.
• Explain to students that you will say sounds for them to blend into words.
When students are
ready, gradually reduce • Say at in a segmented fashion, marking each sound with a thumb-finger tap.
the support you give for Start with a thumb-forefinger tap.
blending and segmenting.
By the end of this unit (if • Blend the sounds to produce the word at, making a fist with your hand.
not earlier), you should
provide students only • Have students tap and blend the sounds in the word.
with the visual support for
Segmenting
blending and segmenting,
and not blend and segment • Hold up two fingers and say the word at.
the words for them.
• Have students repeat the word after you.
• Wiggle or move your index finger for the first sound in the word, /a/.
For blending • Wiggle or move your middle finger for the second sound in the word, /t/.
• Have students repeat after you.
• Continue with the remaining words.
Note: The items in the box below indicate the word, the number of sounds,
and the individual phonemes in the word.
For segmenting
1. at (2) /a/ /t/ 5. sip (3) /s/ /i/ /p/
2. it (2) /i/ /t/ 6. big (3) /b/ /i/ /g/
3. on (2) /o/ /n/ 7. cub (3) /k/ /u/ /b/
4. bee (2) /b/ /ee/ 8. tap (3) /t/ /a/ /p/
16 Unit 1 | Lesson 1
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
Segmenting
• Say the word fish first as a blended word and then in a segmented fashion,
counting the sounds on your fingers as you say them.
• When you have said /f/ /i/ /sh/, ask students how many sounds they hear.
• Repeat this process with the remaining words.
You can also do this
exercise with short first 1. fish (3) 5. it (2)
names of students. Please
note that this is an oral 2. me (2) 6. hat (3)
exercise, and you do not 3. light (3) 7. man (3)
need to write the words on
the board. 4. oh (1) 8. sigh (2)
Blending
• Say the word sun in a segmented fashion: /s/ /u/ /n/.
• Then ask students what word these sounds make when blended together.
(sun)
Unit 1 | Lesson 1 17
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
Reviewing the Spellings 20 minutes
Writing the Spellings/Word Box
• Distribute Worksheet 1.1.
• Remind the class that every letter can be written as an uppercase letter (or
capital letter) and a lowercase letter.
• Tell students that you are going to show them how to write the lowercase
letter for the sound /a/. Have students repeat the sound /a/ after you.
Worksheet 1.1 • Write a large lowercase ‘a’ on the handwriting guidelines and describe what
you are doing using the numbered instructions below.
• Model drawing the same letter two or three more times in a row.
• Have students trace the letter on the desk with a pointed finger.
• Have students trace and copy lowercase ‘a’ on the worksheet.
• Encourage students to say the sound /a/ each time they write the letter.
• Repeat the same steps for uppercase ‘A’, pointing out that it looks different
from lowercase ‘a’ and touches the top line of the handwriting guidelines.
• Remind students that uppercase letters are used for the first letter in the first
word of a sentence and for the first letter in the name of a person or place.
• Repeat the same steps for ‘p’—‘P’, ‘n’—‘N’, ‘c’—‘C’, and ‘g’—‘G’.
Start between the Start on the dotted line. Start on the dotted Start just below the Start between the
dotted line and the line. dotted line. dotted line and the
bottom line. 3. line down ending bottom line.
below bottom line 1. short line down 1. most of a circle to
4. circle to the left 4. circle to the right the left 1. circle to the left
2. hump
5. short line down 2. fish hook ending
below bottom line
Start on the top line. Start on the top line. Start on the top line. Start just below the Start just below the
top line. top line.
1. diagonal left 1. long line down 1. long line down
(lift) (lift) (lift) 1. most of a circle to 1. most of a circle to
2. diagonal right 2. half a circle to the the left the left
2. diagonal right
(lift) right 2. line across
3. long line up
3. line across
18 Unit 1 | Lesson 1
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
• Have students look at the back of the worksheet. As a group, have students
read aloud each of the words in the box. Identify the names of the pictures.
Write each word under its matching picture.
Chaining 15 minutes
Pocket Chart Chaining for Reading
• Set up the pocket chart as detailed in the beginning of the lesson and the
a
matching sidebar.
• Arrange the card for the vowel spelling ‘a’ along the top of the pocket chart.
• Arrange the cards for the following consonant spellings along the bottom of
the pocket chart: ‘p’, ‘c’, ‘g’ (2), ‘n.’
• Point to the spellings and have students say the sounds.
p c g n
Pocket Chart Setup • Explain that you will combine spellings to make words.
• Tell students you want to spell the word cap. Use think-aloud strategies to
describe the steps involved in spelling the word: “Let’s see, I want to write
the word cap. First I have to say and listen to the sounds: /c/ /a/ /p/. There
are three sounds in the word cap. I’ll need to write a spelling for each of the
sounds. So first I will take the ‘c’ card because that is the first sound, then I
will take the ‘a’ card, because that is the second sound, and then I will take
the ‘p’ card, because that is that last sound.”
• Move the ‘c’, ‘a’, and ‘p’ cards to the center of the pocket chart to spell cap.
You may use the blending • Use think-aloud strategies to describe the steps involved in reading the word:
motions from today’s “If I want to read the word, I need to start at the left, look at the first letter and
Warm-Up.
then remember and say the sound that it stands for. Then I need to look at
the next letter and last letter and say the sounds they stand for. Then I blend
the sounds together to read and say the word: /c/. . . /a/. . . /p/. . . cap.”
• Point to the ‘n’ card and ask students, “What sound do we make when we
see this letter?”
• Replace the ‘c’ card with the ‘n’ card and say to the class, “If that is cap,
what is this?”
• Ask a student to read the word.
• Ask students what change you made to the word cap to get the word nap.
• Work through the remaining words.
If you have time, ask
students to use the words 1. nap > nag > gag > gap > cap > can > pan > an > can
in sentences.
Unit 1 | Lesson 1 19
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
Take-Home Material
Family Letter
• Have students take Worksheet 1.2 home to share with a family member.
Supplemental Materials
If you have students who work quickly, give them the lists of words and
chains to read, dictate, copy, or illustrate. You can also have them write silly
sentences or stories with the words. You may also use these lists in exercises
that you choose from the Pausing Point.
• Newly decodable words:
The words with the asterisk
are on the Dolch and/or Fry 1. an* 6. gag
Word List.
2. can* 7. gap
3. ad 8. nap
4. cap 9. nag
5. dad 10. pan
20 Unit 1 | Lesson 1
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Code Knowledge
• For the sake of these figures, we begin by assuming that students know
no letter-sound correspondences. However, we hope that much of this
will be review.
• Before today’s lesson: If students read 1,000 words in a trade book, on
average, none of those words would be completely decodable.
• After today’s lesson: If students read 1,000 words in a trade book, on
average between three and eight of those words would be completely
decodable.
• Students have now reviewed one way to write five of the 44 sounds in
English.
• The sound /a/ is the 10th most common sound in English.
• The sound /a/ is spelled ‘a’ approximately 99 percent of the time.
• The sound /p/ is the 21st most common sound in English.
• The sound /p/ is spelled ‘p’ approximately 93 percent of the time.
• The sound /k/ is the 13th most common sound in English.
• The sound /k/ is spelled ‘c’ approximately 64 percent of the time.
• The sound /g/ is the 31st most common sound in English.
• The sound /g/ is spelled ‘g’ approximately 87 percent of the time.
• The sound /n/ is the 3rd most common sound in English.
• The sound /n/ is spelled ‘n’ approximately 94 percent of the time.
Unit 1 | Lesson 1 21
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
Lesson 2 Back-to-School
Objectives
The following language arts objectives are addressed in this lesson. Objectives aligning with the Common Core
State Standards are noted with the corresponding standard in parentheses. Refer to the Alignment Chart for
additional standards addressed in all lessons in this unit.
Read one-syllable words in the Code Print upper- and lowercase letters ‘i’ and ‘I’,
Flip Books that include the letter-sound ‘o’ and ‘O’, ‘d’ and ‘D’, and ‘t’ and ‘T’ (L.1.1a)
correspondences taught (RF.1.3b) Read and spell chains of one-syllable short
Isolate and pronounce initial, medial vowel, vowel words that include the letter-sound
and final sounds in spoken single-syllable correspondences ‘i’ > /i/, ‘o’ > /o/, ‘t’ > /t/,
words (RF.1.2c) and ‘d’ > /d/ in which one sound is added,
substituted, or omitted (RF.1.3b)
Advance Preparation
Add to the letter cards you prepared in Lesson 1 by writing each of the
i a o
following letters on a separate white index card: ‘p’, ‘t’, ‘d’, ‘i’, and ‘o’. Using
these cards, set up the pocket chart for the chaining activity as shown in the
sidebar.
p t d c
g n
Pocket Chart Setup
22 Unit 1 | Lesson 2
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
Warm-Up 20 minutes
Code Flip Book Review
• Before beginning this exercise, get out and display both the Consonant
Flip Book and the Vowel Flip Book within view of all students; also have the
Spelling Cards listed in the At a Glance chart readily available.
• Briefly flip through either or both of the Flip Books and ask students if the
information on these pages looks similar to anything they recall using in
Kindergarten. Assist students in remembering that last year they had Sound
Posters with picture cards (Sound Cards) displayed in their classrooms; the
Sound Posters and Cards showed the ways that the consonant and vowel
sounds could be spelled.
• Explain that the Flip Books are similar to the Sound Posters—one Flip
Book shows the vowel sounds and their spellings and the other shows
the consonant sounds and their spellings. Remind students that the vowel
sounds like /a/ and /i/ are made with an open mouth. Consonant sounds like
/m/ and /s/ are made with parts of the mouth touching or closed, so the air
coming out of the mouth is blocked.
• Show students the /a/ Spelling Card with the ‘a’—hat side facing students.
Point to the ‘a’ and ask students to name the letter. Then read the word hat
and remind them that the letter ‘a’ is used to spell and write /a/ in English
words. Remind students that /a/ is a vowel sound; vowel sounds will always
be written in green on the Spelling Cards because when we say a vowel
sound, we open our mouths, letting the air “go.”
• Point out the power bar below the spelling ‘a’ and tell students that this bar
indicates how common each spelling is. If the card shows a very common
spelling for a sound, a spelling used in lots and lots of words, there will be
a long power bar on the card, stretching almost across the entire card. If
the card shows a less common spelling for this sound, a spelling used in a
smaller number of words, the card will have a shorter power bar.
• Point to the power bar under the ‘a’ and ask students whether they think
the letter ‘a’ is a very common spelling or a less common spelling for /a/.
(common)
• Turn to Vowel Flip Book page 1 and point to the “sound bubble” for /a/ on
the page, and then point to the outline for the Spelling Card, placing the ‘a’
Spelling Card for /a/ on the appropriate place on the Flip Book page.
• Repeat the above steps with the vowel Spelling Cards for /i/ and /o/, which
can be found on the following pages.
Unit 1 | Lesson 2 23
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
• Turn to Consonant Flip Book page 1. Show students the /p/ Spelling Card
with the ‘p’—pat side facing students. Point to the ‘p’ and ask students to
name the letter. Then read the word pat and remind them that ‘p’ can be
used to spell /p/ in English words. Remind students that /p/ is a consonant
sound; consonant sounds will always be written in red on the Spelling Cards
because when we say a consonant sound, parts of our mouth touch or are
closed, blocking or “stopping” some of the air.
If students ask about the • Point to the power bar under the ‘p’ and ask students whether they think the
other Spelling Card, ‘pp’, letter ‘p’ is a very common spelling or a less common spelling for /p/.
outlined on the same page,
tell them this is another • Point to the “sound bubble” for /p/ on the Flip Book page, and then the
way to spell /p/ that they outline for the Spelling Card, showing students that this is where you will
will practice on another
day. place the ‘p’ Spelling Card for /p/ on the Flip Book page.
• Repeat the above steps with the consonant Spelling Cards for /t/, /d/, /c/, /g/,
and /n/, which can be found on the following pages.
• Quickly review by pointing to the cards and having students say the sound
represented on each card.
24 Unit 1 | Lesson 2
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
• Repeat the same steps for uppercase ‘I’, pointing out that it looks different
from ‘i’ and touches the top line of the handwriting guidelines.
• Remind the class that uppercase letters are used for the first letter in the first
word of a sentence and for the first letter in the name of a person or place.
• Repeat the same steps for ‘o’—‘O’, ‘t’—‘T’ , and ‘d’—‘D’.
Start on the dotted Start between the Start between the Start between the
line. dotted line and the dotted line and the top dotted line and the
bottom line. line. bottom line.
1. short line down
(lift) 1. circle to the left 1. long line down 1. circle to the left
2. dot on top (lift) 2. long line down
2. line across
Start on the top line. Start between the Start on the top line. Start on the top line.
dotted and the top line.
1. long line down 1. long line down 1. long line down
(lift) 1. circle to the left (lift) (lift)
2. line across 2. line across 2. half a circle to the
(lift) right
3. line across
Unit 1 | Lesson 2 25
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
Chaining 15 minutes
Pocket Chart Chaining for Reading
• Set up the pocket chart as described at the beginning of the lesson, and as
i a o
shown in the sidebar.
• Arrange the cards for the following vowel spellings along the top of the
pocket chart: ‘i’, ‘a’, ‘o’, .
• Arrange the cards for the following consonant spellings along the bottom of
p t d c the pocket chart: ‘p’ (2),‘t’, ‘d’, ‘c’, ‘g’, ‘n’.
g n
• Point to the spellings and have the students say the sounds.
Pocket Chart Setup
• Explain that you will combine spellings to make words.
• Move the ‘a’ and ‘t’ cards to the center of the pocket chart to spell at.
• Ask the class to read the word.
• Remove ‘a’ and add the ‘i’ card and say to the class, “If that is at, what is
this?”
You may use blending • Ask a student to read the word.
motions.
• Ask students what change you made to the word at to get the word it.
• Work through the remaining words.
1. at > it > pit > pat > pot > dot > cot > cop > cap > cat
2. dig > dip > tip > tap > top > pop > pod > nod > not > got
Take-Home Material
Spelling Worksheet
• Have students take Worksheet 2.3 home and give it to a family member.
26 Unit 1 | Lesson 2
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
Supplemental Materials
If you have students who work quickly, you may give them the lists of words
and chains to read, dictate, copy, or illustrate. You can also have them write
silly sentences or stories with the words. You may also use these lists in
exercises that you choose from the Pausing Point.
• Newly decodable words:
If you have time, ask
students to use the words
1. act 8. dig 15. it* 22. pop
in phrases or sentences. 2. and* 9. dip 16. not* 23. tin
• Chains:
You may write these on the
board, or use cards. If you
1. dot > pot > pat > cat > cap > cop > cod > pod > pad > dad
use cards, you will need 2. pot > pod > cod > cop > cot > cat > cap > tap > top > pop
the following letters: ‘i’, ‘a’,
‘o’, ‘n’, ‘t’, ‘d’ (2), ‘c’, ‘g’ 3. pin > pig > dig > dog > dot > not > got > pot > pit > pat
(2), ‘p’ (2) 4. dip > tip > tap > nap > nag > gag > tag > tan > pan > can
Unit 1 | Lesson 2 27
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
Code Knowledge
• Before today’s lesson: If students read 1,000 words in a trade book, on
average between three and eight of those words would be completely
decodable.
• After today’s lesson: If students read 1,000 words in a trade book,
on average between 82 and 98 of those words would be completely
decodable.
• Students have now reviewed one way to write nine of the 44 sounds in
English.
• The sound /i/ is the 4th most common sound in English and it is found in
approximately 29 percent of English words.
• The sound /i/ is spelled ‘i’ approximately 94 percent of the time.
• The sound /o/ is the 20th most common sound in English.
• The sound /o/ is spelled ‘o’ approximately 76 percent of the time.
• The sound /t/ is the 2nd most common sound in English.
• The sound /t/ is spelled ‘t’ approximately 89 percent of the time.
• The sound /d/ is the 6th most common sound in English.
• The sound /d/ is spelled ‘d’ approximately 86 percent of the time
28 Unit 1 | Lesson 2
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
Lesson 3 Back-to-School
Objectives
The following language arts objectives are addressed in this lesson. Objectives aligning with the Common Core
State Standards are noted with the corresponding standard in parentheses. Refer to the Alignment Chart for
additional standards addressed in all lessons in this unit.
Read one-syllable words in the Code Isolate and pronounce initial, medial vowel,
Flip Books that include the letter-sound and final sounds in spoken single-syllable
correspondences taught (RF.1.3b) words (RF.1.2c)
Segment words into phonemes by tapping Read one-syllable short vowel words
one finger for each phoneme and then blend and then write each word under its
the phonemes together to form one-syllable corresponding picture (RF.1.3b)
words (RF.1.2d) Identify orally common nouns that name
Orally produce words with various vowel and people (L.1.1b)
consonant sounds by blending the sounds Read Tricky Words a and I (RF.1.3g)
(RF.1.2b)
Use the determiner a orally and in writing
(L.1.1h)
Advance Preparation
On yellow index cards, write the Tricky Words a and I. The yellow color
serves to remind students that they need to proceed with caution when
reading one of the Tricky Words. After reviewing the words with students,
you may tape the words to the Tricky Word wall.
Unit 1 | Lesson 3 29
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
Warm-Up 10 minutes
Blending and Segmenting
Blending
The finger taps represent • Explain to students that you will say sounds for them to blend into words.
sounds. Tapping helps
students hear and • Say at in a segmented fashion, marking each sound with a thumb-finger tap.
distinguish individual Start with a thumb-forefinger tap.
sounds.
• Blend the sounds to produce the word at, making a fist with your hand.
When students are ready, • Have students tap and blend the sounds in the word.
gradually reduce the
support for blending and Segmenting
segmenting. By the end
of this unit (if not earlier), • Hold up two fingers and say the word at.
you should provide only the
visual support for blending • Have students repeat the word after you.
and segmenting, and not
blend and segment the • Wiggle or move your index finger for the first sound in the word, /a/.
words for students.
• Wiggle or move your middle finger for the second sound in the word, /t/.
• Have students repeat after you.
For blending
• Continue with the remaining words.
30 Unit 1 | Lesson 3
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
• Point to the power bar under ‘e’ and ask the students whether they think the
letter ‘e’ is a very common spelling or a less common spelling for /e/.
• Turn to Vowel Flip Book page 3 and point to the sound bubble for /e/ on
the page, and then point to the outline for the Spelling Card, placing the ‘e’
Spelling Card for /e/ on the appropriate place on the Flip Book page.
• Repeat the above steps with the vowel Spelling Card for /u/, found on Vowel
Flip Book page 4.
Unit 1 | Lesson 3 31
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
Tricky Words 15 minutes
Tricky Word Cards
Note: The word a can be pronounced two different ways. It can be
pronounced /ae/ when it receives stress. For example, if somebody
brought you six books but you only needed one, you might say, “I only
need a book right now.” You may discuss pronunciation variations with
students if it comes up, but it is not important at this point. You may omit
this discussion if you think it would confuse students. It is more important
that they learn the unstressed version and understand the concept of
Tricky Words.
• Explain to students that most words in English “play by the rules” and are
pronounced and spelled just the way they would expect. At the same time,
there are words that do not play by the rules, including some very common
and important ones. Words that do not “play by the rules” are called Tricky
Words.
• Explain that even in a Tricky Word, there are usually some parts that are
pronounced just as you would expect. Usually only one or two letters are not
pronounced as you would expect.
Tricky Word: A
The word a is pronounced • Show students the Tricky Word card a and ask how they would pronounce it
/ ae/ when it is stressed,
as in, “I wanted a cookie,
by blending. (They might say /a/.)
not three! • Explain that this word is generally pronounced /u/ or /ae/, as in, “I have a cat.”
• Write the word a on the board. Underline the entire word and explain that
it is completely tricky. They might think that it is pronounced /a/, but it is
pronounced /u/ or /ae/.
• Tell students that when reading a, they have to remember to pronounce it as
/u/ or /ae/.
• Tell students that when writing a, they have to remember to spell it with the
letter ‘a’.
Tricky Word: I
• Show students the Tricky Word card I and ask how they would pronounce it
by blending. (They might say /i/.)
You might want to create
a word wall using Tricky • Explain that this word is actually pronounced /ie/ as in, “I have a dog.”
Words. We recommend
that you write the Tricky • Write the word I on the board. Underline the entire word and explain that it is
Words on yellow index completely tricky. They might expect this word to be pronounced /i/, but it is
cards or paper and pronounced /ie/, like the letter name.
decodable words on green
paper. The yellow paper • Point out that this word is also tricky in another way: It is always capitalized,
is to remind students that
or written with an uppercase letter—even when it is not at the beginning of a
they need to proceed with
caution when reading the sentence.
Tricky Words.
32 Unit 1 | Lesson 3
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• Tell students that when reading I, they have to remember to pronounce it as / ie/.
• Tell students that when writing I, they have to remember to spell it with an
uppercase ‘I’.
Practice
• Practice reading today’s Tricky Words. Write the following sample phrases/
sentences on the board, and have students read them aloud.
Grammar 15 minutes
Identifying Nouns
Note: In this grammar lesson you will introduce nouns that name people.
• Say, “Mom sings,” and have students listen carefully and repeat it after you.
Ask students which word in the phrase names a person. (mom)
• Explain that a word that names a person is a special type of word that is
called a noun.
• Tell students to listen carefully to the following phrases and ask them to tell
you the word that names a person. Tell them that a word that names a person
is also called a noun.
Please note that this is a
listening exercise. Do not 1. happy child 5. boy plays
write the phrases on the
board as they are not yet 2. funny baby 6. sister plays
decodable to students.
3. nice teacher 7. grandmother smiles
4. girl runs
• Repeat the phrase, “girl runs,” and say, “The word girl names a person. Girl is
a word that is a part of speech called a noun. It came at the beginning of the
phrase.”
• Repeat the phrase, “happy child,” and say, “The word child names a person
and the word for a part of speech that names a person is noun. It came at the
end of the phrase.”
• Summarize by asking students what we call a part of speech that names a
person. (noun)
Unit 1 | Lesson 3 33
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Code Knowledge
• Before today’s lesson: If students read 1,000 words in a trade book,
on average between 82 and 98 of those words would be completely
decodable.
• After today’s lesson: If students read 1,000 words in a trade book, on
average between 111 and 146 of those words would be completely
decodable.
• A is one of the 5 most common words in most samples of written
English. In a typical passage of 1,000 words, a occurs 20 to 29 times.
• I is one of the 10 most common words in most samples of written
English. In a typical passage of 1,000 words, I occurs 2 to 27 times.
34 Unit 1 | Lesson 3
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Lesson 4 Back-to-School
Objectives
The following language arts objectives are addressed in this lesson. Objectives aligning with the Common Core
State Standards are noted with the corresponding standard in parentheses. Refer to the Alignment Chart for
additional standards addressed in all lessons in this unit.
Segment words into phonemes by tapping Print upper- and lowercase letters ‘m’ and
one finger for each phoneme and then blend ‘M’, ‘f’ and ‘F’, and ‘v’ and ‘V’ (L.1.1a)
the phonemes together to form one-syllable Read and write one-syllable short vowel
words (RF.1.2d) words that include the letter-sound
Orally produce words with various vowel and correspondences ‘m’ > /m/, ‘f’ > /f/, and
consonant sounds by blending the sounds ‘v’ > /v/ in which one sound is added,
(RF.1.2b) substituted, or omitted (RF.1.3b)
Isolate and pronounce initial, medial vowel, Spell and write one-syllable words using
and final sounds in spoken single-syllable the letter-sound correspondences taught in
words (RF.1.2c) Grade 1 (L.1.2d)
Advance Preparation
Add to the letter cards you prepared in earlier lessons by writing each of the
i a o
following letters on a separate white index card: ‘m’, ‘f’, and ‘v’. Using these
cards, set up the pocket chart for the chaining activity as shown in the sidebar.
m
n t d c
g p f v
Pocket Chart Setup
Unit 1 | Lesson 4 35
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Warm-Up 10 minutes
Blending and Segmenting
Blending
• Explain to students that you will say sounds for them to blend into words.
For blending • Say sip in a segmented fashion, marking each sound with a thumb-finger tap.
Start with a thumb-forefinger tap.
• Blend the sounds to produce the word sip, making a fist with your hand.
• Have students tap and blend the sounds in the word.
Segmenting
• Hold up three fingers and say the word sip.
For segmenting • Have students repeat the word after you.
• Wiggle or move your index finger for the first sound in the word, /s/.
• Wiggle or move your middle finger for the second sound in the word, /i/.
• Wiggle or move your ring finger for the last sound in the word, /p/.
• Have students repeat after you.
• Continue with the remaining words.
1. sip (3) /s/ /i/ /p/ 5. flip (4) /f/ /l/ /i/ /p/
2. bin (3) /b/ /i/ /n/ 6. drop (4) /d/ /r/ /o/ /p/
3. cub (3) /k/ /u/ /b/ 7. hips (4) /h/ /i/ /p/ /s/
4. tap (3) /t/ /a/ /p/ 8. mats (4) /m/ /a/ /t/ /s/
36 Unit 1 | Lesson 4
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• Turn to Consonant Flip Book page 15 and point to the sound bubble for /m/
on the page, and then point to the outline for the Spelling Card, placing the ‘m’
Spelling Card for /m/ on the appropriate place on the page.
• Repeat the steps for the rest of the sound/spelling correspondences.
Unit 1 | Lesson 4 37
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• Repeat the steps with the letters for ‘f’—‘F’ and ‘v’—‘V’.
1 1
2
2 3 2
2
1 2 4 1 1
3 3
2
Small Group
Phrase Box 15 minutes
Note: Students who are ready for independent work will complete
Worksheet 4.2 independently. You will first review the phrases as a class
before breaking for small group work.
• Tell students that words can be combined to make phrases.
• Tell students that when we write, we leave spaces between the words in a
Worksheet 4.2 phrase.
• Distribute Worksheet 4.2.
• Read the phrases in the box aloud together, and review the name of each
picture.
• Tell students that they will read the phrases in the box at the top of the
worksheet and write each phrase under its matching picture.
38 Unit 1 | Lesson 4
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Group 1: Ask students who are able to do independent work to complete
Worksheet 4.2 on their own. You may write words/phrases from the
Supplemental Materials section on the board, and tell students who finish
early that they can illustrate these words/phrases.
Group 2: Work with students needing more support in completing
Worksheet 4.2. You may also wish to complete previous chaining exercises
with students to reinforce the sounds and spellings you have reviewed.
Chaining 20 minutes
Pocket Chart Chaining for Reading
• Set up the pocket chart.
i a o
• Arrange the cards for the following vowel spellings along the top of the
pocket chart: ‘i’, ‘a’, and ‘o’.
• Arrange the cards for the following consonant spellings along the bottom of
m
the pocket chart: ‘m’, ‘n’, ‘t’,’ ‘d’, ‘c’, ‘g’, ‘p’, ‘f’, ‘v’.
n t d c
• Point to the spellings and have students say the sounds.
g p f v
Pocket Chart Setup • Explain that you will combine spellings to make words.
• Move the ‘f’, ‘o’, and ‘g’ cards to the center of the pocket chart to spell fog.
• Ask the class to read the word.
• Remove the ‘o’ card and add the ‘i’ card and say to the class, “If that is fog,
what is this?”
• Ask a student to read the word.
• Ask students which sound or letter you changed in the word fog to get the
word fig. Ask them whether you changed the first, middle, or last sound or
letter.
• Work through the remaining words.
You may use the blending
motions from today’s 1. fog > fig > fit > fat > vat > mat > pat > pot > cot > cat
Warm-Up.
2. vat > van > fan > fin > tin > tan > man > pan > pin > din
Take-Home Material
Practice Pack
• Have students take Worksheet 4.3 home to practice reading and writing
words with a family member.
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Supplemental Materials
If you have students who work quickly, give them the lists of words, chains,
and phrases to read, dictate, copy, or illustrate. You can also have them write
silly sentences or stories with the words. You may also use these lists in
exercises that you choose from the Pausing Point.
• Newly decodable words:
The word with asterisks
are on the Dolch and/or Fry 1. am* 6. damp 11. fit 16. mat
Word List.
2. if* 7. dim 12. fog 17. mop
3. man* 8. fan 13. fond 18. mom
4. camp 9. fat 14. mad 19. van
5. dam 10. fin 15. map 20. vat
• Chains:
You may use the
chaining cards for
these exercises,
1. mad > man > van > pan > pin > tin > fin > fan
or you may also 2. vat > mat > map > tap > tip > tin > tint > mint
write the words on
the board. If you 3. mop > map > gap > cap > camp > damp > dam > dim
choose to use the
cards, you will need
the letters ‘i’, ‘a’,
‘o’, ‘m’, ‘n’, ‘t’ (2), • Phrases/Sentences:
‘d’, ‘c’, ‘g’, ‘f’, ‘p’,
and ‘v’.
1. mad dog 6. mom and dad
2. a tent 7. a fan
3. damp fog 8. a van
4. fit kid 9. dig it
5. top dog 10. Dad had a gift.
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Code Knowledge
• Before today’s lesson: If students read 1,000 words in a trade book,
on average between 111 and 146 of those words would be completely
decodable.
• After today’s lesson: If students read 1,000 words in a trade book, on
average between 114 and 157 of those words would be completely
decodable.
• Students have now reviewed one way to write 12 of the 44 sounds in
English.
• The sound /f/ is the 22nd most common sound in English and it is found
in approximately 10 percent of English words.
• The sound /f/ is spelled ‘f’ approximately 82 percent of the time.
• The sound /v/ is the 19th most common sound in English and it is found
in approximately 8 percent of English words.
• The sound /v/ is spelled ‘v’ approximately 94 percent of the time.
• The sound /m/ is the 14th most common sound in English and it is found
in approximately 17 percent of English words.
• The sound /m/ is spelled ‘m’ approximately 94 percent of the time.
Unit 1 | Lesson 4 41
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Lesson 5 Back-to-School
Objectives
The following language arts objectives are addressed in this lesson. Objectives aligning with the Common Core
State Standards are noted with the corresponding standard in parentheses. Refer to the Alignment Chart for
additional standards addressed in all lessons in this unit.
Read and/or write one-syllable words that Read, spell, and/or write chains of one-
include the letter-sound correspondences syllable short vowel words in which one
taught during a chaining exercise (RF.1.3b) sound is added, substituted, or omitted by
playing a group game using Large Cards
Spell and write one-syllable words using
(RF.1.3b)
the letter-sound correspondences taught in
Grade 1 (L.1.2d) Read Tricky Words no, so, and of (RF.1.3g)
Identify orally common nouns that name Use the frequently occurring conjunction so
people (L.1.1b) (L.1.1g)
Print upper- and lowercase letters ‘s’ and ‘S’,
‘z’ and ‘Z’, and ‘h’ and ‘H’ (L.1.1a)
Advance Preparation
On yellow index cards, write the Tricky Words no, so, of.
42 Unit 1 | Lesson 5
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Warm-Up 10 minutes
Flip Book Review
• Before beginning this exercise, get out and display the Consonant Flip Book
within view of all students; also have the Spelling Cards listed in the At a
Glance chart readily available.
If students ask about the • Show students the /s/ Spelling Card with the ‘s’—sun side facing students.
other Spelling Cards outlined Point to the ‘s’ and remind them that the letter ‘s’ is used to spell and write
on this page, tell them these
the /s/ sound in English words.
are all different ways to spell
/s/ that they will learn later • Point out the power bar below the spelling ‘s’ and remind students that this
this year.
bar indicates how common each spelling is.
• Point to the power bar under the ‘s’ and ask students whether they think the
letter ‘s’ is a very common spelling or a less common spelling for /s/.
• Turn to Consonant Flip Book page 11 and point to the sound bubble for /s/
on the page, and then point to the outline for the Spelling Card, placing the
‘s’ Spelling Card for /s/ on the appropriate place on the page.
• Repeat the steps for the remaining consonant Spelling Cards, which can be
found on the following pages.
Noun Review
• Ask students, “What is a noun?” (Students should answer, “a person,”
although they may also be able to say “a person, place, or thing.”)
• Tell students to listen to the phrases you are about to say. They should raise
their hand if they know the noun in the phrase.
Unit 1 | Lesson 5 43
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Reviewing the Spellings 15 minutes
Writing the Spellings/Word Box
• Distribute Worksheet 5.1.
• Remind the class that every letter can be written as an uppercase letter (or
capital letter) and a lowercase letter.
• Tell students that you are going to show them how to write the lowercase
letter for the sound /s/.
Worksheet 5.1 • Write a lowercase ‘s’ on handwriting guidelines and describe what you are
doing using the numbered instructions.
• Model writing the letter two or three more times.
• Have students trace the letter on the desk with a pointed finger.
• Have students trace and copy the lowercase ‘s’ on the worksheet.
• Encourage students to say the sound /s/ each time that they write the letter.
• Repeat the same steps for the uppercase ‘S’, pointing out that it looks similar
to the lowercase ‘s’ and touches the top line.
• Remind students that uppercase letters are used for the first letter in the first
word of a sentence and the first letter in the name of a person or place.
• Repeat the steps with the letters for ‘z’—‘Z’ and ‘h’—‘H’.
1
1
1 2
3 2
1
2 1 2
1
3
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• Have students look at the back of the worksheet. Read the words aloud as a
group, and name the pictures shown in the box.
• Tell students to read the words in the box at the top of the worksheet and
write each word under its matching picture.
Practice 15 minutes
Large Card Chaining
Note: Today you will do Large Card Chaining, an activity where students
form words with the Large Letter Cards. Not all students will have a card to
hold. You may choose to have students work in pairs or in teams.
If students need additional • Show students the Large Cards, and tell them that each card has a letter on
help with chaining, you may it. Tell students that they will use these cards to create words.
use the exercises in the
Pausing Point that address • Pass out the following Large Cards, reviewing each card’s sound and whether
chaining. Please use words it is a vowel or a consonant as you pass them out: ‘m’, ‘n’, ‘t’, ‘d’, ‘p’, ‘f’, ‘v’,
and chains that are listed
at the end of today’s lesson ‘s’, ‘z’, ‘h’, ‘i’, ‘a’, ‘o’.
to ensure that all words are
• Tell students that they need to spell the word zap. Segment and blend the
decodable.
word zap to help students hear the sounds making up the word.
• Tell students that if they are holding a card with a picture of a sound (or letter)
that is in zap, they should go to the front of the room and stand in the order
that spells zap.
• Once the students are standing in place, ask the class, “Does this look correct?”
You may point to the students standing in front and blend together the letters.
• Ask students to give a thumbs up if they think the word is spelled correctly, or
a thumbs down if there is an error.
• Once the word has been spelled correctly, say to students, “If that is zap,
show me zip.”
• Students should rearrange themselves to make the new word.
• Ask students which sound or letter changed in the word zap to get the word
zip. Ask them whether they changed the first, middle, or last sound or letter.
• Continue this process until all of the words in the first chain have been spelled.
• Have students trade cards and proceed to the next chain.
1. zap > zip > sip > sit > sat > sad > had > hand > sand > stand
2. hot > hit > fit > fist > mist > mast > vast > vat > hat > ham
Unit 1 | Lesson 5 45
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Tricky Words 10 minutes
Tricky Word Cards
If you have created a Tricky • Tell students that they will learn three new Tricky Words today. Ask students,
Word wall, you may direct “What does it mean if we say something is a Tricky Word?” (The word does
students’ attention to this
not “play by the rules” and is pronounced differently from what they might
area for review. Remind
students that the yellow expect.)
cards mean they should
proceed with caution when • Remind students that they have learned two Tricky Words so far, a and I.
reading the words.
Tricky Word: No
• Show students the Tricky Word card no and ask how they would pronounce it
by blending. (They might say /n/ /o/.)
• If students use the pronunciation /n/ /o/, use that provided pronunciation in a
sentence, saying, “There were /n/ /o/ dogs at the park.” Ask students if that
sounds correct.
• Explain that this word is actually pronounced /n/ /oe/ as in, “She has no toys.”
• Write the word no on the board. Circle the letter ‘n’ and explain that it is
pronounced /n/, as they would probably expect.
• Underline the letter ‘o’ and explain that it is the tricky part of the word. They
might expect this letter to be pronounced /o/, but it is pronounced /oe/, like
the letter name.
• Tell students that when reading no, they have to remember to pronounce the
letter ‘o’ as /oe/.
• Tell students that when writing no, they have to remember to spell the /oe/
sound with the letter ‘o’.
Tricky Word: So
• Show students the Tricky Word card so ask how they would pronounce it by
blending. (They might say /s/ /o/.)
• Ask students, “If the ‘o’ in no is pronounced /oe/, how do you think we might
pronounce the ‘o’ in this word?”
• Write the word so on the board. Explain that this word is tricky in the same
way as the word no. The ‘o’ is the tricky part of the word and is pronounced
/oe/.
Tricky Word: Of
• Show students the Tricky Word card of on the board and ask how they would
pronounce it by blending. (They might say /o/ /f/ as in off.)
• Explain that this word is actually pronounced /u/ /v/ as in, “He has a bag of
chips.”
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• Write the word of on the board. Underline the letter ‘o’ and explain that it is a
tricky part of the word. They would probably expect this letter to be pronounced
/o/, but it is pronounced /u/.
• Underline the letter ‘f’ and explain that it is also a tricky part of the word. They
would probably expect this letter to be pronounced /f/, but it is pronounced /v/.
• Tell students that when reading of, they have to remember to pronounce the
letter ‘o’ as /u/ and the letter ‘f’ as /v/.
• Tell students that when writing of, they have to remember to spell the /u/
sound with the letter ‘o’ and the /v/ sound with the letter ‘f’.
Practice
If students need additional • Practice reading today’s Tricky Words. Write the following sample phrases/
help with Tricky Words, you sentences on the board, and have students read them aloud.
may use the exercises in
the Pausing Point and the
activities in the Assessment 1. a can of ham 4. just so
and Remediation Guide. 2. I am so mad. 5. a can of jam
3. no nap 6. no dogs
Unit 1 | Lesson 5 47
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Supplemental Materials
If you have students who work quickly, give them the lists of words, chains,
and phrases to read, dictate, copy, or illustrate. You can also have them write
silly sentences or stories with the words. You may also use these lists in
exercises that you choose from the Pausing Point.
The words with asterisks • Newly decodable words:
are on the Dolch and/or Fry
Word List. 1. had* 6. sit* 11. mist 16. stand
2. hand* 7. stop* 12. past 17. vast
3. him* 8. gas 13. sat 18. vats
4. hot* 9. ham 14. soft 19. zip
5. its* 10. hit 15. stamp 20. zap
• Chains:
1. sip > hip > hop > hog > fog > fig > fin > fit > sit > sat
2. sad > sand > hand > had > hat > hot > hit > pit > spit > spin
3. hip > sip > zip > zips > zaps > zap > tap > tat > pat > pot
• Phrases/Sentences:
1. “Hiccups”
2. “Six Señoritas”
3. “Zany Zebra Zack”
48 Unit 1 | Lesson 5
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Code Knowledge
• Before today’s lesson: If students read 1,000 words in a trade book,
on average between 114 and 157 of those words would be completely
decodable.
• After today’s lesson: If students read 1,000 words in a trade book, on
average between 160 and 193 of those words would be completely
decodable.
• Students have now reviewed one way to write 15 of the 44 sounds in
English.
• The sound /s/ is the 7th most common sound in English.
• The sound /s/ is spelled ‘s’ approximately 75 percent of the time.
• The sound /z/ is the 11th most common sound in English.
• The sound /z/ is spelled ‘z’ approximately 7 percent of the time.
• The sound /h/ is the 26th most common sound in English.
• The sound /h/ is spelled ‘h’ approximately 98 percent of the time.
• No is one of the 60 most common words in most samples of written
English. In a typical passage of 1,000 words, no occurs 1 to 3 times.
• So is one of the 60 most common words in most samples of written
English. In a typical passage of 1,000 words, so occurs 1 to 5 times.
• Of is one of the 10 most common words in most samples of written
English. In a typical passage of 1,000 words, of occurs 10 to 33 times.
Unit 1 | Lesson 5 49
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Assessment
Importance of Assessments
The focus of Lessons 6 through 10 is to gauge students’ reading abilities
through a number of assessments. Taking time to assess students is
crucial in ensuring their success as readers. The assessments help you
determine which students have the knowledge and skills needed to profit
from Grade 1 Skills and which students need to be regrouped to an earlier
point in the Skills program. The assessments can also help you determine
which students in your class are ready to read trade books independently.
Warm-Ups are left out this week in order to maximize the amount of time you
have to assess students. Details about how to interpret students’ scores for
placement are provided in the Placement section of this Teacher Guide.
50 Unit 1 | Assessment
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Kindergarten Grade 1
Units 1–2: Purely oral phonemic awareness
Units 3–5: One-to-one letter-sound
correspondences; CVC words with
“short” vowel sounds like cat, dog, bed
Unit 6: Consonant clusters, CCVC words like
flag, CVCC words like dust, CCVCC
words like blast
Unit 7: Consonant sounds written with digraph
spellings, e.g., ‘sh’, ‘ch’, ‘th’, ‘ng’
Units 8–9: Tricky Words; double-letter spellings like Unit 1: Review of CVC, CCVC, CVCC, and
‘ss’, ‘ff’, ‘ck’ CCVCC words
Unit 10: Basic code spellings for “long” vowel Unit 2: Basic code spellings for “long” vowel
sounds (/ee/ spelled ‘ee’, /ae/ spelled sounds (/ee/ spelled ‘ee’, /ae/ spelled
‘a_e’, /oe/ spelled ‘o_e’, /ie/ spelled ‘i_e’, ‘a_e’, /oe/ spelled ‘oe’, /ie/ spelled ‘i_e’,
and /ue/ spelled ‘u_e’); Tricky Words and /ue/ spelled ‘u_e’); Tricky Words
Unit 3: Basic code spellings for the vowel sounds
/oo/, /oo/, /ou/, /oi/, and /aw/
Unit 4: Basic code spellings for r-controlled vowel
sounds (/er/, /ar/, /or/); past-tense endings;
two-syllable words
Unit 5: Common spelling alternatives for
consonant sounds, e.g., ‘tch’ for /ch/, ‘g’
and ‘ge’ for /j/, ‘wr’ for /r/, ‘ve’ for /v/
Unit 6: Common spelling alternatives for
consonant sounds, e.g., ‘c’, ‘ce’, and ‘se’
for /s/, ‘kn’ for /n/, ‘wh’ for /w/, ‘n’ for /ng/
Unit 7: Spelling alternatives for “long” vowel
sounds, e.g., ‘ai’ and ‘ay’ for /ae/, ‘oa’ for
/ oe/
Unit 1 | Assessment 51
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Order of Assessments
All students will take the Word Recognition Test. The next test they take will
be determined by their score on the Word Recognition Test. Below is a chart
that will guide you in determining the assessments to give students.
A flow chart has been provided on the pages that follow to help you visualize
the order of assessments. In addition, a student scoring sheet is provided to
record students’ scores.
52 Unit 1 | Assessment
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administered as a group test, but only to those students who scored 18 or
higher on the Word Recognition Test. Students who are not eligible for the
Story Reading Test should work independently on the worksheets provided,
as the teacher then calls each student individually to complete the indicated
one-on-one assessment during Lesson 7 and the remainder of the week.
Unit 1 | Assessment 53
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54
Flow Chart for Order of Assessment Administration if Students Score 18 or Higher on Word Recognition
They take
“Gwen’s Hens“
Unit 1 | Assessment
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
If they score 4 or higher... If they score 3 or less...
Stop They read “Gwen’s Hens“ All students take Word Recognition Test.
one-on-one to the teacher. See the following flow charts for how to
Teacher reads questions to proceed with assessments based on
student. students’ scores
Stop
They take the
Pseudoword
Reading Test.
Please Note: Cut off scores on this page are used only to determine which tests to administer when. They are not used in interpreting
Assessment Scores.
Flow Chart for Order of Assessment Administration if Students Score 17 or Lower on Word Recognition
If they score 17 or lower on the Word Recognition Test
If they score 4 or higher... If they score 3 or less... If they score 23 or higher... If they score 22 or lower...
Stop
Please Note: Cut off scores on this page are used only to determine which tests to administer when. They are not used in interpreting
55
56
Placement Planning Sheet of Students’ Unit 1 Scores
Student’s Name Word RecogniƟon Story Reading: Pseudoword Code LeƩer Group
“Gwen’s Hens“ Reading Knowledge Name
Unit 1 | Assessment
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
Lesson 6 Assessment
Objectives
The following language arts objectives are addressed in this lesson. Objectives aligning with the Common Core
State Standards are noted with the corresponding standard in parentheses. Refer to the Alignment Chart for
additional standards addressed in all lessons in this unit.
Advance Preparation
Copy the Placement Planning Sheet on the previous page.
Please note that today’s assessment consists of two worksheets; one
worksheet has the words for students to circle, while the other is a sheet to
record students’ scores. Depending on your classroom routine, you may want
to staple these worksheets together before the assessment or right at the
beginning of the lesson.
Note to Teacher
Today’s assessment is the Word Recognition Test, and it will be administered
to your entire class. It is designed to provide you with a quick overview of
students’ ability to recognize words that contain spellings taught in the CKLA
Kindergarten program. Depending on your class, this may take around 20
minutes.
Following the group administration of the Word Recognition Test, allow students
to spend the remainder of the class reading the worksheet stories from the
Kindergarten level of CKLA. We have provided two stories from CKLA
Kindergarten for students to read post-assessment; you may choose to have
students read this with partners, or you may have them read in small groups.
Feel free to add other independent activites for students, including trade
books, journals, or other activities that can be completed independently.
This will permit you to use class time to score the Word Recognition Test, while
students work independently.
You should aim to score students’ tests as soon as possible in order to
determine which assessment each student will take tomorrow. You may
record students’ scores on the recording sheet found on the previous page.
Unit 1 | Lesson 6 57
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Assessment
Word Recognition Test
• Distribute Worksheet 6.1.
• Tell students that for this activity, they have to listen very carefully to you. For each
number, you will say one word. They must find that word in that row and circle it.
• Say to students, “Find the first row of words. Listen carefully to this word:
mat. I will say the word again: mat. Now find the word that you heard and
Worksheet 6.1 circle it.” You may repeat the word up to three times.
• Proceed with the rest of the words listed below, repeating the word at least
twice for each item.
Independent Work
• Group students into pairs, instructing them to take turns partner reading
aloud Worksheets 6.2–6.5, which are stories from one of the Kindergarten
readers they read last year. More fluent readers may read the stories from
Seth (6.2 and 6.3), while students needing simpler text may read stories from
Kit (6.4 and 6.5).
Worksheets 6.2–6.5
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Scoring Word Recognition Assessment
• Score items 1–20. Take note of specific errors.
Note: Items 21–25 are Tricky Words, and they should not be counted
as part of the student’s score.
• Students who scored 18 out of 20 (90%) or above have strong word
recognition skills and are making good progress. They will next take the Story
Reading Test, “Gwen’s Hens.”
• Students who scored 17 or less should be assessed one-on-one. They will
first receive the Pseudoword Reading Test.
• Record separately errors for ANY Tricky Words. If time permits, ask
students who missed 3 or more in Items 21–25 to read all of these
words aloud to you one-on-one. Make note of any Tricky Words that are
misread.
Unit 1 | Lesson 6 59
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Lesson 7 Assessment
Objectives
The following language arts objectives are addressed in this lesson. Objectives aligning with the Common Core
State Standards are noted with the corresponding standard in parentheses. Refer to the Alignment Chart for
additional standards addressed in all lessons in this unit.
Note to Teacher
Students who received a score of 18 or more on the Word Recognition Test
will read and answer questions about the story “Gwen’s Hens.” Tell the group
of students taking the Story Reading Assessment to begin independent work
using Worksheets 7.6–7.8 once they have completed the Story Reading Test.
You will work one-on-one to further assess students who received a
score of 17 or less on the Word Recognition Test. You will start with the
Pseudoword Reading Test. With the Pseudoword Test, students can only
read the words if they know the sound-spelling correspondences and how
to blend them together. The following is the chart shared earlier on the
progression of the one-on-one assessments.
60 Unit 1 | Lesson 7
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Test Name If the Score is . . . Then the Next Test Will Be . . .
18 or higher Story Reading: “Gwen’s Hens”
Word Recognition Test (exclude lines 21–25)
(Group)
17 or lower Pseudoword Reading Test
4 or higher No further assessments
Story Reading: 3 or lower Work one-on-one and listen to student read
“Gwen’s Hens” the story aloud, marking errors along the way.
(Group) Orally ask questions. If student still misses
three questions or struggled to read story,
administer the Pseudoword Reading Test.
Pseudoword Reading Test 27 or higher Story Reading: “Gwen’s Hens”
(1–1) 26 or lower Code Knowledge Diagnostic Test
Code Knowledge 23 or higher No further assessments
Diagnostic Test 22 or lower Letter Name Test (optional)
(1–1)
Letter Name Test (Optional) No further assessments No further assessments
(Group or 1–1)
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Pseudoword Reading Test
Please use your judgment as to how many of the assessments can be
administered to a student at a time. If a student grows quickly frustrated,
you may wish to break the assessments up over the next few days. If a
student seems pleased to be working one-on-one and shows no signs of
frustration, you may continue with the assessments as needed. Remember
that taking the time this week to thoroughly assess students is crucial in
determining where they should be placed in the CKLA sequence.
• Turn to the end of this lesson to find the Pseudoword Reading Test. You will
place this copy in front of the student to read.
• Ask the student to bring their Workbook and sit with you in a quiet spot in
your classroom.
• Find Worksheet 7.3 for the Pseudoword Scoring Sheet. You will use this to
Worksheet 7.3 record the student’s score and make note of errors.
• Tell the student that she will read some silly words (or nonsense words). Make
sure the student understands that these are not real words, but they can be
read just like real words by blending sounds.
• Place the Pseudoword Reading Test in the Teacher Guide in front of the
student. Ask the student to read the words on lines 1 through 6.
• As the student reads, circle the words that are read incorrectly on Worksheet
7.3. Note the type of error; for example, if the student read rab as rad, you
would underline the ‘b’ and write a ‘d’ above it.
Note: Asking students to read pseudowords is the purest test of a
student’s code knowledge in segmenting and blending words because
students can neither rely on having encountered the word previously nor
guessing on the basis of meaning. Occasionally some students may be
confused by the concept of silly or nonsense and may perform poorly for
that reason. If you suspect that this may be the case with a given student,
you may choose instead to ask the student to read aloud 30 comparable
words from lines 1–20 of the Word Recognition Test.
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Scoring Pseudoword Reading Test
• Students who scored 27 or more should take the Story Reading Test:
“Gwen’s Hens.”
• Students who scored 26 or less should be given the Code Knowledge
Diagnostic Test at some point this week.
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Scoring Code Knowledge Diagnostic Test
• Students scoring 23 or higher need no further assessments.
• Students scoring 22 or lower can take the Letter Name Test, if time permits.
Note: The Letter Name Test can also be administered to several students at
a time, so long as students are not able to see one another’s papers.
Independent Work
• Allow more fluent readers to read the Kindergarten stories from Seth
(Worksheets 7.6 and 7.7), while students needing simpler text may read
stories from Kit (Worksheets 7.9 and 7.10). Students may enjoy working in
pairs to read and draw pictures of the phrases on Worksheet 7.8.
Worksheets 7.6–7.10
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Pseudoword Reading Test
1. m s f v z
2. r l n e u
3. I o a t y
4. d g h j k
5. b p c w x
6. sh ch th ng qu
7. ff ss ll gg ck
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Lessons 8–10 Assessment
Objectives
The following language arts objectives are addressed in this lesson. Objectives aligning with the Common Core
State Standards are noted with the corresponding standard in parentheses. Refer to the Alignment Chart for
additional standards addressed in all lessons in this unit.
Note to Teacher
For the next three lessons, you will continue to work one-on-one to further
assess students. You will continue assessing students who received 17 or
lower (90%) on the Word Recognition Test. You will also have students who
scored 3 or less on the Story Reading Test: “Gwen’s Hens” read the story to
you and orally answer the comprehension questions you read aloud.
For each day, there are two stories and one activity worksheet for students to
complete independently. Students may also read trade books, journal write,
or complete any other quiet activity you have prepared for them.
The following is the chart shared earlier on the progression of the one-on-one
assessments.
Students not working on an assessment can read the stories and complete
the activities provided in their Workbooks. Feel free to provide additional or
other independent activities for students, including looking at trade books,
writing in journals, or doing other activities that can be completed with little
or no teacher assistance.
Note: The Letter Name Test can also be administered to several students at
a time, so long as students are not able to see one another’s papers.
Independent Work
• Use the following worksheets as needed during Lessons 8–10 so that you
have sufficient time to complete all remaining assessments:
• Stories for fluent readers: Worksheets 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 10.2
• Stories for students needing simpler text: Worksheets 8.4, 8.5, 9.4, 9.5,
10.3, 10.4
Worksheets 8.1–10.5
• Reading and drawing: Worksheets 8.3, 9.3
• Make a Word Worksheet 10.5
• You can also incorporate other independent activities, such as looking at
trade books, working at a listening station, or writing in journals.
Note: The scores on this page should not be confused with the scores provided for administration of
assessments on pages 54-55. Each of the scores in this chart represents a degree of mastery (or lack
thereof) on each subtest. Group placements are derived by considering each student’s degree of mastery
on the combined assessments administered.
If a student scores … s/he should start instruction after Unit 1 with Group
18 or more on Word CKLA Grade 1 Unit 2 1
Recognition and 4 or more This student has OUTSTANDING preparation for Grade
on “Gwen’s Hens” 1 Skills.
18 or more on Word CKLA Grade 1 Unit 2 1
Recognition and 3 or This student has STRONG preparation for Grade 1
less on “Gwen’s Hens” Skills, with good decoding of individual words. Additional
and 27 or more on the practice reading continuous text fluently is indicated;
Pseudoword Test encourage rereading of Unit 2 reader stories.
18 or more on Word CKLA Grade 1 Unit 2 2
Recognition and 3 or This student has ADEQUATE preparation for Grade 1
less on “Gwen’s Hens” Skills. Provide targeted small group remediation in the
and 21 or more on the specific letter-sound correspondences misread on the
Pseudoword Test and Pseudoword Test, using selected materials from the Unit 1
28 or more on the Code Assessment and Remediation Guide. Monitor progress in
Knowledge Test Unit 2.
18 or more on Word CKLA Grade 1 Unit 2 2
Recognition and 3 or less This student has ADEQUATE preparation for Grade 1
on “Gwen’s Hens” and 20 Skills. Provide targeted small group remediation in the
or less on the Pseudoword specific letter-sound correspondences misread on the
Test and 28 or more on the Pseudoword Test, as well as blending, using selected
Code Knowledge Test materials from the Unit 1 Assessment and Remediation
Guide. Monitor progress in Unit 2.
18 or more on Word This student has QUESTIONABLE preparation for Grade 3
Recognition and 3 or less 1 Skills. The strong Word Recognition score may reveal
on “Gwen’s Hens” and 20 a tendency to memorize words, rather than apply code
or less on the Pseudoword knowledge. While this student could start CKLA Grade 1
Test and 27 or less on the Unit 2, s/he would benefit from a comprehensive review first
Code Knowledge Test of all material from the Unit 1 Assessment and Remediation
Guide before starting CKLA Grade 1 Unit 2. If CKLA
Kindergarten materials are available, another option may
be to use Kindergarten Units 6–8 materials before starting
CKLA Grade 1 Unit 2.
If there is only one classroom …the teacher should start all students with CKLA Grade 1 Unit 2,
teacher per grade level… providing individualized remediation in small groups using Pausing
Point activities and/or the Assessment and Remediation Guide as
needed
If there are two classroom …one teacher provides Skills instruction to all Group 1 and 2
teachers per grade level… students, starting with CKLA Grade 1 Unit 2, while the other teacher
provides Skills instruction to all Group 3 students, starting with Unit 1
of the Assessment and Remediation Guide
If there are three classroom …one teacher provides Skills instruction to all Group 1 students,
teachers per grade level… starting with CKLA Grade 1 Unit 2, another teacher provides Skills
instruction to all Group 2 students, starting with CKLA Grade 1 Unit
2, and the other teacher provides Skills instruction to all Group 3
students, starting with Unit 1 of the Assessment and Remediation
Guide
If there are four classroom …one teacher provides Skills instruction to all Group 1 students,
teachers per grade level… starting with CKLA Grade 1 Unit 2, another teacher provides Skills
instruction to the higher level Group 2 students, starting with CKLA
Grade 1 Unit 2, another teacher provides Skills instruction to the
lower level Group 2 students, starting with CKLA Grade 1 Unit 2
and intermittent use of Pausing Point activities throughout the unit
for reinforcement, and the other teacher provides Skills instruction
to all Group 3 students starting with Unit 1 of the Assessment and
Remediation Guide
These grouping guidelines are only a starting point; other variables, such as
the number of students across the grade level in any given group, will also
need to be considered. If there are disproportionately larger numbers of
one or more particular groups of students, these guidelines will need to be
modified to ensure that no one teacher has a disproportionately larger class
size.
Objectives
The following language arts objectives are addressed in this lesson. Objectives aligning with the Common Core
State Standards are noted with the corresponding standard in parentheses. Refer to the Alignment Chart for
additional standards addressed in all lessons in this unit.
Segment words into phonemes by tapping Differentiate between the consonants /s/
one finger for each phoneme and then and /z/, and /f/ and /v/, and choose the
blend the phonemes together to form one- correct spelling (RF.1.2d)
syllable words (RF.1.2d) Spell chains of one-syllable short vowel
Orally produce words with various vowel words in which one sound is added,
and consonant sounds by blending the substituted, or omitted by playing a group
sounds (RF.1.2b) game using Large Cards (RF.1.3b)
Isolate and pronounce initial, medial vowel, Read Tricky Words is and to (RF.1.3g)
and final sounds in spoken single-syllable
words (RF.1.2c)
Advance Preparation
Write is and to on yellow index cards.
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Note to Teacher
In this lesson you will review two sets of sounds that are very similar and are
sometimes confusing for students: 1. /s/ as in sip and /z/ as in zip; 2. /f/ as in
fan and /v/ as in van. The sounds /s/ and /z/ are made with the same mouth
position; the only difference is that /s/ is unvoiced and /z/ is voiced (buzzy
sounding). The same is true of /f/ and /v/; both sounds are made with the
same mouth position, but /f/ is unvoiced and /v/ is voiced.
Warm-Up 10 minutes
Blending and Segmenting
For blending
• Please follow the instructions in Lesson 1.
1. flea (3) /f/ /l/ /ee/ 5. task (4) /t/ /a/ /s/ /k/
2. soap (3) /s/ /oe/ /p/ 6. brag (4) /b/ /r/ /a/ /g/
3. rail (3) /r/ /ae/ /l/ 7. climb (4) /k/ /l/ /ie/ /m/
4. nap (3) /n/ /a/ /p/ 8. stone (4) /s/ /t/ /oe/ /n/
For segmenting
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Practice 30 minutes
Writing the Spellings and Word Box 15 minutes
• Distribute Worksheet 11.1.
• Have students trace and copy the letters.
• Encourage students to say the sounds while writing the letters.
• Have students look at the back of the worksheet.
Worksheet 11.1 • Read the words in the box as a class. Look at and name the pictures on the
page.
• Tell students to read the words in the box at the top of the worksheet and
write each word under its matching picture.
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Chaining 10 minutes
Large Card Chaining
Additional practice for • Pass out the following Large Cards, reviewing each card’s sound as you pass
chaining can be found in it out: ‘m’, ‘n’, ‘t’, ‘d’ (2), ‘c’, ‘g’, ‘f’, ‘s’, ‘z’, ‘p’ (2), ‘h’, ‘i’, ‘a’, ‘o’.
the Pausing Point.
• Tell students that if they are holding a card with a picture of a sound that is in
the word cap, they should go to the front of the room and stand in the order
that spells cap.
• If necessary, help students get in the correct order.
• Once the students are standing in place, ask a seated student if the word
looks right.
• Once the word has been spelled correctly, say to students, “If that is cap,
show me cat.”
• The students should rearrange themselves to make the new word.
• Ask students which sound or letter changed in the word cap to get the word
cat. Ask them whether they changed the first, middle, or last sound or letter.
• Continue this process until all of the words in the first chain have been spelled.
• Have students trade cards and proceed to the next chain.
1. fit > sit > zit > zip > zap > cap > cat > cot > cop > pop > pad > dad >
did
2. gap > nap > sap > sip > hip > him > hit > hot > pot > pit > sit > fit
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• Tell students that when writing is, they have to remember to spell the sound
/z/ with the letter ‘s’.
Tricky Word: To
• Show students the Tricky Word card to and ask them how they would
pronounce it by blending. (They might say /t/ /o/ as in tah.)
• Explain that this word is actually pronounced /t/ /oo/ as in, “Do you want to
play tag?”
• Write the Tricky Word to on the board. Circle the letter ‘t’ and explain that it is
pronounced /t/ as they would expect.
• Underline the letter ‘o’ and explain that it is the tricky part of the word. They
would probably expect this letter to be pronounced /o/, but it is pronounced /oo/.
• Tell students that when reading to, they have to remember to pronounce the
letter ‘o’ as /oo/.
• Tell students that when writing to, they have to remember to spell the /oo/
sound with the letter ‘o’.
Practice
• Show students the yellow index cards with is and to and place them on the
Tricky Word wall.
If students need additional • Practice reading Tricky Words by writing the following phrases on the board.
help with Tricky Words, you
Ask students to read the phrases aloud.
may use the exercises in
the Pausing Point and the
activities in the Assessment 1. It is a cat. 4. It is a bag of chips.
and Remediation Guide.
2. Is it hot? 5. Is it fun?
3. Sam went to bed. 6. I went to camp.
Take-Home Material
Spelling Worksheet
• Have students take Worksheet 11.3 home to practice how to spell words with
a family member.
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Code Knowledge
• Before today’s lesson: If students read 1,000 words in a trade book,
on average between 160 and 193 of those words would be completely
decodable.
• After today’s lesson: If students read 1,000 words in a trade book, on
average between 200 and 236 of those words would be completely
decodable
• Is is one of the 20 most common words in most samples of written
English. In a typical passage of 1,000 words, is occurs 6 to 16 times.
• To is one of the most 10 common words in most samples of written
English. In a typical passage of 1,000 words, to occurs 34 to 39 times.
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Lesson 12 Basic Code
Objectives
The following language arts objectives are addressed in this lesson. Objectives aligning with the Common Core
State Standards are noted with the corresponding standard in parentheses. Refer to the Alignment Chart for
additional standards addressed in all lessons in this unit.
Segment words into phonemes by tapping Print upper- and lowercase letters ‘b’ and ‘B’,
one finger for each phoneme and then ‘l’ and ‘L’, and ‘r’ and ‘R’ (L.1.1a)
blend the phonemes together to form Read one-syllable short vowel words
one-syllable words (RF.1.2d) and then write each word under its
Orally produce words with various vowel corresponding picture (RF.1.3b)
and consonant sounds by blending the Spell chains of one-syllable short vowel
sounds (RF.1.2b) words in which one sound is added,
Isolate and pronounce initial, medial vowel, substituted, or omitted (RF.1.3b)
and final sounds in spoken single-syllable Spell one-syllable words using the
words (RF.1.2c) letter-sound correspondences taught in
Grade 1 (L.1.2d)
Advance Preparation
i a o
Add to the letter cards you prepared in earlier lessons by writing each of the
following letters on a separate white index card: ‘s’, ‘b’, ‘l’, ‘r’, and ‘h’. Using
these cards, set up the pocket chart for the chaining activity as shown in the
n t d s sidebar.
p b l r
g h
Pocket Chart Setup
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Warm-Up 10 minutes
Blending and Segmenting
For blending • Follow the instructions in Lesson 1.
1. ship (3) /sh/ /i/ /p/ 5. stop (4) /s/ /t/ /o/ /p/
2. back (3) /b/ /a/ /k/ 6. grip (4) /g/ /r/ /i/ /p/
3. cup (3) /k/ /u/ /p/ 7. broom (4) /b/ /r/ /oo/ /m/
4. head (3) /h/ /e/ /d/ 8. trim (4) /t/ /r/ /i/ /m/
For segmenting
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• Quickly review by showing today’s cards and having students say the sound
represented on each card.
1 1
1
2
2
Start on the top line. Start on the top line. Start on the dotted
line.
1. long line down 1. long line down
1. short line down
2. circle to the right
2. half a hump
1 2 1 1 2
3 3
2
Start on the top line. Start on the top line. Start on the top line.
86 Unit 1 | Lesson 12
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• Have students look at the back of the worksheet.
• Explain that the words written on the worksheet consist of either three or four
sounds.
• Read the first word (rat) and ask students how many sounds are in the word.
Segment the word with students if necessary.
• Have students circle the spelling for each sound in the word rat. They have to
circle the letter ‘r’, the letter ‘a’ and the letter ‘t’.
• Have students write the number 3 in the box to indicate the number of
sounds in the word rat.
• Have the students copy the word rat on the line.
• Repeat with the remaining words.
Chaining 15 minutes
Pocket Chart Chaining for Spelling
Note: There are several ways you can conduct this chaining exercise. You
i a o
may have students sit in front of the chart and participate as a class. If
you have individual white boards, students may sit at their desks, write the
letters on their boards, and show you their answers. If you have students
n t d s write down their answers, you may have them work individually or in pairs/
groups. You may also time and record how long it takes to complete a
p b l r
chain, and challenge students to beat their score next time. The key is to
g h move quickly and keep the activity upbeat.
Pocket Chart Setup
• Tell students that you are going to do something different with the pocket
chart: you are going to ask them to spell words.
• Set up the pocket chart.
• Arrange the cards for the following vowel spellings along the top of the
pocket chart: ‘i’, ‘a’, ‘o’.
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• Arrange the cards for the following consonant spellings along the bottom of
the pocket chart: ‘n’, ‘t’, ‘d’, ‘g’, ‘s’, ‘p’, ‘b’, ‘l’, ‘r’, ‘h’.
• Point to the spellings and have students say the sounds.
• Tell students they are now going to use these letters to spell a word.
• Say the word dot loudly and slowly, repeating it if necessary.
• Ask the class for the first sound in dot.
• Select a student to come to the pocket chart and move the spelling for /d/ to
the center of the pocket chart.
• Repeat until the word dot has been spelled in the center of the pocket chart.
• Say to the class, “If that is dot, who can show me pot?”
• Select a student to come to the pocket chart and replace the spelling for /d/
with the spelling for /p/.
• Ask students which sound or letter you changed in the word dot to get the word
pot. Ask them whether you changed the first, middle, or last sound or letter.
• Work through the remaining words.
1. dot > pot > not > hot > rot > rob > rib > rip > lip > lap
2. rag > rat > bat > bit > sit > sat > sad > sand > band > land
Supplemental Materials
If you have students who work quickly, give them the lists of words, chains,
and phrases to read, dictate, copy, or illustrate. You can also have them write
silly sentences or stories with the words. You may also use these lists in
exercises that you choose from the Pausing Point.
• Newly decodable words:
The words with
asterisks are on the 1. land* 12. clap 23. glad 34. rag
Dolch and/or Fry
Word List. 2. last* 13. clip 24. grab 35. rats
3. list* 14. crab 25. grin 36. rib
4. plant* 15. drag 26. grip 37. rim
5. ran* 16. drip 27. lamp 38. rip
6. bad 17. drop 28. lift 39. slap
7. bag 18. film 29. lips 40. slip
8. bat 19. flag 30. log 41. split
9. big* 20. flat 31. lost 42. strip
10. bit 21. frog 32. plot 43. trap
11. blast 22. frost 33. print 44. trip
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• Chains:
1. hand > band > bond > pond > pod > pot > lot > rot > rat > hat
2. rib > rig > rag > bag > big > bin > pin > pan > plan > plant
3. zip > lip > flip > slip > slap > slop > flop > flap > flat > flag
4. lip > slip > slap > flap > lap > rap > rip > rib > crib > crab
• Phrases:
1. “Bumpbibble Bump”
2. “Lee La Lay”
3. “Rock and Roll”
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Code Knowledge
• Before today’s lesson: If students read 1,000 words in a trade book,
on average between 200 and 236 of those words would be completely
decodable.
• After today’s lesson: If students read 1,000 words in a trade book, on
average between 210 and 250 of those words would be completely
decodable.
• Students have now reviewed one way to write 18 of the 44 sounds in
English.
• The sound /b/ is the 23rd most common sound in English.
• The sound /b/ is spelled ‘b’ approximately 96 percent of the time.
• The sound /l/ is the 9th most common sound in English.
• The sound /l/ is spelled ‘l’ approximately 87 percent of the time.
• The sound /r/ is the 5th most common sound in English.
• The sound /r/ is spelled ‘r’ approximately 94 percent of the time.
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Lesson 13 Basic Code
Objectives
The following language arts objectives are addressed in this lesson. Objectives aligning with the Common Core
State Standards are noted with the corresponding standard in parentheses. Refer to the Alignment Chart for
additional standards addressed in all lessons in this unit.
Segment words into phonemes by tapping Read one-syllable words in the Code
one finger for each phoneme and then blend Flip Book that include the letter-sound
the phonemes together to form one-syllable correspondences taught (RF.1.3b)
words (RF.1.2d) Print upper- and lowercase letters ‘w’ and ‘W’,
Orally produce words with various vowel and ‘e’ and ‘E’, and ‘u’ and ‘U’ (L.1.1a)
consonant sounds by blending the sounds Read and write Tricky Words all and some
(RF.1.2b)
(RF.1.3g)
Isolate and pronounce initial, medial vowel, Read and spell chains of one-syllable short
and final sounds in spoken single-syllable vowel words in which one sound is added,
words (RF.1.2c) substituted, or omitted by playing a group
game using Large Cards (RF.1.3b)
Advance Preparation
Write all and some on yellow index cards.
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Warm-Up 5 minutes
Flip Book Review
• Before beginning this exercise, get out and display both the Consonant and
Vowel Flip Books within view of all students; also have the three Spelling
Cards listed in the At a Glance chart readily available.
If students ask about the • Show students the /w/ Spelling Card with the ‘w’—wet side facing students.
other Spelling Card, ‘wh’, Point to the ‘w’ and ask students to name the letter. Then read the word wet
outlined on the same page,
and remind them that the letter ‘w’ is used to spell and write /w/ in English
tell them this is another way
to spell /w/ that they will words.
learn later in the year.
• Point to the power bar under the ‘w’ and ask students whether they think the
letter ‘w’ is a very common spelling or a less common spelling for /w/. (very
common)
• Turn to Consonant Flip Book page 21 and point to the sound bubble for /w/
on the page, and then point to the outline for the Spelling Card, placing the
‘w’ Spelling Card for /w/ on the appropriate place on the Flip Book page.
• Repeat the above steps with the Spelling Cards for /e/ and /u/, which can be
found on the following pages.
• Quickly review by having students say the sound represented on each card.
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• Repeat the same steps for the uppercase ‘W’, pointing out that it looks the
same as lowercase ‘w’ and touches the top line.
• Remind students that uppercase letters are used for the first letter in the first
word of a sentence and the first letter in the name of a person or place.
• Repeat the steps with ‘e’—‘E’ and ‘u’—‘U’.
1 1 2
2
3 1
2 4
2
1 1 1
3 3
2 4 4
Start on the top line. Start on the top line. Start on the top line.
Unit 1 | Lesson 13 93
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• Circle the letters ‘l’ and ‘l’ and explain that this part of the word is only slightly
tricky. Even though the letter ‘l’ appears twice, there is only one /l/ sound in
this word.
• Tell students that when reading all, they have to remember to pronounce the
letter ‘a’ as /o/ and the two letters ‘l’ as /l/.
• Tell students that when writing all, they have to remember to spell the /o/
sound with the letter ‘a’ and the /l/ sound with two letters ‘l’.
Tricky Word: Some
• Show students the Tricky Word card some and ask them how they would
pronounce it by blending. (They might say /s/ /o/ /m/ /e/.)
• Explain that this word is actually pronounced /s/ /u/ /m/ as in, “I would like
some rice, please.”
• Write the Tricky Word some on the board. Circle the letter ‘s’ and explain that
it is pronounced /s/, as they would probably expect.
• Underline the letters ‘o’ and ‘e’ and explain that they are the tricky part of the
word. They are pronounced /u/.
• Circle the letter ‘m’ and explain that it is pronounced /m/, as they would
probably expect.
• Tell students that when reading some, they have to remember to pronounce
the letters ‘o’ and ‘e’ as /u/.
• Tell students that when writing some, they have to remember to spell the /u/
sound with the letters ‘o’ and ‘e’.
Practice
If students need additional • Write the following phrases on the board, one column at a time. Have the
help with Tricky Words you entire class read aloud together the phrases in the first two columns. Call on
may use the exercises in
individual students to read the phrases in the third column.
the Pausing Point and the
activities in the Assessment
and Remediation Guide. 1. some dog 8. some mugs 15. some spot
2. all fish 9. some dad 16. all the pots
3. all kids 10. to the jet 17. some rest
4. all fun 11. some men 18. all of us
5. some twigs 12. all of it 19. some nuts
6. all the dust 13. some webs 20. to the van
7. all cats 14. all the kings 21. to the dog
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Small Group 15 minutes
Tricky Word Practice
• Distribute Worksheet 13.2.
• Ask students if any of them can read the first sentence.
• Ask students if any of them can identify two Tricky Words in the sentence.
• Have students circle the Tricky Words is and a following your example.
Worksheet 13.2 • Have students write the Tricky Words on the provided line, following your
example.
• Read the rest of the sentences as a class before breaking into small groups.
Group 1: Ask students who are able to do independent work to complete the
worksheet on their own. Once they have worked through the sentences, they
may write an original sentence containing one of the Tricky Words.
Group 2: Have students who need more support work with you to complete
the worksheet.
Chaining 15 minutes
Large Card Chaining
You may have students • Pass out the following Large Cards, reviewing each card’s sound as you pass
work in pairs or teams for it out: ‘n’, ‘t’, ‘d’, ‘g’, ‘f’, ‘s’, ‘p’, ‘b’, ‘l’, ‘h’, ‘w’, ‘i’, ‘e’, ‘a’, ‘u’, ‘o’.
this activity.
• Tell students that if they are holding a card with a picture of a sound that is in
pet, they should go to the front of the room and stand in the order that spells
pet.
• If necessary, help the students get in the correct order.
• Once the students are standing in place, ask a seated student if the word
looks right.
• Once the word has been spelled correctly, say to students, “If that is pet,
show me bet.”
• Students should rearrange themselves to make the new word.
• Ask students which sound or letter changed in the word pet to get the word bet.
Ask them whether they changed the first, middle, or last sound or letter.
• Continue this process until all of the words in the first chain have been spelled.
• Have students trade cards and proceed to the next chain.
1. pet > bet > let > wet > get > got > hot > hit > bit > bat
2. bun > sun > fun > fan > pan > pin > spin > spun > spud
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Take-Home Material
Phrasemaker
• Have students take Worksheet 13.3 home so they can practice reading and
writing phrases with a family member.
Supplemental Materials
If you have students who work quickly, give them the lists of words, chains,
and phrases to read, dictate, copy, or illustrate. You can also have them write
silly sentences or stories with the words. You may also use these lists in
exercises that you choose from the Pausing Point.
• Newly decodable words:
The words with asterisks
are on the Dolch and/or Fry 1. best* 8. let* 15. up* 22. sun
Word List.
2. but* 9. men* 16. us* 23. swim
3. cut* 10. must* 17. went* 24. twig
4. end* 11. red* 18. bed 25. wag
5. get* 12. run* 19. fun 26. wig
6. help* 13. set* 20. rest 27. west
7. left* 14. ten* 21. sent 28. wet
• Chains:
1. band > bend > lend > led > sled > slid > lid > bid > bed > bad
2. bat > bet > belt > bent > dent > tent > ten > men > met > get
3. went > wet > net > not > nut > hut > rut > rust > rest > west
4. cub > cup > cap > lap > rap > rag > wag > wig > twig > twin
• Phrases:
96 Unit 1 | Lesson 13
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
• Songs from Alphabet Jam:
1. “Eddie Elephant”
2. “Upstairs Under Uncle Baily”
3. “Wake Up Will”
Code Knowledge
• Before today’s lesson: If students read 1,000 words in a trade book,
on average between 210 and 250 of those words would be completely
decodable.
• After today’s lesson: If students read 1,000 words in a trade book, on
average between 240 and 301 of those words would be completely
decodable.
• Students have now reviewed one way to write 21 of the 44 sounds in
English.
• The sound /e/ is the 15th most common sound in English.
• The sound /e/ is spelled ‘e’ approximately 95 percent of the time.
• The sound /u/ is the most common sound in English.
• The sound /u/ is spelled ‘u’ approximately 27 percent of the time.
• The sound /w/ is the 17th most common sound in English.
• The sound /w/ is spelled ‘w’ approximately 84 percent of the time.
• All is one of the 40 most common words in most samples of written
English. In a typical passage of 1,000 words, all occurs 3 to 6 times.
• Some is one of the 60 most common words in most samples of written
English. In a typical passage of 1,000 words, some occurs 2 to 5 times.
Unit 1 | Lesson 13 97
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
Lesson 14 Basic Code
Objectives
The following language arts objectives are addressed in this lesson. Objectives aligning with the Common Core
State Standards are noted with the corresponding standard in parentheses. Refer to the Alignment Chart for
additional standards addressed in all lessons in this unit.
Segment words into phonemes by tapping Isolate and pronounce initial, medial vowel,
one finger for each phoneme and then blend and final sounds in spoken single-syllable
the phonemes together to form one-syllable words (RF.1.2c)
words (RF.1.2d) Read one-syllable words that include the
Orally produce words with various vowel and letter-sound correspondences taught (RF.1.3b)
consonant sounds by blending the sounds Identify common nouns that name people
(RF.1.2b)
(L.1.1b)
Read Tricky Words from and word (RF.1.3g)
Advance Preparation
Write from and word on yellow index cards.
98 Unit 1 | Lesson 14
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
Warm-Up 10 minutes
Blending and Segmenting
For blending • Follow the instructions in Lesson 1.
1. chip (3) /ch/ /i/ /p/ 5. rust (4) /r/ /u/ /s/ /t/
2. lick (3) /l/ /i/ /k/ 6. clip (4) /k/ /l/ /i/ /p/
3. ten (3) /t/ /e/ /n/ 7. cakes (4) /k/ /ae/ /k/ /s/
4. tell (3) /t/ /e/ /l/ 8. desk (4) /d/ /e/ /s/ /k/
For segmenting
Unit 1 | Lesson 14 99
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
Grammar 10 minutes
Identifying Nouns
Note: In this grammar lesson you will continue to discuss nouns as parts of
speech that name people.
Code Knowledge
• Before today’s lesson: If students read 1,000 words in a trade book,
on average between 240 and 301 of those words would be completely
decodable.
• After today’s lesson: If students read 1,000 words in a trade book, on
average between 246 and 304 of those words would be completely
decodable.
• From is one of the 40 most common words in most samples of written
English. In a typical passage of 1,000 words, from occurs 3 to 6 times.
• Word is one of the 400 most common words in most samples of written
English. It is hard to avoid in a language arts program.
Objectives
The following language arts objectives are addressed in this lesson. Objectives aligning with the Common Core
State Standards are noted with the corresponding standard in parentheses. Refer to the Alignment Chart for
additional standards addressed in all lessons in this unit.
Segment words into phonemes by tapping Print upper- and lowercase letters ‘j’ and ‘J’,
one finger for each phoneme and then blend and ‘y’ and ‘Y’ (L.1.1a)
the phonemes together to form one-syllable Read and spell chains of one-syllable short
words (RF.1.2d) vowel words in which one sound is added,
Orally produce words with various vowel and substituted, or omitted (RF.1.3b)
consonant sounds by blending the sounds Read Tricky Words are, have, and were
(RF.1.2b)
(RF.1.3g)
Isolate and pronounce initial, medial vowel,
and final sounds in spoken single-syllable
words (RF.1.2c)
Advance Preparation
i e a u o Write are, were, and have on yellow index cards.
Add to the letter cards you prepared in earlier lessons by writing each of the
following letters on a separate white index card: ‘e’, ‘u’, ‘j’, and ‘y’. Using these
cards, set up the pocket chart for the chaining activity as shown in the sidebar.
m t g s
p b j y
Pocket Chart Setup
1. head (3) /h/ /e/ /d/ 5. grade (4) /g/ /r/ /ae/ /d/
2. beak (3)) /b/ /ee/ /k/ 6. dress (4) /d/ /r/ /e/ /s/
3. sock (3) /s/ /o/ /k/ 7. socks (4) /s/ /o/ /k/ /s/
4. ship (3) /sh/ /i/ /p/ 8. crab (4) /k/ /r/ /a/ /b/
For segmenting
• Quickly review by having students say the sound represented on each card.
Start on the dotted line. Start on the top line. Start on the dotted line. Start on the top line.
2. fish hook ending below 1. fish hook 1. diagonal right 1. diagonal right
the bottom line (lift) (lift)
(lift) 2. diagonal left ending 2. diagonal left
3. dot on top below the bottom line 3. short line down
• Have students look at the back of the worksheet. Read the four words (bed,
jet, jog, jam). You may discuss what each word means by having students
provide a definition or asking questions.
• Explain that for each word there are three pictures.
• Have students write each word under its matching picture.
1. jut > just > jest > jet > yet > yes > yem > yam > jam > jag > jig
2. jog > jot > jut > jug > jub > job > jab > jam > yam > yap > yip
Take-Home Material
Phrasemaker
• Have students take Worksheet 15.2 home so they can practice reading and
writing phrases with a family member.
• Chains:
1. yes > yet > jet > jut > just > jest > west > went > lent > lend
2. yip > yap > yam > jam > jab > job > jog > jug > hug > rug
1. “Juicy Jelly”
2. “You’re a Young Cowboy”
Objectives
The following language arts objectives are addressed in this lesson. Objectives aligning with the Common Core
State Standards are noted with the corresponding standard in parentheses. Refer to the Alignment Chart for
additional standards addressed in all lessons in this unit.
Segment words into phonemes by tapping Print upper- and lowercase letters ‘k’ and ‘K’,
one finger for each phoneme and then and ‘x’ and ‘X’ (L.1.1a)
blend the phonemes together to form one- Read Tricky Words one and once (RF.1.3g)
syllable words (RF.1.2d)
Read and spell chains of one-syllable short
Orally produce words with various vowel vowel words in which one sound is added,
and consonant sounds by blending the substituted, or omitted by playing a group
sounds (RF.1.2b) game using Large Cards (RF.1.3b)
Isolate and pronounce initial, medial vowel,
and final sounds in spoken single-syllable
words (RF.1.2c)
At a Glance Exercise Materials Minutes
Blending and Segmenting
Advance Preparation
Add to the letter cards you prepared in earlier lessons by writing each of the
i a o
following letters on a separate white index card: ‘k’ and ‘x’. Using these cards,
set up the pocket chart for the chaining activity as shown in the sidebar.
Write the words one and once on yellow index cards.
m n t d
k s p x
Pocket Chart Setup
Warm-Up 10 minutes
Blending and Segmenting
For blending • Follow the instructions in Lesson 1.
1. tub (3) /t/ /u/ /b/ 5. baby (4) /b/ /ae/ /b/ /ee/
2. bug (3) /b/ /u/ /g/ 6. pillow (4) /p/ /i/ /l/ /oe/
3. chip (3) /ch/ /i/ /p/ 7. milk (4) /m/ /i/ /l/ /k/
4. fly (3) /f/ /l/ /ie/ 8. school (4) /s/ /k/ /oo/ /l/
For segmenting
• Quickly review by showing the cards and having students say the sound
represented on each card.
Start on the dotted line. Start on the top line. Start on the top line. Start on the top line.
1. diagonal right 1. diagonal right 1. long line down 1. long line down
(lift) (lift) (lift) (lift)
2. diagonal left 2. diagonal left 2. diagonal left 2. diagonal left
3. diagonal right 3. diagonal right
1. kid > kit > kin > kim > tim > tom > top > mop > map > max
2. skim > skip > sip > six > mix > max > tax > tan > tap > tip
Chaining 10 minutes
Large Card Chaining
• Pass out the following Large Cards, reviewing each card’s sound as you pass
it out: ‘m’, ‘n’, ‘t’ (2), ‘d’, ‘k’, ‘f’, ‘s’, ‘b’, ‘l’, ‘w’, ‘x’, ‘i’, ‘e’, ‘a’, ‘o’.
• Tell students that if they are holding a card with a picture of a sound that is in
next, they should go to the front of the room and stand in the order that spells
next.
• If necessary, help the students get in the correct order.
• Once the students are standing in place, ask a seated student if the word
looks right.
• Once the word has been spelled correctly, say to students, “If that is next,
show me text.”
• Students should rearrange themselves to make the new word.
1. next > text > tent > went > wet > wit > fit > fix > fox > box
2. kit > kid > lid > lad > mad > max > tax > lax > fax > fox
• Continue this process until all of the words in the first chain have been spelled.
• Have students trade cards and proceed to the next chain.
Supplemental Materials
If you have students who work quickly, give them the lists of words, chains,
and phrases to read, dictate, copy, or illustrate. You can also have them write
silly sentences or stories with the words. You may also use these lists in
exercises that you choose from the Pausing Point.
The words with asterisks • Newly decodable words:
are on the Fry and/or Dolch
Word List. 1. ask* 6. fix 11. milk 16. skin
2. next* 7. fox 12. mix 17. skip
3. six* 8. kid 13. ox 18. task
4. box 9. kept 14. risk 19. tax
5. desk 10. mask 15. skim 20. wax
• Chains:
1. skin > skim > skid > skit > sit > six > mix > fix > fox > box
2. six > sit > kit > kin > skin > skip > slip > flip > lip > clip
1. “Catherine Calico”
2. “Kate’s Kingdom”
3. “X-ray”
Code Knowledge
• Before today’s lesson: If students read 1,000 words in a trade book,
on average between 261 and 324 of those words would be completely
decodable.
• After today’s lesson: If students read 1,000 words in a trade book, on
average between 267 and 335 of those words would be completely
decodable.
• The sound /k/ is spelled ‘k’ approximately 22 percent of the time.
• The sound combination /x/ is the 41st most common sound in English
and it is found in approximately 3 percent of English words.
• The sound combination /x/ is spelled ‘x’ approximately 51 percent of
the time.
• One is one of the 40 most common words in most samples of written
English. In a typical passge of 1,000 words, one occurs 3 to 5 times.
• Once is one of the most 200 most common words in most samples
of written English. It is taught as a Tricky Word partly because it is an
important word in stories.
Objectives
The following language arts objectives are addressed in this lesson. Objectives aligning with the Common Core
State Standards are noted with the corresponding standard in parentheses. Refer to the Alignment Chart for
additional standards addressed in all lessons in this unit.
i e a u o Advance Preparation
Add to the letter cards you prepared in earlier lessons by writing the digraphs
‘ch’ and ‘sh’ on separate white index cards. Using these cards, set up the
pocket chart for the chaining activity as shown in the sidebar.
m n d s You will also need to write the words do and two on yellow index cards. Have
p h ch sh the Tricky Word card to also ready for review.
Pocket Chart Setup
Warm-Up 10 minutes
For blending
Blending and Segmenting
• Follow the instructions in Lesson 1.
1. fun (3) /f/ /u/ /n/ 5. hand (4) /h/ /a/ /n/ /d/
2. pit (3) /p/ /i/ /t/ 6. green (4) /g/ /r/ /ee/ /n/
3. stay (3) /s/ /t/ /ae/ 7. looks (4) /l/ /oo/ /k/ /s/
4. soak (3) /s/ /oe/ /k/ 8. creek (4) /k/ /r/ /ee/ /k/
For segmenting
c h ch • Point to each shape and ask students what it is. (a square, a triangle, and a
house)
s h sh • Explain to the class that a square by itself is just a square, and a triangle by
itself is just a triangle, but a square with a triangle on top of it is something
completely different: a house.
• Write a ‘c’ on the board underneath the square.
• Ask students what sound the letter ‘c’ stands for. (They should say /k/.)
• Write an ‘h’ on the board underneath the triangle.
• Ask students what sound the letter ‘h’ stands for. (They should say /h/.)
• Write the spelling ‘ch’ on the board underneath the house.
• Ask students what sound the spelling ‘ch’ stands for. (They should say /ch/.)
• Explain to the class that the letter ‘c’ by itself stands for the /k/ sound, and
the letter ‘h’ by itself stands for the /h/ sound, but the letters ‘c’ and ‘h’
written together stand for a completely different sound: the /ch/ sound.
• Repeat this procedure for the digraph ‘sh’ as in ship.
Grammar 10 minutes
Identifying Nouns
Note: Today you will introduce nouns that name things.
• Tell students that they will learn more about nouns today. Ask students,
“What is a noun?” (a part of speech that names a person) “Who can give me
an example of a noun that names a person?”
• Say the phrase, “fast kid,” and have students repeat it after you.
• Ask students which word in the phrase names a person. (kid)
• Explain that today they will learn about another type of noun.
• Tell students to listen carefully to the next phrase.
• Say, “blue house,” have students repeat it, and ask, “Which word in the
phrase names a thing?” (house)
• When students have given the correct answer, say, “The word house is a
thing. A word that names a thing is also called a noun.”
1. bird flies
2. fluffy cat
Chaining 10 minutes
Pocket Chart Chaining for Reading
• Set up the pocket chart by placing the following vowel spellings along the top
i e a u o
of the pocket chart: ‘i’, ‘e’, ‘a’, ‘u’, ‘o’.
• Arrange the following consonant spellings along the bottom of the pocket
chart: ‘m’, ‘n’, ‘d’ (2), ‘s’, ‘p’, ‘h’, ‘ch’, ‘sh’.
• Point to the spellings and have students say the sounds.
m n d s
• Explain that you will combine spellings to make words.
p h ch sh
Pocket Chart Setup • Move the ‘p’, ‘e’, and ‘n’ cards to the center of the pocket chart to spell pen.
• Ask the class to read the word.
• Replace the ‘e’ card with the ‘u’ card and say to the class, “If that is pen,
what is this?”
• Ask a student to read the word.
• Ask students which sound or letter you changed in the word pen to get the word
pun. Ask them whether you changed the first, middle, or last sound or letter.
• Work through the remaining words.
1. pen > pun > sun > such > much > mud > mad > mash > smash
2. ship > shop > chop > chip > hip > dip > dish > dash > dad
Take-Home Material
Tricky Word Practice
• Have students take Worksheet 17.2 home so they can practice reading and
writing Tricky Words with a family member.
Supplemental Materials
If you have students who work quickly, give them the lists of words, chains,
and phrases to read, dictate, copy, or illustrate. You can also have them write
silly sentences or stories with the words. You may also use these lists in
exercises that you choose from the Pausing Point.
Words with asterisks can be • Newly decodable words:
found on the Dolch and/or
Fry Word List. 1. much* 9. inch
2. such* 10. lunch
3. wish* 11. rich
4. cash 12. rush
5. chest 13. ship
6. fish 14. shop
7. French 15. shot
8. fresh 16. shut
1. bench > bunch > munch > much > mush > mash > lash > flash >
flesh > fresh
2. shot > shut > shun > shin > ship > shop > chop > chomp > champ >
chap
Code Knowledge
• Before today’s lesson: If students read 1,000 words in a trade book,
on average between 267 and 335 of those words would be completely
decodable.
• After today’s lesson: If students read 1,000 words in a trade book, on
average between 277 and 335 of those words would be completely
decodable.
• Students have now reviewed one way to write 27 of the 44 sounds in
English.
• The sound /ch/ is the 35th most common sound.
• The sound /ch/ is spelled ‘ch’ approximately 70 percent of the time.
• The sound /sh/ is the 34th most common sound in English.
• The sound /sh/ is spelled ‘sh’ approximately 77 percent of the time.
Objectives
The following language arts objectives are addressed in this lesson. Objectives aligning with the Common Core
State Standards are noted with the corresponding standard in parentheses. Refer to the Alignment Chart for
additional standards addressed in all lessons in this unit.
Segment words into phonemes by tapping Differentiate between the consonants /th/
one finger for each phoneme and then blend and /th/ and choose the correct spelling
the phonemes together to form one-syllable (RF.1.2d)
words (RF.1.2d) Read and write letter-sound
Orally produce words with various vowel and correspondences ‘th’ > /th/ and ‘th’ > /th/
consonant sounds by blending the sounds (RF.1.3a)
(RF.1.2b)
Read and spell chains of one-syllable short
Isolate and pronounce initial, medial vowel, vowel words in which one sound is added,
and final sounds in spoken single-syllable substituted, or omitted (RF.1.3b)
words (RF.1.2c)
Advance Preparation
Add to the letter cards you prepared in previous lessons by writing the digraph
e a o
‘th’ on a white index card. Using the cards listed in the At a Glance chart, set
up the pocket chart for the chaining activity as shown in the sidebar.
m n p b
h ch sh th
Pocket Chart Setup
Warm-Up 10 minutes
Blending and Segmenting
For blending • Follow the instructions in Lesson 1.
1. cop (3) /k/ /o/ /p/ 5. clean (4) /k/ /l/ /ee/ /n/
2. play (3) /p/ /l/ /ae/ 6. trip (4) /t/ /r/ /i/ /p/
3. snow (3) /s/ /n/ /oe/ 7. chomp (4) /ch/ /o/ /m/ /p/
4. rain (3) /r/ /ae/ /n/ 8. cookie (4) /k/ /oo/ /k/ /ee/
For segmenting
• Quickly review by showing the cards and having students say the sound
represented on each card.
1. thin—then 4. thud—thus
2. thanks—that 5. theme—these
3. theft—them
• Have students look at the back of the worksheet. Read the words and name
the pictures together as a class.
• Tell students to read the words in the box at the top of the worksheet and
write each word under its matching picture.
Chaining 10 minutes
e a o Pocket Chart Chaining for Reading
• Set up the pocket chart by placing these vowel spellings along the top of the
pocket chart: ‘e’, ‘a’, ‘o’.
• Arrange the cards for the following consonant spellings along the bottom of
the pocket chart: ‘m’ (2), ‘n’, ‘p’, ‘b’, ‘h’, ‘ch’, ‘sh’, ‘th’.
m n p b
h ch sh th • Point to the spellings and have students say the sounds.
Pocket Chart Setup
1. chap > map > man > than > then > them > hem > hen > pen
2. bath > path > math > moth > mom > mop > chop > shop > hop
Supplemental Materials
If you have students who work quickly, give them the lists of words, chains,
phrases, and sentences to read, dictate, copy, or illustrate. You can also have
them write silly sentences or stories with the words. You may also use these
lists in exercises that you choose from the Pausing Point.
The words with asterisks • Newly decodable words:
are on the Dolch and/or Fry
Word List. 1. than* 9. cloth
2. that* 10. fifth
3. them* 11. math
4. then* 12. moth
5. this* 13. path
6. with* 14. theft
7. bath 15. thin
8. Beth 16. thrust
• Chains:
1. them > then > than > that > hat > bat > bath > path > math > moth
2. this > thus > bus > bun > shun > run > pun > pen > ten > tenth
Objectives
The following language arts objectives are addressed in this lesson. Objectives aligning with the Common Core
State Standards are noted with the corresponding standard in parentheses. Refer to the Alignment Chart for
additional standards addressed in all lessons in this unit.
Read Tricky Words the and who (RF.1.3g) Ask and answer questions about the story
“Beth,” orally or in writing, requiring literal
With purpose and understanding, read
recall and understanding of the details and
decodable text in the story “Beth”
facts (RL.1.1)
that incorporates the letter-sound
correspondences taught in one–syllable Write phonemically plausible spellings for
words (RF.1.4a) words that cannot be spelled correctly with
current code knowledge (L.1.2e)
Use phonics skills in conjunction with
context while reading the story “Beth” to Describe people, places, things, and events,
confirm or self-correct word recognition in the story “Beth” with relevant details,
and understanding, rereading as necessary expressing ideas and feelings clearly (SL.1.4)
(RF.1.4c)
Produce complete sentences orally and in
writing (SL.1.6)
Identify and use end punctuation, including
periods, in writing (L.1.2b)
Demonstration Stories
Page 2 1. Point out Tricky Words
2. Highlight grammar lessons, such as pointing out nouns in a sentence
3. Ask questions for comprehension checks
4. Clarify any points that may be confusing in the story
Page 2
• Ask students, “Why do you think the word I is underlined? What have we
learned about this word?” (It is a Tricky Word.) Tell students that in the
Reader, the tricky parts of Tricky Words are underlined.
Page 4
• Ask students, “Who can tell me a noun that names a person on this
page? Who can tell me a noun that names a thing?” You may have
students come to the front of the class to point to the words.
• Point to the word the. Say to students, “Remember that the is a Tricky
Word you have learned. The letter ‘e’ is underlined because that is the
part of the word that is not sounded /e/ as we might expect.”
Page 6
• Ask students, “How many Tricky Words are on the page?” (three) Remind
students to be careful reading Tricky Words because they do not play by
the rules.
Page 8
• Ask a student volunteer to read this sentence.
Page 9
• Ask students, “What is the name of this dog?” (His name is Jet.) “How
do we know the dog’s name?” (His name is on the dog tag.)
Wrap-Up
• Ask students if there were any parts of the story they did not understand.
• Use the following discussion questions to guide your conversation about the
story. Remember to encourage students to answer in complete sentences.
Have students read the part of the story that provided them the answer.
Code Knowledge
• Before today’s lesson: If students read 1,000 words in a trade book,
on average between 302 and 374 of those words would be completely
decodable.
• After today’s lesson: If students read 1,000 words in a trade book, on
average between 377 and 439 of those words would be completely
decodable.
• The is the most common word in most samples of written English.
Objectives
The following language arts objectives are addressed in this lesson. Objectives aligning with the Common Core
State Standards are noted with the corresponding standard in parentheses. Refer to the Alignment Chart for
additional standards addressed in all lessons in this unit.
Segment words into phonemes by tapping Use phonics skills in conjunction with
one finger for each phoneme and then blend context while reading the story “Nat” to
the phonemes together to form one-syllable confirm or self-correct word recognition
words (RF.1.2d) and understanding, rereading as necessary
(RF.1.4c)
Orally produce words with various vowel and
consonant sounds by blending the sounds Ask and answer questions about the story
(RF.1.2b) “Nat,” orally or in writing, requiring literal
recall and understanding of the details and/
Isolate and pronounce initial, medial vowel,
or facts of a fiction text read independently
and final sounds in spoken single-syllable
(RL.1.1)
words (RF.1.2c)
Write phonemically plausible spellings for
Read one-syllable words in the Code Flip Book
words that cannot be spelled correctly with
that include the letter-sound correspondences
current code knowledge (L.1.2e)
taught (RF.1.3b)
Describe people, places, things, and events
Read and write letter-sound correspondences
from the story “Nat” with relevant details,
‘ng’ > /ng/ and ‘qu’ > /k/ + /w/ (RF.1.3a)
expressing ideas and feelings clearly. (SL.1.4)
Read Tricky Words said and says (RF.1.3g)
Produce complete sentences orally and in
With purpose and understanding, writing (SL.1.6)
read decodable text in the story “Nat”
Read one-syllable words in the story
that incorporates the letter-sound
“Nat” that include the letter-sound
correspondences taught in one-syllable words
correspondences taught (RF.1.3b)
(RF.1.4a)
Identify and use end punctuation, including
periods, in writing (L.1.2b)
Advance Preparation
Write the words said and says on yellow index cards.
Note to Teacher
Note that /qu/ is a sound combination consisting of two sounds, /k/ and
/w/. It is reviewed here as if it were one sound because the two letters in the
digraph ‘qu’ occur as a unit. There is no need to explain this to the class. If a
student notices that /qu/ consists of two sounds, you should confirm this and
compliment the student for being a good listener.
After reading the story “Nat” to the class, students will have time to read
the story on their own. Since students learn to decode at different rates, it is
often helpful to divide students into three groups: one group for independent
learners needling minimal teacher support, one group for students who need
moderate support, and one group for students who cannot proceed with
independent work on their own. For the first two groups, monitored partner
reading is an effective practice. For the third group, guided small group
instruction is helpful. We indicate throughout the unit when you can use small
group time, but you may also use small groups if time permits for any reading
portion of the lesson.
Please prepare in advance how students will be grouped for this reading time.
Remember that reading groups are to be fluid. As new code knowledge is
taught, the groups need to be continually reassessed. Informal assessments,
such as notes from the Anecdotal Record provided in the Teacher Resources
section of this Teacher Guide, can be used to help inform your grouping
decisions.
1. fun (3) /f/ /u/ /n/ 5. hats (4) /h/ /a/ /t/ /s/
2. pit (3) /p/ /i/ /t/ 6. green (4) /g/ /r/ /ee/ /n/
3. stay (3) /s/ /t/ /ae/ 7. looks (4) /l/ /oo/ /k/ /s/
4. soak (3) /s/ /oe/ /k/ 8. weeks (4) /w/ /ee/ /k/ /s/
• Quickly review by showing the cards and having students say the sound
represented on each card.
• Have students look at the back of the worksheet. Read the words and name
the pictures together as a class.
• Tell students to read the words in the box at the top of the worksheet and
write each word under its matching picture.
Page 10
• Ask students, “How many sentences are on this page. How do you know?”
Page 12
• Point to and read the Tricky Words. Ask a student volunteer to read the
sentences.
• Ask students, “Why does the word Nat begin with an uppercase letter?”
(People’s names start with an uppercase letter.)
Page 14
• Ask students, “Who can find a noun that names a person in this sentence?
Who can find a noun that names a thing in this sentence?”
Page 16
• Point to the apostrophe in the word Nat’s. Tell students what looks like a
comma in the air is called an apostrophe. Ask students to repeat the word
apostrophe after you. Tell students the apostrophe here tells us that the mom
is Nat’s mom.
• Draw attention to the comma in the sentence: Nat left, and I felt sad. Tell
students commas are used in the middle of sentences, and we should pause
to take a breath if we see one when reading.
• Draw attention to the abbreviation, U.K. Remind students the letters in U.K.
stand for the words United Kingdom. You may wish to show students once
again where the United Kingdom is on a map or globe. Ask students, “What
do the letters U.S. stand for?”
Wrap-Up
• Ask students if there were any parts of the story they did not understand.
• Use the following discussion questions to guide your conversation about the
story. Encourage students to answer in complete sentences and to share the
part of the story that supports their answer.
Worksheet 20.2
Take-Home Material
Spelling Worksheet
• Have students take Worksheet 20.3 home so they can practice spelling words
with a family member.
• Chains:
1. ring > rang > sang > sing > song > long > lung > hung > hang
2. quip > quiz > quit > quilt > tilt > wilt > wit > wet > west > quest
3. that > than > then > ten > tin > shin > win > wing > king
1. “Quack Quack”
Objectives
The following language arts objectives are addressed in this lesson. Objectives aligning with the Common Core
State Standards are noted with the corresponding standard in parentheses. Refer to the Alignment Chart for
additional standards addressed in all lessons in this unit.
Segment words into phonemes by tapping Ask and answer questions about the story
one finger for each phoneme and then “The Trip to the U.K.,” orally or in writing,
blend the phonemes together to form one- requiring literal recall and understanding of
syllable words (RF.1.2d) the details, and/or facts of a fiction text read
independently (RL.1.1)
Orally produce words with various vowel
and consonant sounds by blending the Write phonemically plausible spellings for
sounds (RF.1.2b) words that cannot be spelled correctly with
current code knowledge (L.1.2e)
Isolate and pronounce initial, medial vowel,
and final sounds in spoken single-syllable Describe people, places, things, and events
words (RF.1.2c) from the story “The Trip to the U.K.” with
relevant details, expressing ideas and
With purpose and understanding, read
feelings clearly. (SL.1.4)
decodable text in the story “The Trip to the
U.K.” that incorporates the letter-sound Produce complete sentences orally and in
correspondences taught in one-syllable writing (SL.1.6)
words (RF.1.4a) Read and write one-syllable words in the
Use phonics skills in conjunction with story “The Trip to the U.K.” that include
context while reading the story “The Trip the letter-sound correspondences taught
to the U.K.” to confirm or self-correct word (RF.1.3b)
recognition and understanding, rereading Use end punctuation, including periods and
as necessary (RF.1.4c) exclamation points, in writing (L.1.2b)
1. rug (3) /r/ /u/ /g/ 5. fast (4) /f/ /a/ /s/ /t/
2. sky (3) /s/ /k/ /ie/ 6. mask (4) /m/ /a/ /s/ /k/
3. blue (3) /b/ /l/ /oo/ 7. wrist (4) /r/ /i/ /s/ /t/
4. kit (3) /k/ /i/ /t/ 8. snake (4) /s/ /n/ /ae/ /k/
For segmenting
1. pit 7. pet
2. pot 8. nut
3. bag 9. led
4. hid 10. lap
5. pat 11. mud
6. not 12. pop
1. cab—a cab, or taxi, is a car you get in where you pay someone to
drive you somewhere.
2. jet—an airplane
3. ramp—the place at the airport where people get on and off an airplane
Page 18
• Ask students, “Why did Beth feel sad?”
Page 20
• Point to the exclamation point in the second sentence. Explain to
students that many sentences end in a period, but sometimes they end
in something else. Ask students, “Does anyone recognize what this is?
It is called an exclamation point, and it means that we should read the
sentence with excitement.”
• Demonstrate the difference between reading a sentence ending in a
period, and reading one that ends in an exclamation point.
• Ask students, “What does Beth mean when she says ‘I got to sit next to
the wing.’”
Pages 24 and 25
• Point out the apostrophe in “Nat’s.” Ask students if they remember what
an apostrophe tells us.
• Tell students, “In the U.S., we are used to seeing most cabs, or taxis,
be bright yellow. In the U.K., taxis are bigger cars that are often black.
The driver also sits on the opposite side of the car. This can look very
different to someone who is visiting the U.K. for the first time!”
Page 26
• Ask students, “Who does the bed belong to? How do we know?”
(It is Nat’s bed. The apostrophe in Nat’s tells us.)
Wrap-Up
• Ask students if there were any parts of the story they did not understand.
• Use the following discussion questions to guide your conversation about the
story.
• Remember to encourage students to answer in complete sentences and to
share the part of the story that supports their answer.
Worksheet 21.2
Supplemental Materials
If you have students who work quickly, give them the lists of words, chains,
phrases, and sentences to read, dictate, copy, or illustrate. You can also have
them write silly sentences or stories with the words. You may also use these
lists in exercises that you choose from the Pausing Point.
• Chains:
1. bat > bet > bit > but > hut > hot > hit > sit > set > sat
2. got > get > gut > nut > net > wet > wit > pit > pat > pad
Objectives
The following language arts objectives are addressed in this lesson. Objectives aligning with the Common Core
State Standards are noted with the corresponding standard in parentheses. Refer to the Alignment Chart for
additional standards addressed in all lessons in this unit.
Segment words into phonemes by tapping Use phonics skills when reading the story
one finger for each phoneme and then blend “Bud the Cat” in conjunction with context
the phonemes together to form one-syllable to confirm or self-correct word recognition
words (RF.1.2d) and understanding, rereading as necessary
(RF.1.4c)
Orally produce words with various vowel and
consonant sounds by blending the sounds Ask and answer questions about the story
(RF.1.2b) “Bud the Cat,” orally and in writing, requiring
literal recall and understanding of the details
Isolate and pronounce initial, medial vowel,
and facts of a fiction text (RL.1.1)
and final sounds in spoken single-syllable
words (RF.1.2c) Write phonemically plausible spellings for
words that cannot be spelled correctly with
Identify common nouns that name people
current code knowledge (L.1.2e)
and things (L.1.1b)
Describe people, places, things, and events
With purpose and understanding, read
about the story “Bud the Cat” with relevant
decodable text in the story “Bud the
details, expressing ideas and feelings clearly.
Cat” that incorporates the letter-sound
(SL.1.4)
correspondences taught in one-syllable
words with purpose and understanding Produce complete sentences orally and in
(RF.1.4a) writing (SL.1.6)
Identify and use end punctuation, including
periods and question marks, in writing
(L.1.2b)
1. lid (3) /l/ /i/ /d/ 5. risk (4) /r/ /i/ /s/ /k/
2. cab (3) /k/ /a/ /b/ 6. spill (4) /s/ /p/ /i/ /l/
3. jam (3) /j/ /a/ /m/ 7. pest (4) /p/ /e/ /s/ /t/
4. stew (3) /s/ /t/ /oo/ 8. broil (4) /b/ /r/ /oi/ /l/
For segmenting
• Ask students whether the noun is at the beginning or at the end of the
phrase.
• Summarize by asking students what we call a part of speech that names a
thing. (noun)
Previewing Grammar
• Tell students that they have now read sentences that end in a period and in
an exclamation point. Write these two symbols on the board.
• Write a question mark on the board. Ask students if anyone recognizes this
type of ending.
• Tell students that this is a question mark. It is used at the end of a sentence
that is a question. Tell students that they will see a question mark in today’s
story.
Purpose for Reading
• Tell students to read today’s story to learn about Bud the cat.
Take-Home Material
Take-Home Story: “Bud the Cat”
• Have students take Worksheet 22.2 home so they can practice reading the
story with a family member.
Objectives
The following language arts objectives are addressed in this lesson. Objectives aligning with the Common Core
State Standards are noted with the corresponding standard in parentheses. Refer to the Alignment Chart for
additional standards addressed in all lessons in this unit.
Read and write letter-sound correspondence Write phonemically plausible spellings for
‘ck’ > /k/ (RF.1.3a) words that cannot be spelled correctly with
current code knowledge (L.1.2e)
With purpose and understanding, read
decodable text in the story “The Fish” Describe people, places, things, and events
that incorporates the letter-sound from the story “The Fish” with relevant
correspondences taught (RF.1.4a) details, expressing ideas and feelings clearly
(SL.1.4)
Use phonics skills in conjunction with
context to confirm or self-correct word Produce complete sentences orally and in
recognition and understanding, rereading writing (SL.1.6)
as necessary (RF.1.4c) Read and write one-syllable words from
Ask and answer questions about the story the story “The Fish” that include the letter-
“The Fish,” orally or in writing, requiring sound correspondences taught (RF.1.3b)
literal recall and understanding of the
details and facts of a fiction text read
independently (RL.1.1)
/k/
‘c’ ‘k’ ‘ck’
cat kid duck
cash kiss back
cap skin thick
Reading Time 20
Small Group Reading: “The Fish”
Introducing the Story
• Tell students that the last story they read was about a cat. Tell students they
will get to read about another type of pet. Give students hints to see if they can
guess the other type of pet Nat has: it has fins, not fur; it swims in an aquarium.
Previewing the Spellings
Note: We suggest you read each story prior to each day’s lesson. Based
Page 32 on your knowledge of students and their abilities, you may add or subtract
spellings to preview as you see fit.
• You may wish to preview the following spellings before reading today’s story:
Previewing Grammar
• Remind students about the apostrophe, and tell them that they will see this in
today’s story.
Small Group Work
• Before breaking into small groups, you may want to review the worksheet
with the class, reminding them to answer in complete sentences and to
review any unknown words. Remind students that they should look back to
the story if they need help finding the answer.
Note: Remember that is important to hear students read each week. Please
alternate small groups so you have an opportunity to work with each
student in a small group setting.
Take-Home Material
Take-Home Story: “The Fish”
• Have students take Worksheet 23.2 home so they can practice reading the
story with a family member.
Supplemental Materials
If you have students who work quickly, give them the lists of words, chains,
phrases, and sentences to read, dictate, copy, or illustrate. You can also have
them write silly sentences or stories with the words. You may also use these
lists in exercises that you choose from the Pausing Point.
• Newly decodable words:
Words with asterisks can
be found on the Dolch and/ 1. add* 5. off* 9. still* 13. class
or Fry Word List.
2. back* 6. pick* 10. tell* 14. egg
3. black* 7. shall* 11. well* 15. grass
4. miss* 8. spell* 12. will* 16. odd
• Chains:
1. buck > back > sack > sick > sill > fill > fell > well > will > mill
2. pill > hill > hiss > kiss > kick > pick > pin > pun > puff > huff
Code Knowledge
• Before today’s lesson: If students read 1,000 words in a trade book,
on average between 395 and 469 of those words would be completely
decodable.
• After today’s lesson: If students read 1,000 words in a trade book, on
average between 414 and 496 of those words would be completely
decodable.
• The sound /b/ is spelled ‘bb’ approximately 4 percent of the time.
• The sound /d/ is spelled ‘dd’ approximately 2 percent of the time.
• The sound /f/ is spelled ‘ff’ approximately 9 percent of the time.
• The sound /g/ is spelled ‘gg’ approximately 8 percent of the time.
• The sound /l/ is spelled ‘ll’ approximately 13 percent of the time.
• The sound /m/ is spelled ‘mm’ approximately 4 percent of the time.
• The sound /s/ is spelled ‘ss’ approximately 8 percent of the time.
• The sound /k/ is spelled ‘ck’ approximately 10 percent of the time.
Objectives
The following language arts objectives are addressed in this lesson. Objectives aligning with the Common
Core State Standards are noted with the corresponding standard in parentheses. Refer to the Alignment Chart
for additional standards addressed in all lessons in this unit.
Read and write letter-sound correspondence Produce complete sentences orally and in
‘ck’ > /k/ (RF.1.3a) writing (SL.1.6)
Write phonemically plausible spellings for Use common, proper, and possessive nouns
words that cannot be spelled correctly with orally and in own writing (RF.1.3b)
current code knowledge (L.1.2e) Use common, proper, and possessive nouns
orally and in own writing (L.1.1b)
Practice Word Sort with ‘c’, ‘k’, and ‘ck’ pencils; Worksheet 24.1 25
Warm-Up 10 minutes
Noun Hunt
• Ask students, “What do we call the parts of speech that name a person or a
thing?” (nouns)
• Ask students to provide examples of a person and a thing.
• Ask students to take out Snap Shots and turn to the first story, “Beth.” Tell
them you will give them three minutes to work with a partner and find as
many nouns as they can.
Page 2
• Review as a class the nouns found on each page.
1. c—cc: cat—hiccup
2. n—nn: not—tennis
3. p—pp: pen—happen
4. r—rr: run—ferret
5. t—tt: tip—mitt
6. z—zz: zip—buzz
7. f—ff: fun—stuff (review from previous lesson)
8. l—ll: leg—bell (review from previous lesson)
/k/
‘c’ ‘k’ ‘ck’ ‘cc’
clap kit rock hiccup
scab skin buck
cups desk thick
Supplemental Materials
If you have students who work quickly, give them the lists of words, chains,
phrases, and sentences to read, dictate, copy, or illustrate. You can also have
them write silly sentences or stories with the words. You may also use these
lists in exercises that you choose from the Pausing Point.
• Newly decodable words:
1. Ann 5. jazz
2. buzz 6. Matt
3. fuzz 7. mitt
4. inn
Code Knowledge
• Before today’s lesson: If students read 1,000 words in a trade book,
on average between 395 and 469 of those words would be completely
decodable.
• After today’s lesson: If students read 1,000 words in a trade book, on
average between 416 and 498 of those words would be completely
decodable.
• The sound /k/ is spelled ‘cc’ approximately 1 percent of the time.
• The sound /n/ is spelled ‘nn’ approximately 3 percent of the time.
• The sound /p/ is spelled ‘pp’ approximately 7 percent of the time.
• The sound /r/ is spelled ‘rr’ approximately 3 percent of the time.
• The sound /t/ is spelled ‘tt’ approximately 5 percent of the time.
• The sound /z/ is spelled ‘zz’ approximately 1 percent of the time.
Objectives
The following language arts objectives are addressed in this lesson. Objectives aligning with the Common Core
State Standards are noted with the corresponding standard in parentheses. Refer to the Alignment Chart for
additional standards addressed in all lessons in this unit.
Read one-syllable words in the Code Differentiate between the consonants /s/ and
Flip Book that include the letter-sound /z/, and choose the correct spelling (RF.1.2d)
correspondences taught (RF.1.3b) Read Tricky Words was, when, and why (RF.1.3g)
Advance Preparation
Write the Tricky Words was, when, and why on yellow index cards.
Today you will review a number of double-letter spellings using the
Consonant Flip Book. You may want to tab the pages of the Flip Book ahead
of time; please see the Warm-Up section to see which pages to tab.
Note to Teacher
Today you will discuss the sister sounds /s/ and /z/ with students. The
sounds /s/ and /z/ are both made by positioning the tongue close to the ridge
behind the upper teeth. The only difference is that /s/ is unvoiced and /z/ is
voiced. The spelling ‘s’ is pronounced /s/ after unvoiced consonant sounds
and /z/ after voiced consonant sounds. This is because once the voice box
begins to vibrate, it “wants” to continue vibrating. When saying the word
dogs, the voice box begins to vibrate with the voiced consonant sound /g/.
The voice box then continues vibrating, which means that the last sound in
the word is /z/, not /s/. Conversely, when saying cats, the voice box does not
begin to vibrate with the unvoiced consonant sound /t/. Because the voice
box does not begin to vibrate, the last sound in the word is /s/.
172 Unit 1 | Lesson 25
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
Warm-Up 5 minutes
Flip Book Review
• Review with students some of the double-letter spellings by using the
Consonant Flip Book. For each page, have students say both the spelling and
sound for each card. Point out the power bar, and say the example word.
• Today’s sound/spelling correspondences can be found on the following
pages of the Consonant Flip Book.
• Point out that the spelling alternative ‘s’ for /z/ is also used in some other
common words that are not plurals.
If you have the word is on • Write the following words on the board and have the students read them: is,
the Tricky Word wall, you has, his, as.
can now remove it.
• Point out that the word is is no longer a Tricky Word. In the Reader it will not
be underlined in gray anymore.
/z/ • Write the symbol /z/ on the board and explain that this represents the sound /z/.
s z • Write the spellings ‘s’ and ‘z’ below /z/ and explain that both spellings
dogs zip represent the same sound, /z/.
Take-Home Material
Phrasemaker
Have students take Worksheet 25.1 home so they can practice reading
and writing with a family member.
Supplemental Materials
If you have students who work quickly, give them the lists of words, chains,
phrases, and sentences to read, dictate, copy, or illustrate. You can also have
them write silly sentences or stories with the words. You may also use these
lists in exercises that you choose from the Pausing Point.
• Newly decodable words:
The words with asterisks
are on the Dolch and/or Fry 1. as* 5. bugs 9. hands 13. pigs
Word List.
2. is* 6. dogs 10. jobs 14. runs
3. has* 7. eggs 11. kids 15. tells
4. his* 8. ends 12. legs 16. things
• Chains:
1. kings > wings > rings > ribs > bibs > bins > shins > wins > chins
2. tags > bags > rags > rugs > bugs > hugs > hogs > dogs > logs > legs
Code Knowledge
• Before today’s lesson: If students read 1,000 words in a trade book,
on average between 416 and 498 of those words would be completely
decodable.
• After today’s lesson: If students read 1,000 words in a trade book, on
average between 448 and 532 of those words would be completely
decodable.
• The sound /z/ is spelled ‘s’ approximately 90 percent of the time.
• Was is one of the 10 most common words in most samples of written
English. In a typical passage of 1,000 words, was occurs 5 to 15 times.
• When is one of the 40 most common words in most samples of written
English. In a typical passage of 1,000 words, when occurs 2 to 6 times.
• Why is one of the 200 most common words in most samples of written
English. In a typical passage of 1,000 words, why occurs 0 to 2 times.
Objectives
The following language arts objectives are addressed in this lesson. Objectives aligning with the Common Core
State Standards are noted with the corresponding standard in parentheses. Refer to the Alignment Chart for
additional standards addressed in all lessons in this unit.
Read one-syllable words in the Code Flip Book Ask and answer questions about the story
that include the letter-sound correspondences “The Flag Shop,” orally and in writing,
taught (RF.1.3b) requiring literal recall and understanding
of the details and facts of a fiction text read
Identify common nouns that name people,
independently (RL.1.1)
places, and things (L.1.1b)
Write phonemically plausible spellings for
With purpose and understanding, read
words that cannot be spelled correctly with
decodable text in the story “The Flag
current code knowledge (L.1.2e)
Shop” that incorporates the letter-sound
correspondences taught (RF.1.4a) Describe people, places, things, and events
from the story “The Flag Shop” with relevant
Use phonics skills in conjunction with context
details, expressing ideas and feelings clearly
while reading the story “The Flag Shop” to
(SL.1.4)
confirm or self-correct word recognition and
understanding, rereading as necessary (RF.1.4c) Produce complete sentences orally and in
writing (SL.1.6)
Read and write one-syllable words in the story
“The Flag Shop” that include the letter-sound
correspondences taught (RF.1.3b)
Warm-Up 10 minutes
Flip Book Review
• Review with students some of the double-letter spellings by using the
Consonant Flip Book. For each page, have students say both the spelling and
sound for each card. Point out the power bar, and say the example word.
• Today’s sound-letter correspondences can be found on the following pages
of the Consonant Flip Book.
Grammar 10 minutes
Identifying Nouns
Nouns naming people
• Remind students that they have been learning about nouns that name people.
• Tell students to listen carefully to the next phrase and repeat it after you.
• Say, “mom sings,” and ask, “Which word in the phrase names a person?”
• When students have given the correct answer, say, “The word mom is a
person and the word for a part of speech that names a person is noun.”
Nouns naming things
• Remind students that they have also been learning about nouns that name things.
• Tell students to listen carefully to the next phrase and repeat it after you.
• Say, “ball rolls,” and ask, “Which word in the phrase names a thing?”
• When students have given the correct answer, say, “The word ball is a thing
and the word for a part of speech that names a thing is noun.”
Page 36
• Ask students, “Who can remind us what U.K. stands for?”
• Ask students, “Who can tell us a noun that names a place on this page?”
Page 37
• Tell students that Beth’s mom is saluting, which is a proper way of greeting
in the military. She is in front of the U.S flag. The other flags represent other
countries.
• Ask students, “Who can tell us a noun that names a person on this page?”
Page 38
• Invite students to read the sentences.
• Ask students, “Who can tell us a noun that names a thing on this page?”
Wrap-Up
• Use the following discussion questions to guide your conversation about the
story. Remind students to anwer in complete sentences, and to share the part of
the story that provides the answer.
Worksheet 26.1
Take-Home Material
Noun Sort
• Have students take Worksheet 26.2 home to complete with a family member.
Objectives
The following language arts objectives are addressed in this lesson. Objectives aligning with the Common Core
State Standards are noted with the corresponding standard in parentheses. Refer to the Alignment Chart for
additional standards addressed in all lessons in this unit.
Segment words into phonemes by tapping Isolate and pronounce initial, medial vowel,
one finger for each phoneme and then blend and final sounds in spoken single-syllable
the phonemes together to form one-syllable words (RF.1.2c)
words (RF.1.2d) Read and write Tricky Words where, what,
Orally produce words with various vowel and and which (RF.1.3g)
consonant sounds by blending the sounds
(RF.1.2b)
At a Glance Exercise Materials Minutes
Warm-Up Blending and Segmenting 5
marker; yellow index cards for
Tricky Words Tricky Word Cards
where, what, which
20
Reviewing Punctuation
Question Mark 5
Marks
pencils; blank index cards
Practice Tricky Word Cards
(6 per student)
30
Advance Preparation
Write where, what, and which on yellow index cards.
Warm-Up 5 minutes
Blending and Segmenting
Follow the instructions in Lesson 1.
1. fat (3) /f/ /a/ /t/ 5. clean (4) /k/ /l/ /ee/ /n/
2. rough (3) /r/ /u/ /f/ 6. frame (4) /f/ /r/ /ae/ /m/
3. rat (3) /r/ /a/ /t/ 7. spike (4) /s/ /p/ /ie/ /k/
4. leg (3) /l/ /e/ /g/ 8. child (4) /ch/ /ie/ /l/ /d/
1. Where did Nat and Dot get Bud? (Nat and Dot got Bud from the vet.)
2. What did the vet fix on Bud? (The vet had to fix Bud’s leg.)
• Point out the periods and question marks at the end of the sentences.
Practice 30 minutes
Tricky Word Cards
Note: In this exercise students will make Tricky Word cards. Have them
keep the cards for future practice.
Objectives
The following language arts objectives are addressed in this lesson. Objectives aligning with the Common Core
State Standards are noted with the corresponding standard in parentheses. Refer to the Alignment Chart for
additional standards addressed in all lessons in this unit.
Segment words into phonemes by tapping Ask and answer questions about the story
one finger for each phoneme and then blend “Which is the Best?”, orally and in writing,
the phonemes together to form one-syllable requiring literal recall and understanding
words (RF.1.2d) of the details and facts of a fiction text read
independently (RL.1.1)
Orally produce words with various vowel
and consonant sounds by blending the Write phonemically plausible spellings for
sounds (RF.1.2b) words that cannot be spelled correctly with
current code knowledge (L.1.2e)
Isolate and pronounce initial, medial vowel,
and final sounds in spoken single-syllable Describe people, places, things, and events
words (RF.1.2c) from the story “Which is the Best?” with
relevant details, expressing ideas and
With purpose and understanding, read
feelings clearly. (SL.1.4)
decodable text in the story “Which is the
Best?” that incorporates the letter-sound Produce complete sentences orally and in
correspondences taught in one-syllable writing (SL.1.6)
words (RF.1.4a) Identify and use end punctuation, including
Use phonics skills in conjunction with periods, question marks, and exclamation
context while reading the story “Which is points in writing (L.1.2b)
the Best?” to confirm or self-correct word Read Tricky Words taught thus far (RF.1.3g)
recognition and understanding, rereading as
necessary (RF.1.4c)
Warm-Up 10 minutes
Blending and Segmenting
For blending • Follow the instructions in Lesson 1.
Take-Home Material
Reading Practice
• Have students take Worksheet 28.2 home so they can practice reading with a
family member.
Objectives
The following language arts objectives are addressed in this lesson. Objectives aligning with the Common Core
State Standards are noted with the corresponding standard in parentheses. Refer to the Alignment Chart for
additional standards addressed in all lessons in this unit.
Segment words into phonemes by tapping With purpose and understanding, read
one finger for each phoneme and then blend decodable text in the story “The Bus
the phonemes together to form one-syllable Stop” that incorporates the letter-sound
words (RF.1.2d) correspondences taught in one-syllable
words (RF.1.4a)
Orally produce words with various vowel and
consonant sounds by blending the sounds Ask and answer questions about “The Bus
(RF.1.2b) Stop,” orally, requiring literal recall and
understanding of the details and facts of a
Isolate and pronounce initial, medial vowel,
fiction text read independently (RL.1.1)
and final sounds in spoken single-syllable
words (RF.1.2c) Describe people, places, things, and events
from the story “The Bus Stop” with relevant
Read Tricky Words here and there (RF.1.3g)
details, expressing ideas and feelings clearly
Identify and use end punctuation, including (SL.1.4)
periods, question marks, and exclamation
Produce complete sentences orally and in
points in writing (L.1.2b)
writing (SL.1.6)
Identify common nouns that name people,
places, and things (L.1.1b)
At a Glance Exercise Materials Minutes
Warm-Up Blending and Segmenting 10
marker; yellow index cards for
Tricky Words Tricky Word Cards
here, there
5
Reviewing Punctuation
Quotation Marks 5
Marks
Grammar Identifying Nouns 10
Practice Dictation with Words pencils; paper 15
Snap Shots;
Reading Time Partner Reading: “The Bus Stop”
Worksheet 29.1; scissors; glue
15
Advance Preparation
Write the Tricky Words here and there on the yellow index cards.
1. mom 5. win
2. dad 6. chop
3. fit 7. not
4. pen 8. rush
Objectives
The following language arts objectives are addressed in this lesson. Objectives aligning with the Common Core
State Standards are noted with the corresponding standard in parentheses. Refer to the Alignment Chart for
additional standards addressed in all lessons in this unit.
Segment words into phonemes by tapping Use phonics skills in conjunction with
one finger for each phoneme and then blend context when reading the story “On the Bus”
the phonemes together to form one-syllable to confirm or self-correct word recognition
words (RF.1.2d) and understanding, rereading as necessary
(RF.1.4c)
Orally produce words with various vowel and
consonant sounds by blending the sounds Ask and answer questions about the story
(RF.1.2b) “On the Bus,” orally and in writing, requiring
literal recall and understanding of the details
Isolate and pronounce initial, medial vowel,
and facts of a fiction text (RL.1.1)
and final sounds in spoken single-syllable
words (RF.1.2c) Write phonemically plausible spellings for
words that cannot be spelled correctly with
With purpose and understanding, read
current code knowledge (L.1.2e)
decodable text in the story “On the
Bus” that incorporates the letter-sound Describe people, places, things, and events
correspondences taught in one-syllable from the story “On the Bus” with relevant
words (RF.1.4a) details, expressing ideas and feelings clearly
(SL.1.4)
Produce complete sentences orally and in
writing (SL.1.6)
Dictation 15 minutes
Dictation with Words
Note: We do not yet expect students to reliably know when to use double-
letter spellings. They will learn through the process of self-correction and
more reading practice.
• Tell students to take out a pencil and a piece of paper.
• Explain that you are going to say eight words; each word will contain one of
the double-letter spellings for consonant sounds they have learned.
1. posh—very fancy
Page 48
• Point to the exclamation point. Say to students, “I will read this sentence
two ways; tell me which is correct. (Read the sentence two different
ways: one with excitement, and one without.) Which way is correct?”
Page 49
• Point to the store name running down the building, Harrods. Tell
students this is a very large and popular department store in London,
a city in the United Kingdom. A department store is where you can buy
many different things, like clothes and items for your home.
Page 50
• Point out the commas in ding, dong, ding, dong. Tell students these
commas show you where to take a quick breath when reading.
• Tell students that Big Ben is a popular sight in London. It was finished
being built in 1858.
Page 52
• Ask students, “Do you see the sentences that are questions on this
page? How do you know the sentence is a question?” (Invite them to
read the sentences with expression.)
• Tell students the posh, or very fancy, spot Nat is talking about is a hotel
called The Ritz. Point to The Ritz on the hotel door and The Union Jack
flag on the top of the building.
Wrap-Up
• Use the following discussion questions to guide your conversation about
the story.
Worksheet 30.1
Take-Home Material
Question Maker
• Have students take Worksheet 30.2 home so they can practice making
questions with a family member.
Objectives
The following language arts objectives are addressed in this lesson. Objectives aligning with the Common Core
State Standards are noted with the corresponding standard in parentheses. Refer to the Alignment Chart for
additional standards addressed in all lessons in this unit.
Segment words into phonemes by tapping Use phonics skills in conjunction with
one finger for each phoneme and then blend context to confirm or self-correct word
the phonemes together to form one-syllable recognition and understanding, rereading as
words (RF.1.2d) necessary (RF.1.4c)
Orally produce words with various vowel and Ask and answer questions about the
consonant sounds by blending the sounds story “The Man in the Black Hat,” orally
(RF.1.2b) or in writing, requiring literal recall and
understanding of the details and facts of a
Isolate and pronounce initial, medial vowel,
fiction text (RL.1.1)
and final sounds in spoken single-syllable
words (RF.1.2c) Write phonemically plausible spellings for
words that cannot be spelled correctly with
Read and write Tricky Words taught thus far
current code knowledge (L.1.2e)
(RF.1.3g)
Describe people, places, things, and events
With purpose and understanding, read
about the story “The Man in the Black Hat”
decodable text in the story “The Man in the
with relevant details, expressing ideas and
Black Hat” that incorporates the letter-sound
feelings clearly (SL.1.4)
correspondences taught in one-syllable
words (RF.1.4a) Produce complete sentences orally and in
writing (SL.1.6)
1. fin (3) /f/ /i/ /n/ 5. jump (4) /j/ /u/ /m/ /p/
2. ton (3) /t/ /u/ /n/ 6. drip (4) /d/ /r/ /i/ /p/
3. chef (3) /sh/ /e/ /f/ 7. vent (4) /v/ /e/ /n/ /t/
4. lap (3) /l/ /a/ /p/ 8. built (4) /b/ /i/ /l/ /t/
1. split—when a person has one leg go in the front of their body and the
other stretches behind, or both legs go out to the sides
2. did a jig—danced with lively steps
Objectives
The following language arts objectives are addressed in this lesson. Objectives aligning with the Common Core
State Standards are noted with the corresponding standard in parentheses. Refer to the Alignment Chart for
additional standards addressed in all lessons in this unit.
Segment words into phonemes by tapping Use phonics skills in conjunction with
one finger for each phoneme and then blend context to confirm or self-correct word
the phonemes together to form one-syllable recognition and understanding, rereading as
words (RF.1.2d) necessary (RF.1.4c)
Orally produce words with various vowel and Ask and answer questions about the story
consonant sounds by blending the sounds “The Man in the Kilt,” orally or in writing,
(RF.1.2b) requiring literal recall and understanding of
the details and facts of a fiction text (RL.1.1)
Isolate and pronounce initial, medial vowel,
and final sounds in spoken single-syllable Write phonemically plausible spellings for
words (RF.1.2c) words that cannot be spelled correctly with
current code knowledge (L.1.2e)
Read and write Tricky Words taught thus far
(RF.1.3g) Describe people, places, things, and events
from the story “The Man in the Kilt” with
With purpose and understanding, read
relevant details, expressing ideas and
decodable text in the story “The Man in
feelings clearly (SL.1.4)
the Kilt” that incorporates the letter-sound
correspondences taught in one-syllable Produce complete sentences orally and in
words (RF.1.4a) writing (SL.1.6)
Warm-Up 5 minutes
Blending and Segmenting
• Follow the instructions in Lesson 1.
1. lamb (3) /l/ /a/ /m/ 5. plate (4) /p/ /l/ /ae/ /t/
2. gas (3) /g/ /a/ /s/ 6. break (4) /b/ /r/ /ae/ /k/
3. pug (3) /p/ /u/ /g/ 7. skip (4) /s/ /k/ /i/ /p/
4. rush (3) /r/ /u/ /sh/ 8. flap (4) /f/ /l/ /a/ /p/
1. the 6. why
2. here 7. what
3. there 8. who
4. was 9. said
5. where 10. says
Take-Home Material
Take-Home Story: “The Bus Stop”
• Have students take Worksheet 32.3 home so they can practice reading the
story with a family member.
Distinguish the Spellings ‘c’, ‘k’, and ‘ck’ for the Sound /k/ Page 222
Word Sort
Word Sort with Boxes
Shopping for Spellings
Spelling Tree
1. hot 7. rest
2. ship 8. black
3. chill 9. swim
4. van 10. drag
5. wet 11. cups
6. stop 12. bus
Relay Blending
• Divide the class into two teams and have each team form a line.
• Say a segmented word, e.g., /s/ . . . /a/ . . . /t/, and ask the first student in
each line to blend it.
• The student who is first to blend the word correctly gets a point for his or her
team. Both students should then move to the back of their respective line.
• If neither student can blend the word correctly, have both students move to
the back of their respective line and let the next students in line take a turn.
Mirror, Mirror
• See Lesson 21 for /i/, /e/, /a/, /u/, and /o/.
Sister Sounds
• See Lesson 18 for /th/ and /th/ and Lesson 25 for /s/ and /z/.
• Adapt the exercise for the sister sounds /p/ and /b/, /t/ and /d/, /k/ and /g/,
and /f/ and /v/.
Possible Words:
1. met 11. tad 21. cud
2. meg 12. tag 22. cut
3. mat 13. Tom 23. cot
4. mad 14. Tod 24. cod
5. mud 15. dim 25. cog
6. mug 16. did 26. get
7. Ted 17. dig 27. gag
8. tug 18. dam 28. gum
9. Tim 19. dug 29. gut
10. tic 20. cat 30. got
Spelling Bingo
You may want to create • Make bingo cards with the spellings reviewed in Unit 1.
bingo cards that can be
• Write the same spellings on paper slips and put them in a box.
found on various websites.
• Give each student a bingo card and playing pieces.
• Explain that you will pull spellings from the box and that you want students to
put a playing piece on top of that spelling if it is on their bingo card.
Sound Sprints
• Place two sets of Large Cards at the far end of the classroom, the gym, or the
playground.
• Pick two students to race.
• Call out a sound.
• Have the students race to grab the sound and bring it back.
• The first student to return with the correct letter is the winner.
Distinguish the Spellings ‘c’, ‘k’, and ‘ck’ for the Sound /k/
Word Sort
• See Lesson 25 for instructions.
Spelling Tree
• Work with students to make a Spelling Tree that shows the various spellings
for the /k/ sound along with sample words for each spelling.
• Make a large tree trunk out of brown paper. The trunk should fork into four
smaller branches.
• Label the trunk /k/ and label the branches ‘c’, ‘ck’, ‘k’, and ‘cc’.
• Explain that the tree stands for the sound /k/ and the branches stand for the
various spellings that are used to write the sound.
• Mount the tree on a corkboard or on a wall.
• Work with students to cut leaves out of green paper.
• Write decodable /k/ words on some of the blank leaves.
• Have students hang the /k/ words on the proper branch, sorting them by
spelling.
• Keep the Spelling Tree up for a few weeks and allow students to add
additional word-leaves to it from time to time.
Eraser Man
• Draw a stick figure on the chalkboard.
• Tell the class that you are thinking of a word.
• Write one box on the board for each spelling in the word. The height of each
box should approximate the height of the spelling it represents, i.e., high-
rising boxes for spellings that have ascenders and low-dipping boxes for
th i ng spellings that have descenders.
• Ask a student to guess a sound.
• If the student guesses a sound that is in the word, fill in the corresponding box.
• If the student guesses a sound that is not in the word, erase one of the stick
figure’s body parts.
• Repeat until the stick figure has been completely erased (you win) or until the
boxes are filled in (students win), whichever comes first.
• Repeat with a second word, if there is time.
Guess My Word
• Set up the pocket chart.
• Arrange cards for the following vowel spellings along the top of the pocket
chart: ‘i’, ‘e’, ‘a’, ‘u’, ‘o’.
• Arrange cards for 10 consonant spellings along the bottom of the pocket
chart.
• Think of a decodable word that you can spell using the spellings shown, but
do not tell the class your word.
• Tell students how many sounds are in your word.
• Invite students to guess the word by asking whether or not it contains
specific sounds.
• If students ask about a sound that is in the word, move that spelling to the
middle of the pocket chart. If there are spelling alternatives for that sound,
Fishing Pond
Note: This game is best played in small groups or in centers.
Read Phrases
Wiggle Cards
• Write decodable words and phrases on cardstock to make Wiggle Cards.
Each word or phrase should describe a motion or activity that students can
act out.
• Show students a Wiggle Card, have them read it, and let them perform the
action.
• Use the Wiggle Cards during transitions.
• Some sample words and phrases are listed in the following box.
Phrasemaker
• Distribute Worksheet PP8.
• Option 1: Have students take the worksheet home and give it to a family
member.
• Option 2: Have students complete the worksheet in class.
• Extension: Have students illustrate the phrases and write each phrase under
its matching picture.
Reading Phrases
• Write the first phrase on the board and ask a student to read it.
• Repeat with the remaining phrases.
• Extension: Have students illustrate the phrases and write each phrase under
its matching picture.
1. hunch > lunch > bunch > bench > bent > bet > belt > felt > melt > smelt
2. lung > long > gong > got > get > vet > vent > tent > tint > lint
3. bath > math > moth > mob > bob > blob > blot > slot > slat > slant
1. hot > shot > shop > ship > zip > quip > quit > sit > six > fix
2. lump > lamp > damp > dam > dash > rash > rack > sack > sash > slash
3. tick > tip > chip > chop > shop > shot > not > net > nest > rest > quest
4. mill > miss > hiss > hill > bill > fill > fell > tell > bell > shell
1. fig > fog > dog > dig > din > in > an > ant > and > ad
2. bag > hag > had > mad > sad > bad > bed > bud > but > bit
3. fan > fin > tin > tan > man > men > mesh > mush > much > such
Three-Sound Words:
1. cat 8. get 15. hop
2. fog 9. job 16. fun
3. yet 10. hug 17. but
4. man 11. six 18. yes
5. zip 12. can 19. hot
6. had 13. big 20. box
7. red 14. van 21. hit
Completing Phrases
• Have students complete Worksheets PP10 and PP11.
• Tell students to read the words in the box at the top of the worksheet and the
incomplete phrases below.
• Have students find the matching word for each phrase and write it on the line.
Creating Phrases
• Distribute Worksheet PP12.
• Tell students to cut out the words on the worksheet.
• Have students create phrases with the words.
• Then have students copy the phrases on paper.
Write Sentences
Sentence Strips
Note: This game is best played in small groups or centers.
• Choose sentences from the Snap Shots Reader that can be illustrated and
copy them onto long slips of paper. Place the slips of paper in your pocket
chart.
• Have students choose a sentence to copy and illustrate.
Completing Sentences
• Have students complete Worksheets PP13 and PP14.
• Tell students to read the words in the box at the top of the worksheet and the
incomplete sentences below.
• Have students find the matching word for each sentence and write it on the
line.
Creating Sentences
• Distribute Worksheet PP15.
• Tell students to cut out the words and punctuation marks on the worksheet.
• Have students create sentences with the words. Remind them that a
sentence starts with an uppercase letter and ends with a punctuation mark.
• Have students copy the sentences on paper.
Green Cards:
1. and 8. with 15. hand 22. thing
2. in 9. his 16. can 23. next
3. big 10. at 17. up 24. much
4. this 11. help 18. jump 25. wish
5. it 12. not 19. them 26. yes
6. sit 13. such 20. has 27. last
7. as 14. but 21. did 28. run
Yellow Cards:
1. a 11. one 21. what
2. I 12. once 22. which
3. no 13. to 23. who
4. so 14. the 24. said
5. of 15. here 25. says
6. all 16. there 26. have
7. from 17. was 27. some
8. word 18. when 28. to
9. are 19. where 29. two
10. were 20. why
Completing Questions
• Distribute Worksheet PP16.
• Tell students to read the question words in the box at the top of the
worksheet and the questions below.
• Have students find the correct question word for each question and write it
on the line.
• Write the decodable words from the box on cards, one word per card. Some
of the words are nouns and some are other words.
• Label one box with a picture of a person and a picture of a thing, and one
box with a banned sign.
• Ask students to read each word and say if it is a noun or not a noun.
Banned Sign
Be aware that some of • Have students decide if the word names a person or thing.
these words can be used as
different parts of speech, • Have students place the word cards in the appropriate boxes.
e.g., kid can be a noun or a
verb as in, “Don’t kid me!” Be
• Variation: Use pictures instead of words for students to sort.
flexible in your assessment of
students’ sorting. Nouns naming Nouns naming Other words:
people: things:
1. man 1. bells 1. big
2. kid 2. neck 2. here
3. Beth 3. pants 3. add
4. king 4. plum 4. are
5. pal 5. rock 5. bad
6. Jill 6. shells 6. his
7. twin 7. clock 7. quick
8. cop 8. brush 8. brag
9. grinch 9. ants 9. such
10. Bob 10. nest 10. with
Noun Worksheet
• Have students complete Worksheet PP29.
• Have students read the words in the box and write the nouns that name a
person under the picture of the girl and the nouns that name a thing under
the picture of the brush.
Letter Concentration
Note: This game is best played in small groups or in centers.
• Choose seven letters and write each letter on two small cards.
Alphabet Soup
• Write the 26 letters of the alphabet on small pieces of cardstock or index
cards. You can use uppercase or lowercase letters. Place the letter cards in a
bowl or a hat.
• Have a student pull out a card, show it to the class, and say the name of the
letter printed on the card and the sound or sounds that the letter stands for.
• Repeat with the remaining cards.
Connecting Letters
• Have students complete Worksheet PP31.
Caps Worksheet
• Have students complete Worksheet PP33.
• Assign one or more stories to students and have them find questions,
exclamations, or statements.
• Have the students copy the sentences on a sheet of paper.
• Variation: Divide the class up into three groups and have each group find a
different kind of sentence in the stories. Have the groups of students write the
sentences on chart paper, one chart per group.
Punctuation Worksheet
• Distribute Worksheet PP34.
• Have students read the sentences and add the appropriate punctuation marks.
R=DxC
In this equation, each of the letters is a variable that stands for a specific skill:
R is a measure of reading comprehension ability.
D is a measure of decoding skills.
C is a measure of language comprehension ability as measured using a listening
task.
The short power bar on this card signals that the ‘eigh’ spelling is used
infrequently to spell /ae/:
Students are introduced to and practice the Advanced Code in two types
of lessons, Spelling Alternative Lessons and Tricky Spelling Lessons.
Whereas, Skills instruction in Kindergarten focuses almost entirely on the
Basic Code, much instructional time in Grades 1 and 2 is devoted to teaching
Spelling Alternatives. In a Spelling Alternative Lesson, the teacher first
reviews the Basic Code spelling that students have already learned for a
particular sound. New words with different spellings for the same sound are
then introduced. Students are then often asked to conduct word sorts as a
way to reinforce the fact that the same sound may be spelled multiple ways.
In Grades 1 and 2, teachers are also encouraged to display Spelling Trees in
the classroom as yet another way to reinforce spelling alternatives. A given
sound is listed on the tree trunk, with various branches standing for different
spellings. Leaves with words exemplifying a spelling are placed on the
appropriate branches.
pa ac
gr
ab
gr
as ‘a’
pe
r
or
n
‘ai’ s
‘a’ ca
ke m
e ‘a’ m
as
k
ra
ft
na
‘a_e’ ‘a’
/a/
/ae/
The fact that there are so many spelling alternatives in the English
language presents a challenge for students when they are asked to write
(and spell) a word.
/ou/ /oe/
The words in the left circle are Tricky Words: each one contains at least one set
of letters that is not pronounced the way you would expect. Or, if you prefer to
look at matters from a spelling point of view, you could say each contains at
least one sound that is not written as you would expect it to be.
Sight Words
The CKLA guidelines for teaching Tricky Words are outlined in the section above.
As noted above, we use the term “sight word” in this program to refer to high-
frequency words that we want students to see many, many times and learn to
recognize rapidly.
CKLA does place the initial emphasis on reading regular words. But that does
not mean high-frequency sight words are not being learned. In fact, as noted
above, many sight words are completely regular and become decodable as
students learn letter-sound correspondences. This means that CKLA is a very
effective program for teaching sight words.
To illustrate this, consider one of the most widely used lists of sight words, Dr.
Edward Fry’s “Instant Word” list. Fry’s list is divided into groups of 100. For
purposes of illustration, we will focus on the first three lists of 100 words, 300
words in all. These are words that Fry recommends be mastered in the first
Tens Scores
In order to identify struggling students and keep track of student progress,
we recommend you use the Tens system of assessment.
With the Tens system of assessment, raw scores are converted to numbers
between 0 and 10 using the Tens Conversion Chart (printed in the next
section). To use the chart to determine a student’s Tens score, first locate
the number of answers the student answered correctly (along the top of the
chart) and then locate the number of “test items” (along the left side of the
chart). Next, find the square where the column with the correct number of
answers and the row with the number of items meet. This square contains
the student’s Tens score. By using the Tens Conversion Chart, you can easily
convert any raw score, from 0 to 30, into a Tens score.
You may wish to record the students’ Tens scores on the Tens Recording
Chart (printed on the page after the Tens Conversion Chart). To do this, list
the students’ names in the first row and the various exercises in each column.
Record a student’s Tens score for a particular exercise in the square where
the column with the student’s name and the row with the exercise meet.
Once you have recorded a number of Tens scores, it will be very easy to get
an overview of student progress because all of the scores are comparable.
We hope you will calculate Tens scores for students each time you encounter
an exercise marked with a Tens icon. Note that many exercises not marked
with a Tens icon are also suitable for calculating Tens scores.
If a student appears to be doing poorly, your first course of action should be
to provide the student with more support, either during the regular period of
instruction or during a small group session. Often this will be enough to get
the student back on track. If a student continues to post low Tens scores
for a longer period of time, despite additional instruction, please refer to the
Assessment and Remediation Guide.
8 0 1 3 4 5 6 8 9 10
9 0 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10
10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 0 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 10
12 0 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 9 10
13 0 1 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 8 9 10
14 0 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 6 7 8 9 9 10
15 0 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 9 9 10
16 0 1 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 10
17 0 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10
18 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10
19 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10
20 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10
Simply find the number of correct answers along the top of the chart and the
total number of questions on the worksheet or activity along the left side.
Then find the cell where the column and the row converge. This indicates
the Tens score. By using the Tens Conversion Chart, you can easily convert
any raw score, from 0 to 20, into a Tens score. You may choose to use the
Tens Recording Chart on the next page to provide an at-a-glance overview of
student performance.
Name
Name: Name:
Name: Name:
Name: Name:
Name: Name:
Name: Name:
Name 1.1
2
1
pan cap
1 2
Directions: Have the student trace and copy the letters. The student should say the sounds while writing the letters.
nap can
1
2
1
2
Directions: Have the student write each word under its matching picture.
1
1 2
can pan
3
c 1
2
1
2 nap cap
Unit 1 1 2 Unit 1
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation © 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
7 13
Directions: Have the student write each word under its matching picture.
Unit 1 7 Unit 1 13
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation © 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
Directions: Have the student trace and copy the letters. The student should say the sounds while writing the letters.
a fat pig a tin can 3 3
2
1
Directions: Have the student write each phrase under its matching picture.
1
2
1 2
Unit 1 17 Unit 1 21
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation © 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
22 23
Name 6.1
Name 6.1
Continued
14. ships chops chips chaps 23. have one who their
15. chin shin shun sin 24. you said were says
24 Unit 1 Unit 1 25
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation © 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
39 40
Name 7.2
1. Gwen had a: 4. The hen sat on:
{ dog { a bed
{ cat { a mat
{ hen { its eggs
2. The hen was: 5. When Gwen went went to bed, the hen:
{ wet { sat and sat
{ red { had a snack
{ mad { went with Gwen
3. Gwen kept the hen in a: 6. The hen sat and sat and was a:
{ box { kid
{ pen { dad
{ pet { mom
Unit 1 39 40 Unit 1
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation © 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
Name
Name
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
1
3
1
2
2
2
1
3
1
2
12.1
11.1
95
87
96
88
96
88
Directions: Have the student count the sounds in each word, circle the spellings, and write the number of sounds in Directions: Have the student write each word under its matching picture.
the box. Then have the student copy the words on the lines.
Unit 1
Unit 1
1.
7.
8.
9.
2.
6.
4.
3.
5.
10.
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
zip
van
sit
fan
lip
rat
hip
trip
cup
l and
plot
trim
stop
drop
sit
fan
fin
van
4
4
4
4
3
3
4
3
4
3 rat
lip
hip
cup
trip
plot
stop
trim
land
zip
drop
fin
cats
cats
97 101
Directions: Read the Tricky Words in the box. Say and then write the Tricky Words in each sentence in the space provided below.
1. bed a I no to all of is
1. It is a big bus.
bed
2. lamp
Directions: Have the student write each word under its matching picture.
lamp
2. No, it is not a tent.
3. nest
No is
nest
4. rug a
rug
Unit 1 97 Unit 1 101
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation © 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
102 105
Name 14.1
a I no to all of is
3. all of us
Directions: Have the student trace and copy the letters. The student should say the sounds while writing the letters.
1
2
1
2
all of
1
4. a hint of it 1
2
1 2
of a
1
4. I went to bed.
1
I to
Name 15.1
Directions: Have the student trace and copy the letters and words. The student should say the sounds while writing the letters.
1 1
tub bug rat 2
1
2
1 2
3
2
1
1
Directions: Have the student write each word under its matching picture.
2 3
1 2
1 2
108 111
Name 16.1
1. bed
Directions: Have the student trace and copy the letters and words. The student should say the sounds while writing the letters.
1 2 1 1
2
1 2 1 2
3
2
3
bed
2. jet
1 2
jet
Directions: Have the student write each word under its matching picture.
1 2
3. jog
1
2 1 2
1
jog 1
2
3
4. jam 1
2
jam 1
2
1
2 1 2
3
Name 17.1
1. box 1
1
Directions: Have the student trace and copy the letters and words. The student should say the sounds while writing the
1
box 2 2
2. mix 2
mix
Directions: Have the student write each word under its matching picture.
3. kid 2
1 2
kid
4. six
6 letters.
1
1
2
1
1
2
six
112 Unit 1 Unit 1 113
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation © 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
114 115
Name 17.2
Dear Family Member,
ship chimp chips Your child has been taught to read Tricky Words. Tricky Words are
hard to read because they contain parts that are not pronounced the way
one would expect. Have your child read the Tricky Words in the box and
the sentences below. Note that the tricky parts of the Tricky Words are
fish bench dish underlined in gray. Have your child write the matching Tricky Words for
each sentence on the line. Extension: Have your child copy the completed sentences on
a blnk sheet of paper or dictate the sentences to your child.
is two to
are from do
Directions: Have the student write each word under its matching picture.
5. Just do it!
dish ship chimp
Name 18.1
1
1
bath moth
Directions: Have the student trace and copy the letters and words. The student should say the sounds while writing the letters.
2
1
1
cloth fifth
2
5
4
3
2
1
1
2
1
1 1
Directions: Have the student write each word under its matching picture.
2
2 2
2 2
1
1
bath fifth
2 1
2
1
1 1
2 22
1
2
1
1
2
2 1 1
cloth moth
121 122
Name 19.1
top of a path.
Directions: Have the student reread the story and answer the questions
Name 20.1
1 2 2 1 2
1 1 quilt sing king
2
Directions: Have the student write each word under its matching picture.
1 1 2
1 1
2
1
2
2
125 126
Name 20.2
Name 21.2
The Trip to the U.K. 3. Who met Mom and Beth at the end of
the ramp?
1. Mom and Beth went to the U.K. on Nat and his mom met
{ a bus.
Mom and Beth at
{ a ship.
the end of the ramp.
{ a jet.
Directions: Have the student reread the story and answer the questions.
135 139
The Fish
Directions: Have the student paste the sentences from Worksheet 22.1 onto this worksheet in the correct order. Then have the
1. Nat got . . .
{ fish.
{ two cats.
{ one dog.
2. The
Directions: Have the student reread the story and answer the questions.
{ chips.
had a bad leg.
{ fish snacks.
student illustrate each sentence.
one leg.
1. Bud
Name 24.1
3. Can the cat smell the fish?
Directions: Have the student read the words in the box and underline all of the spellings for /k/. Then have the student write the
words that contain the / k/ sound spelled ‘c’ under the / k/> ‘c’ header, the words that contain the /k/ sound spelled ‘k’ under the
Yes, the cat can
sock
Jack
pick
smell the fish.
camp
cost
pick
/ k/>‘k’ header, and the words that contain the /k/ sound spelled ‘ck’ under the / k/>‘ck’ header.
4. Can the cat get the fish?
sock
king
king
cot
kit
No, the cat can not
Jack
cat
kit
camp
/k/ > ‘c’
cost
cot
cat
140 Unit 1 Unit 1 143
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation © 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
147 148
Name 26.1
The Flag Shop 3. Who is in the snap shot of the U.K. flag?
Directions: In line 4, have the students mark the nouns that name a thing; in line 5, have them mark the nouns that name a
{ a black box.
U.K. flag.
{ a red cross.
Directions: Have the student reread the story and answer the questions.
Name 28.1
Which is the Best? 3. Why did Mom and Dot lift Nat up?
Directions: In line 4, have the students mark the nouns that name a thing; in line 5, have them mark the nouns that name a
Nat is like the rock on
1. Who had to huff and puff to get to the
top? the top.
The moms had to huff and puff
2. Where are Nat and Beth in snap shot 4. steps Jack rocks Dot dress
one?
157 159
On the Bus
2.A thrush was all set to land on Nat’s
red bus.
Directions: Have the student reread the story and answer the questions.
1. Nat, Dot, Beth, and Beth’s mom all
Name 31.1
3. What is Big Ben?
Directions: Have the student copy the word onto the left side of the paper, fold it in half, and then write the word from memory
1. a 1.
Big Ben is the
2. I 2.
bell in a big clock.
3. no 3.
4. of 4.
5. from 5.
165 166
Name 31.2
The Man in the Black Hat 3. What did Nat do to get the man to grin?
Nat did a trick and
1. What is the job of the man in the black
hat? fell on his back.
His job is to stand as
grin.
4. Who did Nat get to grin?
2. Did Beth get the man to grin?
Nat got Beth, her mom, and
No, Beth did not get him
Nat’s mom to grin.
to grin.
1. the 1.
Directions: Have the student reread the story and answer the questions.
6. why 6.
7. what 7.
2. The kilt tells us that the man is . . .
8. who 8. { a Scot.
9. 9. { French.
said
{ from the U.S.
10. says 10.
paper.
170 189
Name PP9
3. What is a kilt?
crack an egg sit on grass
Directions: In line 4, have the students mark the nouns that name a thing; in line 5, have them mark the nouns that name a
Directions: Have the student read the words and phrases. Then have the student write the matching words for each phrase on the
Directions: Have the student read the words and phrases. Then have the student write the matching word for each phrase on the
line.
197 199
Directions: Have the student read the words and sentences. Then have the student write the matching words for each sentence on
1. Jack and Jill went up the 1. The crab runs on the sand .
hill .
2. The cat runs from the dog.
2. There is no one here.
3. The chick cracks the egg.
3. Nat has a cat and fish .
4. Do fish swim in the pond?
4. Beth and Nat met a man in a
kilt . 5. The pig digs in the mud.
5. Why did Dot’s map rip? 6. The dog licks Mom’s hand.
the line.
Directions: Have the student read the Tricky Words and sentences. Then have the student write the matching Tricky Word for each
Directions: Have the student read the question words and questions. Then have the student write the matching question word for
217 218
Name PP23
2. Did Beth get to sit with the king? 5. Nat fish Beth lunch Dot
Name PP24
Lunch at the King’s Pub 3. What did Nat hit with the back of his
hand?
1. What did Beth, Nat, and the moms get
Nat hit a glass of milk.
at the pub?
Directions: In the box, have the student illustrate a part of the story and then write a caption below.
Beth, Nat, and the moms got
221 222
Name PP25
3. What did Beth get back in the U.S.?
The Trip Back
Beth got a map of
1. Was Beth glad when the trip had to
end? the U.K.
on the jet.
Name
Name
thing under the picture of the brush.
1. A dog bit Dot’s map. 2. The dog ran off with the map.
PP28
PP26
Continued
Unit 1 231
Unit 1 225
233
229
Directions: Have the student write the nouns that name a person under the picture of the girl and the nouns that name a thing Directions: Have the student paste the sentences onto this worksheet in the correct order. Then have the student illustrate each
under the picture of the brush. sentence.
Name
Name
clock
brush
pal
Bob
man
Kate
pal
nest
1. There were two punts at the dock. 2. All of them got in the punt.
Bob
plum
nest
plum
clock
brush
Kate
man
3. The man said that the punt can tip. 4. Nat and Beth sat still in the punt and
PP29
PP27
Continued
Unit 1 233
Unit 1 229
237 241
e F L A E
Directions: Have the student connect the letters in alphabetical order. Have the student say the letter names out loud.
f d I K B G
j
J D H C
i
k
Directions: Have the student copy the uppercase letters next to the matching lowercase letters.
g c
h
l a A e E i I
b
m
a
n o
b B f F j J
z
p y
t c C g G k K
q v u
r
s w x
d D h H l L
Unit 1 237 Unit 1 241
© 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation © 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation
242 243
Name PP34
Z T Q U R
S
N
V
X
W
M
P
O
Y
? .
Directions: Have the student read the sentences and add a period or question mark at the end of each sentence.
?
m M r R w W
1. Where can I get a snack
p P u U z Z .
5. The dog can do a lot of tricks
PRESIDENT
Linda Bevilacqua
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
These materials are the result of the work, advice, and encouragement of numerous individuals over many years. Some of those singled out here already
know the depth of our gratitude; others may be surprised to find themselves thanked publicly for help they gave quietly and generously for the sake of
the enterprise alone. To helpers named and unnamed we are deeply grateful.
We would like to extend special recognition to Program Directors Matthew Davis and Souzanne Wright who were instrumental to the early
development of this program.
SCHOOLS
We are truly grateful to the teachers, students, and administrators of the following schools for their willingness to field test these materials and for
their invaluable advice: Capitol View Elementary, Challenge Foundation Academy (IN), Community Academy Public Charter School, Lake Lure Classical
Academy, Lepanto Elementary School, New Holland Core Knowledge Academy, Paramount School of Excellence, Pioneer Challenge Foundation
Academy, New York City PS 26R (The Carteret School), PS 30X (Wilton School), PS 50X (Clara Barton School), PS 96Q, PS 102X (Joseph O. Loretan),
PS 104Q (The Bays Water), PS 214K (Michael Friedsam), PS 223Q (Lyndon B. Johnson School), PS 308K (Clara Cardwell), PS 333Q (Goldie Maple Academy),
Sequoyah Elementary School, South Shore Charter Public School, Spartanburg Charter School, Steed Elementary School, Thomas Jefferson Classical
Academy, Three Oaks Elementary, West Manor Elementary.
And a special thanks to the CKLA Pilot Coordinators Anita Henderson, Yasmin Lugo-Hernandez, and Susan Smith, whose suggestions and day-to-day
support to teachers using these materials in their classrooms was critical.
All photographs are used under license from Shutterstock, Inc. unless otherwise noted.
Regarding the Shutterstock items listed above, please note: No person or entity shall falsely represent, expressly or by way of reasonable
implication, that the content herein was created by that person or entity, or any person other than the copyright holder(s) of that content.
Skills Strand
grade 1