PAPER

SOLIDARITY AND POLITENESS

BY:
ICA (H0121369)

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITAS OF SULAWESI BARAT 2023
 PREFACE

All praise and gratitude to the presence of Allah SWT who has bestowed His Grace and
Grace, so that the author can complete the assignment of this paper according to the specified
time limit. This paper contains an explanation of the concepts of solidarity and politeness in
sociolinguistics courses.
The author has made various efforts so that this assignment can be realized with
maximum results in accordance with the author's abilities. May the thoughts that have been
given be always illuminated by His holy light, so that whatever is created will benefit everyone.
Don't forget to send prayers and greetings to the lord of nature, Prophet Muhammad SAW.
Hopefully he will provide protection and fight for us at the Supreme Court of Allah SWT in the
future.
The purpose of this reading report is so that we can understand the basic concepts of
solidarity and politeness in sociolinguistic studies. Hopefully this assignment can be useful for
readers in general.

Majene, 12 November 2023

The writer
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE……………………………………………………………………………..i

TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………...ii

BAB I INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………..iii

A. Background………………………………………………………………..1

B. Formulation of the problem……………………………………………….2

C. Our purposes………………………………………………………………3

BAB II DISCUSSION…………………………………………………………………4

A. The essence of solidarity and politiness…………………………………..5

B. Types of politeness………………………………………………………...6

C. Formation of Politeness in Language……………………………………...7

D. Politeness in Communicating (Politeness)………………………………..8

BAB III CLOSING…………………………………………………………………….9

A. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………10

B. Sugestion…………………………………………………………………...11

REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………12
 BAB I

INTRODUCTION
A. Background

As social creatures, humans cannot live without connecting with other people. In the sense of
the word, we need friends to communicate with each other. Our goal in communicating with the
person we are talking to is to convey messages and establish social relationships.
In conveying the message, verbal language, either spoken or written, or non-verbal (sign
language) is usually used which is understood by both parties; speaker and interlocutor.
Meanwhile, the aim of communication is to establish social relationships using several strategies.
For example, by using politeness, indirectness, lip service and euphemism. This strategy is
carried out by the speaker and the interlocutor so that the communication process runs well in the
sense that the message is conveyed without damaging the social relationship between the two. In
this way, the communication process between the speaker and the interlocutor has a deep
impression, for example, the impression of being sympathetic, polite, friendly and courteous.
However, it is not easy to achieve these two communication goals. In fact, communication
principles often clash with the principles of politeness in language. On the one hand, we are
required to comply with communication principles to avoid misunderstandings, but on the other
hand, we must violate these principles, by making small talk, to maintain social relations. And
what is more important is that we must maintain polite language in establishing social relations
between people.
As we know, Indonesian people highly value politeness in language. The meaning to be
conveyed is not only related to the choice of words, but also the way it is conveyed. For
example, choosing the right words if delivered in a rude manner will still be considered impolite.
Many opinions say that the culture of a society will be reflected in the politeness it applies,
including politeness in language. Moreover, every society always has a social hierarchy imposed
on its member groups. This happens because they have determined certain assessments, for
example, between young and old, employer - worker, teacher - student, rich - poor, and other
statuses, there are differences in language procedures. The language used when talking to older
people will certainly be different from the language used when talking to small children. Apart
from that, context factors also cause politeness to be applied in a formal or official atmosphere
which places great emphasis on politeness.
B. Formulation of the problem

The problem formulation that is the scope of this subject matter is all aspects related to
politeness in language and ethics in language such as: understanding politeness, types of
politeness, the formation of politeness in language, strategies that can be used by speakers and
interlocutors to achieve good communication, types of politeness in language, and ethics used in
speaking and language.

C. . Our purposes

This paper aims to provide us with knowledge about politeness in language and about the
importance of solidarity and politeness in language, especially for us Indonesians who are known
to highly value politeness in language, and most importantly to create good social relations
through politeness in language.
 BAB II

DISCUSSION
A. The essence of solidarity and politeness
Humans are essentially social creatures who really need other people around them.
Multiculturalism in Indonesia states that Indonesia has a lot of diversity and richness which really
needs solidarity between human beings in order to achieve a harmonious life. Solidarity, which is
generally a word used to unite and equalize differences around us, has begun to fade. Divisions
between human beings will increase if there is no solidarity that starts from within. Feelings of
solidarity, the same fate, loyalty, a feeling of solidarity in various circles, are very minimal and
are often forgotten for the sake of self-satisfaction with personal interests.
Talking about solidarity may be something that is very easy for many people to do, but
once we understand how important solidarity is in our lives, we should try to ensure that
solidarity remains and does not disappear. Factors that support solidarity from within should be
developed into positive habits. Solidarity is not only a theory that has an important goal and role
in everyone's life, but also a practice that is humble, sincere from within and continuous. Every
person who loves differences and who always closes himself off from differences should be able
to apply solidarity between other people, so that the goal of solidarity itself is achieved.
According to Wikipedia, solidarity is a feeling or expression in a group formed by
common interests. What forms the basis of solidarity varies between societies. In simple
societies it may be primarily based around the values of kinship and sharing. In more complex
societies there are various theories about what contributes to a sense of social solidarity.
Politeness is the procedures, customs or customs that apply in a society. Politeness is a
rule of behavior that is determined and mutually agreed upon by a particular society so that
politeness is also a prerequisite agreed upon by social behavior.
In everyday interactions, politeness can be seen from various aspects, namely: First,
politeness shows attitudes that contain polite or ethical values in everyday interactions. When
someone is said to be polite, then in that person the values of good manners or ethical values that
apply well in the society where that person lives are reflected. A person is said to be polite if
society gives him a value, whether the assessment is done immediately (suddenly) or
conventionally (long, takes a long time).
Second, politeness is very contextual, that is, it applies in a particular society, place or
situation, but does not necessarily apply to other societies, places or situations. When someone
meets a close friend, it is okay for them to use rather harsh words in a loud voice, but it is
impolite when addressed to a guest or someone they have just met. Tasting or chewing food with
your mouth sounds impolite when eating with many people at a banquet, but it is not so impolite
when done at home.
Third, politeness is always bipolar, that is, it has a two-pole relationship, such as
between children and parents, between young people and older people, between hosts and guests,
between men and women, between students and teachers, and so on.
Fourth, politeness is reflected in the way one dresses (dress), the way one acts (acts), and the way
one speaks (language).
B. Type of politiness
Based on the explanation above, politeness can be divided into three, namely politeness
in dress, politeness in actions, and politeness in language. Except for clothing, the last two types
of politeness are not easy to specify because there are no standard norms that can be used for
these two types of politeness.
In dressing politely (dressing, dressing up), there are two things that need to be
considered. First, dress politely in public places. Second, dress neatly and according to the
situation, namely formal dress at official events, casual dress in casual situations, swimwear.
during swimming.
Politeness is the manner in which we act or gesture when facing something or in a
certain situation, for example when receiving guests, visiting someone's house, sitting in a
classroom, facing people we respect, walking in a public place, waiting for our turn (queuing ),
eating together in public places, and so on. Each of these situations and circumstances requires
different procedures. When eating together, for example, you need to be polite in how to sit, how
to pick up food, how to eat or chew, how to use a spoon, how to clean your mouth after eating,
and how to use a toothpick. One example of politeness in action is, for example, it is very
impolite if we have a gloomy face when receiving guests, sit with our legs extended when
attending a lecture, turn our hips when talking to parents, precede other people by touching each
other or when walking in a public place without because, sneaking up to the counter when others
are queuing waiting for their turn, yawning profusely while making sounds in front of other
people, and picking out their teeth without closing their mouths when eating together in a public
place.
Language politeness is reflected in communication procedures through verbal signs or
language procedures. When communicating, we comply with cultural norms, not just convey the
ideas we think. Language procedures must be in accordance with the cultural elements that exist
in the society where a language lives and is used in communication. If a person's language
procedures do not conform to cultural norms, he will receive negative marks, for example being
accused of being arrogant, haughty, indifferent, selfish, uncivilized, or even uncultured.

C. Formation of Politeness in Language

Politeness in language will describe the politeness or politeness of the speaker. Language
politeness (according to Leech, 1986) must essentially pay attention to four principles.
First, the application of the politeness principle in language. This principle is
characterized by maximizing pleasure/wisdom, profit, salutation or respect, praise, compatibility,
and sympathy for others and minimizing these things for oneself.
In communicating, in addition to applying the cooperative principle with its four maxims (rules),
namely the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relevance, and the maxim of
manner; also applies the principle of politeness with its six maxims, namely
(1) policy maxims that prioritize language wisdom,
(2) the maxim of acceptance which prioritizes benefits for others and losses for oneself,
(3) the maxim of mercy which prioritizes politeness/respect for others and lack of respect for
oneself,
(4) the maxim of humility which prioritizes praise for others and humility for oneself,
(5) the maxim of compatibility which prioritizes compatibility with other people, and
 (6) the maxim of sympathy which states sympathy for other people.
Thus, if we apply the principle of politeness in language, we will no longer hear conversations
that use expressions that demean other people so that communication will run in a conducive
situation.
Second, avoid using words that are considered taboo. In most societies, words that have
a sexual odor, words that refer to body organs that are usually covered by clothing, words that
refer to disgusting objects, and the words "dirty" and "rough" are among the words -words that
are taboo and not commonly used in everyday communication, except for certain purposes.
Third, regarding the avoidance of taboo words, we can use euphemistic language styles
as euphemistic expressions. The use of euphemisms needs to be applied to avoid negative
impressions.
Fourth, use honorific words, namely respectful expressions for speaking and greeting
other people. This use of honorific words does not only apply to languages that recognize levels
but also applies to languages that do not recognize levels. However, for languages that recognize
levels, the determination of honorific words has been determined standardly and systematically
for use at each level. For example, the language of krama inggil (high level) in Javanese needs to
be used with people whose social level and age are higher than the speaker; or to someone
respected by the speaker.
The main goal of language politeness is to facilitate communication. Therefore, the use
of language that is intentionally convoluted, that is not on target, or that does not state the truth
because it is reluctant to older people is also language impoliteness. This reality is often found in
Indonesian society because it is carried away by the culture of "not being direct" and highlighting
feelings. Within certain limits it can still be tolerated if the speaker does not intend to obscure the
communication so that the person being spoken to does not know what he means.

D. Politeness in Communicating (Politeness)

In this political factor more related to the sociocial aspect of language users than the
aspect of language. In the communication process, the speaker and the opponent of speech are not
only sued for cooperative principles, but even both of them are required to understand each other,
even understand the desired intention without having to say it explicitly. Like the COO-Perative
Principle in the communication process, the political factor in speaking is also the principles.
Lakoff (in Cook, 1989) formulates three principles of politeness in communicating;
Don't Impose (Don't Force), Give Option (Give Choice), and Make Your Receiver Feel Good
(Make Your Personal Talk to Feel Glad). These three politeness principles must be used in
communicating with the other person if the speaker wants to establish social relations with the
other person.
In everyday life often someone rules others to do something with explicit commands, for
example, "Don't smoke this room", "it is prohibited from disposing of garbage here". The two
examples of the expression of the command felt once the element of his command, so if the
command was given to the other status and the same person who would be the same would cause
a displeasure of the ruled person, especially those who ruled it was not in a position as a
supervisor or the right to rule. However, the command will be more refined, more polite and does
not cause social distance between the speaker and the opposite person if expressed by "Thank you
for not smoking in this room", "Thank you for not throwing trash here" The two expressions have
the same goal, namely keeping the room that does not smell of cigarette smoke, But these two
expressions will be more polite and not impressed to order or order someone to do something
work; That is not smoking and not littering.
Examples of subtle command expressions are also in other languages, for example in
English. According to Cook (1989) gives a number of examples of requests (requests) with a
smooth and polite expression such as "youOp ...?," May I ask you to ...? Or "Could you
possibly ...?". In Indonesian, many of us encounter an expression of orders or obligations that
must be carried out by someone, for example, we often encountered banners that read the "UN
Payment Deadline until 28 October 2009". This expression can be interpreted as an expression of
orders and warnings to pay taxes for those who have not paid, and at the same time a warning for
those who may forget that the deadline of the payment date will be subject to sanctions.
 BAB III
PENUTUP

A. CONCLUSION
Based on the description above, it can be concluded that as social creatures, humans
cannot live without connecting with other people. In other words, we need friends to
communicate with each other. Our goal in communicating with the person we are talking to is to
convey messages and establish social relationships. Because the purpose of communication is
not just to convey messages, but also to establish social relationships, the co-operative principle
(conversation principles) and the politeness principle (politeness principles) often conflict with
each other. On the one hand, the cooperative principle demands that it be obeyed so that the
message to be conveyed can be understood, but on the other hand, these principles must be
violated so that the social relationship between the speaker and the interlocutor remains
harmonious. For this purpose, indirect expressions, expressions are often used. - a subtle
expression, even though the expression is actually less wise.

B. SARAN
The author is aware that the preparation of this paper is still far from perfection, both in
terms of presentation and in terms of writing techniques, this is all due to the author's limitations
in obtaining references that are relevant to this paper and limited knowledge. Therefore, criticism
and suggestions are needed to improve the preparation of future papers.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Nababan, PWJ. 1986. Sosiolinguistik: Suatu Pengantar. Jakarta: PT Gramedia.

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