You are on page 1of 14

BASIC NOTIONS IN SEMANTIC

DISUSUN OLEH :

KELOMPOK :
1. FINCESIA FEBRIYANTI MARU’AO NIM : 222102024

2. RIZKA HANDAYANI HIA NIM : 222102063

LECTURER : NUR SAYANI MARU’AO, S.Pd., M.Pd

SUBJECT : SEMANTIC AND PRAGMATIC

PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INGGRIS

FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN


UNIVERSITAS NIAS
2023
PREFACE
Praise and gratitude we pray to the presence of God Almighty, for his blessings
and gifts so that we can complete our group assignments. The purpose of writing this
group assignment is to fulfill one of the assignments for the semantic and pragmatic
course. In addition, this assignment aims to add insight to students readers as well as for
writers.

The author would like to thank the lecturer in the semantic and pragmatic
course Dra.nursyani maru'ao S.Pd., M.Pd who has provided direction and guidance as
well as knowledge to us. We realize that this paper is still limited and far from perfect,
because the knowledge and time we have is very limited. If there are many mistakes in
conveying it, we ask for suggestions and criticism so that we can improve this in the
future. Hopefully this paper is useful especially for writers and also for readers.

Gunungsitoli, March 27,2023

writer
TABLE OF CONTENT

FOREWORD..................................................................................................i

TABLE OF CONTENT..................................................................................ii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION...................................................................1

A. Backgruound..............................................................................1

B. The Purposes...............................................................................1

C. The Benefits................................................................................1

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION.........................................................................2

A. Aspects of semantic...................................................................2

B. Concept and relationship between............................................5

CHAPTER III CLOSING..............................................................................8

A. Conclusion..................................................................................8

B. Suggestion..................................................................................8

ii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

A. BACKGROUND

As a means of verbal communication, language is a system of sound symbols


that are arbitrary. A study of semantics will not be finished by giving meaning to
every word in a language. Semantics comes from the Greek language, semantics
is expressed as the science of meaning. The meaning of language, especially the
meaning of words, is affected by various contexts. Word meanings can be
constructed in relation to objects or objects outside language.

In this conception, words act as labels or give names to things or objects in


the universe. The meaning of words can also be formed by the conception or
formation of conceptions that occur in the minds of language users. The process
of its formation is related to the knowledge or perception of the language user
towards phenomena, objects or events that occur outside of language. In this
context, for example, the use of language will differ in interpreting the meaning of
the word democracy because their perceptions and conceptions of that word
differ. In addition to these two conceptions, the meaning of a word can also be
formed by the link between the stimulus, the word and the response that occurs in
an utterance event.

Semantics also includes aspects that exist in semantics in the form of naming,
namely the process of symbolizing a concept to refer to a referent that is outside
the language, semantic aspects also refer to speech acts, types and semantic units.

1. The purpose
 To find out identify the aspect of semantic knowledge
 To find out understand the concept and relationship between
 Utterances
 Sentences
 Preposition

2. The benefits
 We can know identify the aspect of semantic knowledge
 We can know understand the concept and relationship between
 Utterances
 Sentences
 Preposition

1
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

1. Aspects of meaning according to Palmer (1976) based on its function consists


of four aspects, that is:
 the notion of 'understanding'
 feeling 'feeling'
 tone 'tone'
 'goal' intent

We can apply the sense of 'understanding' in everyday communication involving


what is called a theme. The meaning of feeling 'feeling', tone 'tone' and the intention of
'goals' can be considered in the use of everyday language, both Indonesian and regional
languages.

1. Sense of 'Understanding'

This aspect of sense meaning 'understanding' can be achieved between the


speaker/writer and talk to friends or readers who speak the same language. The
meaning of understanding is also known as theme, which involves the idea or
message referred to in a conversation.

2. Feeling the 'Feeling'

The meaning aspect of feeling 'feeling' relates to the attitude of the speaker
and the situation talks. In everyday life we are always associated with feelings
(sad, hot, cold, happy, happy, irritated, bored, etc.). situation statement relate to
aspects of the meaning of these feelings using the appropriate words the situation
at the time the conversation was in progress.

3. Tone 'Tone'

The aspect of the meaning of the tone is the attitude towards the listener
('the speaker's attitude towards talk comrades') or the attitude of the writer towards
the reader. This aspect of the meaning of the tone involves speaker to choose
words according to the circumstances of the interlocutor and the maker himself.

2
3

The relationship between the speaker and the listener (interlocutor) will
determine the attitude that will reflect in the words that will be used, Choose the
right words to use in conversation.

Aspects of the meaning of this tone is also related to aspects of the


meaning of feelings, for example, if we are irritated then our attitude will be
different from feelings happy with the interlocutor. If we are irritated, we will
choose the aspect of the meaning of the tone by rising, different from the aspect of
meaning that is used when we need it something, it will use aspects of the
meaning of the tone which varies with the tone equal or low.

4. Intention 'Purpose'

The aspect of the meaning of this intention is his aim, conscious or


unconscious, the effect he has is endeavoring to promote ('purpose or purpose,
whether consciously or not, the result effort of improvement'). The aspect of the
meaning of the purpose that we express must have a purpose certain. For example,
aiming for our interlocutor to change behavior (action) which we don't want.

Aspects of the meaning of objectives can be grouped based on the nature of the
statement expressed by the speaker to his interlocutor. Those statements can are:

a. Declarative;
Declarative sentences are sentences that are formed to broadcast information
without expecting a certain response (Cook in Tarigan, 1985:20)
b. Persuasive;
Rakhmat (2007) argues "persuasive is a communication process to influence
the opinions, attitudes, and actions of people by using psychological
manipulation so that the person acts as of his own will"
c. Imperative
Imperative Sentence Imperative is a sentence or verb form to express order or
necessity or prohibition to carry out an act (Kridalaksana, 2008: 91)
4

d. Narrative;
The definition of narrative according to Abbott (2010: 1) is a story or in
general it means telling a story. In general, stories have events or several
events that run according to the chronological time and these events are
conveyed through several media.
e. Political;
Surbakti (2010:152) According to Surbakti, political communication is the
process of conveying information about politics from the government to the
public and from the community to the government.
B. CONCEPT AND RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
1. Utterance
Defenition :

 ( Oxford Dictionary 2015:687 ) in semantics, an utterance is any act of


speech. It can consist of a phrase, a word, or even a partial word, provided
it is language and not just sound
 ( Cambridge Grammar of English 2006:168 ) an utterance is considered
the smallest unit of speech. It can be defined as “a natural unit of speech
bounded by breaths or pauses”.

Characteristic :

1. It’s spoken
2. Physical events. Physical event
3. May or may not be grammatical (remember, speech does not focus on
grammatical aspect). Grammatical or not. And remember that speech is
not focused on grammar.
4. Meaningful of meaningless. Useful or not at all.
5. By certain people (especially accents ). With certain people. In a certain
accent.
6. At a certain time or on a certain occasion. With a clear time or for a
particular occasion.
7. A piece of language (one sentence or event one word ). Part of the
language. It can be one sentence or just one word.

Function :

The function of utterance in a converational is management, support, and


content contribution.

5
6
2. SENTENCE

 Defenition :
 ( Hogue 1995:8 ) a sentence is a group of word that contains a subject and
a verb and expresses a complete thought.
 ( Bernd Kortmann 2020:143 ) a sentence means a group of words that
makes complete sense. It begins with a capital letter and ends with a full
stop.
 Characteristic :

1. A sentence must have a group of words


2. A complete sentence makes complete sense
3. Every sentence must contain a subject
4. The verb is a mandatory element of a sentence
5. A sentence has two parts-subject and predicate
6. Every sentence contains at least one or more clauses
7. A sentence must have a definite communicative function.
8. Every sentence begins with a capital letter.
9. All sentence end with a punctuation mark.
 Function :

1. Makes a statement
2. Asks a question
3. Gives a command
4. Expresses strong feeling.

3. PREPOSITION
 Defenition :
 ( Walden University 2023 ) A preposition is a word or group of words
used before a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to show direction, time,
place, location, spatial relationships, or introduce an object. Some example
of preposition are words like “in”,”at”, ”on”, ’of”, and ‘to”.
7
 ( Ashley Robinson 2019 ) A preposition combines with a noun, noun
phrase, or pronoun to demonstrate a realtionship between the noun and
another component of the sentence, often another noun and verb.
 Characteristic :
1. As heads of prepositional phrases.
2. As an element in verbal compounds, where they largerly contribute to the
semantic of the expression.
3. As an ‘connector’ in nominal compound.
4. As introducing small clauses in a number of languages
 Function :
1. Preposition function as connectors, relating one word to another within a
sentence.
2. They allow a speaker or writter to express the link between separate items.
3. Preposition can convey information about location, time, or direction, or
provide details.
8

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UTTERANCE, SENTENCE, PREPOSITION

A sentence is a string of words put together by the grammatical of rules of


a language expressing a complete thought. It is neither physical event nor a
physical object. For example, I am a student.

 An Utterance is any sound of talk, that human produce. The characteristics of


utterance are:
It is spoken
 Physical event
 May be grammatical or not (REMEMBER, utterances do not focus on
the grammatical aspect)
 Meaningful or meaningless
 By specific person (in particular accent)
 By specific time or on particular occasion
 A piece of language (a single phrase or even a single word)

To differentiate utterance and sentence, we usually use quotation mark


(“….”) in written form of utterance. For example, a piece of utterance that is
spoken by certain person “I’m a student”.

A Proposition is that part of the meaning of the utterance of a declarative


sentence which describes some state of affairs. Besides declarative sentence,
proposition also clearly involved in the meaning of interrogatives and imperative
sentences. For example, “Get out of here this minute!”, “I’m afraid that I’ll
have to ask you to leave.” In these two sentences, the speaker asserted
proposition.
A proposition is what a sentence or an utterance expresses. It is the essential
core meaning of a sentence regardless of the language being used. In proposition ,
we don't care about the grammatical information , because we abstract away from
grammar. We are at the abstract level . We care about the essential meaning .We
look at the concepts. It is used to provide the universally understood meaning. It
is not tight to any language.
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A. Conclusion

Aspects of meaning according to Palmer (1976) based on its function consists


of four aspects, that is:
 the notion of 'understanding'
 feeling 'feeling'
 tone 'tone'
 'goal' intent

A proposition is what a sentence or an utterance expresses. It is the essential


core meaning of a sentence regardless of the language being used. In proposition ,
we don't care about the grammatical information , because we abstract away from
grammar. We are at the abstract level . We care about the essential meaning .We
look at the concepts. It is used to provide the universally understood meaning. It
is not tight to any language.

B. Suggestion

Although the author wants perfection in the preparation of this paper, in


reality there are still many deficiencies that need to be corrected by the author.
This is due to the lack of knowledge of the author.
Therefore, constructive criticism and suggestions from readers are highly
expected as evaluation material for the future. So that it can continue to produce
research and writing that is useful for many people.

You might also like