PSYCHOLINGUISTICS PAPERS

“RELATIONSHIP AMONG LANGUAGE, THOUGHT, AND UTTERANCE”

Written to Fulfil One of Psycholinguistics Subject’s Task

Created by : Denisa Mumtazun Nabiila (2088203008)

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION PROGRAM
ACADEMIC YEAR 2023/2024
 FOREWORD

Praise, thanks God, the writer prays for the presence of Allah SWT, because of
everything. His grace and guidance the author can complete this task as well as
possible. Sholawat and greetings are poured out to our lord, the great Prophet
Muhammad SAW who has become a role model for all of us on this earth. This paper
is prepared for complete the assignment of the Psycholinguistics Course. On this
occasion please. The author expresses his deepest gratitude and appreciation to:
1. Allah SWT, with His grace the writer can finish this report the best.
2. Dr. Agustina Sri Hafida, M.Pd. B.I. as the supervisor who has helped author in
compiling this paper.
Likewise, the writer realizes that there are still many writers in writing this reportreport
deficiencies and errors both in terms of substance and grammar, therefore. Criticism
and suggestions are highly expected by the author with the hope as input for
improvement this work. Finally, hopefully this activity report can be useful.

Pacitan, 17 November 2023

Writer

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE........................................................................................................ i
TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................ ii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background................................................................................................... 1
B. Set of Problem............................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION
A. Definition of Language and Function of Language...................................... 2
B. Definition of Thought.................................................................................... 3
C. Definition of Utterance.................................................................................. 4
D. Relationship Among Language,Thought and Utterance............................... 4
CHAPTER III CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion.................................................................................................... 7
B. Suggestion..................................................................................................... 8
BIBLIOGRAPHY

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 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A.Background

Language without bound medium bringing all something can included in man
understanding field. Therefore comprehends language will enable researcher to
comprehend form of man understandings.
Language is man media thinks in abstraction enabling objects faktual is orthogonal
transformation to to become abstraction symbols. With existence of this orthogonal
transformation hence man can mull over about an object, though the object is not
terinderakan when the thinking process done by his its ( Solar Sumantri, 1998).
Language matter can be comprehended through Linguistik as told by Yudibrata that
linguistics is science studying language, usually yields the languages theory; not that
way the things of with student as language, ( 1998: 2). Student as organism with all its
the attitude is including process happened in student itself when language learning
cannot be comprehended by linguistics, but only can be comprehended through other
science related to his psychology. On the basis of the thing emerges new science
discipline so-called psycholinguistic or called as also with term language psychology.
Related to above thing, can be told actually man can think without using language, but
language waters down ability to learn and remembers, solve problem and concludes.
Language enables individual to encode event and object in the form of words. With
solvent individual language of abstraction of its the experience and communicates it at
others because language is unlimited symbol system capable to lay open all ideas.
Based on above idea , can be told interrelationship between languages, mind and
utterances is a real theme challanges in psychology study world. Hence from that,
writer copes express the relationship by figuring in opinion sight and concept from
some experts relating to this science discipline.

B. Set of Problem
1. What is language and what function of language?
2. How the relationship among language, thought and utterance ?

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 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

A. Definition of Language and Function of Language

Language is a tool to express something towards our audience,that is why we can say
that language is a medium of communication.Language can be a “ bridge “ to the
communication between dissimilar cultures.
Language does not exist in a vacuum.It serves and is molded by other systems in the
human mind.Because it is used for conveying ideas,its structure and function must
reflect these ideas.Because it must be spoken and understood easily and efficiently,its
structure and function are forced to stay within the limits imposed by people’s
processing capacities.Because it is used for communication within a complex social
and cultural system,its structure and function are molded by these forces as well.Yet
once people have learned how to use language,it hinders them in thinking about
others.It molds many aspects of their daily affairs.
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication. In
another definition, language is a system of communication by sound, through the
organs of speech and hearing, among human beings of certain group or community,
using vocal symbol possesing arbitrary conventional meaning to communicate, to share
the culture, and share the ideas with other people. And it can be written forms uses
symbols that called characters to build some words to make something had been
spoken can be known by other people without any repetition speech.
1. Language as a system.
The key term in the above definition is ‘system’, it’s also the most difficult term
to discuss. We may observe that a language must be systematic, for otherwise it
could be not learned to used consistenly.

2. Language as arbitrary.
The term ‘arbitrary’ in the definitions doesn’t mean that everything about
language is unpredictable, for the languages don’t vary in every possible way.
Arbitrary means selected random and without reason.

3. Language as vocal.
The term ‘vocal’ in the definitions refers to the fact that the primary medium of
language is sound, and it is sound for all languages, no matter how well
developed are their writing system.

4. Language as symbol.

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 The term ‘symbol’ in the definitions refers to the fact there is no connection, or
at least in a few cases only a minimal connection, between the sounds that
people use ad the objects to which these sounds refer.

5. Language as human.
The term ‘human’ in the definition refers to the fact that the kind of system that
interest us is possesed only by human beings, and is very different from
communication system that order forms of life possess.

6. Language as communication.
The final term in the definition is ‘communication’ language is used to
communcation.
Language user are every human in the world, no matter what they are, where they are
and how they live. It is very essence of what makes human where ever you go,
whoever you met, whenever you want to share your ideas, whatever you want to do,
however you act, you will need a communication tool and language is the answer.
Language is a system for communicating, written languages use symbol to build words.
The entire set of words is the languages vocabulary.As a tool o communication,
language has the following functions:
1. Emotive speech
It functions to express feeling, perception, and emotion of the speaker.

2. Phatic speech
It functions to take care of social relationship on certain situation or condition.

3. Cognitive speech
It functions to express everything is surroundings (informative).

4. Rhetorical speech
It functions to influence the thought or perception of the audiences.

5. Metalingual speech
It function to describe language it self.

6. Poetic speech
It has esthetical functios.

B. Definition of Thought
Thought is a mental process which allows someone to make a conscious decision, to
imagine and generally operate on a rational symbol .There are ideas

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in the mind. These ideas that make a person easy to think, it's easy to determine
something.
Language is a realization of ideas, ideas in the mind, not even a line distinguishing a
firm that delivers ideas and thoughts. There is also an opinion that the language is a
reflection of the mind, what in talking about is what they think. Example: we can see
clearly a person whose mind chaotic mess also resulted in the language. Sometimes if
someone is thinking of something heavy, tasteful concerned to speak.
According to Schlenker :
The human mind is determined by a syst em of classification of certain language used
by humans. According to this hypothesis the mental world of Indonesian people are
different from the mental world of English people because they use different language.

C. Definition of Utterance
Utterance is a complete unit of speech (what one speaker say).In another
word,utterance is the act of expressing word (something that you say).We use term
utterance to refers to complete communicative units,which may consist of single
words,phrases,clauses or clauses combination spoken in context,in contrast to the term
sentence which we reserve for unit consisting of at least one.
Intrinsically in activity communicates happened process to produce and comprehends
utterance.In other word, in linguistic usage happened process to change mind to
become code and changes code to become mind. Utterance is synthesis from distorting
process of concept becomes code, while understanding is ordering the result of code
analysis.
In comprehending an utterance,there are at least three factors which assist we.The first
is factors to relate to knowledge of the world.As member of society,we has coexisted
with our environment.Nature around this gives to us knowledges about world life .
Some of this knowledge haves the character of universal while some other is special
about public where us live.Understanding to an utterance can desist, so after utterance
was understood or is continued with an action.If we to hear utterance or to read a
discourse which its contents is issued ,so in generally we only comprehend just of what
said or written in the discourse.
D. Relationship Among Language,Thought and Utterance
Before using language, a linguistic consumer beforehand obtains language.In process is
having linguistic happened process to comprehend and yields utterance, in the form of
sentences or builds the language sentences.
Intrinsically in activity communicates happened process to produce and comprehends
utterance.In other word, in linguistic usage happened process to change mind to
become code and changes code to become mind. Utterance is synthesis from distorting
process of concept becomes code, while understanding is ordering the result of code
analysis.

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In comprehending an utterance,there are at least three factors which assist we.The first
is factors to relate to knowledge of the world.As member of society,we has coexisted
with our environment.Nature around this gives to us knowledges about world life .
Some of this knowledge haves the character of universal while some other is special
about public where us live.Understanding to an utterance can desist, so after utterance
was understood or is continued with an action.If we to hear utterance or to read a
discourse which its contents is issued ,so in generally we only comprehend just of what
said or written in the discourse.

Language is realizing ideas. Located idea in mind. Even there is no assertive

distinguishment line,between idea and mind.

We can see explains someone who its the mind is in disorder results its the language is
in disorder also. Sometime also if someone was thinking of thing weight, appetitive not
the to speak. Also there is having a notion that language is mind mirror, what discussed
be what thought of. Linguistic formed from mind, or form of language ( individually
off the cuff and) imitates or follows form of mind or idea.

However if we will more broodingly sees, in fact the language only " form" from idea
or mind only. So linguistic analysis by discharging it from idea analysis is perverting.
Mean, may not be be linguistic without there are idea, so also opposite is that way true?
Isn't it true many people gibber when dream? Where idea they are in a state of rest?
Isn't it true also someone who nervous about correctness aphasia, with the meaning is
also relation between emotion with language?
Having language that is process submits meaning by speaker to hearer through one or
with refer to utterance.Process is having linguistic told to works well if meaning sent
by speaker can be reception by hearer very similar to mean by the hearer.In opposite a
process is having language can be told not to run carefully if meaning sent by speaker
reception or comprehended by hearer unmatched to desired by this hearer.Unmatched
can be because of factor hearer which less clever in producing utterance,can be caused
by hearer factor which reception indigent that utterance,or can also as result of
environmental factor at the time utterance transferred from mouth speaker to ear
hearer .So an perceivable utterance carefully by hearer if can make semantic encode,
gramatic encode, good encode with phonology conversely decode hearer phonology,
gramatic decode and semantic decode from utterance sent by speaker carefully
too.Beside area place of utterance takes place also have the character of condusif.
Adequate ability from speaker in producing utterance and adequate ability from hearer
in reception utterance will cause meaning - meaning sent by acceptable speaker
correctly by hearer.To gets the picture meaning an utterance many factors which must
be paid attention like social factor,psychology factor ,culture factor .In factor semantics
study - the factor mirror at so-called level meaning, leksikal meaning and idiomatical,

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gramatical meaning and contextual meaning.The thirth of the meaning emerging in
every process is having language.
Linguistic as presentation or result of process and as thing processed by either in the
form of oral language and also linguistic written through language, either in writing
and or verbally. If related to skill of language which must be mastered by someone, this
thing relates to skill is having language, that is mimicry, talks, reads, and writes.
All languages obtained intrinsically required to communicate. Man will only can say
and comprehends one otherly in linguistic words. Language studied by since children is
not neutral language in objective reality. Linguistic has subjective orientation in
depicting world experience of man. This orientation here in after influences how man
to think and says.

Behavior that is visible in having language is behavior of man when talking and writes
or when he to produce language, while attitude which is not seen is behavior of man
when comprehending corrected reading or read causing becomes thing owned by it or
process thing will be said or written by it.
Man as language consumer can be considered to be organism having activity to reach
psychology domains, either cognate, affective, and also psikomotor. Ability applies
good language in reseptif ( mimicry and reads) and or productive ( talks and writes)
entangles third of the domain.
Cognate domain focusing in brain is domain that is which is is all important is this case
is source of at the same time other psychological domains controller, be effective
domain taste and psychomotor domains. In this bearing Syah ( 2004: 22) arises that
without cognate domain difficult to be imagined one can thinks. Without ability thinks
impossible of the someone gets the picture and believes matters benefit presented to it.
Affective is psychology domain covering all feeling phenomenon of like love,
sorrowful, likes, hateful, and certain positions to its the ownself and area. While,
psikomotor is psychology domain which all concreete physical charitables and easy to
be observed either its the amount and also quality because in character open ( Rightful,
2004: 52).
Some experts tries explains form relation between language and mind, or more
narrowed again, how language influences man mind. From many figures
explained relation between language and mind, writer sees that presentation Edward
Sapir and Benyamin Whorf which many cited by various researchers in checking the
relation of language and mind.
Sapir and Worf tells that there is no bilingual having equality to be considered as the
same social reality. Sapir and Worf elaborates two hypothesises about interrelationship
between languages and mind.
1. First hypothesis is lingusitic relativity hypothesis is expressing that difference
of linguistic structure in general parallel with cognate difference non language (

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 nonlinguistic cognitive). Linguistic difference causes difference of man mind
who is using the language.

2. Second hypothesis is linguistics determinism is expressing that linguistic

structure influences way of inidvidu perception and world natural existence
perseptual. Equally, cognition structure of man determined by category and
structure which there [are] in language.

Linguistic influence to mind can happened through habituation and operates it formal
aspect of language, for example gramar and lexicon. Whorf tells " grammatical and
lexical resources individual of of languages heavily constrain the conceptual
representations available to their speakers". Gramar and lexicon in a language becomes
the conceptual representation determinant in the language consumer. Besides formal
habituation and aspect of language, one of dominant aspect in conceptioning Whorf
and Sapir is linguistic problem influences categorisation in human perception which
will become premise in thinking, like what told by Whorf following :

" We divided nature with line made by by our native language. Category and type
which we are insulation from phenomenon world have no we to meet because all the
phenomenons caught by face every observer. In contrast, world presents a
kaleidoscopic flux which full of impression categorized by our mind, and this is the
linguistic system in our mind. We divided nature, its the organization into concept,
choose important elements.
Linguistic for Whorf social reality guide and condition of individual mind about a
problem and social process. Nonliving individual in objective world, not only in social
activity world like the one usually is comprehended it, but hardly determined by certain
language symbols becoming social communication medium. There is no bilingual of
which is same enough to represent the same reality. Residence world various publics
assessed by Whorf as same world however with different characteristic. Brief said,
inferential that man opinion?sight tentag world formed by language so that because
language differed in hence opinion?sight about world also differs in. Selectively
individual filters sensory that come like the one programmed by language which utility.
That way, public using different language has difference of sensory also.

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Linguistic influence to mind can happened through habituation and operates it formal
aspect of language, for example gramar and lexicon. Whorf tells " grammatical and
lexical resources individual of of languages heavily constrain the conceptual
representations available to their speakers". Gramar and lexicon in a language becomes
the conceptual representation determinant in the language consumer. Besides formal
habituation and aspect of language, one of dominant aspect in conceptioning Whorf
and Sapir is linguistic problem influences categorisation in human perception which
will become premise in thinking, like what told by Whorf following :

" We divided nature with line made by by our native language. Category and type
which we are insulation from phenomenon world have no we to meet because all the
phenomenons caught by face every observer. In contrast, world presents a
kaleidoscopic flux which full of impression categorized by our mind, and this is the
linguistic system in our mind. We divided nature, its the organization into concept,
choose important elements.
Linguistic for Whorf social reality guide and condition of individual mind about a
problem and social process. Nonliving individual in objective world, not only in social
activity world like the one usually is comprehended it, but hardly determined by certain
language symbols becoming social communication medium. There is no bilingual of
which is same enough to represent the same reality. Residence world various publics
assessed by Whorf as same world however with different characteristic. Brief said,
inferential that man opinion?sight tentag world formed by language so that because
language differed in hence opinion?sight about world also differs in. Selectively
individual filters sensory that come like the one programmed by language which utility.
That way, public using different language has difference of sensory also.

CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion
Language is a tool to express something towards our audience,that is why we can say
that language is a medium of communication.Language can be a “ bridge “ to the
communication between dissimilar cultures. Language is realizing ideas. Located idea
in mind. Even there is no assertive distinguishment line,between idea and mind.
Language comprehended as symbol system, we must see language as part of which is
not is dissociated with mind owned by man, and nature a world of residing in around
by it. When communicating with others, man requires representation symbol what to
which is drawn marrow to be the, hence searched by symbol. This symbol is not

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selected itself, but through convention process with other man in its the community,
until finally chosen certain symbol to symbolise it. The symbol generally is in the form
of word, said is inveterate linguistics symbol applied representation of idea mind to the
feeling or with concreete media in the form of language.

Process changes mind and the feeling that people have is marrow communicator to
become speech in the form of language must pass encoding phase. Encoding is done by
the way of memilah and chooses linguistics symbols like sound and word which able to
represent mind and feeling which will be submitted. At the time of the same of logic
arranges that fraction of mind and feeling which has implied in code is in the form of
the language can be submitted systematic. Level of systematic of organization of the
message will affect at level understanding of utterance by speaker. After the mind and
feeling is tidy in the form of language code, hence phase hereinafter say in the form of
oral or writes. Secretory utterance network from organs of speech, or letter network
written down is element outside becoming message carrier media. Utterance network
or the written form is external element. element of depth itself is trying mind and
feeling submitted by speaker.
B. Suggestion
The writers realize that this paper is fa from being perfect.So,the writers will be very
grateful for the critism and suggestions.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chaer,Abdul.(2009).Psikolinguistik. Jakarta : Rineka Cipta.
Clark, H Herbert and Clark V Eve. (1977). Psychology and Language. New York :
Harcourt Brave Jovanovich, INC.
Darwowidjojo, Soejono. (2005). Psycholinguistik. Jakarta : Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
http://Susilo.Adi.Setyawan.Student .Fkip.UNS.ac.id/2010.Hubungan antara bahasa dan
pikiran dalam kajian psycholinguiastics.