COOPERATION AND IMPLICATURE

The cooperative principles, Flouting maxims, Hedges, and

Implicature

Arranged by:

1. Nunung Setiani (2088203003)

2. Euis Nurfitria (2088203042)

ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH TANGERANG

2023
 PREFACE

All praise and thanks be to the presence of Allah SWT, until now he still gives a breath of life
and the gift of reason, so that we can finish writing this paper in a timely manner, with the

title "COOPERATION AND IMPLICATURE” This simple paper was created to fulfill one of
the assignments for the Indonesian language course. We realize that there are still many
shortcomings in compiling this paper. Of course we expect all suggestions and constructive
criticism from all parties in order to improve the quality of this paper and other papers to
come. Hopefully this paper can be useful for both us as writers.

Tangerang, 10 April 2023

Writers

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

PREFACE..............................................................................................................................................i

TABLE OF CONTENT........................................................................................................................ii

CHAPTER I..........................................................................................................................................1

A. Background................................................................................................................................1

B. Problem Formula.......................................................................................................................2

C. Problem Purpose........................................................................................................................2

CHAPTER II...........................................................................................................................................

A. Cooperation and Implicatures........................................................................................................3

1. Defenition Of Cooperation and Implicatures ............................................................................3

2. The cooperative dan Principle ...................................................................................................4

3. Flouting Maxim ........................................................................................................................4

4. Hedges ......................................................................................................................................5

3. Implicature ................................................................................................................................6

CHAPTER III........................................................................................................................................7

CLOSING..............................................................................................................................................7

A. Conclusion.................................................................................................................................7

REFERENCE........................................................................................................................................8

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 CHAPTER 1

1.1 Background
The text is about cooperation and implicature, the text begins by assuming that
speakers and listeners in conversations always cooperate with each other. The text also
covers a logical point of view when it comes to tautologies that are used in conversation
and has the intention to communicate more than what is said on the other hand, the
implicature has the intention to communicate something but that something must be
beyond the meaning of words, considered an additional meaning, so, implicature intended
in the context. On the other hand, the cooperative principle is the concept of there being
an expected amount of information provided in conversation is just one aspect of the
more general idea that people involved in a conversation will cooperate with each other,
so the assumption of cooperation is so pervasive that it can be stated as a cooperative
principle of conversation and elaborated in four sub-principles calles maxims. The
maxims are: Quantity, Quality, Manner be perspicuous.
Nonetheless, the maxim of quality for cooperative interaction may be best measured
by the number of expressions we use to indicate that what we're saying may not be totally
accurate. Moreover, the conversational content might be a recent rumor involving a
couple known to the speakers. Cautions notes, or hedges, of his type can also be used to
show that the speaker is conscious of the quantity maxim, as in the initial phrases in,
produced in the course of a speaker's account of her recent vacation. According to the
text, when no special knowledge is required in the content to calculate the additional
conveyed meaning, as in to, it is called a generalized conversational implicature, but, a
number of another generalized conversational implicature are commonly communicated
on the basis of a scale of values and are consequently known as scalar implicatures.
Furthermore, the scalar implicatures given a set of values to words, in terms expressing
the highest amount to the lowest of it and the basis of scalar implicatures is that the
speaker select a word that is effective and informative in the production of an expression.
In the scalar implicatures are used words like: all, most, many, some, few, always, often,

sometimes. One noticeable feature of scalar implicatures is that when speakers correct

themselves on some detail, they typically cancel one of the scalar implicatures.

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1.2 Problem Formulation
1. What Is the meaning of coorperation?
2. What is the meaning of Implicature?
3. What are the aspects of reference and inference?

1.3 Purpose
1. Knowing the meaning of coorperation
2. Knowing the meaning of Implicature
3. Knowing the aspects of reference and inference?

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 CHAPTER II

THEORY AND DISCUSSION

A. Cooperation and Implicatures

1. Definition of Cooperation and Implicatures
In our daily life, speakers and listeners involved in conversation are generally
cooperating with each other. In other words, when people are talking with each other, they
must try to converse smoothly and successfully. In accepting speakers’ presuppositions,
listeners have to assume that a speaker is not trying to mislead them. This sense of
cooperation is simply one in which people having a conversation are not normally
assumed to be trying to confuse, trick, or withhold relevant information from one another.
However, in real communication, the intention of the speaker is often not the literal
meaning of what he or she says. The real intention implied in the words is called
conversational implicature.
The word implicature is taken from the verb "to imply" which comes from the Latin
"plicare". Etymologically, "to imply" means to fold something into something else. So,
we can interpret something that is implied as something that is "folded", and to find out
its meaning we have to "unpack" so that the true meaning can be understood. (Mey,
2001:45). The term implicature is also used to describe what the speaker might mean,
suggest, or mean, which is different from what the speaker actually said. (Yule, 1996).
For example:
a. A hamburger is a hamburger.
From a purely logical perspective, it seems to have no communicative value since it
express something completely abvious. The example and other apparently pointless
expressions like ‘business is business’ or ‘boys will be boys’, are called tautologies. If
they are used in a conversation, clearly the speaker intends to communicate more than
is said.
When the listener hears the expression, she first has to assume that the speaker is being
cooperative and intends to communicate something. That something must be more
than just what the words mean. It is an additional conveyed meaning, called an
implicature.

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2. The Cooperative principle
In conversation analysis, the cooperative principle is the assumption that participants
in a conversation normally attempt to be informative, truthful, relevant, and clear. The
concept was introduced by philosopher H. Paul Grice in his 1975 article "Logic and
Conversation" in which he argued that "talk exchanges" were not merely a "succession of
disconnected remarks," and would not be rational if they were. Grice suggested instead
that meaningful dialogue is characterized by cooperation. "Each participant recognizes in
them, to some extent, a common purpose or set of purposes, or at least a mutually
accepted direction."
For example
a. Man : Does your dog bite?
Woman : No.
(The man reaches down to pet the dog. The dog bites the man’s hand).
Man : Ouch! Hey! You said your dog dosent bite.
Woman : He doesn’t. but that’s not my dog.
One of the problmes in this scenario has to do with communication. Specifically,
it seems to be a problem caused by the man’s assumption that more was
communicated than was said. It isn’t a problem with presupposition because the
assumption in ‘your dog’ is true for both speakers.

3. Flouting maxims
Maxims and flouting are two closely interrelated terms central to Oxford language
philosopher H. Paul Grice’s famous theory of the Cooperative Principle, which first
emerged in the William James lectures which Grice delivered at Harvard University in
1967. Grice’s project was to try to reduce the number of meanings for lexical items
(“Grice’s razor” (Davis 1998:20)), and he did this by postulating a new, separate type of
non-semantic meaning which he called implicature, meaning which is not semantically
coded but arises in conversational context. The concept of there being an expected amount
of information provided in conversation is just one aspect of the more general ide that
people involved in a conversation will cooperate with each other. In most circumstances,
the assumption of cooperation is so pervasive that it can be stated as a cooperative

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 principle of conversation and elaborated in four sub-principles called maxims. The
maxims are

Quantity
1. Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purposes of
the exchange).
2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.

Quality try to make your contribution one that is true.

1. Do not say what you believe to be false

2. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidance.

Relation be relevant
Manner be perspicuous
1. Avoid abscurity of expression.
2. Avoid ambiguity
3. Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity)
4. Be orderly.

4. Hedges
Hedges is a word or phrase used in a sentence to express ambiguity, probability,
caution, or indecisiveness about the remainder of the sentence, rather than full accuracy,
certainty, confidence, or decisiveness. Hedges can also allow speakers and writers to
introduce (or occasionally even eliminate) ambiguity in meaning and typicality as a
category member. Hedging in category membership is used in reference to the prototype
theory, to signify the extent to which items are typical or atypical members of different
categories. Hedges might be used in writing, to downplay a harsh critique or a
generalization, or in speaking, to lessen the impact of an utterance due to politeness
constraints between a speaker and addressees.

For example :
Hedges may take the form of many different parts of speech, for example:

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  There might just be a few insignificant problems we need to address. (adjective)
 The party was somewhat spoiled by the return of the parents. (adverb)
 I'm not an expert but you might want to try restarting your computer. (clause)
 That's false, isn't it? (tag question clause)
5. Implicature
The basic assumption in conversation is that, unless otherwise indicated, the
participants are adhering to the cooperative principle and the maxim. Implicature is a non-
truth-conditional aspect of speaker meaning that represents (part of) what is meant in a
speaker's utterance without being part of what is said. What the speaker intends to convey
is almost always far richer than what he or she directly expresses, as linguistic meaning
radically underdetermines the communicated message. The speaker tacitly exploits
pragmatic principles to bridge this gap.
It is important to note that it is speakers who communicate meaning via
implicature and it is listeners who recognize those communicated meaning via inference.
The inferences selected are those which will preserve the assumption of cooperative.
For example :
Implicature in a sentence.

A: Wow, it's so hot today.

B: Here sir, the drink!

It can be concluded that the sentence means that the speaker invites or offers the
interlocutor to drink the drink that has been provided.

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 CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION

Cooperation and implicature, the text begins by assuming that speakers and listeners in
conversations always cooperate with each other. The text also covers a logical point of view
when it comes to tautologies that are used in conversation and has the intention to
communicate more than what is said on the other hand, the implicature has the intention to
communicate something but that something must be beyond the meaning of words,
considered an additional meaning, so, implicature intended in the context.

Assumed that speakers and listeners involved in a conversation are cooperating with each
other. For instance, in order to accept a speaker's presuppositions. in real communication, the
intention of the speaker is often not the literal meaning of what he or she says. The real
intention implied in the words is called conversational implicature.

It is important to note that it is speakers who communicate meaning via implicature and it is
listeners who recognize those communicated meaning via inference. The inferences selected
are those which will preserve the assumption of cooperative.

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Horn, Laurence. R & Ward, Gregory. (2006). The Handbook of Pragmatics. Blackwell
Publishing Ltd: Malden, USA. [ISBN 10063122548-X]
Norvig, Peter. (2007). Inference in Text Understanding. A Conference paper. Available
at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221250738
Wills, Charles. (2017). Inferences and Human Inference Abilities. Online article.
Yule, George. (1997). Pragmatics. Oxford University Press: Oxford, United Kingdom.
[ISBN 194372073]