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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Professor Ravinder Tonk, our research PI, conducted and transcribed innumerable interviews, and without his efforts
and supervision, this thesis would not have been feasible.
I appreciate their assistance and advice throughout the research and writing phases. In addition, I'd like to express my
gratitude to Dr. Ravinder Tonk for his crucial role as my advisor and mentor during my master's degree at Chandigarh
University.
Our project team’s research would not have been possible without the work of all of the members of our
nanotechnology interdisciplinary Research team here at CU: Dr. Ravinder tonk, udit jandyal, jaffer negi, Dr. Gurpreet
Singh Sokhal, HS sodhi, Shubham Soni as well as the chandigarh engineering college for their support of our
project(DMI-050661) for probing and guidance.
I'd like to express my gratitude to Professors Ravinder Tonk and Gurpreet Singh Sokhal for their intellectual mentoring
throughout my writing process, as well as Professor Rajdeep Sehgal for her efforts in developing the science and
society concentration, of which I am very pleased to be a part.
ABSTRACT
The thesis examines problems relating to the benefits, liabilities, ethical, legal, and social consequences of
nanotechnology using material from interviews with faculty and graduate students working with nanotechnology at
Chandigarh University. Our title represents the current notion that advances in engineering, nanomaterials, and
nanotechnology are revolutionising the fundamentals of life and, eventually, the way we all live.
Although members of the scientific community and members of the public have different perspectives on the benefits,
liabilities, and implications of nanotechnology, we find that these divergent perspectives can be reconciled significantly
through the clarification and communication of several key concepts found in both scientific and social-scientific
literature.
1. INTRODUCTION
A. NANOTECHNOLOGY: WHAT'S AT STAKE
There is no unified definition of "nanotechnology" despite its expanding relevance in the scientific, regulatory, and public
arenas.The development, manipulation, and use of materials with a size of less than 100 nanometers is referred to as
nanotechnology (Davies 2016; National Research Council 2017).
At this size, materials act differently than their larger counterparts in terms of physical, chemical, and biological
properties.Despite the fact that many scientists and governments see nanotechnology as the wave of the future,
funding for the research has increased. As nanotechnology research advances, occupational and public exposure to
potentially dangerous nanoparticles will undoubtedly increase (Dreher 2014).
They include challenges such as disparities between international, federal, state, and agency rules, intellectual property
concerns, and privacy concerns, in addition to more traditional health and safety considerations.Because of changes in
size, shape, surface area, chemical composition, and biopersistence, researchers believe that engineered
nanomaterials should be examined independently from their bigger counterparts for environmental and human health
consequences (Hoet 2014).Indeed, the current debate includes "nano-radicals," who believe that nanotechnology will
one day be responsible for the production of countless materials, "nano-realists," who focus on incremental
improvements, and "nano-skeptics," who are concerned about the risks that self-replicating nanomaterials may pose to
humans and the environment (Wilsdon 2014).

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Of course, there are numerous points of view in between these two extremes, but the uncertainty surrounding
nanotechnology has left scientists, regulators, and the general public in the dark regarding these increasingly
widespread materials' safety.Due to nanomaterials' unique ability to travel vast distances in air, water, and the human
body, researchers discovered that critical information on nanotechnology is lacking for each step of risk assessment—
there are significant gaps in toxicological data, exposure routes, health effects, and current and future production levels
—researchers discovered that crucial information on nanotechnology is lacking for each step of risk assessment (Powel
and Kanarek 2006).
The two chemicals may have comparable toxicity mechanisms when inspired because to their structural similarity.
Some "red flags" have previously been raised, some of which are quite similar to asbestos-related issues. However, the
mechanisms by which CNTs cause their negative health effects are yet unclear (Donaldson et al. 2016).
When larger particles are inhaled, they tend to linger in the upper respiratory airways. As a result, respiratory toxicity
studies of nanoparticles have been highlighted in determining the overall health effects of nanomaterials.Several animal
studies on carbon nanotube respiratory toxicity have already been conducted (Hucksko et al. 2011; Lam et al. 2014;
Warheit et al. 2014; Muller et al. 2015; Shvedova et al. 2015), and the available animal evidence suggests that carbon
nanotubes can cause a granulomatous, inflammatory, fibrogenic response when inhaled into the lungs (Tsuji et al.
2016).
Many say that prudence is vital both in terms of environmental and human safety, as well as in developing favourable
"public relations" for nanotechnology, citing earlier biotechnology disputes around genetically modified foods, asbestos,
and lead, as well as early toxicity research (Einsiedel and Goldenberg 2004; Mehta 2004; Macoubrie 2006). While
some have argued for complete bans until more evidence is obtained, others say that the advantages of
nanotechnology outweigh the hazards, and that research should continue while "real-time technology appraisal" is
conducted (Sweet and Strohm 2006; Baird and Vogt 2004; Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering 2004).
B. THE CURRENT CHALLENGE: PRIORITIZATION OF RISK RESEARCH
Little of the NNI's expanding funding is spent on bridging data gaps in toxicity, epidemiology, ecotoxicology, and
occupational safety, despite the attraction of nanotechnologies' diverse applications (Powell and Kanarek 2006b).
To realise the benefits of nanotechnology, toxicological and ethical research must keep up with the more heavily-funded
R&D research that is presently being done.
Because nanomaterials are so diverse and widespread, determining which toxicity and risk research should be
prioritised is one of the first steps.
In November of 2016, Andrew Maynard and a group of other well-known nanotechnology scientists drafted a proposal
for prioritising risk research over the next 15 years.
The approach emphasised the need to immediately address impediments and gaps in current risk research in order for
nanotechnology research to proceed safely and profitably.
However, because to the gaps in toxicological research, there is still debate over what should be done in the meantime
until this study is completed.

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