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1970 Aswan High Dam Completed Beatles Break Up

Computer Floppy Disks Introduced

Palestinian Group Hijacks Five Planes Kent State Shootings 1971 London Bridge Brought to the U.S.

United Kingdom Changes to Decimal System for Currency

VCRs Introduced 1972 M*A*S*H T.V. Show Premiers Mark Spitz Wins Seven Gold Medals

Pocket Calculators Introduced

Terrorists Attack at the Olympic Games in Munich Watergate Scandal Begins 1973

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Abortion Legalized in U.S.

Paul Getty Kidnapped Sears Tower Built U.S. Pulls Out of Vietnam U.S. Vice President Resigns 1974 Halie Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia, Deposed Mikhail Baryshnikov Defects Patty Hearst Kidnapped Terracotta Army Discovered in China U.S. President Nixon Resigns 1975 Arthur Ashe First Black Man to Win Wimbledon Civil War in Lebanon

Microsoft Founded
Pol Pot Becomes the Communist Dictator of Cambodia 1976

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First Ebola Virus Outbreaks Strike Sudan and Zaire

Nadia Comaneci Given Seven Perfect Tens North and South Vietnam Join to Form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam Tangshan Earthquake Kills Over 240,000 1977 Elvis Found Dead Miniseries Roots Airs South African Anti-Apartheid Leader Steve Biko Tortured to Death Star Wars Movie Released 1978

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First Test-Tube Baby Born

John Paul II Becomes Pope Jonestown Massacre 1979 Ayatollah Khomeini Returns as Leader of Iran

Sony Introduces the Walkman

Science and technology

Main articles: 1970s in science and 1970s in technology [edit]Science The 1970s witnessed an explosion in the understanding of solid -state physics, driven by the development of the integrated circuit, and thelaser. Stephen Hawking developed his theories of black holes and the boundary-condition of the universe at this period. The biological sciences greatly advanced, with molecular biology, bacteriology, virology, and genetics achieving their modern forms in this decade. Biodiversity became a cause of major concern as habitat destruction, and Stephen Jay Gould's theory of punctuated equilibriumrevolutionized evolutionary thought. [edit]Space Exploration

Voyager spacecraft and space explorations

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Iran Takes Ameri an Hostages in Tehran Margaret That her First Woman Prime Minister of Great Britain Mother Theresa Awarded the Nobel Peace Pri e Nuclear Accident at Three Mile Island

Apollo 14 lands on the moon, 5 February 1971

As the 1960s ended, the United States had made two successful manned lunar landings. Many Americans lost interest afterward, feeling that since the country had accomplished President John F. Kennedy's goal of landing on the moon by the end of the 1960s, there was no need for further missions. There was also a growing sentiment that t e billions of dollars spent h on the space program should be put to other uses. The moon landings continued through 1972, but the near loss of the Apollo 13 astronauts in April 1970 served to further anti-NASA feelings. Plans for missions up to Apollo 20 were canceled, and the remaining Apollo and Saturn hardware was used for the Skylab space station program in 19731974, and for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, which was carried out in July 1975. Many of the ambitious projects NASA had planned for the 1970s were canceled amid heavy budget cutbacks, and instead it would devote most of the decade to the development of the space shuttle. ASTP was the last manned American space flight for the next five years. 1979 witnessed the spectacular reentry of Skylab over Australia. NASA had planned for a shuttle mission to the space station, but the shuttles were not ready to fly until 1981, too late to save it. Meanwhile, the Soviets, having failed completely in their attempt at manned lunar landings, canceled the program in 1972. But by then, they had already started flying space stations. This would have problems of its own, especially the tragic loss of the Soyuz 11 crew in July 1971. It eventually proved a success, with missions as long as six months being conducted by the end of the decade. In terms of unmanned missions, a variety of lunar and planetary probes were launched by the US and Soviet programs during the decade. The greatest success was that of the Voyagers, which took advantage of a rare alignment of the outer planets to visitall of them except Pluto by the end of the 1980s. China entered the space race in 1970 with the launching of its first satellite, but technological backwardness and limited funds would prevent the country from becoming a significant force in space exploration. Japan launched a satellite for the first time in 1972. The European Space Agency was founded during the decade as well. [edit]Biology
This section requires expansion.

The first face lifts were attempted in the 1970s.

[edit]Social science Social science intersected with hard science in the works in natural language processing by Terry Winograd (1973) and the establishment of the first cognitive sciences department in the world at MIT in 1979. The fields of generative

linguistics and cognitive psychology went through a renewed vigor with symbolic modeling of semantic knowledge while the final devastation of the long standing tradition of behaviorism came about through the severe criticism of B.F. Skinner's work in 1971 by the cognitive scientist Noam Chomsky. [edit]Technology [edit]Electronics and communications The birth of modern computing was in the 1970s, which saw the development of: the world's first general microprocessor the C programming language rudimentary personal computers pocket calculators the first supercomputer Consumer video games. The earliest floppy disks, invented at IBM, which were 8 inches in diameter became commercially available in 1971 The 1970s were also the start of:    fiber optics, which transformed the communications industry. Microwave ovens became commercially available. VCRs became commercially available. 

      

The first scientific hand-held calculator (HP-35) is introduced.

8-inch floppy disk

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Attempts were made to produce electric cars, ut they were largely unsuccessful. In the
8 8

States, imported cars ecame a significant factor for the first time, and several domestic-built subcompact models entered the market. American-made cars such as the " uirky" AMC remlin, the jelly bean shaped AMC Pacer, and Pontiac irebird's powerful Trans Am "sum up"
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the decade.[4] Muscle cars and convertible models faded from favor during the early-1970s. It was believed that the 1976 Cadillac Eldorado would be the last American-built convertible, ending the open body style that once dominated the auto industry.[5] Styling on American cars became progressively more boxy and rectilinear during the 1970s, with coupes were the most popular body style.
[6]

ood paneling and shag carpets

dominated interiors. American cars reached the largest si es they would ever attain, but by
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1977

eneral Motors managed to downsi ing its full-si e models to more manageable
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dimensions. ord followed suit two years later, with Chrysler offering new small front-wheeldrive models, but was suffering from a worsening financial situation caused by various factors. By 1979, the company was near bankruptcy, and under its new president Lee Iaccoca who had been fired from ord the year before), asked for a government bailout. Meanwhile, American
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Motors beat out the .S. Big Three to a subcompact car the
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remlin) in 1970, but its fortunes

B

declined throughout the decade, forcing it into a partnership with the rench automaker enault in 1979. European car design underwent major changes during the 1970s due to the need for
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performance with high fuel efficiency

6

designs such as the Volkswagen

olf and Passat, BMW

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, 5 and 7 series, and Mercedes Benz S-Class appeared at the latter half of the decade. ord ermany, also eclipsed the profits of its American parent company. andini in a
A A B

Europe, specifically ord

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combination of militant strikes, poor uality control effectively halted development at British Leyland, owner of all other British car companies during the 1970s. The apanese automobile industry flourished during the 1970s compared to other major auto industries. apanese vehicles became internationally renowned for their affordability, reliability, and fuel-efficiency, which was very important to many customers due to the oil embargo.
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Italy. The 1970s also saw the decline and practical failure of the British car industry

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Japanese car manufacturing was prominent in its computerized robotic manufacturing techniques and lean manufacturing, and this contributed to high-efficiency and low production costs. The Honda Civic was introduced in 1973, and sold at record numbers due to its high fuel efficiency. Other popular compact cars included the Toyota Corolla and the Datsun Sunny, in addition to other cars from those companies and others such as Subaru, Mitsubishi, and Mazda

Computer and video games

Pong (1972)

See also: History of video games#1970s Popular and notable video games of the 1970s include:Space Invaders, Asteroids, Snake and Pong  Golden age of video arcade games

Literature
Main article: 1970s in literature Fiction in the early '70s brought a return to old-fashioned storytelling, especially with Erich Segal's Love Story. The seventies also saw the decline of previously well respected writers, such as Saul Bellow and Peter De Vries, who both released poorly received novels at the start of the decade. Racism remained a key literary subject. John Updike emerged as a major literary figure. Reflections of the 1960s experience also found roots in theliterature of the decade through the works of Joyce Carol Oates and Morris Wright. With the rising cost of hard-cover books and the increasing readership of genre fiction , the paperback became a popular medium. Criminal non-fiction also became a popular topic. Irreverence and satire, typified in Kurt Vonnegut's Breakfast of Champions, were common literary elements. The horror genre also emerged, and by the late '70s Stephen King had become one of the most popular genre novelists.
I I

In non-fiction, several books related to ixon and the Watergate scandal topped the best-selling lists. 1977 brought many high-profile biographical works of literary figures, such as those of Virginia Woolf, Agatha Christie, and . . . Tolkien.
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"Sports Highlights of the '70s" OLYMPIC SWIMMING: Mark Spitz's Cold War at the Pool At the 1972 Olympics, Mark Spitz swam away with an unprecedented seven gold medals. And that was after an intelligence skirmish with the Russian team. "Go back to 1972, when everyone had real long hair. I'm 22. We had just finished the NCAA championship. Here was my chance to do something I wanted: grow a mustache. It took from the end of March to June. It was my pride and joy that I could even grow this thing. I had all intentions of shaving it off at the Olympic trials. But I did so well in the first event -- I think I even broke a world record -- that I decided it was a good -luck piece. "The day before the opening ceremony, I felt it was necessary to swim the pool at exactly the time of the finals. I wanted to s ee the ambient light at that time. I went over to the pool planning to ask whoever was training for just 15 minutes. The Russians were there. They knew who I was, and I knew one coach who spoke perfect English. He said that it would be perfectly fine. He gave me an outside lane to myself. "There were these big windows on the side of the pool, and I noticed some flashing. The Russians were taking pictures of my stroke. So I started swimming absolutely terribly -- the weirdest stroke you can imagine. When I got out, the Russian coach came up to me and said, 'I couldn't help but notice your stroke was unconventional. You don't swim like that when your actually compete.' So I started telling him it was a new technique to gain muscle by swimming inefficiently. I was just making this up. Then he said, 'And doesn't your mustache drag water?' I said, 'No, it actually deflects water from my mouth and allows me to keep my head in a lower position that helps my speed.' He repeats everything in Russian to some guy takin g notes. The next year, Vladimir Bure, a top Russian swimmer, shows up to competition with a mustache."

- o PRO FOOTBALL: "Broadway Joe" Shakes a Leg, in Pantyhose Some athletes were just jocks. Joe Namath also became famous for his off-field exploits, including one in nylon. "They came with ad storyboards to our office, and I got a laugh out of it: the camera panning from the feet up the legs, and me sayi ng, 'If Beautymist can make my legs look good, imagine what they'll do for yours.' When they get up to me, I'm wearing green shorts and a football jersey. We asked our secretary, 'What do you think?' She said, 'It's cute, but my daddy wouldn't like it. He doesn't think football players should wear pantyhose.' So that started us thinking. We went on for about 10 days trying to figure out if we'd offend someone. Finally I just said, "Let's go with our gut feeling. It's humor. I can handle the heat.' And it wa s a lot of fun, though when I looked at it, my stomach turned; I didn't like anything about the way I looked. And some old -timers were perplexed. This guy in Alabama came up to me and said, 'You know, Joe Willy, I don't mind you wearing those there pantyhose like that, but Lord, son, did you really shave your legs?'" - o MAJOR-LEAGUE BASEBALL: Pittsburgh's Roberto Clemente Gets #3,000 Roberto Clemente was baseball's first Latin American supe rstar. Teammate Nellie Briles reflects on his final feat before he died in a plane crash en route to Nicaragua with aid for earthquake victims. "I saw him get his 3,000th hit. It was a time when he had become the consummate major-league professional ballplayer. He had no more to prove -- he'd won his batting titles and MVPs, and now he could play for the love of the game. It was the last day of the season in 1972. He had 2,999 hits, and I understand the story was that Roberto was not goi ng to be in the lineup the last day. Bob Prince, the broadcaster who was the voice of the Pirates, saw that and asked Clemente why he wasn't in the lineup. Roberto said, 'It's good for marketing if I wait and get my 3,000 hit next year. It would help seaso n tickets and a lot of things.' And Bob told him to play because you never know what's going to happen.

After the hit all he did was stand on second base and tip his hat. It was a very regal moment." - o COLLEGE BAS KETBALL: UCLA's John Wooden on How to Put on Your Socks As men's basketball coach at UCLA, John Wooden led his team to 10 national titles, including a remarkable seven in a row from 1967 to 1973. He took care to shape his players heads -- and save their toes. "I think it's the little things that really count. The first thing I would show our players at our first meeting was how to take a little extra time putting on their shoes and socks properly. The most important part of your equipment is your shoes and socks. You play on a hard floor. So you must have shoes that fit right. And you must not permit your socks to have wrinkles around the little toe -- where you generally get blisters -- or around the heels. It took just a few minutes, but I did show my players how I wanted them to do it. Hold up the sock, work it around the little toe area and the heel area so that there are no wrinkles. Smooth it out good. Then hold the sock up while you put the shoe on. And the shoe must be spread apa rt -- not just pulled on the top laces. You tighten it up snugly be each eyelet. Then you tie it. And then you double-tie it so it won't come undone --- because I don't want shoes coming untied during practice, or during the game. I don't want that to happ en. I'm sure that once I started teaching that many years ago, it did cut down on blisters. It definitely helped. But that's just a little detail that coaches must take advantage of, because it's the little details that make the big things come about." - o TENNIS: Billie Jean King and Gender Politics on Center Court In 1973, Billie Jean King took on -- and beat -- Bobby Riggs in a tennis match billed as "Battle of the Sexes." She's still hearing about it. "I watched in agony when Bobby Riggs beat Margaret Court in the first 'Battle of the Sexes.' She didn't get a ball in the court! I knew I would have to play him. There wasn't one woman sportswriter at my match, except Nora Ephron. She was the

only one that interviewed me. I was very clear on what the match meant. I went to Hilton Head and tried to stay away from the hype. I had a lot of doubts. I didn't have any idea if I could beat him. I only knew stories about Bobby: he was a hustler. I heard he won $50,000 betting on himself. He was going to try and psych me out. For him it was showtime. That was fine with me; I liked entertainment. It was still going to come down to skill. I never watched the tape of the match until 1995. It wasn't until then t hat I saw the sings in the crowd like KING WEARS JOCKEY SHORTS! I was focused. When it was over, I was just relieved. Bobby jumped the net and said, 'You were too good.' They didn't think tennis fans would run onto the court. There was no security -- we were just totally crushed. George Foreman was there helping out. I remember people were mad at me. They shouted, 'I lost my money on you!' Nowadays people still come up to me -- men more than women -- and say, 'Thank you for what you did for my daughter.'" - o PROFESSIONAL BOXING: The World Was Muhammad Ali's Canvas Muhammad Ali says his greatest bout was the Thrilla in Manila. But his whole life has been one great fight. "The greatest fight I ever had was the Thrilla in Manila against Joe Frazier in 1975. But the greatest _thing_ I ever did was not going to Vietnam. People said to me, 'Boy, you've got a lot of nerve.' I said, 'You're going to Vietnam, you're probably going to get killed. You're the one with the nerve, not me.' "But the Rumble in the Jungle was a fight that made the whole country more conscious. I wanted to establish a relationship between American blacks and Africans. All the time I was ther e, I'd travel to the jungles, places where there was no radio or television, and people would come up and touch me, and I could touch them. The fight was about racial problems, Vietnam. All of that. "Everyone said George was going to whup me. But the man who has no imagination stands on the earth, he has no wings, he will never fly. Before the fight, I

told all the writers, 'All you who think I'm going to lose, when we get to Africa, [Zairean President Mobutu Sese Seko] is going to cook you and eat you.' I wanted to scare white people, make them think Africans would cook them. Why? Because they scared us. "The day I signed the contract for the fight, I knew the way he moved and I knew the way I moved. I was going to dance around him for 15 rounds. So in the first round I kept moving away from him. But after one round, I knew that I couldn't keep the pace up. That's when I decided to do the rope -a-dope. I went to the ropes and let him throw the punches. Some got through, some didn't. I had trainers yelling a t me, 'Jab, keep your hands up.' I didn't need that. All great fighters fight their own fight, and no one tells them what to do. "By the fourth round, I realized George started talking to him. I was saying, 'Come on, sucker, feel it. You ain't nothing but a chump. You done run your ass.' I did it to make him mad and keep while I'd pop him, then go back to the ropes. I could heavy. was getting tired. So I show m e something. I can't out of gas, now I'm gonna kick punching. Every once in a tell his arms were getting

"When you go into the ring, you're looking for the shot. You want to knock the other fighter out, but you can't tell 'til you do it. You throw punches, but you're surprised when your opponent falls down. When George Foreman fell, in the eighth rou nd, I knew that was it. I was glad it was over. If George got up and resumed fighting, I would have popped him again. "Now I'm fighting Parkinson's disease. But I don't let it stop me. I still travel, attend to my business, do interviews. And let me tell you something that'll shock the earth. I'm going to train and get in really good shape, lose 35 pounds and do an exhibition in Madison Square Garden with two or three contenders. I'll dance for 15 rounds, and whup 'em. I haven't forgotten. I'll being weigh ing in at 210 pounds, I'll just say, 'I am returned. Get the contract.'" - o OLYMPIC DECATHLON: Bruce Jenner's Spirit of '76

At the 1976 Olympics in Montreal, Bruce Jenner set a decathlon record with 8,61 8 points. It wasn't long before the photogenic gold medalist showed up on a box of Wheaties. "I'll never forget what it felt like running that last event in the decathlon. I wanted to run the 1,500 -meters fast. But by that time, after nine grueling events, I was so tired and sore each step was painful. As I ran the race, my legs were so filled with lactic acid it felt like someone was putting a razor to them. But it didn't matter. The last hundred meters all I could think of was finishing and winning . And when I broke the tape, I'd run the fastest 1,500 in my life. I was, of course, euphoric. It was the defining moment of my life, the culmination of everything I'd worked for since I was a kid. But at the same time, I felt a real sadness. Decathlon, the 'friend' that had followed me everywhere I went and that had consumed me 24 hours a day, was no longer going to be with me. I was the best at it in the world, and I felt so confident in my little arena. And I would never get another chance to do it aga in. - o CHEERLEADING: The Dallas Cowboy Cheerleaders they were never quite a national obsession before the underdressed Dallas Cowboy cheerleaders arrived in the 1970s to entertain football fans who like a little sex with their violence. Suzanne Mitchell was the saucy squad's director from 1976 to 1989. "During a lull in the action of Super Bowl X in Miami, on e of the cameras caught one of the girls. So she winked. She had her hands on her hips, with her pompoms. After that Super Bowl, I got more calls than you can shake a stick at. NBC, ABC, all the networks. I had agents calling me left and right. They wanted the girls popping out of cakes. They wanted them to entertain at parties -- any kind. For the next six months, all I did was say no. I wouldn't let them do anything. I had all of my rules, all of my regulations, which were very strict. I had a reputation for being very bitchy. I wouldn't let them appear anywhere where there was any alcohol because we were dealing with an image. We were - Sassy But Classy

Cheerleaders have graced the sports sidelines for decades, but

dealing with Texas. We were dealing with coach [Tom] Landry. We were dealing with [general manager and president] Tex Schr amm. We were dealing with lookdon't-touch Southern women. Tex wanted sexy ladies out there, but he wanted them, above all, to be classy. "My premise was that the waist was the sexiest part of the body. Everybody has always said to me, 'You choose nothin g but big-chested girls,' which was nothing but a baldfaced lie. Big -chested girls usually had trouble dancing, and these girls do hour -long musical shows. The uniform only accentuated and made things look a little more than they were. I used to tell the g irls, 'First, you have to get there attention.' "But we never appealed to everybody. Some people didn't like these girls. The Bible Belters used to write me all the time saying that I was a purveyor of women, that I was misusing the youth. And I would usu ally write them back, and say, 'OK, what were you doing last Christmas Eve? My girls were sitting, at midnight, in a flight shack on the DMZ in Korea after having entertained more than 5,000 troops, done four shows, visited eight bases. They were asleep at midnight in minus 20 degrees.' When they really wrote horrible things to me, I'd say, "What's the last thing you did for your country?' They would write back and say, 'I'm sorry. I didn't know.'" - NEWSWEEK, 10/25/99.

political reasons. Affirmed becomes the last thoroughbred to date to win the .S. Triple Crown.  1977 i
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Pel plays the last game of his professional career in a friendly between
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the 

ew York Cosmos and Santos C

1976 i

adia Com neci earns the first perfect score in the history of

gymnastics  1975 i

irst Cricket World Cup

1978 i

irst Ironman Triathlon. ohan Cruyff pulls out of the World Cup for

1979 i

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Sugar

ay Leonard wins his first world boxing title

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1974 i

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1973 i

Ajax win third consecutive European Cup; Secretariat wins the Triple
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.S.S. . in Summit Series - Paul enderson scores winning goal.

1971 i

ichard Petty wins the

aytona 500 and the ASCAR

Championship; Second Ibrox disaster. 1971 Springbok tourcauses protest all over

Australia; British and Irish Lions defeat All Blacks for the first time in a series;

basketball team winssilver medal in Pan American  1970 i

ames.

ijinsky II becomes the last horse to date to win the Triple Crown of niversity football team is killed in a plane

British Thoroughbred Racing. The Marshall

crash. The league.

ational and American ootball Leagues merge to become one 6-team mega-

final; Israeli athletes killed by Palestinian terrorists at the same

1972 i

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beat SA in last second of the

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nited States Thoroughbred

Aaron breaks Babe

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acing lympic basketball lympics; Canada defeats

his 14th World Cup goal, a then record, asWest

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SA women's