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Carbohydrate metabolism in Al-phosphate utilizing higher plants (Johnson et al. 1994). In certain plant species,
cells of carrot [designated as IPG, Koyama et al. (1992) organic acids are released from roots in response to P
Plant Cell Physiol. 33: 171], which grow normally in Al- starvation. Alfalfa has been found to release citrate (Lip-
phosphate medium accompanied by citrate excretion, was ton et al. 1987) and rape (Hoffland et al. 1992) has been
489
490 Citrate production in Al-phosphate utilizing cells
citrate excretion is an important characteristics of the IPG homogenate was then centrifuged at 2,500 x g for 10 min and the
cells (Koyama et al. 1988, 1990). We consider the IPG cells supernatant was centrifuged at 10,000 x g for 10min. The pre-
to be genetically different from other cells, since the Al- cipitate fraction was used as mitochondria enriched fraction. The
precipitate fraction was treated with 20 mM of HEPES-KOH
phosphate tolerant phenotype appears to be very stable and buffer (pH7.5) containing 0.025% (w/v) bovine serum albumin
it can be introduced into plants after somatic hybridization (fatty acid free) and 0.5% (v/v) Triton X-100 to obtain mito-
(Koyama et al. 1995). However, the mechanisms involved chondrial lysate. To assess the purity of preparations the activities
in this enhanced citrate excretion have not yet been de- of mitochondria fumarase (Fum), a marker enzyme for mito-
fined. chondria, and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), a marker enzyme
for cytosol were measured according to the methods of Cooper
Therefore, in the present study we have examined the and Beevers (1969), and Hart (1970), respectively. The activities
activities of enzymes involved in citrate production, in- Cyt c oxidase activity, another marker enzyme for the mitochon-
cluding PEPC, CS, Aco and NADP-ICDH. The specific dria was assayed using the method of Gardestrom and Edwards
activity of mitochondrial citrate synthase involved in IPG (1983). NAD-ICDH activity, a marker enzyme of TCA cycle, was
within 2 d after inoculation (Ueda et al. 1974). Since up- 0.3-0.8% in IPG cells and 0.05-0.2% in WT cells. This
take rates of glucose and fructose are similar in suspension strongly suggests that the metabolism in IPG cells is mod-
cultured cells (Amino and Tazawa 1988), we were able to ified in such a way as to allow an increase carbon allocation
determine the availability of carbon in the medium by to citrate production.
measuring of both free glucose and sucrose-constructing In vitro activity of enzymes relevant to citrate syn-
glucose. When free sugar in medium was exhausted, both thesis—The TCA cycle may play a primary role in citrate
the increase of citrate excretion and the rate of cell growth production. In the TCA cycle the citrate synthesis is
sharply decreased (Fig. 1). Under the given conditions, this mediated by both CS and Aco. To investigate the role that
suggests that citrate excretion is accompanied by changes in modified metabolism might play in the ability of IPG cells
carbon metabolism. In lupin, the ratio of carbon trans- to excrete higher amounts of citrate than WT cells, the
ferred to the root exudate from metabolite significantly activities of these enzymes were measured in both cell types
increased as organic acids were being released from the (Fig. 3). The activity of CS, which produce citrate from
40 - 1.0 2
E o
X
£ CD
0.5
Cit ite
CO 20
2 2
o
CO n i 0
u 0* 5 10 15
Days
1 2 3
Fig. 1 Changes in citrate and sucrose concentration in Al-phos- Consumed sucrose
phate medium during the growth of IPG and WT cells. Both IPG (mmole flask"1 )
and WT cells were grown for 16 d in Al-phosphate medium
containing 2 mM of anhydrous Al-phosphate as a sole phospho- Fig. 2 Loss of C by citrate exudation in IPG (•) and WT (o)
rus source at an initial pH of 5.6. A: cell suspension was harvested cells grown in the medium containing Al-phosphate as a sole
aseptically at designated time and weighed (IPG, • ; WT, o). B: phosphorous source. Carbon ratio was designated as the ratio of
concentrations of citrate (closed symbols) and sucrose (open the amount of carbon involved in excreted citrate to that in con-
symbols) in the medium containing IPG (•, • ) or WT cells (A, sumed free sugar in the medium. The values were calculated from
A). Means ±SD are indicated (n=3). the results shown in Fig. IB.
492 Citrate production in Al-phosphate utilizing cells
Table 1 Fumarase, NAD-ICDH and Cyt c oxidase activities in IPG and WT cells
Activity of enzymes (^mol (mg protein) ' min ')
Cell line
Fumarase Cyt c oxydase NAD-ICDH
Both cell types were grown in Al-phosphate medium for 9 d. Cell extracts were prepared from 1 g FW
of cells. Means SD are shown (n=3).
Citrate production in Al-phosphate utilizing cells 493
Cytosol PM
citrate
1 Aco
Isocttrsto
i (NADP-ICDH)
2-oxoglutarate
t
imino acid synthesis
For example, tobacco and papaya which showed an over- by nitrogen in the environment (Scheible et al. 1997). Thus,
expression of CS due to the introduction of a bacterial CS it will be necessary to further examine citrate productivity
gene increased citrate excretion with the increased CS ac- in our system under nutrient deficient conditions.
tivities found in the transgenic lines (de la Fuente et al. Citrate excretion from plant roots should require spe-
1997). A 5-fold increase citrate efflux was observed in cific transport system in plasma membrane (Ryan et al.
transgenic lines which had 4 fold higher CS activity as 1995). For malate excretion from wheat roots, an anion
compared with control plants. On the other hand, in channel seems to be involved and this channel appears to
potato plants when NADP-ICDH activity was reduced by be activated by aluminum (Ryan et al. 1997). Although
the antisense inhibition caused an increase in citrate con- a similar carrier located in the plasma membrane with
centration in leaves was observed (Kruse et al. 1998). These citrate-transport activity has not been identified, such a
results are in agreement with our results presented in here. carrier system may affect citrate exudation of IPG cells.
Previous studies have shown that the Al-phosphate- Further analysis is required to determine this factor.
tolerant capacity of the IPG cells was very stable in IPG
cells (Koyama et al. 1990), suggesting that IPG traits were A part of this work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for
produced as a result of genetical changes. However, it ap- Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and
Culture of Japan (for HK, No. 90234921). The authors wish to
pears that this high tolerance of IPG cells to Al-phosphate thank Ms. Julie Stephens at the University of Alberta for editorial
is caused by an increased citrate excretion and more comments regarding this manuscript.
efficient P; uptake (Koyama et al. 1992), which are known
as Pi-starvation rescue systems in higher plants (Schacht-
References
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