NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2021

MMA25B/PMA24 — CALCULUS OF
VARIATIONS AND INTEGRAL EQUATIONS

Time : Three hours Maximum : 75 marks

SECTION A — (5  6 = 30 marks)

Answer ALL questions.

1. (a) Find the Euler-Ostrogradsky equation for

 u  2  u  2 

I [u ( x , y )]        dx dy
D   x   y  
where
 
the values of u are prescribed on the
boundary  of the domain D .

Or
(b) Test for extremum the
 /2

 ( y
2
functional I [ y( x ) ]   y 2 ) dx , y(0)  0 ,
0

 
y   1 .
2

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2. (a) Find for extremum the functional
x2

 ( y
2
I  z 2  2 yz ) dx with y(0)  0 ,
x1

z(0)  0 and the point ( x 2 , y2 , z 2 ) moves over

the fixed plane x  x 2 .
Or
(b) Find the extremals with corner points of the
x2

 y (1  y)
2 2
functional I [ y( x )]  dx .
x1

3. (a) Show that the integral equation




g( s )   sin s sin 2tg(t ) dt
0
has no Eigen

value.
Or
(b) Solve the integral equation
1


g( s )  1   ( s  t ) g(t ) dt .
0

4. (a) Find the interval of convergence




g( s )  1   sin ( s  t ) g(t ) dt .
0

Or
(b) Show that Neumann series have unique
solution.
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5. (a) Solve the Abel’s integral equation.
Or
(b) Reduce the boundary value problem
y   P ( s ) y( s )  Q( s ), y( a )  0 , y(b)  0 to a
Fredholm integral equation.

SECTION B — (3 × 15 = 45 marks)

Answer any THREE questions.

6. Discuss the following equilibrium problem of a

membrane. Suppose a membrane at rest covers a
region D of the x-y plane (with boundary  ), and
it is subject to a external force of the surface
density f ( x , y ) . Further, the boundary of the
membrane (suppose to be freely movable above  )
is acted on by an external force of linear density
p(s) and the boundary is tied to its rest position by
elastic forces characterized by a modulus of
elasticity of linear density  (s ) , the arc length s
being measured along  .

7. Using only the basic necessary condition I  0,

find the curve on which an extremum of the
x1
(1  y 2 )1 / 2
functional I [ y( x )]  
0
y
dx , y(0)  0 can

be achieved if the second boundary point ( x1 , y1 )

can move along circumstances ( x  9)2  y 2  9 .

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8. Determine the Eigen values and Eigen functions
of the homogeneous integral equation
2
 1

g ( s )   st   g (t ) dt .
1
st 

9. Solve the integral equation

1


g ( s )  f ( s )   (1  3 st ) g (t ) by using the method of
0
approximation where f ( s )  1 .

10. Transform the line differential equation

dn y d n 1 y d n 2 y
 A1 ( s )  A2 ( s )  .....
ds n ds n 1 ds n 2
dy
 An 1 ( s )  An ( s ) y  F ( s )
ds
and y( a )  q0 , y ( a )  q1 ,.....y n 1 ( a )  qn 1 into
Voltera integral equation.
Hence the functions A1 , A2 , A3 ,.....An and F are
defined continuous in the interval a  s  b .

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