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Three Phase Fault Analysis with Auto Reset for Temporary Fault and
Permanent Trip for Permanent Fault

Article · August 2017

DOI: 10.21742/ajaeee.2017.1.2.03

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 Asia-Pacific Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Vol. 1, No. 2, (2017), pp. 15-22
http://dx.doi.org/10.21742/ajaeee.2017.1.2.03

Three Phase Fault Analysis with Auto Reset for Temporary Fault and
Permanent Trip for Permanent Fault

Vikrant Kumar1, Harneet Singh2, Monika Pandey3, Rishabh Rana4 and Sumit Rawat5
Department of Electrical Engineering, THDC IHET, B. Puram, Uttarakhand, India
1
vikrantprajapati92@gmail.com, 2harneetsingh7feb@gmail.com,
3
monikapandey219@gmail.com, 4rishabhrana863@gmail.com,
5
sumit95488@gmail.com

Abstract
The project develops an automatic tripping mechanism for the three-phase transmission
system. In the event of a temporary fault, the output of the project resets while it acquires
permanent trip condition in case of a permanent fault. There can occur several failures in a
three-phase supply system that provides power to industrial and domestic consumers. These
failures are results of some faults which may be temporary or permanent in nature. Due to
these faults, the power system may suffer considerable damage. This can lead to disturbance
in power supply and may cause a standstill to various industries linked to the system. In a
three phase power system, these faults are classified as LG (Line to Ground), LL (Line to
Line), 3L (Three lines). This system can overcome such problem which by sensing the fault
automatically and disconnects the system from the supply so that large scale damage to the
system equipment can be avoided. The system automatically differentiates between a
temporary disturbance and a permanent fault and appropriately cuts the supply for a short
duration or long respectively.

Keywords: Temporary fault; permanent fault; LG, LL and 3L faults; three-phase system.

1. Introduction
A fault in a power system can be referred to any abnormality in the electric current flowing in it. For
example, if the current is interrupted by some failure in the circuit, the resulting fault is an open circuit
fault. If the current in the circuit bypasses the normal load, it results in a short circuit fault. In a three-
phase system, the fault may occur between one or more phase and ground or only between phases of
the system. Generally, protective devices are used in transmission systems to detect fault conditions
and result in operation of circuit breakers or isoltaors that help in limiting the damage due to the failure.
In three-phase or polyphase systems, a fault may affect some phases (causing asymmetrical faults). If
all the phases are affected equally, it results in a symmetrical fault. Symmetrical faults are easier to
analyze than asymmetrical faults.

Article history:
Received (April 10, 2017), Review Result (June 13, 2017), Accepted (July 12, 2017)

Print ISSN: 2207-449X, eISSN: 2207-4503 AJAEEE

Copyright ⓒ 2017 GV School Publication
Three Phase Fault Analysis with Auto Reset for Temporary Fault and Permanent Trip for Permanent Fault

2. Classification of faults
2.1. Transient faults
In a system, if a fault diminishes when power is disconnected for a short period of time and
then restored, the fault is referred as a transient fault. A transient fault may also be an
insulation fault that temporarily affects a device’s dielectric properties. Transient faults may
be caused due to momentary tree contact, animal contact, lightning strike, etc.

2.2 Persistent faults

Faults that do not diminish when power is disconnected and restored are called persistent
faults. Such faults generally occur due to mechanical damage to the cable or other equipment
of the system.

2.3. Symmetric faults

In a three-phase system, if a fault affects all three phases equally, it is called a symmetric or
a balanced fault. Generally symmetric faults constitute about 5% of the total faults.

2.4. Asymmetric fault

An unbalanced fault or asymmetric fault results in unequal effect of fault on each of the
three phases. Asymmetric faults are further classified as LL or Line to Line fault, LG or Line
to Ground fault and LLG or Double Line to Ground fault.
 LL fault is a short circuit between two lines, caused by ionization of air, or when lines
come into physical contact, for example due to a broken insulator.
 LG Fault is a short circuit between one line and ground due to physical contact
caused by lightning or storm.
 LLG fault occurs when two lines come in contact with the ground and each other.
This is mainly caused by storm damage.

3. Working with block diagram

Figure 1. Block Diagram of Three Phase Fault Analysis

16 Vikrant Kumar, Harneet Singh, Monika Pandey, Rishabh Rana and Sumit Rawat
 Asia-Pacific Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Vol. 1, No. 2, (2017), pp. 17-24

3.1. Working
The project uses 6numbers step-down transformers for handling the entire circuit under
low voltage conditions of 12v only to test the 3 phase fault analysis. The primaries of 3
transformers are connected to a 3 phase supply in star configuration, while the secondary of
the same is also connected in star configuration. The other set of 3 transformers with its
primary connected in star to 3 phase have their secondaries connected in Delta configuration.
The outputs of all the 6 transformers are rectified and filtered individually and are given to 6
relay coils. 6 push buttons, every button connected across the relay coil is meant to
create a fault condition either at star i.e. LL Fault or 3L Fault. The NC contacts of all the
relays are made parallel while all the common points are grounded. The parallel connected
points of NC are given to pin2 through a resistor R5 to a 555 timer i.e. wired in monostable
mode.
The output of the same timer is connected to the reset pin 4 of another 555 timer wired in
astable mode. LEDs are connected at their output to indicate their status. The output of the U3
555 timer from pin3 is given to an Op-amp LM358 through wire 11 and d12 to the non
inverting input pin3, while a potential divider RV2 keeps the inverting input at fixed voltage.
The voltage at pin2 coming from the RV2 (potential divider) is held such that it is higher than
the voltage at pin3 of the Op-amp used as a comparator. As a result, pin1develops zero logic
that fails to operate the relay through the driver transistor Q1. This relay Q1 is 3CO relay i.e.
it disconnects the load to indicate fault condition. Hardware working model of proposed
analysis is given below:

Figure 2. Image of Hardware

3.2. Operating procedure

The board is powered from a 3phase supply but all the 6 relay coils get DC voltage and

Copyright ⓒ 2017 GV School Publication 17

Three Phase Fault Analysis with Auto Reset for Temporary Fault and Permanent Trip for Permanent Fault

their common point disconnects from the NC and moves on to the NO points there by
providing logic high at pin2 of 555 timer U1 i.e. that is kept on monostable mode. When any
push button across the relay is pressed, it disconnects that relay and in the process in common
contacts moves to the NC position. It provides a logic low at trigger pin of 555 timer to
develop an output that brings the U3 555 timer which is used in astable mode,
for its reset pin to high such that the astable operation takes place at its output which is also
indicated by flashing D11 LED. If the fault is off temporary in nature i.e. if the push
button pressed is released immediately the U1monostable disables U3. The output then goes
to zero in the event of any push button kept pressed for a longer duration. The
monostable output provides a longer duration active situation for U3 astable timer, the output
of which charges capacitor C13 through R11 such that the output of the comparator goes high
so that it drives the relay to disconnect the three phase load. The output of Op-amp remains
high indefinitely through a positive feedback provided for its pin1 to pin3
through a forward biased diode and a resistor in series. As a result, the relay is permanently
switched on to disconnect the load connected at its NC contacts permanently off. In order to
maintain the flow of DC supply the star connected secondary set DCs are paralleled through
D8,D9& D10 for uninterrupted supply to the circuit voltage of 12v DC and 5v DC derived
out of voltage regulator IC 7805.

4. Components used
4.1. Transformer
A transformer is a static electrical device that uses inductive coupling between its winding
circuits to transfer energy. Due to a varying primary winding current, a varying magnetic flux
is generated in the core of the transformer which is then induced to the secondary winding.
Due to this varying magnetic flux, a varying electromotive force (EMF) or voltage is
generated in the secondary winding. Transformers can vary the relative voltages of the circuit
or isolate them, or both.

Figure 3. Transformer with Flux Linkages

In this system six step down three-phase transformers are used, out of which three are
connected in star in star out configuration and the rest three are connected in delta
configuration which have input at 220 volts and provide an output at 12 volts.

18 Vikrant Kumar, Harneet Singh, Monika Pandey, Rishabh Rana and Sumit Rawat
 Asia-Pacific Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Vol. 1, No. 2, (2017), pp. 17-24

4.2. Voltage regulator

A voltage regulator is so designed that it automatically maintains a constant voltage level.
A voltage regulator can be designed as a simple "feed-forward" circuit or can include negative
feedback control loops. It can consist of an electromechanical mechanism or other electronic
components. Its function depends on its design, i.e., n be used to regulate multiple AC or DC
voltages. Electronic voltage regulators are used in computer power supplies to stabilize the
DC voltages used by other elements like processors.

Figure 4. Voltage regulator IC

4.3. 555 Timer

The 555 Timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) that is widely used in several multivibrator
and timer applications. The design of the IC was given by Hans R. Camenzind in 1970 which
was later brought to the market in 1971 by Signetics (later acquired by Philips). This chip
provides timing mechanism which is used to differentiate between temporary and permanent
faults. The timing of the IC can be varied by varying the value of the resistance and
capacitance used along with it.
T= (R1+R2) C

Figure 5. 555 Timer with PIN diagram

Copyright ⓒ 2017 GV School Publication 19

Three Phase Fault Analysis with Auto Reset for Temporary Fault and Permanent Trip for Permanent Fault

4.4. Relay
A relay can be defined as an electrically operated switch. In many relays an electromagnet
is used to operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but many other operating principles
are also used.
Relay control the circuit with a low-power signal. They also provide electrical isolation
between control and the controlled circuit. Both DC and AC relays are used in this system.

Figure 6. Electromagnetic Relay

5. Conclusion
This three phase fault analysis system is built using six single phase transformers out of
which three are wired in star in star out configuration, and the rest 3 are connected in delta
connections. The input to the transformers is 220 volt and output is 12 volt. For introducing
faults on the low voltage side, set of switches are used that create LL, LG, and 3L faults. The
supply returns to the load in the case of a short duration fault and is referred as a temporary
trip while long duration disconnection of supply and load shall result in a permanent trip.

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20 Vikrant Kumar, Harneet Singh, Monika Pandey, Rishabh Rana and Sumit Rawat
 Asia-Pacific Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Vol. 1, No. 2, (2017), pp. 17-24

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 Three Phase Fault Analysis with Auto Reset for Temporary Fault and Permanent Trip for Permanent Fault

22 Vikrant Kumar, Harneet Singh, Monika Pandey, Rishabh Rana and Sumit Rawat

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