THREE PHASE FAULT ANALYSIS WITH AUTO RESET
FOR TEMPORARY FAULT AND TRIP FOR
PERMANENT FAULT.
Bhawna Gupta1,Aatif Yousuf Wani2,Shakir Shafi3, Danish Maqbool Naik4,
Mohd Hussain Para5,Rayees Yousuf6,
1
Assistant Professor, Electrical Engg. Department, GCET Jammu
2,3,4,5,6
Students, Electrical Engg. Department, Gcet Jammu
ABSTRACT
Two types of faults occur in any electrical
power system temporary fault and permanent
fault. They cause problems such as over
voltage, over current, insulator failure. This
fault damages the transmission system.
Various equipments such as circuit breaker,
relays, transformers etc can get severely
damaged. Faults such as LG,LLG,LL,LLLG
occur in power system and to get clearance of
these fault circuit breaker is used which
disconnects the line. It will remain
disconnected, for reclosing the circuit this
mechanism resets the supply line after small
interruption if temporary fault occurs or it
will remain in tripped condition if fault is
permanent.
KEYWORDS: 555 Timer, Relays, Comparator,
Transformer (220 V– 12V AC)
I INTRODUCTION
Transient fault and permanent fault are two
types of faults which occur in a power system.
Among them the transient fault is for short
duration which occur due to swinging wires,
little time contact with other conducting
components& insulator flashover etc. This is
cleared by immediate tripping of circuit breakers
to isolate the fault. Lightning is one of the most
common causes of transient fault. The transient
fault vanisheswithin few seconds. On the
otherhand permanent fault occur for longer
period of time. Disturbance on line can cause
semi-permanent fault i.e. if there is small or
negligible disturbance it will turn the system in
semi-permanent fault. Semi-permanent fault
occurs in forested area. Permanent fault does not
clear on tripping & reclosing. The designed
mechanism can resolve temporary fault by
letting fault arc to de energize, and then it
automatically recloses the line to restore service.
Accordingly, this mechanism can significantly
reduce the outage time due to faults and provide
a higher level of service durability to the
customer. However for permanent faults this
mechanism will keep system in tripped
condition until the fault is cleared.
Types of Faults in Power System
The fault in the power system is mainly
categorized into two types they are
Open Circuit Fault
Short Circuit Fault.
1. Open Circuit Fault
The open circuit fault mainly occurs because of
the failure of one or two conductors
The open circuit fault is categorized as
 Open Conductor Fault
 Two conductors Open Fault
 Three conductors Open Fault
2. Short-Circuit Fault
In this type of fault, the conductors of the
different phases come into contact with each
other with a power line, power transformer or
any other circuit element due to which the large
current flow in one or two phases of the system.
The short-circuit fault is divided into the
symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault.
Symmetrical fault
The faults which involve all the three phases is
known as the symmetrical fault. The faults
which involve all the three phases is known as
the symmetrical fault i.e. LLLG fault
unsymmetrical fault
The fault gives rise to unsymmetrical current,
i.e., current differing in magnitude and phases in
the three phases of the power system are known
as the unsymmetrical fault. IT include LG LL,
LLG, LLL
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Two types of faults occur in a power system
transient fault and permanent fault. To prevent
equipment from damage due to fault, protection
is the most important requirement in electrical
power system. The temporary fault vanishes if
the line is separated from system suddenly. After
the arc is completely de-energized the line can
be reclosed to restore normal service. It is
observe from experiments that about 80% of
fault is cleared after the 1st trip. 10% stay in for
the second reclosed made after a time delay. The
3% required for 3rd reclosed and approximately
7% fault is permanent in nature and results in
lock out of the reclosing relay.To tackle this, a
mechanism is built which can easily detect the
faults and automatically disconnects the supply
to avoid large damages to the control grid
substations. In this mechanism three 1phase
transformers are connected in star inputs and star
outputs and three 1phase transformers are
connected in delta in which input is of 230V and
output is of 12V.to tolerate short duration faults
555 timer is used. The switches are used to
create line to line and line to ground fault. In the
low voltage side for activating the tripping
mechanism short duration fault return the supply
immediately to the load i.e. called as temporary
trip while long duration will result in permanent
trip.
III. WORKING PRINCIPLE
A total of six transformers are used in this
project for the conversion 230V12V. In order to
energize the whole circuit for the analysis of
three phase fault, a low voltage of value equal to
12 volts is used. Of all the six transformers, the
primary of all six transformers are connected in
star configuration and out of the rest six
secondary’s the secondary of three transformers
are connected in star and that of the remaining 3
transformers are in delta in order to get LL and
LG faults ,i.e. line to line and line to ground
fault respectively.DC voltage is obtained by first
rectifying and secondly filtering,the output of all
the transformers individually. After this,this
output i.e. DC voltage is given to six relays. For
LL or LG fault i.e. line to line or line to ground
fault. A total of six push buttons are connected
across the relay coil. All the points which are
common to the relay are grounded all the six NC
contacts of the six relays are connected in
parallel,now these parallel connected points are
connected to the second pin of IC 555 timer.
With the help of 10Kohm resistor,this is
connected in mono-stable (timer1) mode. Now
the output of this 555 IC is given to another
same IC i.e 555 IC timer which operates in
astable (timer2) mode. For knowing the status of
each IC 555,each is connected to LEDs.
Operational amplifier LM358 whose input pin
non inverting one is now fed with output from
the second IC. On the other hand, the inverting
pin, i.e pin22 of the operational amplifier is
connected to fix the voltage to preset to potential
divider. The voltage coming out from the
voltage divider at the pin number 2 is fixed in
such a way thatt it exceeds pin number 3 i.e non
inverting of operational amplifier which is used
as comparator in order that pin number one
gives 0 logic that doesn't succeed to operate the
relay with the help of driver transistor. The relay
which is used to disconnect the load is "3CO
relay"

IV.OPERATION
The common point of all six relay coils
disconnect from NC and moves to the NO
points, when each ch of the relay get DC Voltage,
On application of three phase supply to the
board. Pin number 02 of timer 1 is provided with
high voltage. On pressing any push button the active situation for very long duration to the
common contacts moves to the NC on providing timer-2.
2. Due to this longer active input the
logic low at trigger pin IC 555 i.e. timer-1.
timer As a output of timer-22 (astable state) from pin number
result of it, it develops an output at pin number 03 starts charging capacitor C via resistor R in
03.Timer-2 2 which is used in astable
asta mode is order that the output of comparator goes high.
given with this output. On providing the output These output drives the 3CO relay permanently
of timer-1 to timer-2. In timer-2,the
,the RESET pin switch ON and disconnect the loadconnected to
goes to high which is indicated by flashing LED. its NC contacts. For energizinging the above circuit
For temporary fault i.e. when we press push voltage regulator IC 7805 is used which give
button and release them immediately the timer-1 12V and 5V DC.
(mono-stable state) disables timer-2
timer outputs
which goes to zero.If any on the push button is
pressed for longer duration the timer-1
timer (mono-
stable state) output provides
V.COMPONENTS
The components that are used in this project
are follows:-

Transformer
This system is built using three single phase
transformers which are wired in star input and
star output, and 3 transformers are connected in
delta connections, having input 220 volt and
output at 12 volt
Timer
The 555 Timer is an integrated circuit
implementing a variety of timer &multi-vibrator
&multi
applications. Depending on the manufacturer,
manuf
the standards 555 package includes over 20
transistors, 2 diodes & 15 resistors on a silicon
chip installed in an 8-pin
pin mini dual-in-line
dual
package.
Voltage regulator
The LM78XX/LM78XXA series of three
terminal positive regulators are available. Each
type employs internal current limiting, thermal
shut down and safe operating area protection,
making it essentially indestructible.If adequate
heat sinking is provided they can deliver over
1A output current. These devices can be used
with external component
mponent to obtain adjustable
voltage and current.In In this project we used
voltage regulator IC 7805 to provide fix voltage
to IC circuit it has 3 pin
Comparator
A comparator is an electronic circuit, which
compares the two inputs that are applied to it
and produces an output. The output value of the
comparator indicates which of the inputs is
greater or lesser.
VI. HARDWARE
VI. CONCLUSION AND ANALYSIS
In order to develop automatic tripping
mechanism for three phase transient fault and
permanent faults this project is desig designed.
Transient faults remains for short duration so
this project gives ann effective mechanism for
reclosing
sing the circuit, hence this project helps in
providing reliable supply to the costumers. Also
for permanent faultslts this mechanism provide
permanent tripping
pping hence protects the
equipments from getting damaged
FUTURE SCOPE
This project can be extended to develop a
mechanism to send message to the authorities
via SMS by interfacing GSM module.
REFERENCE
1] S.Bakanagari1,A.M.Kumar,
gari1,A.M.Kumar, M.
Cheenya, ‘Three Phase Fault
Analysis with Auto Reset for
Temporary Fault and Trip for’,
Permanent Fault, November 2013
2] International Journal for scientific
research & Development
Development\ Vol. 3,
Issue 01, 2015 \ ISSN (online):
2321-0613,
0613, “Auto Reset and
Tripping Technique for Temporary
and Permanent Fault Analysis”.
3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_
leakage_circuit_breaker “Elektron”
4] D. C. Yu, D. Chen, S. Ramasamy
and D. G. Flinn, “A Windows
Based Graphical Package for
Symmetrical Components
Analysis”, IEEE Transactions on
Power Systems, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp
1742-1749, November 1995.

5] Jun Zhu. “Analysis of

Transmission System Faults the
Phase Domain”, Texas A&M
University. Master Thesis, 2004.
6] J.F.Sayyad, “analysis and
automatic rest of 3phase fault” ,
IJAREEIE, , 3march 2016

7] HAVRAN, F.J. 1999.” Fault

investigation on power
transmission system”. ESKOM.
Internal document: 38, 96-
99KELLER, P. 1998. Correct fault
analysis. Eskom internal
document.