THREE PHASE FAULT ANALYSIS WITH AUTO RESET FOR

TEMPORARY FAULT AND TRIP FOR PERMANENT FAULT

1. Syed Ahmed 2. CH. Pratyusha 3. K. Jaswanth 4. K. Pavan 5.CH.Satya 6. P. Naga Mahesh

Abstract – This paper to develop an automatic 1. INTRODUCTION

tripping mechanism for the three phase supply system.
Various studies have shown that anywhere from 70%,
The project output resets automatically after a brief
to as high as 90%, of faults on most overhead lines
interruption in the event temporary fault while it
are transient. A transient fault, such as an insulator
remains in tripped condition in case of permanent
flashover, is a fault which is cleared by the
fault. The electrical substation which supply the
immediate tripping of one or more circuit breakers to
power to the consumers, have failures due to some
isolate the fault, and which does not recur when the
faults which can be temporary or permanent. These
line is re-energized. Faults tend to be less transient
faults lead to substantial damage to the power system
(near the 80% range) at lower, distribution voltages
equipment. In India it is common, the faults might be
and more transient (near the90% range) at higher, sub
LG (Line to Ground), and LL (Line to Line), 3L
transmission and transmission voltages.
(Three lines) in the supply systems and these faults in
three phase supply system can affect the power
Lightning is the most common cause of transient
system. To overcome this problem a system is built,
faults, partially resulting from insulator flashover
which can sense these faults and automatically
from the high transient voltages induced by the
disconnects the supply to avoid large scale damage to
lightning. Other possible causes are swinging wires
the control gears in the grid sub-stations.
and temporary contact with foreign objects. Thus,
transient faults can be cleared by momentarily de-
This system is built using three single phase
energizing the line, in order to allow the fault to clear.
transformers which are wired in star input and star
Auto reclosing can then restore service to the line.
output, and 3 transformers are connected in delta
connections, having input 220 volt and output at 12
The remaining 10 - 30% of faults is semi-permanent
volt. This concept low voltage testing of fault
or permanent in nature. A small branch falling onto
conditions is followed as it is not advisable to create
the line can cause a semi-permanent fault. In this case,
on mains line. 555 timers are used for handling short
however, an immediate de-energizing of the line and
duration and long duration fault conditions. A set of
subsequent auto reclosing does not clear the fault.
switches are used to create the LL, LG and 3L fault
Instead, a coordinated time-delayed trip would allow
in low voltage side, for activating the tripping
the branch to be burned away without damage to the
mechanism. Short duration fault returns the supply to
system. Semi-permanent faults of this type are likely
the load immediately called as temporary trip while
to be most prevalent in highly wooded areas and can
long duration shall result in permanent trip.
be substantially controlled by aggressive line
clearance programs.
Keywords — transmission line, tripping
mechanism, 555 Timer, Voltage regulator (LM7805),
Permanent faults are those that will not clear upon
Relays, Comparator, Transformer (230 V– 12V AC)
tripping and reclosing. An example of a permanent
fault on an overhead line is a broken wire causing a
phase to open, or a broken pole causing the phases to Each sort utilizes inside current constraining, warm
short together. Faults on underground cables should shutdown Fig (a) Block graph of voltage controller
be considered permanent. 7805 and safe working range security, making it
basically indestructible. On the off chance that
Cable faults should be cleared without auto reclosing satisfactory warmth sinking is given, they can convey
and the damaged cable repaired before service is more than 1A yield Current
restored. There may be exceptions to this, as in the
case of circuits composed of both underground cables
and overhead lines.
Although auto reclosing success rates vary from one
company to another, it is clear that the majority of
faults can be successfully cleared by the proper use of
tripping and auto reclosing. This de-energizes the line
long enough for the fault source to pass and the fault
arc to de-energize, then automatically recloses the
line to restore service.

Thus, auto reclosing can significantly reduce the

outage time due to faults and provide a higher level Fig (a) Pin Diagram of Voltage Regulator 7805
of service continuity to the customer. Furthermore,
successful high-speed reclosing auto reclosing. on
2.2 Transformer
transmission circuits can be a major factor when
attempting to maintain system stability. For those A transformer is a static electrical device that
faults that are permanent, auto reclosing will reclose transfers electrical energy between two or more
the circuit into a fault that has not been cleared, circuits.
which may have adverse affects on system stability. A varying current in one coil of the transformer
produces a varying magnetic flux, which, in turn,
induces a varying electromotive force or voltage
2. COMPONENTS across a second coil wound around the same core.
It transforms home voltage (230/120 V) from
2.1. Voltage Regulator 7805
primary to a low voltage on the secondary side
Although designed primarily as fixed voltage which is used for the electronic supplying.
controllers, these gadgets can be utilized with outer
parts to get flexible voltages and streams. The
LM78XX/LM78XXA arrangements of three-terminal
positive controllers are accessible in the TO-220/D-
PAK bundle and with a few settled yield voltages,
making them valuable in a Wide scope of utilizations.
 Fig (b) Transformer
Step down Transformer
The step-down transformer converts the high voltage
(HV) and low current from the primary side to the
low voltage (LV) and high current value on the
secondary side.
A step down transformer is used to provide this low
voltage value which is suitable for electronics
supplying. It transforms home voltage (230/120 V)
from primary to a low voltage on the secondary side
which is used for the electronic supplying.
Step-down transformers are used in interconnection
of transmission systems with different voltage level.
They decrease voltage level from high to lower value
(e.g. 765/220 kV, 410/220 kV, 220/ 110 kV).
Fig (b1) Step down transformer
2.3 555 Timer
The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used
in a variety of timer, pulse generation, and oscillator
applications. The 555 can be used to provide time
delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element.
Derivatives provide two (556) or four (558) timing
circuits in one package. The 555 is still in widespread
use due to its low price, ease of use, and stability. It is
now made by many companies in the original bipolar
and in low-power CMOS technologies. As of 2003, it
was estimated that 1 billion units were manufactured
every year.
Contingent upon the producer, the standard 555
bundle incorporates more than 20 transistors, 2
diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip introduced in
a 8-stick smaller than usual double in-line bundle
(DIP-8).
Ultra-low power variants of the 555 are additionally
accessible, for example, the 7555 and TLC555. The
7555 is intended to bring about less supply glitching
than the exemplary 555 and the producer asserts that
it ordinarily does not require a "control" capacitor
and much of the time does not require a power supply
sidestep capacitor.

Fig (c) 555Timer
The 555 has three operating modes:
1. Monostable mode: In this mode, the 555
capacities as a "one-shot". Applications
include timers, missing pulse identification,
bounce free switches, touch switches,
frequency divider, capacitance measuring,
pulse-width modulation (PWM) etc.
Fig (c1) Monostable 555 Timer
2. Astable – free running mode: the 555 can
work as an oscillator. Application includes
LED and light flashers, pulse generation,
logic clocks, tone generation, security
alarms, pulse position modulation etc.
Fig (c2) Astable 555 timer
3. Bistable mode or Schmitt trigger: the 555
can work as a flip-flop, if the DIS pin is not
associated and no capacitor is used. Uses
include bounce free latched switches, and so
on.
2.4. Relays
A relay is an electrically worked switch. Many relay
utilize an electromagnet to work a switching
mechanism mechanically, however other working
principles are also used. Relays are utilized where it
is important to control a circuit by a low-control
motion (with complete electrical isolation among
control and controlled circuits), or where a few
circuits must be controlled by one signal. A relay is
an electrically worked switch. Current passing
through the coil of the relays make a magnetic field
which attracts a lever and changes the switch. The
current in a coil can be on or off so relays have two
switch positions and most have double throw
(changeover) switch contacts as shown in figure.
Relays permit one circuit to switch a second circuit
which can be totally separate from the first.

Most relays are designed for PCB mounting yet you

can patch wires straightforwardly to the pins
providing you take care to avoid melting the plastic
case of the relay.

Fig (d) Common Relays

For example a low voltage battery circuit can use a

relay to switch a 230V AC mains circuit. There is no
any electrical connection inside the relay among
between the two circuits; the link provides is
magnetic and mechanical. The coil of a relay passes a
relatively large current, typically 30mA for a 12V
relay; however, it can be as much as 100mA for
relays designed to work from lower voltages. Most Fig (e) Relay showing coil and switch contacts
ICs (chips) can't give this current and a transistor is
2.5. Diodes
typically used to amplify the small IC current to the
larger value required for the relay coil. The maximum Diodes are used to change over AC into DC these are

output current for 555 timer IC is 200mA so these utilized as half wave rectifier or full wave rectifier.

devices can supply relay coils directly without Three points must he remembered while utilizing any

amplification. type of diode.

Relays are normally SPDT or DPDT however they 1. Maximum forward current limit

can have many more arrangements of switch contacts, 2. Maximum turn around voltage limit

for example relays with 4 sets of changeover contacts 3. Maximum forward voltage limit

are readily available. For additional data about switch

contacts and the terms used to describe them please
The number and voltage limit of a portion of the
observe the page on switches.
important diodes accessible in the market are as per
the following:
• Diodes of number IN4001, IN4002, IN4003, and inductance, critical resistance, the value below
IN4004, IN4005, IN4006 and IN4007 have most which power dissipation limits the maximum allowed
extreme reverse bias voltage limit of 50V and current flow, and above which the limit is supplied
maximum forward current limit of 1 Amp. voltage.

Basic resistance depends upon the materials

• Diode of same capacities can be utilized as a part of
constituting the resistor and its physical
place of each other. Other than this diode of more can
measurements; it's determined by design.
be utilized as a part of place of diode of low capacity
however diode of low capacity can't be utilized as a
part of place of diode of high capacity. For example,
in place of IN4002; IN4001 or IN4007 can be utilized
but IN4001 or IN4002 can't be utilized as a part of
place of IN4007. The diode BY125made by
organization BEL is identical of diode from IN4001
to IN4003. BY 126 is identical to diodes IN4004 to
4006 and BY 127 is identical to diode IN4007. Fig (g) Resistor

2.7. Capacitors
A capacitor or condenser is an passive electronic
component consisting of a couple of conductors
isolated by a dielectric. At the point when a voltage
potential difference exists between the conductors, an
electric field is present in the dielectric. This
electrical field stores energy and produces a
mechanical force in between two plates. The effect is
greatest between wide, flat, parallel and narrowly
Fig (f) 1N4007 Diodes
separated of conductors.
2.6. Resistors
A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component
designed for restricts an electric current by creating a
voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to
the current that is, as per Ohm's law:
V = IR

The essential qualities of resistors are their resistance

and the power they can disperse. Different
characteristics include temperature coefficient, noise, Fig (h) capacitor
The properties of capacitors in a circuit may decide farads. This is the proportion of the electric charge on
the resonant frequency and quality factor of a every conductor the potential difference between
resonant circuit, power dissipation and operating them.
frequency in a digital logic circuit, energy capacity in
a high power system, and numerous other important
The capacitance value of capacitor is greatest when
aspects.
there is a narrow separation between large areas of
A capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a the conductor; hence capacitor conductors are called
device for storing electric charge. The types of useful as "plates", referring to an early means of
capacitors fluctuate broadly, however all contain no construction. In practice the dielectric between the
less than two conductors isolated by a non-conductor. plates passes a small value of leakage current and
Capacitors utilized as parts of electrical system, for also has an electric field strength limit, resulting in a
instance, comprise of metal foils isolated by a layer breakdown voltage, while the conductors and leads
of protecting film. introduce an undesired inductance and resistance.
Capacitors are broadly utilized as a part of electronic
circuits for blocking direct current while permitting
3. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
alternating current to pass, in filter networks, for
smoothing the output of power supplies, in the full
resonant circuit that tune radios to particular
frequencies and for some different purposes.

A capacitor is a passive electronic component

comprising of a couple of conductor isolated by a Fig 3(a) Block Diagram
dielectric (insulator). At the point when there is a
potential difference (voltage) over the conductors, a
static electric field creates in the dielectric that stores Working principle:
vitality and produces a mechanical force between the
The project uses 6numbers step-down transformers
conductors. A perfect capacitor is described by a
for handling the entire circuit under low voltage
single constant value, capacitance, measured in
conditions of 12v only to test the 3 phase fault
analysis. The primaries of 3 transformers are
connected to a 3 phase supply in star configuration,
while the secondary of the same is also connected in
star configuration. The other set of 3 transformers
with its primary connected in star to 3 phases have
their secondary’s connected in delta configuration.

The outputs of all the 6 transformers are rectified

and filtered individually and are given to 6 relay coils.
6 push buttons, one each connected across the relay
coil is meant to create a fault condition either at star
i.e. LL Fault or 3L Fault. The NC contacts of all the Fig 3(b) Proposed Schematic diagram

relays are made parallel while all the common points This relay Q1 is ‘3CO’ relay i.e. is meant for
are grounded. The parallel connected point of NC is disconnecting the load to indicate fault conditions
given to pin2 through a resistor R5 to a 555 timer i.e.
wired in mono stable mode. Operating Procedure:

The output of the same timer is connected to the reset

The project utilizes 6 numbers step down
pin 4 of another 555 timer wired in astable mode.
transformers for of the whole circuit under low
LED’S are connected at their output to indicate their
voltage conditions of 12v just to test the 3 phase fault
status. The output of the U3 555 timer from pin3 is
examination. The primary side of 3 transformers is
given to an Op-amp LM358 through wire 11 and d12
associated with a 3 stage supply in star arrangement,
to the non inverting input pin3, while the inverting
while the secondary of the same is also associated in
input is kept at a fixed voltage by a potential divider
star arrangement. The other arrangement of 3
RV2.
transformers with its primary associated in star to 3

The voltage at pin2 coming from the potential divider phases has their secondary's associated in delta

is so held that it is higher than the pin3 of the Op- configuration. The output of all 6 transformers is

amp used as a comparator so that pin1 develops zero rectified and filtered individually and is given to 6

logic that fails to operate the relay through the driver relay coils. 6 push switches, one each connected

transistor Q1. across the relay coil is meant to make a fault

condition either at star i.e. LL Fault or 3L Fault.
The output of Op-amp stays high indefinitely through
a positive feedback given for its pin1 to pin3 through The NC contacts of the entire relay are made parallel

a forward biased diode and a resistor in series. This while all the common points are grounded. The

outcomes in the relay for permanently switched to parallel connected point of NC is given to pin2

disengage the load connected at its NC contacts through a resistor R5 to a 555 timer i.e. wired in

permanently off. mono-stable mode. The output of a similar timer is

connected to the reset pin 4 of another 555 timer in
astable mode. LED'S are connected at their output to
show their status either on or off. The output of the
U3 555 timer from pin3 is given to an operational
amplifier LM358 through wire 11 and d12 to the non
altering input of pin3, while the inverting input is
kept at a settled potential by a potential divider RV2.
The potential at pin2 coming from the potential
divider is held to the point that it is higher than the
pin3 of the operational amplifier used as a
comparator so that pin1 develops zero logic that fails
to work the relay through the driver transistor Q1.
This relay Q1 is "3CO" relay i.e. is meant for
disconnecting the load to indicate fault conditions.
While any push catch over the relay is pressed it
disconnects that relay and in the process in common
contacts moves to the NC position to give a logic low
at trigger pin of 555 timer to build up a output that
brings the U3 555 timer, which is used as a part of
astable mode for its reset pin to high such that the
astable operation takes place at its output and which
is shows appears by flashing D11 LED. In the fault is
off temporary in nature i.e. if the push button pressed
is released instantly the U1 mono-stable disables U3
the output of which goes to zero in case of any push
button kept pressed for a longer duration the mono-
stable output gives a longer duration active situation
for U3 the astable timer the output of which charges
capacitor C13 through R11 such that the output of the
comparator goes to high that drives the relay to turn
off three phase load.
The output of Op-amp stays high indefinitely through
a positive feedback given for its pin1 to pin3 through
a forward biased diode and a resistor in series. This
outcomes in the relay for permanently switched to
disengage the load connected at its NC contacts
permanently off. In order to maintain or keep up flow
of DC supply the star connected set DC'S are
paralleled through D8, D9 and D10 for continuous
supply to the circuit DC voltage of 12v and DC
voltage of 5v derived out of voltage regulator IC
7805.
4. CONCLUSION
This project is designed in the form of Hardware for
three single phase transformers 230v to 12V of
output for to develop an automatic tripping
mechanism for the three phase supply system while
temporary fault and permanent fault occurs. Here we
used 555 timers with relay for the fault which is
temporary or permanent.
Short duration fault returns the supply to the load
immediately called as temporary trip while long
duration shall result in permanent trip.
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors want to acknowledge principal. Head of the
department and guide of the project for all the
support and help rendered. To express profound [7] D. C. Yu, D. Chen, S. Ramasamy and D. G. Flinn,
feeling of appreciation to their regarded guardians for “A Windows Based Graphical Package for
giving the motivation required to finishing the paper. Symmetrical Components Analysis”, IEEE
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp
to my guide who gave me the golden opportunity to 1742-1749, November 1995.
do this wonderful project , which also helped me in
doing a lot of Research and I came to know about so
many new things I am really thankful to them.
Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and
friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project
within the limited time frame.

6. REFERENCES

[1] Kimbark, Edward Wilson, ScD; Power System

Stability; John Wiley & Sons, Inc., N.Y., London

[2] HAVRAN, F.J. 1999. Fault investigation on

power transmission system. ESKOM. Internal
document: 38, 96- 99KELLER, P. 1998. Correct fault
analysis. Eskom internal document Turan Gonen,
“Electric Power Transmission System Engineering,
Analysis and Design”, Crc Press Taylor and Francis
Group.

[3] Turan Gonen, “Electric Power Transmission

System Engineering, Analysis and Design”, Crc
Press Taylor and Francis Group.

[4] Paul M. Anderson, “Analysis of Faulted Power

Systems”, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers, Inc., 1995.

[5] Miroslav D. Markovic, “Fault Analysis in Power

Systems by Using the Fortescue Method”, TESLA
Institute, 2009.
[6] Jun Zhu. “Analysis Of Transmission System
Faults the Phase Domain”, Texas A&M University.
Master Thesis, 2004.