Solution 12 Calculas & Vectors

CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Calculus
Review of Prerequisite Skills, pp. 2–3 y 2 4 5 21(x 2 (22))
y 2 4 5 2x 2 2
27 2 5 x1y2250
1. a. m 5
622 e. x 5 23
5 23 f. y 5 5
4 2 (24) 3. a. f(2) 5 26 1 5
b. m 5
21 2 3 5 21
5 22 b. f(2) 5 (8 2 2)(6 2 6)
420 50
c. m 5
120 c. f(2) 5 23(4) 1 2(2) 2 1
54 5 29
420 d. f(2) 5 (10 1 2)2
d. m 5
21 2 0 5 144
5 24 210
4 2 4.41 4. a. f(210) 5
e. m 5 100 1 4
22 2 (22.1) 5
52
5 24.1 52
21 2 1 23
f. m 5 7 4 3 4 b. f(23) 5
4 2 4 914
2 3
2 52
4 13
5 0
1 c. f(0) 5
1 014
52 50
2
2. a. Substitute the given slope and y-intercept into 10
d. f(10) 5
y 5 mx 1 b. 100 1 4
y 5 4x 2 2 5
5
b. Substitute the given slope and y-intercept into 52
"3 2 x, if x , 0
y 5 mx 1 b.
5. f(x) 5 •
"3 1 x, if x $ 0
y 5 22x 1 5
c. The slope of the line is
12 2 6 a. f(233) 5 6
m5
4 2 (21) b. f(0) 5 "3
6
5 c. f(78) 5 9
d. f(3) 5 "6
5
The equation of the line is in the form
y 2 y1 5 m(x 2 x1 ). The point is (21, 6) and 1
, if 23 , t , 0
6. s(t) 5 μ
m 5 65. t
The equation of the line is y 2 6 5 65 (x 1 1) or 5, if t 5 0
y 5 65 (x 1 1) 1 6. t3, if t . 0
824 1
d. m5 a. s(22) 5 2
26 2 (22) 2
5 21 b. s(21) 5 21
Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-1
c. s(0) 5 5 V(120) 2 V(60) 0 2 1200
5
d. s(1) 5 1 120 2 60 60
e. s(100) 5 1003 or 106 5 220 L>min
7. a. (x 2 6)(x 1 2) 5 x 2 2 4x 2 12
b. (5 2 x)(3 1 4x) 5 15 1 17x 2 4x 2 b. To estimate the instantaneous rate of change in
c. x(5x 2 3) 2 2x(3x 1 2) 5 5x 2 2 3x 2 6x 2 2 4x volume after exactly 60 minutes, calculate the average
5 2x 2 2 7x
rate of change in volume from minute 59 to minute 61.
d. (x 2 1)(x 1 3) 2 (2x 1 5)(x 2 2) V(61) 2 V(59) 1186.56 2 1213.22
8
5 x 2 1 2x 2 3 2 (2x 2 1 x 2 10) 61 2 59 2
5 2x 2 1 x 1 7 5 213.33 L>min
e. (a 1 2)3 5 (a 1 2)(a 1 2)(a 1 2) c. The instantaneous rate of change in volume is
5 (a 2 1 4a 1 4)(a 1 2) negative for 0 # t # 120 because the volume of
5 a 3 1 6a 2 1 12a 1 8 water in the hot tub is always decreasing during that
f. (9a 2 5)3 5 (9a 2 5)(9a 2 5)(9a 2 5) time period, a negative change.
5 (81a 2 2 90a 1 25)(9a 2 5) 12. a., b. y
8
5 729a 3 2 1215a 2 1 675a 2 125
8. a. x 2 x 5 x(x 2 2 1)
3
5 x(x 1 1)(x 2 1) 4
2
b. x 1 x 2 6 5 (x 1 3)(x 2 2) x
c. 2x 2 2 7x 1 6 5 (2x 2 3)(x 2 2) 0
–2 2 4 6
d. x 3 1 2x 2 1 x 5 x(x 2 1 2x 1 1)
5 x(x 1 1)(x 1 1) –4
e. 27x 2 64 5 (3x 2 4)(9x 2 1 12x 1 16)
3
f. 2x 3 2 x 2 2 7x 1 6 –8
x 5 1 is a zero, so x 2 1 is a factor. Synthetic or
long division yields The slope of the tangent line is 28.
2x 3 2 x 2 2 7x 1 6 5 (x 2 1)(2x 2 1 x 2 6) c. The instantaneous rate of change in f(x) when
5 (x 2 1)(2x 2 3)(x 1 2) x 5 5 is 28.
9. a. 5xPR 0 x $ 256
b. 5xPR6 1.1 Radical Expressions:
c. 5xPR 0 x 2 16
d. 5xPR 0 x 2 06
Rationalizating Denominators, p. 9
e. 2x 2 2 5x 2 3 5 (2x 1 1)(x 2 3) 1. a. 2"3 1 4
e xPR ` x 2 2 , 3 f b. "3 2 "2
1
c. 2"3 1 "2
2
f. 5xPR 0 x 2 25, 22, 16
10. a. h(0) 5 2, h(1) 5 22.1 d. 3"3 2 "2
22.1 2 2 e. "2 1 "5
average rate of change 5
120 f. 2"5 2 2"2
5 20.1 m> s
"3 1 "5 "2
b. h(1) 5 22.1, h(2) 5 32.4 2. a. ?
32.4 2 22.1 "2 "2
221 "6 1 "10
5
5 10.3 m> s 2
11. a. The average rate of change during the second 2"3 2 3"2 "2
hour is the difference in the volume at t 5 120 and b. ?
"2 "2
t 5 60 (since t is measured in minutes), divided by
the difference in time. 2"6 2 6
5
2
5 "6 2 3
1-2 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

4"3 1 3"2 "3 3"3 2 2"2 3"3 2 2"2
c. ? f. ?
2"3 "3 3"3 1 2"2 3"3 2 2"2
12 1 3"6 27 2 12"6 1 8
5 5
6 27 2 8
4 1 "6 35 2 12"6
5 5
2 19
3"5 2 "2 "2
d. ? "5 2 1 "5 1 1
"2 4. a. ?
"5 1 1
2"2 4
3"10 2 2 521
5 5
4 4("5 1 1)
3 "5 1 "2 1
3. a. ?
"5 2 "2 "5 1 "2 !5 1 1
5
3("5 1 "2 ) 2 2 3"2 2 1 3"2

5 b. ?
3 2 2 1 3"2
5 "5 1 "2 5
4 2 18
2"5 2"5 2 3"2 2( 2 1 3"2 )
b. ?
2"5 1 3"2 2"5 2 3"2 27
5
20 2 6"10 2 1 3"2
5
20 2 18 "5 1 2 "5 2 2
c. ?
5 10 2 3"10 2"5 2 1 "5 2 2
"3 2 "2 "3 2 "2
524
5
c. ?
"3 1 "2 "3 2 "2
10 2 5"5 1 2
1
12 2 5 !5
3 1 2"6 1 2 5
5
322
8"2 "20 1 "18
5 5 1 2"6 5. a. ?
"20 2 "18 "20 1 "18
2"5 2 8 2"5 2 3
d. ? 8"40 1 8"36
2"5 1 3 2"5 2 3 5
20 2 18
20 2 22"5 1 24 16"10 1 48
5 5
20 2 9 2
44 2 22"5 5 8"10 1 24
5
11
8"2 2"5 1 3"2
5 4 2 2"5 b. ?
2"5 2 3"2 2"5 1 3"2
2"3 2 "2 5"2 2 "3
e. ? 16"10 1 48
5"2 1 "3 5"2 2 "3 5
20 2 18
10"6 2 6 2 10 1 "6
5 16"10 1 48
50 2 3 5
2
11"6 2 16
5 5 8"10 1 24
47
c. The expressions in the two parts are equivalent.
The radicals in the denominator of part a. have been
simplified in part b.

2"2 2"3 1 "8 "a 2 2 "a 1 2
6. a. ? 7. a. ?
2"3 2 "8 2"3 1 "8 a24 "a 1 2
4"6 1 8 a24
5
5
628 ( a 2 4 )("a 2 2)
5 22"3 2 4 1
5
2"6 2"27 1 "8 "a 2 2
"x 1 4 2 2 "x 1 4 1 2
b. ?
2"27 2 "8 2"27 1 "8 b. ?
4"162 1 2"48 x "x 1 4 1 2
5 x1424
54 2 8 5
36"2 1 8"3 x("x 1 4 1 2)
5 x
46 5
18"2 1 4"3 x("x 1 4 1 2)
5 1
23 5
2"2 "x 1 4 2 2
!x 1 h 2 !x !x 1 h 1 !x
c.
"16 2 "12
!x 1 h 1 !x
c. ?
h
2"2 4 1 2"3
5 ? x1h2x
hA !x 1 h 1 !xB
4 2 2"3 4 1 2"3 5
8"2 1 4"6 h
5
hA !x 1 h 1 !xB
5
16 2 12
5 2"2 1 "6 1
!x 1 h 1 !x
5
3"2 1 2"3 "12 1 "8
d. ?
"12 2 "8 "12 1 "8
1.2 The Slope of a Tangent, pp. 18–21
3"24 1 12 1 12 1 2"24
5 28 2 7
12 2 8 1. a. m 5
23 2 2
24 1 15"3 53
5
4
27 2 3
3 !5 4 !3 1 5!2 b. m 5 7 2 1 2
2 2 2
4!3 2 5 !2 4 !3 1 5!2
e. ?
2 102
5 6
12"15 1 15"10 2
5
48 2 50 5
52
12"15 1 15"10 3
52 21 2 (22.6)
2 c. m 5
"18 1 "12 "18 1 "12 1.5 2 6.3
f. ? 1
"18 2 "12 "18 1 "12 52
3
18 1 2"216 1 12 2. a. The slope of the given line is 3, so the slope
5
18 2 12 of a line perpendicular to the given line is 2 13.
30 1 12"6 b. 13x 2 7y 2 11 5 0
5 27y 5 213x 2 11
6
13 11
5 5 1 2"6 y5 x1
7 7
13
The slope of the given line is 7 , so the slope of a line
perpendicular to the given line is 2 137 .
2 53 2 (24) y
3. a. m 5 5 4
3 2 (24)
7
5 3 2
17
3
x
7
5 –2 0 2 4 6
17
7 –2
y 2 (24) 5 (x 2 (24))
17
17y 1 68 5 7x 1 28 –4
7x 2 17y 2 40 5 0
y
d. The line is a vertical line because both points
4
have the same x-coordinate.
x55
2
y
4
–2 0 2 4 6 x
2
–2
x
–2 0 2 4 6
–4
–2
b. The slope and y-intercept are given.
y 5 8x 1 6 –4
y
8
(5 1 h)3 2 125
4. a.
4 h
(5 1 h 2 5)((5 1 h)2 1 5(5 1 h) 1 25)
x 5
h
–4 –2 0 2 4 h(75 1 15h 1 h ) 2
5
–4 h
5 75 1 15h 1 h 2
(3 1 h)4 2 81
–8 b.
h
((3 1 h)2 2 9)((3 1 h)2 1 9)
c. (0, 23), (5, 0) 5
h
0 2 (23) (9 1 6h 1 h 2 9)(9 1 6h 1 h 2 1 9)
2
m5 5
520 h
3 5 (6 1 h)(18 1 6h 1 h 2 )
5
5 5 108 1 54h 1 12h 2 1 h 3
3 1
21 1212h 1
y 2 0 5 (x 2 5) c. 1 1 h 5 52
5 h h(1 1 h) 11h
3x 2 5y 2 15 5 0 2 2
3(1 1 h) 2 3 3((1 1 h) 2 1)
d. 5
h h
3(1 1 2h 1 h 2 2 1)
5
h

3(2h 1 h2 ) 7. a. P Q Slope of Line PQ
5
h (2, 8) (3, 27) 19
5 6 1 3h (2, 8) (2.5, 15.625) 15.25
(2, 8) (2.1, 9.261) 12.61
3 12 2 12 2 3h
4 1 h 2 34 4 (4 1 h)
(2, 8) (2.01, 8.120 601) 12.060 1
e. 5 (2, 8) (1, 1) 7
h h
23 (2, 8) (1.5, 3.375) 9.25
5 (2, 8) (1.9, 6.859) 11.41
4(4 1 h)
(2, 8) (1.99, 7.880 599) 11.940 1
21 22 1 2 1 h
2 1 h 1 12 2 (2 1 h)
f. 5 b. 12
h h
h c. (2, 8), ((2 1 h), (2 1 h)3 )
5 (2 1 h)3 2 8
2h(2 1 h) m5
1 21h22
5 8 1 12h 1 6h 2 1 h 3 2 8
4 1 2h 5
"16 1 h 2 4
h
16 1 h 2 16 5 12 1 6h 1 h 2
5. a. 5
h h( "16 1 h 1 4) d. m 5 lim (12 1 6h 1 h 2 )
hS0
1 5 12
5
"16 1 h 1 4 e. They are the same.
"h 1 5h 1 4 2 2 y
2 f.
h 2 1 5h 1 4 2 4
b. 5 12
h h("h 2 1 5h 1 4 1 2 )
h15 8
5
"h 1 5h 1 4 1 2
2
"5 1 h 2 "5 51h25 4

c. 5
h h ("5 1 h 1 "5 ) x
1 –4 –2 0 2 4
5
"5 1 h 1 "5 –4
6. a. P(1, 3), Q(1 1 h, f(1 1 h)), f(x) 5 3x 2
3(1 1 h)2 2 3 8. a. y 5 3x 2, (22, 12)
m5
h 3(22 1 h)2 2 12
m 5 lim
5 6 1 3h hS0 h
b. P(1, 3), Q(1 1 h, (1 1 h)3 1 2) 12 2 12h 1 3h 2 2 12
5 lim
(1 1 h)3 1 2 2 3 hS0 h
m5
h 5 lim (212 1 3h)
hS0
1 1 3h 1 3h 2 1 h 3 2 1 5 212
5
h b. y 5 x 2 2 x at x 5 3, y 5 6.
5 3 1 3h 1 h 2 (3 1 h)2 2 (3 1 h) 2 6
c. P(9, 3), Q (9 1 h, "9 1 h )
m 5 lim
hS0 h
"9 1 h 2 3 "9 1 h 1 3
9 1 6h 1 h 2 2 3 2 h 2 6
5 lim
m5 ?
"9 1 h 1 3
hS0 h
h
5 lim (5 1 h)
1 hS0
5
"9 1 h 1 3
55

c. y 5 x 3 at x 5 22, y 5 28. 22
5 lim
(22 1 h)3 1 8 hS0 41h
m 5 lim 1
hS0 h 52
28 1 12h 2 6h 2 1 h 3 1 8 2
5 lim
hS0 h 1 1
c. y 5 at x 5 3; y 5
5 lim (12 2 6h 1 h 2 ) x12 5
hS0 1 1
5 12 2
m 5 lim 5 1 h 5
9. a. y 5 "x 2 2; (3, 1) hS0 h
"3 1 h 2 2 2 1 5 lim
21
m 5 lim hS0 5(5 1 h)
hS0 h
"1 1 h 2 1 "1 1 h 1 1
1
52
5 lim £ 3 § 10
hS0 h "1 1 h 1 1 11. a. Let y 5 f(x).
1 f(2) 5 (2)2 2 3(2) 5 4 2 6 5 22
5 lim
hS0 "1 1h11 f(2 1 h) 5 (2 1 h)2 2 3(2 1 h)
1 Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope
5
2 of the tangent at x 5 2 is
b. y 5 "x 2 5 at x 5 9, y 5 2 f(2 1 h) 2 f(2)
"9 1 h 2 5 2 2
m 5 lim
hS0 h
m 5 lim
hS0 h (2 1 h)2 2 3(2 1 h) 2 (22)
5 lim
"4 1 h 2 2 "4 1 h 1 2 hS0 h
5 lim £ 3 § 4 1 4h 1 h 2 2 6 2 3h 1 2
hS0 h "4 1 h 1 2 5 lim
hS0 h
1 h2 1 h
5 lim
hS0 "4
5 lim
1h12 hS0 h
1 5 lim (h 1 1)
5 hS0
4 5011
c. y 5 "5x 2 1 at x 5 2, y 5 3 51
"10 1 5h 2 1 2 3 Therefore, the slope of the tangent to
m 5 lim
hS0 h y 5 f(x) 5 x 2 2 3x at x 5 2 is 1.
"9 1 5h 2 3 "9 1 5h 1 3
4
5 lim £ §
b. f(22) 5 5 22
3 22
hS0 h "9 1 5h 1 3 4
5 f(22 1 h) 5
5 lim 22 1 h
hS0 "9 1 5h 1 3 Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope
5
6 f(22 1 h) 2 f(22)
8 m 5 lim
10. a. y 5 at (2, 4) hS0 h
x
4
8
24 2 (22)
m 5 lim 2 1 h 5 lim 22 1 h
hS0 h hS0 h
24 4
5 lim 12
hS0 2 1 h 22 1 h
5 lim
5 22 hS0 h
5 lim c ? d
8 4 2 4 1 2h 1
b. y 5 at x 5 1; y 5 2
31x hS0 22 1 h h
5 lim c ? d
8
22 2h 1
m 5 lim 4 1 h
hS0 h hS0 22 1 h h
2 1
!0 1 9 1 3
5 lim 5
hS0 22 1 h
2 1
5 5
22 1 0 313
5 21 1
4 5
Therefore, the slope of the tangent to f(x) 5 x at 6
x 5 22 is 21. Therefore, the slope of the tangent to
c. Let y 5 f(x). y 5 f(x) 5 !x 2 7 at x 5 16 is 16.
e. Let y 5 f(x).
f(1) 5 3(1)3 5 3
f(1 1 h) 5 3(1 1 h)3 f(3) 5 "25 2 (3)2 5 !25 2 9 5 4
Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope f(3 1 h) 5 "25 2 (3 1 h)2
of the tangent at x 5 1 is 5 "25 2 (9 1 6h 1 h 2 )
f(1 1 h) 2 f(1)
m 5 lim 5 "25 2 9 2 6h 2 h 2
5 "16 2 6h 2 h 2
hS0 h
3(1 1 h)3 2 3
5 lim Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope
hS0 h
Using the binomial formula to expand (1 1 h)3 (or of the tangent at x 5 3 is
one could simply expand using algebra), the slope m is f(3 1 h) 2 f(3)
m 5 lim
3(h 3 1 3h 2 1 3h 1 1) 2 (3) hS0 h
5 lim
h "16 2 6h 2 h 2 2 4
hS0 5 lim
3 2
3h 1 9h 1 9h 1 3 2 3 hS0 h
"16 2 6h 2 h 2 2 4
5 lim
5 lim c
hS0 h
3h 3 1 9h 2 1 9h hS0 h
5 lim
h "16 2 6h 2 h 2 1 4
d
hS0
3
"16 2 6h 2 h 2 1 4
5 lim (3h 2 1 9h 1 9)
hS0
5 3(0) 1 9(0) 1 9 16 2 6h 2 h 2 2 16
5 lim
59 hS0 h("16 2 6h 2 h 2 1 4)
Therefore, the slope of the tangent to h(26 2 h)
y 5 f(x) 5 3x 3 at x 5 1 is 9. 5 lim
d. Let y 5 f(x).
hS0 h("16 2 6h 2 h 2 1 4)
f(16) 5 !16 2 7 5 !9 5 3
26 2 h
5 lim
f(16 1 h) 5 !16 1 h 2 7 5 !h 1 9
hS0 "16 2 6h 2 h 2 1 4
26 2 0
Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope 5
of the tangent at x 5 16 is "16 2 6(0) 2 (0)2 1 4
f(16 1 h) 2 f(16) 26
!16 1 4
m 5 lim 5
hS0 h
!h 1 9 2 3 5
26
5 lim 8
hS0 h
!h 1 9 2 3 !h 1 9 1 3 52
3
!h 1 9 1 3
5 lim ? 4
hS0 h
(h 1 9) 2 9 Therefore, the slope of the tangent to
hS0 h( !h 1 9 1 3)
5 lim y 5 f(x) 5 "25 2 x 2 at x 5 3 is 2 34.
h f. Let y 5 f(x).
hS0 h( !h 1 9 1 3)
5 lim 418 12
f(8) 5 5 52
1 822 6
hS0 !h 1 9 1 3
5 lim 4 1 (8 1 h) 12 1 h
f(8 1 h) 5 5
(8 1 h) 2 2 61h

Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope 5 lim (3 1 h)
hS0
of the tangent at x 5 8 is
53
f(8 1 h) 2 f(8)
m 5 lim The slope of the tangent is 3.
hS0 h y 2 1 5 3(x 2 3)
12 1 h
22 3x 2 y 2 8 5 0
5 lim 6 1 h (2 1 h)2 2 7(2 1 h) 1 12 2 2
hS0 h 16. m 5 lim
12 1 h 2 12 2 2h 1 hS0 h
5 lim ? 2
4 1 4h 1 h 2 14 2 7h 1 10
hS0 61h h 5 lim
2h 1 hS0 h
5 lim ? 2
hS0 6 1 h h 23h 1 h
5 lim
21 hS0 h
5 lim
hS0 6 1 h 5 lim ( 2 3 1 h)
hS0
21
5 5 23
610
The slope of the tangent is 23.
1
52 When x 5 2, y 5 2.
6 y 2 2 5 23(x 2 2)
Therefore, the slope of the tangent to 3x 1 y 2 8 5 0
41x 17. a. f(3) 5 9 2 12 1 1 5 22; (3, 22)
y 5 f(x) 5 x 2 2 at x 5 8 is 2 16.
b. f(5) 5 25 2 20 1 1 5 6; (5, 6)
12. y c. The slope of secant AB is
8 6 2 (22)
mAB 5
A 523
4 8
5
x 2
–4 0 4 8
54
The equation of the secant is
–4 y 2 y1 5 mAB (x 2 x1 )
y 1 2 5 4(x 2 3)
y 5 "25 2 x 2 S Semi-circle centre (0, 0) y 5 4x 2 14
rad 5, y $ 0 d. Calculate the slope of the tangent.
OA is a radius. f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
The slope of OA is 43. m 5 lim
hS0 h
The slope of tangent is 2 34. (x 1 h)2 2 4(x 1 h) 1 1 2 (x2 2 4x 1 1)
13. Take values of x close to the point, then 5 lim
hS0 h
Dy
determine Dx. x2 1 2xh 1 h2 2 4x 2 4h 1 1 2 x2 1 4x 2 1
5 lim
14. hS0 h
2xh 1 h2 2 4h
5 lim
hS0 h
5 lim (2x 1 h 2 4)
hS0
5 2x 1 0 2 4
Since the tangent is horizontal, the slope is 0. 5 2x 2 4
(3 1 h)2 2 3(3 1 h) 1 1 2 1 When x 5 3, the slope is 2(3) 2 4 5 2. So the
15. m 5 lim
hS0 h equation of the tangent at A(3, 22) is
9 1 6h 1 h2 2 9 2 3h y 2 y1 5 m(x 2 x1 )
5 lim y 1 2 5 2(x 2 3)
hS0 h
3h 1 h2 y 5 2x 2 8
5 lim
hS0 h

e. When x 5 5, the slope of the tangent is 20. C(t) 5 100t 2 1 400t 1 5000
2(5) 2 4 5 6. Slope at t 5 6
So the equation of the tangent at B(5, 6) is Cr(t) 5 200t 1 400
y 2 y1 5 m(x 2 x1 ) Cr(6) 5 1200 1 400 5 1600
y 2 6 5 6(x 2 5) Increasing at a rate of 1600 papers per month.
y 5 6x 2 24 21. Point on f(x) 5 3x 2 2 4x tangent parallel to
18. a. y 5 8x. Therefore, tangent line has slope 8.
3(h 1 a)2 2 4(h 1 a) 2 3(a 2 1 4a)
P m 5 lim 58
hS0 h
3h 2 1 6ah 2 4h
lim 58
hS0 h
The slope is undefined.
b. 6a 2 4 5 8
a52
The point has coordinates (2, 4).
P 1 4
22. y 5 x 3 2 5x 2
3 x
The slope is 0. 1 1 1
(a 1 h)2 2 a 3 5 a 2h 1 ah 2 1 h 3
c. 3 3 3
P
lim aa 2 1 ah 1 h3 b 5 a 2
1
hS0 3
(a 1 h) 2 (2a)
5 lim 2 5 25
hS0 h
The slope is about –2.5. 4 4 4a 1 4a 1 4h
d. 2 1 52
a1h a a(a 1 h)
4 4
P lim 5 2
hS0 a(a 1 h) a
4
m 5 a2 2 5 1 2 5 0
The slope is about 1. a
e. a 4 2 5a 2 1 4 5 0
(a 2 4)(a 2 2 1) 5 0
2
P a 5 62, a 5 61
Points on the graph for horizontal tangents are:
( 22, 283) , ( 21, 263) , ( 1, 2 263) , ( 2, 2 283) .
The slope is about 2 78. 1
f. There is no tangent at this point. 23. y 5 x 2 and y 5 2 x 2
2
20 1
19. D(p) 5 , p . 1 at (5, 10)
"p 2 1 x2 5 2 x2
2
20 1
2 10
!4 1 h x2 5
m 5 lim 4
hS0 h 1 1
2 2 "4 1 h 2 1 "4 1 h
x 5 or x 5 2
2 2
5 10 lim 3
hS0 h"4 1 h 2 1 "4 1 h The points of intersection are
4242h P( 12, 14) , Q( 2 12, 14) .
5 10 lim
h"4 1 h( 2 1 "4 1 h )
hS0
Tangent to y 5 x2:
(a 1 h)2 2 a 2
10 m 5 lim
52 hS0 h
8 2ah 1 h 2
5 5 lim
52 hS0 h
4 5 2a.
The slope of the tangent at a 5 12 is 1 5 mp,
5 lim c
4a 2 1 8ah 1 4h 2 1 5a 1 5h 2 2
at a 5 2 12 is 21 5 mq. hS0 h
d
Tangents to y 5 12 2 x 2: 24a 2 2 5a 1 2
1
S 12 2 (a 1 h)2 T 2 S 12 2 a 2 T h
m 5 lim 8ah 1 4h 2 1 5h
hS0 h 5 lim
2 hS0 h
22ah 2 h
5 lim 5 lim (8a 1 4h 1 5)
hS0 h hS0
5 22a. 5 8a 1 4(0) 1 5
The slope of the tangents at a 5 12 is 21 5 Mp; 5 8a 1 5
at a 5 2 12 is 1 5 Mq b. To be parallel, the point on the parabola and the
line must have the same slope. So, first find the
mpMp 5 21 and mqMq 5 21
slope of the line. The line 10x 2 2y 2 18 5 0 can
Therefore, the tangents are perpendicular at the
be rewritten as
points of intersection.
22y 5 18 2 10x
24. y 5 23x 3 2 2x, (21, 5)
18 2 10x
23(21 1 h)3 2 2(21 1 h) 2 5 y5
m 5 lim 22
hS0 h
y 5 29 1 5x
23(21 1 3h 2 3h2 1 h3 ) 1 2 2 2h 2 5 y 5 5x 2 9
5 lim
hS0 h So, the slope, m, of the line 10x 2 2y 2 18 5 0 is 5.
23(21 1 3h 2 3h 1 h3 ) 1 2 2 2h 2 5
2
To be parallel, the slope at a must equal 5. From
5 lim part a., the slope of the tangent to the parabola at
hS0 h
x 5 a is 8a 1 5.
3 2 9h 1 9h 2 3h3 1 2 2 2h 2 5
2
5 lim 8a 1 5 5 5
hS0 h
8a 5 0
211h 1 9h 2 3h3
2
a50
5 lim
hS0 h Therefore, at the point (0, 22) the tangent line is
5 lim (211 1 9h 2 3h2 ) parallel to the line 10x 2 2y 2 18 5 0.
hS0 c. To be perpendicular, the point on the parabola
5 211 and the line must have slopes that are negative
The slope of the tangent is 211. reciprocals of each other. That is, their product must
We want the line that is parallel to the tangent (i.e.
equal 21. So, first find the slope of the line. The
has slope 211) and passes through (2, 2). Then,
line x 2 35y 1 7 5 0 can be rewritten as
y 2 2 5 211(x 2 2)
235y 5 2x 2 7
y 5 211x 1 24
2x 2 7
25. a. Let y 5 f(x). y5
235
f(a) 5 4a 2 1 5a 2 2 1 7
f(a 1 h) 5 4(a 1 h)2 1 5(a 1 h) 2 2 y5 x1
35 35
5 4(a 2 1 2ah 1 h 2 ) 1 5a 1 5h 2 2 So, the slope, m, of the line x 2 35y 1 7 5 0 is 351 .
5 4a 2 1 8ah 1 4h 2 1 5a 1 5h 2 2 To be perpendicular, the slope at a must equal
Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope the negative reciprocal of the slope of the line
of the tangent at x 5 a is x 2 35y 1 7 5 0. That is, the slope of a must equal
f(a 1 h) 2 f(a) 235. From part a., the slope of the tangent to the
m 5 lim parabola at x 5 a is 8a 1 5.
hS0 h
8a 1 5 5 235
5 lim c
4a 2 1 8ah 1 4h 2 1 5a 1 5h 2 2
hS0 h 8a 5 240
a 5 25
d
(4a 2 1 5a 2 2)
2 Therefore, at the point (25, 73) the tangent line is
h
perpendicular to the line x 2 35y 1 7 5 0.

1.3 Rates of Change, pp. 29–31 5 32(6) 2 24(5)
5 24(8 2 5)
1. v(t) 5 0 when t 5 0 or t 5 4. 5 72 km>h
s(9) 2 s(2) ii. from t 5 3 to t 5 3.1
2. a. 7
. Slope of the secant between the
s(3.1) 2 s(3)
points (2, s(2)) and (9, s(9)). 0.1
s(6 1 h) 2 s(6) 126.48 2 120
b. lim h
. Slope of the tangent at the 5
hS0 0.1
point (6, s(6)). 5 64.8 km>h
"4 1 h 2 2 iii. 3 # t # 3.01
3. lim h
. Slope of the tangent to the s(3.01) 2 s(3)
hS0
function with equation y 5 !x at the point (4, 2). 0.01
4. a. A and B 5 64.08 km>h
b. greater; the secant line through these two points b. Instantaneous velocity is approximately 64 km>h.
is steeper than the tangent line at B. c. At t 5 3
c. y s(t) 5 8t 2 1 16t
y = f(x)
B C v(t) 5 16t 1 16
A
v(3) 5 48 1 16
D E x
5 64 km>h
9. a. N(t) 5 20t 2 t 2
5. Speed is represented only by a number, not a N(3) 2 N(2)
direction. 1
51 2 36
6. Yes, velocity needs to be described by a number 5
and a direction. Only the speed of the school bus 1
5 15
was given, not the direction, so it is not correct to
15 terms are learned between t 5 2 and t 5 3.
use the word “velocity.”
20(2 1 h) 2 (2 1 h)2 2 36
7. s(t) 5 320 2 5t 2, 0 # t # 8 b. lim
hS0 h
a. Average velocity during the first second:
s(1) 2 s(0) 40 1 20h 2 4 2 4h 2 h2 2 36
5 5 m>s; 5 lim
1 hS0 h
third second: 16h 2 h2
5 lim
s(3) 2 s(2) 45 2 20 hS0 h
5 5 25 m>s; 5 lim (16 2 h)
1 1 hS0
eighth second: 5 16
s(8) 2 s(7) 320 2 245 At t 5 2, the student is learning at a rate of 16 terms>h.
5 5 75 m>s. 10. a. M in mg in 1 mL of blood t hours after the
1 1
b. Average velocity 3 # t # 8 injection.
1
s(8) 2 s(3) 320 2 45 275 M(t) 5 2 t2 1 t; 0 # t # 3
5 5 5 55 m>s 3
823 5 5 Calculate the instantaneous rate of change when t 5 2.
c. s(t) 5 320 2 5t 2 2 1 (2 1 h)2 1 (2 1 h) 2 (2 43 1 2)
320 2 5(2 1 h)2 2 (320 2 5(2)2 ) lim 3
v(t) 5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h 2 2 h 2 3 h 1 2 1 h 1 43 2 2
4 4 1 2
24h 1 h 2 5 lim 3 3
5 5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h 1
2 h 2 3h 1 2
5 220 5 lim 3
hS0 h
Velocity at t 5 2 is 20 m>s downward.
5 lim a2 2 hb
1 1
8. s(t) 5 8t(t 1 2), 0 # t # 5
a. i. from t 5 3 to t 5 4 hS0 3 3
s(4) 2 s(3) 1
Average velocity 52
1 3
Rate of change is 2 13 mg> h. 60
2
60 1 12k
b. Amount of medicine in 1 mL of blood is being 51k 51k
5 lim
dissipated throughout the system. kS0 k
212k
s 5 lim
Å5
11. t 5 kS0 k(5 1 k)
212
Calculate the instantaneous rate of change when 5 lim
kS0 (5 1 k)
s 5 125.
12
125 1 h 125 52
Ä 2Ä 5
5
lim
5 Temperature is decreasing at 125 °C> km.
hS0 h 13. h 5 25t 2 2 100t 1 100
125 1 h When h 5 0, 25t 2 2 100t 1 100 5 0
Ä 5
25
t 2 2 4t 1 4 5 0
5 lim
hS0 h (t 2 2)2 5 0
t52
125 1 h 125 1 h
Ä Ä
25 15 Calculate the instantaneous rate of change when t 5 2.
5 lim ≥ ¥
5 5
? 25(2 1 h)2 2 100(2 1 h) 1 100 2 0
hS0 h 125 1 h lim
Ä 5
15 hS0 h
100 1 100h 1 25h2 2 200 2 100h 1 100
125 1 h 5 lim
2 25 hS0 h
5 lim ≥ ¥
5
25h2
ha 1 5b
hS0 125 1 h 5 lim
Ä 5
hS0 h
5 lim 25h
hS0
125 1 h 2 125 50
5 lim ≥
5
¥ It hit the ground in 2 s at a speed of 0 m> s.
ha 1 5b
hS0 125 1 h 14. Sale of x balls per week:
Ä 5 P(x) 5 160x 2 x 2 dollars.
1 a. P(40) 5 160(40) 2 (40)2
5 lim
1 5b
hS0 125 1 h 5 4800
Ä
5a
5 Profit on the sale of 40 balls is $4800.
1 b. Calculate the instantaneous rate of change when
5
x 5 40.
1 5b
125
Ä 5
5a 160(40 1 h) 2 (40 1 h)2 2 4800
lim
1 hS0 h
5
5(5 1 5) 6400 1 160h 2 1600 2 80h 2 h2 2 4800
5 lim
1 hS0 h
5
50 80h 2 h2
5 lim
At s 5 125, rate of change of time with respect to hS0 h
height is 501 s>m. 5 lim (80 2 h)
60 hS0
12. T(h) 5 h 1 2 5 80
Calculate the instantaneous rate of change when Rate of change of profit is $80 per ball.
h 5 3. c.
60 60
2 (3 1 2)
(3 1 k) 1 2
lim
kS0 k
60
2 12
51k
5 lim
kS0 k Rate of change of profit is positive when the sales
level is less than 80.

15. a. f(x) 5 2x2 1 2x 1 3; (22, 25) For the year 2005, x 5 2005 2 1982 5 23. Hence,
f(x) 2 f(22) the rate at which the average annual salary is changing
lim in 2005 is
xS22 x12
2x 2 1 2x 1 3 1 5 P r(23) 5 64 2 17.8(23) 1 2.85(23)2 5
5 lim $1 162 250> years since 1982
xS22 x12
2
2 (x 2 2x 2 8) 17. s(t) 5 3t 2
5 lim a. The distance travelled from 0 s to 5 s is
xS22 x12
(x 2 4)(x 1 2) s(5) 5 3(5)2 5 75 m
5 2 lim b. s(10) 5 3(10)2 5 300 m
xS22 x12
The rate at which the avalanche is moving from 0 s
5 2 lim (x 2 4)
xS22 to 10 s is
56 Ds 300 2 0
x 5
b. f(x) 5 ,x52 Dt 10 2 0
x21 5 30 m> s
x
22 c. Calculate the instantaneous rate of change when
x21
lim t 5 10.
xS2 x22
x 2 2x 1 2 3(10 1 h)2 2 300
5 lim lim
xS2 (x 2 1)(x 2 2)
hS0 h
2 (x 2 2) 300 1 60h 1 3h2 2 300
5 lim 5 lim
xS2 (x 2 1)(x 2 2)
hS0 h
5 21 60h 1 3h2
5 lim
c. f(x) 5 !x 1 1, x 5 24 hS0 h
f(x) 2 f(24) 5 lim (60 1 3h)
hS0
5 lim
xS24 x 2 24 5 60
!x 1 1 2 5 !x 1 1 1 5 At 10 s the avalanche is moving at 60 m> s.
!x 1 1 1 5
5 lim ? d. Set s(t) 5 600:
xS24 x 2 24
x 2 24 3t 2 5 600
xS24 (x 2 24)( !x 1 1 1 5)
5 lim t 2 5 200
1 t 5 610 !2
5 Since t $ 0, t 5 10 !2 8 14 s.
10
16. S(x) 5 246 1 64x 2 8.9x 2 1 0.95x3
Calculate the instantaneous rate of change.
S(x 1 h) 2 S(x)
5 lim
hS0 h
246 1 64(x 1 h) 2 8.9(x 1 h)2 1 0.95(x 1 h)3 2 (246 2 64x 2 8.9x2 1 0.95x3 )
5 lim
hS0 h
246 2 246 1 64(x 1 h 2 x) 2 8.9(x 2 1 2xh 1 h 2 2 x 2 ) 1 0.95(x3 1 3x2h 1 3xh2 1 h3 2 x3 )
5 lim
hS0 h
64h 2 8.9(2xh 1 h 2 ) 1 0.95(3x 2h 1 3xh 2 1 h 3 )
5 lim
hS0 h
5 lim 364 2 8.9(2x 1 h) 1 0.95(3x 2 1 3xh 1 h 2 )4
hS0
5 64 2 8.9(2x 1 0) 1 0.95 33x 2 1 3x(0) 1 (0)24
5 64 2 17.8x 1 2.85x 2

5 80p 1 4p(0)
18. The coordinates of the point are aa, a b . The slope
1
5 80p
1 Therefore, the instantaneous rate of change of
of the tangent is 2 a 2. The equation of the tangent the surface area of a spherical balloon as it is
1 1 1 2 inflated when the radius reaches 10 cm is
is y 2 a 5 2 a 2 (x 2 a) or y 5 2 a 2 x 1 a. The
80p cm2> unit of time.
intercepts are a0, a b and (22a, 0). The tangent line b. The volume of a sphere is given by V(r) 5 43pr 3.
2
The question asks for the instantaneous rate of
and the axes form a right triangle with legs of length change of the volume when r 5 5.
and 2a. The area of the triangle is 2 a a b (2a) 5 2.
2 1 2 Note that the volume is deflating. So, find the rate
a of the change of the volume when r 5 5 and then
19. C(x) 5 F 1 V(x) make the answer negative to symbolize a deflating
C(x 1 h) 5 F 1 V(x 1 h) spherical balloon.
Rate of change of cost is V(5 1 h) 2 V(5)
lim
C(x 1 h) 2 C(x) hS0 h
lim 4
xSR h p(5 1 h)3 2 43 p(5)3
5 lim 3
V(x 1 h) 2 V(x) hS0 h
5 lim h,
xSh h Using the binomial formula to expand
which is independent of F (fixed costs). (5 1 h)3 (or one could simply expand using
20. A(r) 5 pr 2 algebra), the limit is
Rate of change of area is 4
p(h 3 1 15h 2 1 75h 1 125) 2 43 p(5)3
A(r 1 h) 2 A(r) 5 lim 3
lim hS0 h
hS0 h 4
ph 3
1 20ph 2
1 100ph 1 43 p(125)
p(r 1 h)2 2 pr 2 5 lim 3
5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h 2 43 p(125)
(r 1 h 2 r)(r 1 h 1 r) h
5 p lim
hS0 h 4
ph 3
1 20ph 2 1 100ph
5 2pr 5 lim 3
hS0 h
r 5 100 m
Rate is 200p m2> m. 5 lim a ph 1 20ph 1 100pb
4 2
hS0 3
21. Cube of dimensions x by x by x has volume
4
V 5 x 3. Surface area is 6x 2. 5 p(0)2 1 20p(0) 1 100p
1 3
Vr(x) 5 3x 2 5 surface area. 5 100p
2
22. a. The surface area of a sphere is given by Because the balloon is deflating, the instantaneous rate
of change of the volume of the spherical balloon when
the radius reaches 5 cm is 2100p cm3>unit of time.
A(r) 5 4pr 2.
change of the surface when r 5 10. This is
A(10 1 h) 2 A(10)
Mid-Chapter Review pp. 32–33
lim
hS0 h 1. a. Corresponding conjugate: !5 1 !2.
4p(10 1 h)2 2 4p(10)2 ( !5 2 !2)( !5 1 !2)
5 ( !25 1 !10 2 !10 2 !4)
5 lim
hS0 h
4p(100 1 20h 1 h 2 ) 2 4p(100) 5522
5 lim
hS0 h 53
400p 1 80ph 1 4ph 2 2 400p b. Corresponding conjugate: 3!5 2 2!2.
(3 !5 1 2 !2)(3!5 2 2 !2)
5 lim
hS0 h
80ph 1 4ph 2
5 (9!25 2 6!10 1 6 !10 2 4 !4)
5 lim
hS0 h 5 9(5) 2 4(2)
5 lim (80p 1 4ph) 5 45 2 8
hS0
5 37
c. Corresponding conjugate: 9 2 2 !5. 30 2 20 !3
5
(9 1 2 !5)(9 2 2!5) 24
5 (81 2 18!5 1 18!5 2 4!25) 10 !3 2 15
5
5 81 2 4(5) 2
5 81 2 20 3 !2 2 !3 1 5
2 !3 2 5 2 !3 1 5
f. ?
5 61
d. Corresponding conjugate: 3 !5 1 2 !10. 3 !2(2 !3 1 5)
(3 !5 2 2!10)(3!5 1 2 !10) 4 !9 1 10 !3 2 10 !3 2 25
5
5 (9!25 1 6 !50 2 6!50 2 4 !100) 3 !2(2!3 1 5)
5 9(5) 2 4(10) 5
4(3) 2 25
3 !2(2!3 1 5)
5 45 2 40
55 5
6 1 !2 !3
12 2 25
3 !2(2!3 1 5)
!3 !3
2. a. ?
5
6!3 1 !6
213
3 !2(2!3 1 5)
!9
5
52
6!3 1 !6
13
5 !2 !2
!2
3 3. a. ?
2!3 1 4 !3
5
!4
!3 !3
b. ?
5 !2
5
2!9 1 4 !3
2
!9
5
5 !2
5
!3 !3
6 1 4!3
5
6 1 !2 !3
3 b. ?
!7 1 4
!9
5
!7 2 4 !7 1 4
c. ?
!3(6 1 !2)
5
5( !7 1 4)
!49 1 4 !7 2 4!7 2 16
5 3
!3(6 1 !2)
5
5( !7 1 4)
5
7 2 16 !7 2 4 !7 1 4
!7 1 4
?
5( !7 1 4)
c.
5
52
9 !49 1 4 !7 2 4 !7 2 16
5( !7 1 4)
5
2!3 !3 1 2
!3 2 2 !3 1 2
d. ?
7 2 16
2 !9 1 4 !3 5( !7 1 4)
5
!9 1 2 !3 2 2 !3 2 4
5
9
5( !7 1 4)
6 1 4!3 52
5
324 2 !3 2 5 2 !3 1 5
3 !2 2 !3 1 5
6 1 4!3 d. ?
5
4 !9 1 10 !3 2 10 !3 2 25
21
3 !2(2!3 1 5)
5 22(3 1 2!3) 5
5 !3 2 !3 2 4
4(3) 2 25
2 !3 1 4 2 !3 2 4
e. ?
3 !2(2!3 1 5)
5
10 !9 2 20 !3
12 2 25
4!9 2 8 !3 1 8!3 2 16
5 13
3 !2(2!3 1 5)
5 52
30 2 20 !3
3!2(2!3 1 5)
5
12 2 16

!3 2 !7 !3 1 !7 1 9
2 x1y1 50
!3 1 !7
e. ?
4 5 5
!9 1 !21 2 !21 2 !49 1
x2y2 50
9
4( !3 1 !7)
5 5 5
x 2 5y 2 9 5 0
327
4( !3 1 !7)
5 5. The slope of PQ is
f(1 1 h) 2 (21)
4 m 5 lim
(1 1 h) 2 1
4( !3 1 !7)
52 hS0
1 2 (1 1 h)2 1 1
5 lim
( !3 1 !7)
52 hS0 h
2!3 1 !7 2 !3 2 !7 5 lim
2 (1 1 2h 1 h 2 ) 1 1
2 !3 2 !7
f. ? hS0 h
5
4 !9 2 2 !21 1 2 !21 2 !49 5 lim
21 2 2h 2 h 2 1 1
5(2!3 2 !7)
5 hS0 h
4(3) 2 7 22h 2 h 2
5 lim
5(2 !3 2 !7)
5 hS0 h
12 2 7 5 lim (22 2 h)
5(2 !3 2 !7)
hS0
5
5 22 2 (0)
1 5 22
(2!3 2 !7)
5
So, the slope of PQ with f(x) 5 2x 2 is 22.
2 6. a. Unlisted y-coordinates for Q are found by
4. a. m52 ; substituting the x-coordinates into the given function.
3
2 The slope of the line PQ with the given points is
y 2 6 5 2 (x 2 0) given by the following: Let P 5 (x1, y1 ) and
3
y2 2 y1
2 Q 5 (y1, y2 ). Then, the slope 5 m 5 .
y2652 x x2 2 x1
3
P Q Slope of Line PQ
2
x1y2650 (21, 1) (22, 6) 25
3
11 2 7 4 (21, 1) (21.5, 3.25) 2 4.5
b. m5 5 51
622 4 (21, 1) (21.1, 1.41) 2 4.1
y 2 7 5 1(x 2 2) (21, 1) (21.01, 1.040 1) 2 4.01
y275x22 (21, 1) (21.001, 1.004 001) 2 4.001
2x 1 y 2 5 5 0
x2y1550 P Q Slope of Line PQ
c. m54 (21, 1) (0, 22) 23
y 2 6 5 4(x 2 2) (21, 1) (20.5, 20.75) 2 3.5
y 2 6 5 4x 2 8
(21, 1) (20.9, 0.61) 2 3.9
24x 1 y 1 2 5 0
(21, 1) (20.99, 0.9601) 2 3.99
4x 2 y 2 2 5 0
1 (21, 1) (20.999, 0.996 001) 2 3.999
d. m5
5
1 b. The slope from the right and from the left appear
y 2 (22) 5 (x 2 (21)) to approach 24. The slope of the tangent to the
5
1 1 graph of f(x) at point P is about 24.
y125 x1
5 5 c. With the points P 5 (21, 1) and
1 10 1 Q 5 (21 1 h, f(21 1 h)), the slope, m, of PQ is
2 x1y1 2 50
5 5 5 the following:

y2 2 y1 4
m5 c. y 5 f(x) 5
x2 2 x1 x22
3(21 1 h)2 2 2(21 1 h) 2 24 2 (1) f(6 1 h) 2 f(6)
5 m 5 lim
(21 1 h) 2 (21) hS0 h
1 2 2h 1 h 2 1 2 2 2h 2 2 2 1 4 4
5 2
21 1 h 1 1 61h22 622
5 lim
h 2 2 4h hS0 h
5 4 4
h 24
h14
5h24 5 lim
hS0 h
d. The slope of the tangent is lim f(x). 4
hS0 21
In this case, as h goes to zero, h 2 4 goes to h14
5 lim
h 2 4 5 0 2 4 5 24. The slope of the tangent to hS0 h
5 lim a b
4 2 (h 1 4) 1
the graph of f(x) at the point P is 24.
e. The answers are equal. hS0 h14 h
f(23 1 h) 2 f(23)
7. a. m 5 lim
hS0 h
3(23 1 h)2 1 3(23 1 h) 2 54 2 3(23)2 1 3(23) 2 54
5 lim
hS0 h
9 2 6h 1 h 2 2 9 1 3h 2 5 2 (9 2 9 2 5)
5 lim
hS0 h
h 2 2 3h 2 5 2 (25)
5 lim
hS0 h
5 lim a b
2h 1
2
h 2 3h hS0 h 1 4 h
5 lim
hS0 h 21
5 lim (h 2 3) 5 lim
hS0 hS0 h 1 4
5023 21
5
5 23 014
1 1
b. y 5 f(x) 5 52
x 4
f( 13 1 h) 2 f( 13 ) f(5 1 h) 2 f(5)
m 5 lim d. m 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h
1 1 !5 1 h 1 4 2 !5 1 4
1 2 1 5 lim
3 1 h hS0 h
!9 !9
3
5 lim 1 h 2
hS0 h 5 lim
1 1
( 3 ) 2 ( 3 1 h) hS0 h
1 1
( 1 h) !9 1 h23
5 lim 3 3 5 lim
h hS0 h
!9 1 h 2 3 !9 1 h 1 3
hS0
5 lim a 1 1 b
2h 1
!9 1 h 1 3
5 lim ?
hS0 9 1 3 h h hS0 h
21 9 1 h 1 3 !9 1 h 2 3 !9 1 h 2 9
h( !9 1 h 1 3)
5 lim 1 1 5 lim
hS0 9 1 3 h hS0
21 h
!9
51 1 5 lim
9 1 3 (0)
hS0 h( 1 h 1 3)
5 29 1
hS0 !9 1 h 1 3
5 lim

1 6h 2 1 30h
!9 1 0 1 3
5 5
h
1 5 (6h 1 30) km> h
5
6 d. When t 5 2, the velocity is the limit as h
8. s(t) 5 6t(t 1 1) 5 6t 2 1 6t approaches 0.
s(3) 2 s(2) velocity 5 lim (6h 1 30)
a. i. average velocity 5 hS0
322 5 6(0) 1 30
5 36(3)2 1 6(3)42 36(2)2 1 6(2)4 5 30
5 6(9) 1 18 2 (24 1 12) Therefore, when t 5 2 the velocity is 30 km> h.
5 54 1 18 2 36 9. a. The instantaneous rate of change of f(x) with
5 36 km> h respect to x at x 5 2 is given by
s(2.1) 2 s(2) f(2 1 h) 2 f(2)
ii. average velocity 5 lim
2.1 2 2
36(2.1)2 1 6(2.1)4 2 36(2)2 1 6(2)4
hS0 h
5 35 2 (2 1 h)24 2 35 2 (2)24
0.1 5 lim
326.46 1 12.64 2 324 1 124
hS0 h
5 5 2 (4 1 4h 1 h 2 ) 2 1
0.1 5 lim
39.06 2 36 hS0 h
5 5 2 4 2 4h 2 h 2 2 1
0.1 5 lim
3.06 hS0 h
5 2
2h 2 4h
0.1 5 lim
5 30.6 km> h hS0 h
s(2.01) 2 s(2) 5 lim (2h 2 4)
iii. average velocity 5 hS0
2.01 2 2 5 2 (0) 2 4
36(2.01)2 1 6(2.01)4 2 36(2)2 1 6(2)4 5 24
5 b. The instantaneous rate of change of f(x) with
0.01
324.2406 1 12.064 2 36(2)2 1 6(2)4 respect to x at x 5 12 is given by
5
0.01 f( 1 1 h) 2 f( 12 )
36.3006 2 324 1 124 lim 2
5 hS0 h
0.01 3 3
36.3006 2 36 1 2 1
5 1h
0.01 5 lim 2 2
0.3006 hS0 h
5 3
0.01 26
5 30.06 km> h
1
2 1 h
5 lim
hS0 h
b. At the time t 5 2, the velocity of the car appears
3 2 6( 12 1 h) 1
to approach 30 km> h. 5 lim 1 ?
hS0 2 1 h h
f(2 1 h) 2 f(2)
c. average velocity 5 3 2 3 2 6h 1
(2 1 h) 2 (2) 5 lim 1 ?
2 1 h
36(2 1 h) 1 6(2 1 h)4 2 36(2)2 1 6(2)4
2
hS0 h
5 26h 1
h 5 lim 1 ?
36(4 1 4h 1 h 2 ) 1 12 1 6h4 2 324 1 124
hS0 2 1 h h
5 26
h 5 lim 1
324 1 24h 1 6h 2 1 12 1 6h4 2 36 hS0 2 1 h
5 26
h 51
6h 2 1 30h 1 36 2 36 2 1 0
5 5 212
h

10. a. The average rate of change of V(t) with So an equation of the tangent at x 5 4 is given by
respect to t during the first 20 minutes is given by y 2 17 5 9(x 2 4)
f(20) 2 f(0) y 2 17 5 9x 2 36
20 2 0 29x 1 y 2 17 1 36 5 0
350(30 2 20)24 2 350(30 2 0)24 29x 1 y 1 19 5 0
5 b. Let y 5 f(x).
20
5000 2 45 000 f(22) 5 2(22)2 2 7 5 2(4) 2 7 5 1
5 f(22 1 h) 5 2(22 1 h)2 2 7
20
40 000 5 2(4 2 4h 1 h 2 ) 2 7
52 5 8 2 8h 1 2h 2 2 7
20
5 22000 L> min
5 2h 2 2 8h 1 1
b. The rate of change of V(t) with respect to t at the Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope
time t 5 20 is given by
f(20 1 h) 2 f(20) f(22 1 h) 2 f(22)
lim m 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h
350(30 2 (20 1 h))24 2 350(30 2 20)24 5 lim
2h 2 2 8h 1 1 2 (1)
5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h
350(10 2 h) 4 2 350(10)24
2
5 lim
2h 2 2 8h
5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h
350(100 2 20h 1 h 2 )4 2 350(100)4 5 lim (2h 2 8)
hS0
5 lim
hS0 h 5 2(0) 2 8
5000 2 1000h 1 50h 2 2 5000 5 28
5 lim Therefore, the slope of the tangent to
hS0 h
50h 2 2 1000h y 5 f(x) 5 2x 2 2 7 at x 5 22 is 28.
5 lim So an equation of the tangent at x 5 22
hS0 h
is given by
5 lim 50h 2 1000
hS0 y 2 1 5 28(x 2 (22))
5 50(0) 2 1000 y 2 1 5 28x 2 16
5 21000 L> min 8x 1 y 2 1 1 16 5 0
11. a. Let y 5 f(x). 8x 1 y 1 15 5 0
f(4) 5 (4)2 1 (4) 2 3 5 16 1 1 5 17 c. f(21) 5 3(21)2 1 2(21) 2 5 5 3 2 2 2 5
f(4 1 h) 5 (4 1 h)2 1 (4 1 h) 2 3 5 24
f(21 1 h) 5 3(21 1 h)2 1 2(21 1 h) 2 5
5 16 1 8h 1 h 2 1 h 1 1
5 h 2 1 9h 1 17 5 3(1 2 2h 1 h 2 ) 2 2 1 2h 2 5
Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope 5 3 2 6h 1 3h 2 2 7 1 2h
of the tangent at x 5 4 is 5 3h 2 2 4h 2 4
f(4 1 h) 2 f(4) Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope
m 5 lim of the tangent at x 5 4 is
hS0 h
2
h 1 9h 1 17 2 (17) f(21 1 h) 2 f(21)
5 lim m 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h
2
2
h 1 9h 3h 2 4h 2 4 2 (24)
5 lim 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h
5 lim (h 1 9) 3h 2 2 4h
hS0
5 lim
hS0 h
5019 5 lim (3h 2 4)
59 hS0
Therefore, the slope of the tangent to 5 3(0) 2 4

y 5 f(x) 5 x 2 1 x 2 3 at x 5 4 is 9. 5 24

Therefore, the slope of the tangent to Therefore, the slope of the tangent to
y 5 f(x) 5 3x 2 1 2x 2 5 at x 5 21 is 24. x
f(x) 5 x 1 3 at x 5 25 is 34.
So an equation of the tangent at x 5 24 is given by So an equation of the tangent at x 5 34 is given by
y 2 (24) 5 24(x 2 (21)) 5 3
y 1 4 5 24(x 1 1) y 2 5 (x 2 (25))
2 4
y 1 4 5 24x 2 4
5 3 15
4x 1 y 1 4 1 4 5 0 y2 5 x1
2 4 4
4x 1 y 1 8 5 0 3 10 15
d. f(1) 5 5(1)2 2 8(1) 1 3 5 5 2 8 1 3 5 0 2 x1y2 2 50
4 4 4
f(1 1 h) 5 5(1 1 h)2 2 8(1 1 h) 1 3 3 25
2 x1y2 50
5 5(1 1 2h 1 h 2 ) 2 8 2 8h 1 3 4 4
5 5 1 10h 1 5h 2 2 5 2 8h 23x 1 4y 2 25 5 0
5 5h 2 1 2h b. Using the limit of the difference quotient, the
Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope slope of the tangent at x 5 21 is
of the tangent at x 5 1 is f(21 1 h) 2 f(21)
m 5 lim
f(1 1 h) 2 f(1) hS0 h
m 5 lim
5 lim a b?
hS0 h 2(21 1 h) 1 5 2(21) 1 5 1
2
hS0 5(21 1 h) 2 1 5(21) 2 1
2
5h 1 2h 2 (0) h
5 lim
5 lim a b?
hS0 h 22 1 2h 1 5 22 1 5 1
2
5 lim (5h 1 2) hS0 25 1 5h 2 1 25 2 1 h
hS0
5 lim a b?
5 5(0) 1 2 2h 1 3 3 1
2
52 hS0 5h 2 6 26 h
5 lim a 1 b?
Therefore, the slope of the tangent to 2h 1 3 1 1
y 5 f(x) 5 5x 2 2 8x 1 3 at x 5 1 is 2. hS0 5h 2 6 2 h
So an equation of the tangent at x 5 1 is given by
5 lim a b?
4h 1 6 1 5h 2 6 1
y 2 0 5 2(x 2 1)
hS0 10h 2 12 h
y 5 2x 2 2
5 lim a b?
22x 1 y 1 2 5 0 9h 1
hS0 10h 2 12 h
12. a. Using the limit of the difference quotient, the
5 lim a b
slope of the tangent at x 5 25 is 9
f(25 1 h) 2 f(25) hS0 10h 2 12
m 5 lim 9
hS0 h 5
10(0) 2 12
5 lim a b?
25 1 h 25 1
2 9
hS0 25 1 h 1 3 25 1 3 h 52
12
5 lim a 2 b?
25 1 h 5 1
3
hS0 22 1 h 2 h 52
4
5 lim a b?
210 1 2h 2 (210 1 5h) 1
Therefore, the slope of the tangent to
hS0 24 1 2h h 2x 1 5
f(x) 5 5x 2 1 at x 5 21 is 2 34.
5 lim a b?
210 1 2h 1 10 2 5h 1
hS0 24 1 2h h So an equation of the tangent at x 5 2 34 is given by
5 lim a b? y 2 a2 b 5 2 (x 2 (21))
23h 1 1 3
hS0 24 1 2h h 2 4
1 3 3
5 lim a b
23 y1 52 x2
hS0 24 1 2h 2 4 4
23 4y 1 2 5 23x 2 3
5 3x 1 4y 1 2 1 3 5 0
24 1 2(0)
3 3x 1 4y 1 5 5 0
5
4
1.4 The Limit of a Function, 9. 22 1 1 5 5
y
pp. 37–39 6
27
1. a.
99 4
b. p
2. One way to find a limit is to evaluate the function 2
for values of the independent variable that get
x
progressively closer to the given value of the
–4 –2 0 2 4
independent variable.
3. a. A right-sided limit is the value that a 10. a. Since 0 is not a value for which the function is
function gets close to as the values of the undefined, one may substitute 0 in for x to find that
independent variable decrease and get close lim1 x 4 5 lim x 4
to a given value. xS0 xS0
b. A left-sided limit is the value that a function 5 (0)4

gets close to as the values of the independent 50
variable increase and get close to a given b. Since 2 is not a value for which the function is
value. undefined, one may substitute 2 in for x to find that
c. A (two-sided) limit is the value that a function lim2 (x 2 2 4) 5 lim (x 2 2 4)
xS2 xS2
gets close to as the values of the independent 5 (2)2 2 4
variable get close to a given value, regardless 5424
of whether the values increase or decrease 50
toward the given value. c. Since 3 is not a value for which the function is
4. a. 25 undefined, one may substitute 3 in for x to find that
b. 3 1 7 5 10 lim2 (x 2 2 4) 5 lim (x 2 2 4)
xS3 xS3
c. 102 5 100
5 (3)2 2 4
d. 4 2 3(22)2 5 28
5924
e. 4 55
f. 23 5 8 d. Since 1 is not a value for which the function is
5. Even though f(4) 5 21, the limit is 1, since that undefined, one may substitute 1 in for x to find that
is the value that the function approaches from the 1 1
left and the right of x 5 4. lim 5 lim
xS1 1 x 2 3 xS1 x 2 3
6. a. 0 1
b. 2 5
123
c. 21 1
d. 2 52
2
7. a. 2
e. Since 3 is not a value for which the function is
b. 1
undefined, one may substitute 3 in for x to find that
c. does not exist
1 1
8. a. 9 2 (21)2 5 8 lim1 5 lim
xS3 x 1 2 xS3 x 1 2
5 "4
0 1 20 1
Å015
b. 5
312
52
1
c. "5 2 1 5 "4 5
5
52
f. If 3 is substituted in the function for x, then the
function is undefined because of division by zero.
There does not exist a way to divide out the x 2 3 in

1
the denominator. Also, lim1 x 2 3 approaches infinity,
d. y
xS3 8
1
while lim2 x 2 3 approaches negative infinity. 6
xS3 4
1 1 1
Therefore, since lim1 x 2 3 2 lim2 x 2 3, lim x 2 3 2
xS3 xS3 xS3 x
does not exist.
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2
11. a. y
8 –4
6 –6
4 –8
2
x lim f(x) 2 lim 2 f(x). Therefore, lim f(x)
xS20.5 1
–8 –6 –4 –2 0
xS20.5 xS20.5
2 4 6 8
–2 does not exist.
–4 12. Answers may vary. For example:
–6 a. y
6
–8 4
2
lim f(x) 2 lim 2 f(x). Therefore, lim f(x) does x
–8 –6 –4 –2 0
xS21 1 xS21 xS21
2 4 6 8
not exist. –2
b. y –4
8
6 y
b.
6
4 4
2 2
x x
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2 –2
–4 –4
–6
6 y
c.
–8
4
2
lim f(x) 5 lim2 f(x). Therefore, lim f(x) exists and x
xS2 1 xS2 xS2
is equal to 2. –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2
c. y –4
8
6 y
d.
6
4 4
2 2
x x
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2 –2
–4 –4
–6 13. f(x) 5 mx 1 b
–8 lim f(x) 5 22 m 1 b 5 22
xS1
lim f(x) 5 lim12 f(x). Therefore, lim1 f(x) exists and lim f(x) 5 4 2m 1 b 5 4
xS 12 1 xS 2 xS 2 xS21
is equal to 2. 2b 5 2
b 5 1, m 5 23

14. f(x) 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 c, a 2 0 1.5 Properties of Limits, pp. 45–47
f(0) 5 0 c50
lim f(x) 5 5 a1b55 1. lim (3 1 x) and lim (x 1 3) have the same value,
xS1 xS2 xS2
but lim 3 1 x does not. Since there are no brackets
lim f(x) 5 8 4a 2 2b 5 8 xS2
xS22
around the expression, the limit only applies to 3,
6a 5 18 and there is no value for the last term, x.
a 5 3, b52 2. Factor the numerator and denominator. Cancel
Therefore, the values are a 5 3, b 5 2, and c 5 0. any common factors. Substitute the given value of x.
15. a. y 3. If the two one-sided limits have the same value,
10 then the value of the limit is equal to the value of
8 the one-sided limits. If the one-sided limits do not
6 have the same value, then the limit does not exist.
4 3(2)
4. a. 2 51
2 2 12
x
0 b. (21)4 1 (21)3 1 (21)2 5 1
–4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 12
–2
c. c "9 1 d 5 a3 1 b
1 2 1 2
1 "9 3
b. lim2 p(t) 5 3 1 (6)2 100
tS6 12 5
36 9
531 d. (2p)3 1 p2 (2p) 2 5p3 5 8p3 1 2p3 2 5p3
12
5313 5 5p3
56 e. "3 1 "1 1 0 5 "3 1 1
1 52
lim1 p(t) 5 2 1 (6)2
tS6 18 23 2 3 26
Å 2(23) 1 4 Å 22
36 f. 5
521
18 5 "3
5212 (22)3
54 5. a. 5 22
22 2 2
c. Since p(t) is measured in thousands, right before
2 2
!1 1 1 !2
the chemical spill there were 6000 fish in the lake. b. 5
Right after the chemical spill there were 4000 fish
in the lake. So, 6000 2 4000 5 2000 fish were 5 "2
killed by the spill. 6. Since substituting t 5 1 does not make the
d. The question asks for the time, t, after the chemical denominator 0, direct substitution works.
spill when there are once again 6000 fish in the lake. 12125 25
5
Use the second equation to set up an equation that is 621 5
modelled by 5 21
1 4 2 x2 (2 2 x)(2 1 x)
6 5 2 1 t2 7. a. lim 5 lim
18 xS2 2 2 x xS2 (2 2 x)
1 2 5 lim (2 1 x)
45 t xS2
18 54
72 5 t 2 2x 2 1 5x 1 3 (x 1 1)(2x 1 3)
!75 5 t b. lim
xS21 x11
5 lim
xS21 x11
(The question asks for time so the negative answer 55
is disregarded.) x 3 2 27 (x 2 3)(x 2 1 3x 1 9)
So, at time t 5 !72 8 8.49 years the population c. lim
xS3 x 2 3
5 lim
xS3 x23
has recovered to the level before the spill. 591919
5 27
u21
2 2 "4 1 x 2 1 "4 1 x 5 lim
d. lim £ 3 § xS1 (u 2 1)(u 1 1)
xS0 x 2 1 "4 1 x 1
5
21 2
"x 2 2
5 lim
2 1 "4 1 x
xS0 1
e. lim Let x 2 5 u
1 xS4"x 2 8 3 3
x 2 5 u3
52 u22
4 5 lim 3 x S 4, u S 2
"x 2 2 "x 2 2
xS2 u 2 8
e. lim 5 lim u22
xS4 x 2 4 xS4 ("x 2 2)("x 1 2) 5 lim
xS2 (u 2 2)(u 2 1 2u 1 4)
1 1
5 5
4 12
"7 2 x 2 "7 1 x "7 2 x 1 "7 1 x
1
(x 1 8)3 2 2
f. lim £ §
1
f. lim Let (x 1 8)3 5 u

3
"7 2 x 1 "7 1 x
xS0 x xS0 x x 1 8 5 u3
u22 x 5 u3 2 8
72x272x lim 3
5 lim xS2 u 2 8 x S 0, u S 2
xS0 x("7 2 x 1 "7 1 x) 1
5
1 12
52
"7 9. a.
16 2 16
50
" 64 1 64
3
x22
8. a. lim 16 2 16
xS8 x 2 8 b. 50
Let u 5 " 3 16 2 20 1 6
x. Therefore, u 3 5 x as x S 8, u S 2.
x2 1 x x(x 1 1)
u22 1 c. lim 5 lim
Here, lim 3 5 lim 2 xS21 x 1 1 xS21 x 1 1
xS2 u 2 8 xS2 u 1 2u 1 4
5 21
"x 1 1 2 1 "x 1 1 2 1
1
5
12 d. lim 5 lim
xS0 x xS0 x 1 1 2 1
"x 1 1 2 1
27 2 x 1
Let x 3 5 u
b. lim 13
xS27 x 2 3 x 5 u3 5 lim
xS0 ("x 1 1 2 1)("x
3
u 2 27 1 1 1 1)
x S 27, u S 3.
5 lim 1
xS3 u 2 3 5
(u 2 3)(u 2 1 3u 1 9) 2
5 2lim (x 1 h)2 2 x 2 2xh 1 h 2
xS3 u23 e. lim 5 lim
5 2 (9 1 9 1 9) hS0 h hS0 h
5 227 5 2x
f. lim a ba b
1 1 1 1 2
x6 2 1 x 6 5 u, x 5 u 6 2
c. lim xS1 x 2 1 x13 3x 1 5
xS1 x 2 1 x S 1, u S 1
5 lim a ba b
1 3x 1 5 2 2x 2 6
u21
5 lim 6 xS1 x 2 1 (x 1 3)(3x 1 5)
xS1 u 2 1
1
(u 2 1) 5 lim
5 lim 5 4 3 2 xS1 (x 1 3)(3x 1 5)
xS1 (u 2 1)(u 1 u 1 u 1 u 1 u 1 1)
1
1 5
5 4(8)
6
1 1
x6 2 1
1
Let x 6 5 u 5
d. lim 13 32
xS1 x 2 1 u6 5 x
u21 1
x 3 5 u2
5 lim 2
xS1 u 2 1 As x S 1, u S 1

0x 2 50 (x 2 2)(x 1 1) (x 2 2)(x 1 1)
0x 2 20
10. a. lim does not exist. lim2 5 lim2 2
xS5 x 2 5 xS2 xS2 (x 2 2)
0x 2 50 x25 5 lim2 2 (x 1 1)
lim1 5 lim1 xS2
xS5 x 2 5 xS5 x 2 5
5 23
51
0x 2 50
y
5 lim2 2 a b
x25
lim2 4
xS5 x 2 5 xS5 x25
5 21
2
y
2 x
–4 –2 0 2 4
1
–2
x
–8 –4 0 4 8 –4
–1
d. 0 x 1 2 0 5 x 1 2 if x . 22
5 2 (x 1 2) if x , 22
–2
(x 1 2)(x 1 2)2
lim 5 lim 1 (x 1 2)2 5 0
0 2x 2 5 0 (x 1 1)
xS22 1 x12 xS22
b. lim5 does not exist. (x 1 2)(x 1 2)2

xS 2 2x 2 5 lim 50
xS222 2 (x 1 2)
0 2x 2 5 0 5 2x 2 5, x $
5
y
2 4
(2x 2 5)(x 1 1)
lim 5x11
xS 52
1
2x 2 5 2
0 2x 2 5 0 5 2 (2x 2 5), x ,
5
x
2
–4 –2 0 2 4
2 (2x 2 5)(x 1 1)
lim2 5 2 (x 1 1)
xS 52 2x 2 5 –2
y
4 –4
2 11. a.
DT T V DV
x
240 19.1482
–4 –2 0 2 4 20 1.6426
220 20.7908
20 1.6426
–2 20
0 22.4334
1.6426
20 24.0760
20 1.6426
40 25.7186
–4 20 1.6426
60 27.3612
20 1.6426
2
80 29.0038
x 2x22 (x 2 2)(x 1 1)
0x 2 20 0x 2 20
c. lim 5 lim DV is constant, therefore T and V form a linear
xS2 xS2
(x 2 2)(x 1 1) (x 2 2)(x 1 1) relationship.
0x 2 20
lim 5 lim1 DV
xS2 1 xS2 x22 b. V 5 ?T1K
5 lim1 x 1 1 DT
xS2 DV 1.6426
53 5 5 0.082 13
DT 20

V 5 0.082 13T 1 K f(x) g(x)
15. lim 5 1 and lim 52
T50 V 5 22.4334 xS0 x xS0 x
Therefore, k 5 22.4334 and
b5032
g(x)
V 5 0.082 13T 1 22.4334. a. lim g(x) 5 lim xa
xS0 xS0 x
V 2 22.4334 50
c. T 5 f (x)
0.082 13 f(x) x 1
d. lim T 5 2273.145 b. lim 5 lim g (x) 5
vS0 xS0 g(x) xS0 x 2
e. V !x 1 1 2 !2x 1 1
12
xS0 !3x 1 4 2 !2x 1 4
16. lim
10 !x 1 1 2 !2x 1 1
5 lim c
8 xS0 !x 1 1 1 !2x 1 1
6
!x 1 1 1 !2x 1 1
!3x 1 4 2 !2x 1 4
3
!3x 1 4 1 !2x 1 4
4
d
!3x 1 4 1 !2x 1 4
3
2
!3x 1 4 1 !2x 1 4
T
5 lim c d
0 (x 1 1 2 2x 2 1)
!x 1 1 1 !2x 1 1
3
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 xS0 (3x 1 4 2 2x 2 4)
x2 2 4 212
12. lim 52
xS5 f(x)
111
5 22
x 2 1 0 x 2 1 021
lim (x2 2 4)
xS5
5
0x 2 10
lim f(x) 17. lim
xS1
x S 11 0 x 2 1 0 5 x 2 1
xS5
21
5 x2 1 x 2 2 (x 1 2)(x 2 1)
3 5
57 x21 x21
13. lim f(x) 5 3 x 2 1 0 x 2 1 021
0x 2 10
xS4 lim 53
a. lim 3 f(x)4 3 5 33 5 27
xS1 1
xS4 x S 12 0 x 2 1 0 5 2x 1 1
b. x2 2 x x(x 2 1)
5 lim2
3 f(x)4 2 2 x 2
lim2
( f(x) 2 x)( f(x) 1 x) xS1 2x 1 1 xS1 2x 1 1
lim 5 lim 5 21
xS4 f(x) 1 x xS4 f(x) 1 x
5 lim ( f(x) 2 x) Therefore, this limit does not exist.
xS4 y
5324 4
5 21
c. lim "3f(x) 2 2x 5 "3 3 3 2 2 3 4 2
xS4
51 x
f(x) 0
14. lim 51 –4 –2 2 4
xS0 x
–2
a. lim f(x) 5 lim c 3 xd 5 0
f(x)
xS0 xS0 x
–4
5 lim c d 50
f(x) x f(x)
b. lim
xS0 g(x) xS0 g(x) x

1.6 Continuity, pp. 51–53 5. a. The function is a polynomial, so the function
is continuous for all real numbers.
1. Anywhere that you can see breaks or jumps is a b. The function is a polynomial, so the function is
place where the function is not continuous. continuous for all real numbers.
2. It means that on that domain, you can trace the c. x 2 2 5x 5 x(x 2 5)
graph of the function without lifting your pencil. The is continuous for all real numbers except
3. point discontinuity 0 and 5.
y d. The is continuous for all real numbers greater
10 than or equal to 22.
8 e. The is continuous for all real numbers.
6 f. The is continuous for all real numbers.
4 6. g(x) is a linear function (a polynomial),
2 hole and so is continuous everywhere,
x including x 5 2.
–2 0 2 4 6 7. y
–2
8
jump discontinuity
y 4
10 x
8 0
–8 –4 4 8
6
4 –4
2
x –8
–2 0 2 4 6
–2
The function is continuous everywhere.
infinite discontinuity 8. y
4
y
10
8 2
6 x
4 0
–4 –2 2 4
2
x –2
–1 0 1 2 3 4
–2
vertical –4
–4 asymptote
4. a. x 5 3 makes the denominator 0. The function is discontinuous at x 5 0.

b. x 5 0 makes the denominator 0. 9. y
4
c. x 5 0 makes the denominator 0.
d. x 5 3 and x 5 23 make the denominator 0.
e. x 2 1 x 2 6 5 (x 1 3)(x 2 2) 2
x 5 23 and x 5 2 make the denominator 0. x
f. The function has different one-sided limits at x 5 3. 0 200 400 600

x2 2 x 2 6 Thus, lim f(x) 5 4. But, f(3) 5 2. Hence f is not
10. lim f(x) 5 lim xS3
xS3 xS3 x23 continuous at x 5 2 (and also not continuous over
(x 2 3)(x 1 2) 23 , x , 8).
5 lim
xS3 x23 15. The function is to be continuous at x 5 1 and
55 discontinuous at x 5 2.
Function is discontinuous at x 5 3. Ax 2 B
11. Discontinuous at x 5 2 , if x # 1
x22
y f(x) 5 μ 3x, if 1 , x , 2
4 2
Bx 2 A, if x $ 2
2 For f(x) to be continuous at x 5 1:

A(1) 2 B
x 5 3(1)
122
–4 –2 0 2 4 A(1) 2 B 5 23
A5B23
–2
For f(x) to be discontinuous at x 5 2:
B(2)2 2 A 2 3(2)
–4 4B 2 A 2 6
If 4B 2 A . 6, then if 4B 2 A , 6, then
12. g(x) 5 e
x 1 3, if x 2 3 4B 2 (B 2 3) . 6 4B 2 B 1 3 , 6
2 1 !k, if x 5 3 3B 1 3 . 6 3B 1 3 , 6
g(x) is continuous. 3B . 3 3B , 3
2 1 "k 5 6 B . 1 and B , 1 and
"k 5 4, k 5 16 A . 22 A , 22
13. This shows that A and B can be any set of real
21, if x , 0 numbers such that
f(x) 5 • 0, if x 5 0 (1) A 5 B 2 3
1, if x . 0 (2) 4B 2 A 2 6 (if B . 1, then A . 22 if B , 1,
then A , 22)
a. y
4 A 5 1 and B 5 22 is not a solution because then
the graph would be continuous at x 5 2.
2 2x, if 23 # x # 22
16. f(x) 5 • ax 1 b, if 22 , x , 0
2
x 6, if x 5 0
–4 –2 0 2 4 at x 5 22, 4a 1 b 5 2
–2
at x 5 0, b 5 6.
a 5 21
2x, if 23 # x # 22
f(x) 5 • 2x2 1 b, if 22 , x , 0
–4
6, if x 5 0
b. i. From the graph, lim2 f(x) 5 21.
xS0 if a 5 21, b 5 6. f(x) is continuous.
ii. From the graph, lim1 f(x) 5 1.
xS0 x0 x 2 1 0
g(x) 5 • x 2 1
iii. Since the one-sided limits differ, lim f(x) does , if x 2 1
xS0 17.
not exist. 0, if x 5 1
c. f is not continuous since lim f(x) does not exist.
xS0
¶ lim g(x)
14. a. From the graph, f(3) 5 2. lim g(x) 5 21
a. xS12
b. From the graph, lim2 f(x) 5 4. lim1 g(x) 5 1 xS1
xS3 xS1
c. lim2 f(x) 5 4 5 lim2 f(x)
xS3 xS3 lim g(x) does not exist.
xS1

b. y
, Pa4, b
2 2
!x 1 5
4 c. h(x) 5
3
2 2
23
2 !4 1 h 1 5
m 5 lim
x hS0 h
3 2 !9 1 h 3 1 !9 1 h
–4 –2 0 2 4 5 2 lim c d
3 1 !9 1 h
3
hS0 3h!9 1 h
–2
5 2 lim c2 d
1
hS0 3 !9 1 h(3 1 !9 1 h)
–4 2
52
9(6)
g(x) is discontinuous at x 5 1.
1
52
Review Exercise, pp. 56–59 27
, Pa4, b
5 5
1. a. f(22) 5 36, f(3) 5 21 d. f(x) 5
x22 2
21 2 36 5 5
m5 2
3 2 (22) 41h22 2
5 23 m 5 lim
hS0 h
b. f(21) 5 13, f(4) 5 48 10 2 5(2 1 h)
48 2 13 5 lim
m5 hS0 h(2 1 h)(2)
4 2 (21)
25h
57 5 lim 2
c. f(1) 5 23 hS0 h(2 1 h)(2)
5(1 1 2h 1 h 2 ) 2 (23) 5
m 5 lim 52
hS0 h 4
3. f(x) 5 e
2h 1 h 2 4 2 x2 , if x # 1
5 lim 2x 1 1, if x . 1
hS0 h
5 lim 2 1 h a. Slope at P(21, 3) f(x) 5 4 2 x 2
hS0
52 4 2 (21 1 h)2 2 3
m 5 lim
y 2 (23) 5 2(x 2 1) hS0 h
2x 2 y 2 5 5 0 4 2 1 1 2h 2 h 2 2 3
5 lim
3 hS0 h
2. a. f(x) 5 , P(2, 1)
x11 5 lim (2 2 h)
3 hS0
21
m531h 52
h Slope of the graph at P(21, 3) is 2.
1 b. Slope at P(2, 0.5)
5 lim 2
hS0 31h f(x) 5 2x 1 1
1 f(2 1 h) 2 f(2) 5 2(2 1 h) 1 1 2 5
52
3 5 2h
b. g(x) 5 "x 1 2, P(21, 1) 2h
"21 1 h 1 2 2 1
m 5 lim 52
hS0 h
m 5 lim
hS0 h Slope of the graph at P(2, 0.5) is 2.
!h 1 1 2 1 !h 1 1 1 1 4. s(t) 5 25t 2 1 180
5 lim c d
!h 1 1 1 1
3 a. s(0) 5 180, s(1) 5 175, s(2) 5 160
hS0 x
1 Average velocity during the first second is
hS0 !h 1 1 1 1
5 lim
m> s.
s(1) 2 s(0)
5 25
1 1
5
2
Average velocity during the second second is c. Present rate of change:
m> s.
s(2) 2 s(1) Q(h) 5 104 (h 2 1 15h 1 70)
5 215
1 Q(0) 5 104 1 70
b. At t 5 4: Q(h) 2 Q(0)
s(4 1 h) 2 s(4) lim 5 lim 104 (h 1 15)
hS0 h hS0
5 25(4 1 h)2 1 180 2 (25(16) 1 180)
5 15 3 104 t per year.
5 280 2 40h 2 5h 2 1 180 1 80 2 180
d. Q(a 1 h)
s(4 1 h) 2 s(4) 240h 2 5h 2
5 5 104 3a 2 1 2ah 1 h 2 1 15a 1 15h 1 704
Q(a) 5 104 3a 2 1 15a 1 704
h h
v(4) 5 lim (240 2 5h) 5 240
104 32ah 1 h 2 1 15h4
Velocity is 240 m> s.
hS0 Q(a 1 h) 2 Q(a)
5
h h
c. Time to reach ground is when s(t) 5 0.
Q(a 1 h) 2 Q(a)
Therefore, 25t 2 1 180 5 0 lim 5 lim 104 (2a 1 h 1 15)
t 2 5 36 hS0 h hS0
t 5 6, t . 0. 5 (2a 1 15)104
Velocity at t 5 6: Now,
s(6 1 h) 5 25(36 1 12h 1 h 2 ) 1 180 (2a 1 15)104 5 3 3 105
5 260h 2 5h 2 2a 1 15 5 30
s(6) 5 0 a 5 7.5
Therefore, v(6) 5 lim (260 2 5h) 5 260. It will take 7.5 years to reach a rate of
hS0 3.0 3 105 t per year.
5. M(t) 5 t 2 mass in grams 7. a. From the graph, the limit is 10.
a. Growth during 3 # t # 3.01 b. 7; 0
M(3.01) 5 (3.01)2 5 9.0601 c. p(t) is discontinuous for t 5 3 and t 5 4.
M(3) 5 32 8. a. Answers will vary. lim f(x) 5 0.5, f is
59 xS21
Grew 0.0601 g during this time interval. discontinuous at x 5 21

b. Average rate of growth is y
2
5 6.01 g> min.
0.0601
0.01
1
c. s(3 1 h) 5 9 1 6h 1 h 2
s(3) 5 9 x
s(3 1 h) 2 s(3) 6h 1 h 2 –2 –1 0 1 2
5
h h
Rate of growth is lim (6 1 h) 5 6 g> min. –1
hS0
6. Q(t) 5 104 (t 2 1 15t 1 70) tonnes of waste, –2
0 # t # 10
a. At t 5 0, b. f(x) 5 24 if x , 3; f is increasing for x . 3
Q(t) 5 70 3 104 lim1 f(x) 5 1
5 700 000. xS3
700 000 t have accumulated up to now. y

4
b. Over the next three years, the average rate of
change:
Q(3) 5 104 (9 1 45 1 70) 2
5 124 3 104 x
Q(0) 5 70 3 104 0
–4 –2 2 4
Q(3) 2 Q(0) 54 3 104
5 –2
3 3
5 18 3 104 t per year.
–4
9. a. y 13. a.
4 x 1.9 1.99 1.999 2.001 2.01 2.1
x22
0.344 83 0.334 45 0.333 44 0.333 22 0.332 23 0.322 58
2 x2 2 x 2 2
1
x
0 3
–4 –2 2 4
–2
–4
x 1 1, if x , 21
b. f(x) 5 • 2x 1 1, if 21 # x , 1 b.
x 0.9 0.99 0.999 1.001 1.01 1.1
x 2 2, if x . 1
x21
Discontinuous at x 5 21 and x 5 1. 0.526 32 0.502 51 0.500 25 0.499 75 0.497 51 0.476 19
x2 2 1
c. They do not exist.
10. The function is not continuous at x 5 24 1
because the function is not defined at x 5 24. 2
(x 5 24 makes the denominator 0.)
2x 2 2
11. f(x) 5 2
x 1x22
2(x 2 1)
5
(x 2 1)(x 1 2)
a. f is discontinuous at x 5 1 and x 5 22.
2 14.
b. lim f(x) 5 lim
xS1 xS1 x 1 2 x 20.1 20.01 20.001 0.001 0.01 0.1
2 "x 1 3 2 "3 0.291 12 0.288 92 0.2887 0.288 65 0.288 43 0.286 31
5
3 x
2
lim f(x): 5 lim 1 5 1` !x 1 3 2 !3 !x 1 3 1 !3
xS22 x 1 2
lim c d
!x 1 3 1 !3
xS22
?
2 xS0 x
lim 5 2` x1323
xS222 x 1 2
xS0 xA !x 1 3 1 !3B
5 lim
lim f(x) does not exist.
xS22
x
xS0 xA !x 1 3 1 !3B
1 5 lim
12. a. f(x) 5 , lim f(x) does not exist.
x 2 xS0
1
xS0 !x 1 3 1 !3
b. g(x) 5 x(x 2 5), lim g(x) 5 0 5 lim
xS0
x 3 2 27
c. h(x) 5 2 , 1
2 !3
x 29 5
37
lim h(x) 5 5 5.2857 This agrees well with the values in the table.
xS4 7
lim h(x) does not exist. "x 1 2 2 2
xS23 15. a. f(x) 5
x22
x 2.1 2.01 2.001 2.0001
f(x) 0.248 46 0.249 84 0.249 98 0.25
x 5 2.0001
f(x) 8 0.25

b. 1
A !x 1 5 1 !5 2 xB
5 lim
xS0
1
!5
5
(x 2 2)(x 1 2)
d. lim
xS2 (x 2 2)(x 2 1 2x 1 4)
lim f(x) 5 0.25 x12
xS2
5 lim 2
!x 1 2 2 2 !x 1 2 1 2 xS2 x 1 2x 1 4
c. lim c d
!x 1 2 1 2
3 (2) 1 2
xS2 x22 5
1 (2)2 1 2(2) 1 4
xS2 !x 1 2 1 2
5 lim 4
5
1 12
5 5 0.25 1
4 5
(5 1 h)2 2 25 3
4 2 !12 1 x 4 1 !12 1 x
e. lim c d
16. a. lim
4 1 !12 1 x
hS0 h ?
5 lim (10 1 h) xS4 x24
hS0 16 2 (12 1 x)
xS4 (x 2 4)(4 1 !12 1 x)
5 10 5 lim
Slope of the tangent to y 5 x 2 at x 5 5 is 10. 42x
"4 1 h 2 2 "4 1 h 2 2 xS4 (x 2 4)(4 1 !12 1 x)
5 lim
b. lim 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 4 1 h 2 4 2 (x 2 4)
xS4 (x 2 4)(4 1 !12 1 x)
5 lim
1
hS0 !4 1 h 1 2
5 lim
21
xS4 4 1 !12 1 x
5 lim
1
5
4 21
Slope of the tangent to y 5 "x at x 5 4 is 14. 4 1 !12 1 (4)
5
1 1 21
24 4242h 5
41h
c. lim 5 lim 414
hS0 h hS0 4(4 1 h)(h)
1
1 52
5 lim 2 8
hS0 4(4 1 h)
f. lim a 2 b
1 1 1
1
52 xS0 x 21x 2
16
5 lim c 3 2 d
1 1 x
Slope of the tangent to y 5 x at (x 5 4) is 2 161 . xS0 x 2(2 1 x)
(x 1 4)(x 1 8)
5 lim c2 d
17. a. lim 5 lim (x 1 8) 1
xS24 x14 xS24
xS0 2(2 1 x)
5 (24) 1 8 1
54 52
4
2 2
(x 1 4a) 2 25a (x 2 a)(x 1 9a) 18. a. The function is not defined for x , 3, so
b. lim 5 lim
xSa x 2 a xSa x2a there is no left-side limit.
5 10a b. Even after dividing out common factors from
!x 1 5 2 !5 2 x !x 1 5 1 !5 2 x
c. lim c d
numerator and denominator, there is a factor of
!x 1 5 1 !5 2 x
3
xS0 x x 2 2 in the denominator; the graph has a vertical
x15251x asymptote at x 5 2.
xS0 xA !x 1 5 1 !5 2 xB
5 lim
c. f(x) 5 e
25, if x , 1
2, if x $ 1
lim2 f(x) 5 25 2 lim1 f(x) 5 2
xS1 xS1

d. The function has a vertical asymptote at x 5 2. 18h 2 18h2 1 6h3
0x0 5 lim
hS0 h
e. lim
xS0 x 5 lim (18 2 18h 1 6h2 )
x S 02 0 x 0 5 2x hS0
0x0
5 18
lim2 5 21 When x 5 21, y 5 29.
xS0 x
0x0
The equation of the tangent is
lim1 51 y 2 (29) 5 18(x 2 (21))
xS0 x
y 5 18x 1 9
0x0 0x0 22(3 1 h)4 2 (2162)
lim1 2 lim2 d. m 5 lim
xS0 x xS0 x
hS0 h
f(x) 5 e
5x2, if x , 21 22(81 1 108h 1 54h2 1 12h3 1 h4 ) 1 162
f. 5 lim
2x 1 1, if x $ 21 hS0 h
lim 1 f(x) 5 21 2216h 2 108h2 2 24h3 2 2h4
xS21 5 lim
lim f(x) 5 5 hS0 h
xS212
5 lim ( 2 216 2 108h 2 24h2 2 2h3 )
lim f(x) 2 lim 2 f(x) hS0
xS21 1 xS21
5 2216
Therefore, lim f(x) does not exist. When x 5 3, y 5 2162.
xS21
19. a. The equation of the tangent is
23(1 1 h)2 1 6(1 1 h) 1 4 2 (23 1 6 1 4) y 2 (2162) 5 2216(x 2 3)
m 5 lim y 5 2216x 1 486
hS0 h
23 2 6h 2 h2 1 6 1 6h 1 4 2 7 20. P(t) 5 20 1 61t 1 3t 2
5 lim a. P(8) 5 20 1 61(8) 1 3(8)2
hS0 h
2h2 5 700 000
5 lim b.
hS0 h
20 1 61(8 1 h) 1 3(8 1 h)2 2 (20 1 488 1 192)
5 lim 2h lim
hS0 hS0 h
50 20 1 488 1 61h 1 3(64 1 16h 1 h2 ) 2 700
When x 5 1, y 5 7. 5 lim
hS0 h
The equation of the tangent is y 2 7 5 0(x 2 1) 20 1 488 1 61h 1 192 1 48h 1 3h2 2 700
y57 5 lim
hS0 h
b. 2
109h 1 3h
(22 1 h)2 2 (22 1 h) 2 1 2 (4 1 2 2 1) 5 lim
m 5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h
5 lim (109 1 3h)
4 2 4h 1 h2 1 2 2 h 2 1 2 5 hS0
5 lim 5 109
hS0 h
25h 1 h2 The population is changing at the rate of
5 lim 109 000>h.
hS0 h
5 lim (25 1 h)
hS0 Chapter 1 Test, p. 60
5 25 1
When x 5 22, y 5 5. 1. lim x 2 1 does not exist since
xS1
The equation of the tangent is y 2 5 5 25(x 1 2) 1 1
y 5 25x 2 5 lim1 5 1` 2 lim2 5 2 `.
xS1 x 2 1 xS1 x 2 1
6(21 1 h)3 2 3 2 (26 2 3)
c. m 5 lim 2. f(x) 5 5x 2 2 8x
hS0 h f(22) 5 5(4) 2 8(22) 5 20 1 16 5 36
6(21 1 3h 2 3h2 1 h3 ) 2 3 1 9 f(1) 5 5 2 8 5 23
5 lim
hS0 h 36 1 3 39
Slope of secant is 52
22 2 1 3
5 213
3. a. lim f(x) does not exist. 4x 2 2 36 2(x 2 3)(x 1 3)
xS1 7. a. lim 5 lim
b. lim f(x) 5 1 xS3 2x 2 6 xS3 (x 2 3)
xS2 5 12
c. lim2 f(x) 5 1 2x 2 2 x 2 6 (2x 1 3)(x 2 2)
xS4
b. lim 2 5 lim
d. f is discontinuous at x 5 1 and x 5 2. xS2 3x 2 7x 1 2 xS2 (x 2 2)(3x 2 1)
4. a. Average velocity from t 5 2 to t 5 5: 7
5
s(5) 2 s(2) (40 2 25) 2 (16 2 4) 5
5
3 3 x25 (x 2 1) 2 4
xS5 !x 2 1 2 2 xS5 !x 2 1 2 2
c. lim 5 lim
15 2 12
5
3 A !x 2 1 2 2BA !x 2 1 1 2B
!x 2 1 2 2
51 5 lim
Average velocity from t 5 2 to t 5 5 is 1 km> h.
xS5
54
b. s(3 1 h) 2 s(3) x3 1 1 (x 1 1)(x 2 2 x 1 1)
5 8(3 1 h) 2 (3 1 h)2 2 (24 2 9) d. lim 4 5 lim 2
xS21 x 2 1 xS21 (x 2 1)(x 1 1)(x 1 1)
5 24 1 8h 2 9 2 6h 2 h 2 2 15 3
5 2h 2 h 2 5
22(2)
2h 2 h 2
v(3) 5 lim 52 3
hS0 h 52
Velocity at t 5 3 is 2 km> h.
4
e. lim a b 5 lim
(x 1 3) 2 6
5. f(x) 5 "x 1 11
1 6
2 2
xS3 x 2 3 x 29 xS3 (x 2 3)(x 1 3)
Average rate of change from x 5 5 to x 5 5 1 h:
1
f(5 1 h) 2 f(5) 5 lim
xS3 x 1 3
h
1
"16 1 h 2 "16 5
6
5 1 1
h (x 1 8) 2 2
3
(x 1 8) 2 2
3
x f. lim 5 lim
6. f(x) 5 2 xS0 x xS0 (x 1 8) 2 8
x 2 15 1
(x 1 8)3 2 2
Slope of the tangent at x 5 4: 5 lim
xS0 ((x 1 8)3 2 2)((x 1 8)3 1 2(x 1 8)3 1 4)
1 2 1
41h
f(4 1 h) 5 1
(4 1 h)2 2 15 5
41414
41h
5 1
1 1 8h 1 h 2 5
12
4
f(4) 5 ax 1 3, if x . 5
1
8. f(x) 5 • 8, if x 5 5
41h 2
f(4 1 h) 2 f(4) 5 24 x 1 bx 1 a, if x , 5
1 1 8h 1 h 2
f(x) is continuous.
4 1 h 2 4 2 32h 2 4h 2
5 Therefore, 5a 1 3 5 8 a51
1 1 2h 1 h 2 25 1 5b 1 a 5 8 5b 5 218
31h 2 4h 2 18
52 b52
(1 1 2h 1 h 2 ) 5
f(4 1 h) 2 f(4) (231 2 4h)
lim 5 lim 2
hS0 h hS0 1 1 2h 1 h
5 231
Slope of the tangent at x 5 4 is 231.

CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Calculus
Review of Prerequisite Skills, pp. 2–3 y 2 4 5 21(x 2 (22))
y 2 4 5 2x 2 2
27 2 5 x1y2250
1. a. m 5
622 e. x 5 23
5 23 f. y 5 5
4 2 (24) 3. a. f(2) 5 26 1 5
b. m 5
21 2 3 5 21
5 22 b. f(2) 5 (8 2 2)(6 2 6)
420 50
c. m 5
120 c. f(2) 5 23(4) 1 2(2) 2 1
54 5 29
420 d. f(2) 5 (10 1 2)2
d. m 5
21 2 0 5 144
5 24 210
4 2 4.41 4. a. f(210) 5
e. m 5 100 1 4
22 2 (22.1) 5
52
5 24.1 52
21 2 1 23
f. m 5 7 4 3 4 b. f(23) 5
4 2 4 914
2 3
2 52
4 13
5 0
1 c. f(0) 5
1 014
52 50
2
2. a. Substitute the given slope and y-intercept into 10
d. f(10) 5
y 5 mx 1 b. 100 1 4
y 5 4x 2 2 5
5
b. Substitute the given slope and y-intercept into 52
"3 2 x, if x , 0
y 5 mx 1 b.
5. f(x) 5 •
"3 1 x, if x $ 0
y 5 22x 1 5
c. The slope of the line is
12 2 6 a. f(233) 5 6
m5
4 2 (21) b. f(0) 5 "3
6
5 c. f(78) 5 9
d. f(3) 5 "6
5
The equation of the line is in the form
y 2 y1 5 m(x 2 x1 ). The point is (21, 6) and 1
, if 23 , t , 0
6. s(t) 5 μ
m 5 65. t
The equation of the line is y 2 6 5 65 (x 1 1) or 5, if t 5 0
y 5 65 (x 1 1) 1 6. t3, if t . 0
824 1
d. m5 a. s(22) 5 2
26 2 (22) 2
5 21 b. s(21) 5 21
c. s(0) 5 5 V(120) 2 V(60) 0 2 1200
5
d. s(1) 5 1 120 2 60 60
e. s(100) 5 1003 or 106 5 220 L>min
7. a. (x 2 6)(x 1 2) 5 x 2 2 4x 2 12
5 2x 2 2 7x
d. (x 2 1)(x 1 3) 2 (2x 1 5)(x 2 2) V(61) 2 V(59) 1186.56 2 1213.22
8
5 x 2 1 2x 2 3 2 (2x 2 1 x 2 10) 61 2 59 2
5 2x 2 1 x 1 7 5 213.33 L>min
5 (81a 2 2 90a 1 25)(9a 2 5) 12. a., b. y
8
5 729a 3 2 1215a 2 1 675a 2 125
8. a. x 2 x 5 x(x 2 2 1)
3
5 x(x 1 1)(x 2 1) 4
2
b. x 1 x 2 6 5 (x 1 3)(x 2 2) x
c. 2x 2 2 7x 1 6 5 (2x 2 3)(x 2 2) 0
–2 2 4 6
d. x 3 1 2x 2 1 x 5 x(x 2 1 2x 1 1)
5 x(x 1 1)(x 1 1) –4
e. 27x 2 64 5 (3x 2 4)(9x 2 1 12x 1 16)
3
f. 2x 3 2 x 2 2 7x 1 6 –8
5 (x 2 1)(2x 2 3)(x 1 2) x 5 5 is 28.
9. a. 5xPR 0 x $ 256
c. 5xPR 0 x 2 16
d. 5xPR 0 x 2 06
e. 2x 2 2 5x 2 3 5 (2x 1 1)(x 2 3) 1. a. 2"3 1 4
e xPR ` x 2 2 , 3 f b. "3 2 "2
1
c. 2"3 1 "2
2
f. 5xPR 0 x 2 25, 22, 16
10. a. h(0) 5 2, h(1) 5 22.1 d. 3"3 2 "2
22.1 2 2 e. "2 1 "5
120 f. 2"5 2 2"2
5 20.1 m> s
"3 1 "5 "2
b. h(1) 5 22.1, h(2) 5 32.4 2. a. ?
32.4 2 22.1 "2 "2
221 "6 1 "10
5
5 10.3 m> s 2
"2 "2
5
2
5 "6 2 3

c. s(0) 5 5 V(120) 2 V(60) 0 2 1200
5
d. s(1) 5 1 120 2 60 60
e. s(100) 5 1003 or 106 5 220 L>min
7. a. (x 2 6)(x 1 2) 5 x 2 2 4x 2 12
5 2x 2 2 7x
d. (x 2 1)(x 1 3) 2 (2x 1 5)(x 2 2) V(61) 2 V(59) 1186.56 2 1213.22
8
5 x 2 1 2x 2 3 2 (2x 2 1 x 2 10) 61 2 59 2
5 2x 2 1 x 1 7 5 213.33 L>min
5 (81a 2 2 90a 1 25)(9a 2 5) 12. a., b. y
8
5 729a 3 2 1215a 2 1 675a 2 125
8. a. x 2 x 5 x(x 2 2 1)
3
5 x(x 1 1)(x 2 1) 4
2
b. x 1 x 2 6 5 (x 1 3)(x 2 2) x
c. 2x 2 2 7x 1 6 5 (2x 2 3)(x 2 2) 0
–2 2 4 6
d. x 3 1 2x 2 1 x 5 x(x 2 1 2x 1 1)
5 x(x 1 1)(x 1 1) –4
e. 27x 2 64 5 (3x 2 4)(9x 2 1 12x 1 16)
3
f. 2x 3 2 x 2 2 7x 1 6 –8
5 (x 2 1)(2x 2 3)(x 1 2) x 5 5 is 28.
9. a. 5xPR 0 x $ 256
c. 5xPR 0 x 2 16
d. 5xPR 0 x 2 06
e. 2x 2 2 5x 2 3 5 (2x 1 1)(x 2 3) 1. a. 2"3 1 4
e xPR ` x 2 2 , 3 f b. "3 2 "2
1
c. 2"3 1 "2
2
f. 5xPR 0 x 2 25, 22, 16
10. a. h(0) 5 2, h(1) 5 22.1 d. 3"3 2 "2
22.1 2 2 e. "2 1 "5
120 f. 2"5 2 2"2
5 20.1 m> s
"3 1 "5 "2
b. h(1) 5 22.1, h(2) 5 32.4 2. a. ?
32.4 2 22.1 "2 "2
221 "6 1 "10
5
5 10.3 m> s 2
"2 "2
5
2
5 "6 2 3

4"3 1 3"2 "3 3"3 2 2"2 3"3 2 2"2
c. ? f. ?
2"3 "3 3"3 1 2"2 3"3 2 2"2
12 1 3"6 27 2 12"6 1 8
5 5
6 27 2 8
4 1 "6 35 2 12"6
5 5
2 19
3"5 2 "2 "2
d. ? "5 2 1 "5 1 1
"2 4. a. ?
"5 1 1
2"2 4
3"10 2 2 521
5 5
4 4("5 1 1)
3 "5 1 "2 1
3. a. ?
"5 2 "2 "5 1 "2 !5 1 1
5
3("5 1 "2 ) 2 2 3"2 2 1 3"2

5 b. ?
3 2 2 1 3"2
5 "5 1 "2 5
4 2 18
2"5 2"5 2 3"2 2( 2 1 3"2 )
b. ?
2"5 1 3"2 2"5 2 3"2 27
5
20 2 6"10 2 1 3"2
5
20 2 18 "5 1 2 "5 2 2
c. ?
5 10 2 3"10 2"5 2 1 "5 2 2
"3 2 "2 "3 2 "2
524
5
c. ?
"3 1 "2 "3 2 "2
10 2 5"5 1 2
1
12 2 5 !5
3 1 2"6 1 2 5
5
322
8"2 "20 1 "18
5 5 1 2"6 5. a. ?
"20 2 "18 "20 1 "18
2"5 2 8 2"5 2 3
d. ? 8"40 1 8"36
2"5 1 3 2"5 2 3 5
20 2 18
20 2 22"5 1 24 16"10 1 48
5 5
20 2 9 2
44 2 22"5 5 8"10 1 24
5
11
8"2 2"5 1 3"2
5 4 2 2"5 b. ?
2"5 2 3"2 2"5 1 3"2
2"3 2 "2 5"2 2 "3
e. ? 16"10 1 48
5"2 1 "3 5"2 2 "3 5
20 2 18
10"6 2 6 2 10 1 "6
5 16"10 1 48
50 2 3 5
2
11"6 2 16
5 5 8"10 1 24
47
c. The expressions in the two parts are equivalent.
The radicals in the denominator of part a. have been
simplified in part b.

2"2 2"3 1 "8 "a 2 2 "a 1 2
6. a. ? 7. a. ?
2"3 2 "8 2"3 1 "8 a24 "a 1 2
4"6 1 8 a24
5
5
628 ( a 2 4 )("a 2 2)
5 22"3 2 4 1
5
2"6 2"27 1 "8 "a 2 2
"x 1 4 2 2 "x 1 4 1 2
b. ?
2"27 2 "8 2"27 1 "8 b. ?
4"162 1 2"48 x "x 1 4 1 2
5 x1424
54 2 8 5
36"2 1 8"3 x("x 1 4 1 2)
5 x
46 5
18"2 1 4"3 x("x 1 4 1 2)
5 1
23 5
2"2 "x 1 4 2 2
!x 1 h 2 !x !x 1 h 1 !x
c.
"16 2 "12
!x 1 h 1 !x
c. ?
h
2"2 4 1 2"3
5 ? x1h2x
hA !x 1 h 1 !xB
4 2 2"3 4 1 2"3 5
8"2 1 4"6 h
5
hA !x 1 h 1 !xB
5
16 2 12
5 2"2 1 "6 1
!x 1 h 1 !x
5
3"2 1 2"3 "12 1 "8
d. ?
"12 2 "8 "12 1 "8
3"24 1 12 1 12 1 2"24
5 28 2 7
12 2 8 1. a. m 5
23 2 2
24 1 15"3 53
5
4
27 2 3
3 !5 4 !3 1 5!2 b. m 5 7 2 1 2
2 2 2
4!3 2 5 !2 4 !3 1 5!2
e. ?
2 102
5 6
12"15 1 15"10 2
5
48 2 50 5
52
12"15 1 15"10 3
52 21 2 (22.6)
2 c. m 5
"18 1 "12 "18 1 "12 1.5 2 6.3
f. ? 1
"18 2 "12 "18 1 "12 52
3
5
30 1 12"6 b. 13x 2 7y 2 11 5 0
5 27y 5 213x 2 11
6
13 11
5 5 1 2"6 y5 x1
7 7
13
2"2 2"3 1 "8 "a 2 2 "a 1 2
6. a. ? 7. a. ?
2"3 2 "8 2"3 1 "8 a24 "a 1 2
4"6 1 8 a24
5
5
628 ( a 2 4 )("a 2 2)
5 22"3 2 4 1
5
2"6 2"27 1 "8 "a 2 2
"x 1 4 2 2 "x 1 4 1 2
b. ?
2"27 2 "8 2"27 1 "8 b. ?
4"162 1 2"48 x "x 1 4 1 2
5 x1424
54 2 8 5
36"2 1 8"3 x("x 1 4 1 2)
5 x
46 5
18"2 1 4"3 x("x 1 4 1 2)
5 1
23 5
2"2 "x 1 4 2 2
!x 1 h 2 !x !x 1 h 1 !x
c.
"16 2 "12
!x 1 h 1 !x
c. ?
h
2"2 4 1 2"3
5 ? x1h2x
hA !x 1 h 1 !xB
4 2 2"3 4 1 2"3 5
8"2 1 4"6 h
5
hA !x 1 h 1 !xB
5
16 2 12
5 2"2 1 "6 1
!x 1 h 1 !x
5
3"2 1 2"3 "12 1 "8
d. ?
"12 2 "8 "12 1 "8
3"24 1 12 1 12 1 2"24
5 28 2 7
12 2 8 1. a. m 5
23 2 2
24 1 15"3 53
5
4
27 2 3
3 !5 4 !3 1 5!2 b. m 5 7 2 1 2
2 2 2
4!3 2 5 !2 4 !3 1 5!2
e. ?
2 102
5 6
12"15 1 15"10 2
5
48 2 50 5
52
12"15 1 15"10 3
52 21 2 (22.6)
2 c. m 5
"18 1 "12 "18 1 "12 1.5 2 6.3
f. ? 1
"18 2 "12 "18 1 "12 52
3
5
30 1 12"6 b. 13x 2 7y 2 11 5 0
5 27y 5 213x 2 11
6
13 11
5 5 1 2"6 y5 x1
7 7
13
2 53 2 (24) y
3. a. m 5 5 4
3 2 (24)
7
5 3 2
17
3
x
7
5 –2 0 2 4 6
17
7 –2
y 2 (24) 5 (x 2 (24))
17
17y 1 68 5 7x 1 28 –4
7x 2 17y 2 40 5 0
y
d. The line is a vertical line because both points
4
have the same x-coordinate.
x55
2
y
4
–2 0 2 4 6 x
2
–2
x
–2 0 2 4 6
–4
–2
b. The slope and y-intercept are given.
y 5 8x 1 6 –4
y
8
(5 1 h)3 2 125
4. a.
4 h
(5 1 h 2 5)((5 1 h)2 1 5(5 1 h) 1 25)
x 5
h
–4 –2 0 2 4 h(75 1 15h 1 h ) 2
5
–4 h
5 75 1 15h 1 h 2
(3 1 h)4 2 81
–8 b.
h
((3 1 h)2 2 9)((3 1 h)2 1 9)
c. (0, 23), (5, 0) 5
h
0 2 (23) (9 1 6h 1 h 2 9)(9 1 6h 1 h 2 1 9)
2
m5 5
520 h
3 5 (6 1 h)(18 1 6h 1 h 2 )
5
5 5 108 1 54h 1 12h 2 1 h 3
3 1
21 1212h 1
y 2 0 5 (x 2 5) c. 1 1 h 5 52
5 h h(1 1 h) 11h
3x 2 5y 2 15 5 0 2 2
3(1 1 h) 2 3 3((1 1 h) 2 1)
d. 5
h h
3(1 1 2h 1 h 2 2 1)
5
h

3(2h 1 h2 ) 7. a. P Q Slope of Line PQ
5
h (2, 8) (3, 27) 19
5 6 1 3h (2, 8) (2.5, 15.625) 15.25
(2, 8) (2.1, 9.261) 12.61
3 12 2 12 2 3h
4 1 h 2 34 4 (4 1 h)
(2, 8) (2.01, 8.120 601) 12.060 1
e. 5 (2, 8) (1, 1) 7
h h
23 (2, 8) (1.5, 3.375) 9.25
5 (2, 8) (1.9, 6.859) 11.41
4(4 1 h)
(2, 8) (1.99, 7.880 599) 11.940 1
21 22 1 2 1 h
2 1 h 1 12 2 (2 1 h)
f. 5 b. 12
h h
h c. (2, 8), ((2 1 h), (2 1 h)3 )
5 (2 1 h)3 2 8
2h(2 1 h) m5
1 21h22
5 8 1 12h 1 6h 2 1 h 3 2 8
4 1 2h 5
"16 1 h 2 4
h
16 1 h 2 16 5 12 1 6h 1 h 2
5. a. 5
h h( "16 1 h 1 4) d. m 5 lim (12 1 6h 1 h 2 )
hS0
1 5 12
5
"16 1 h 1 4 e. They are the same.
"h 1 5h 1 4 2 2 y
2 f.
h 2 1 5h 1 4 2 4
b. 5 12
h h("h 2 1 5h 1 4 1 2 )
h15 8
5
"h 1 5h 1 4 1 2
2
"5 1 h 2 "5 51h25 4

c. 5
h h ("5 1 h 1 "5 ) x
1 –4 –2 0 2 4
5
"5 1 h 1 "5 –4
6. a. P(1, 3), Q(1 1 h, f(1 1 h)), f(x) 5 3x 2
3(1 1 h)2 2 3 8. a. y 5 3x 2, (22, 12)
m5
h 3(22 1 h)2 2 12
m 5 lim
5 6 1 3h hS0 h
b. P(1, 3), Q(1 1 h, (1 1 h)3 1 2) 12 2 12h 1 3h 2 2 12
5 lim
(1 1 h)3 1 2 2 3 hS0 h
m5
h 5 lim (212 1 3h)
hS0
1 1 3h 1 3h 2 1 h 3 2 1 5 212
5
h b. y 5 x 2 2 x at x 5 3, y 5 6.
5 3 1 3h 1 h 2 (3 1 h)2 2 (3 1 h) 2 6
c. P(9, 3), Q (9 1 h, "9 1 h )
m 5 lim
hS0 h
"9 1 h 2 3 "9 1 h 1 3
9 1 6h 1 h 2 2 3 2 h 2 6
5 lim
m5 ?
"9 1 h 1 3
hS0 h
h
5 lim (5 1 h)
1 hS0
5
"9 1 h 1 3
55

c. y 5 x 3 at x 5 22, y 5 28. 22
5 lim
(22 1 h)3 1 8 hS0 41h
m 5 lim 1
hS0 h 52
28 1 12h 2 6h 2 1 h 3 1 8 2
5 lim
hS0 h 1 1
c. y 5 at x 5 3; y 5
5 lim (12 2 6h 1 h 2 ) x12 5
hS0 1 1
5 12 2
m 5 lim 5 1 h 5
9. a. y 5 "x 2 2; (3, 1) hS0 h
"3 1 h 2 2 2 1 5 lim
21
m 5 lim hS0 5(5 1 h)
hS0 h
"1 1 h 2 1 "1 1 h 1 1
1
52
5 lim £ 3 § 10
hS0 h "1 1 h 1 1 11. a. Let y 5 f(x).
1 f(2) 5 (2)2 2 3(2) 5 4 2 6 5 22
5 lim
hS0 "1 1h11 f(2 1 h) 5 (2 1 h)2 2 3(2 1 h)
1 Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope
5
b. y 5 "x 2 5 at x 5 9, y 5 2 f(2 1 h) 2 f(2)
"9 1 h 2 5 2 2
m 5 lim
hS0 h
m 5 lim
hS0 h (2 1 h)2 2 3(2 1 h) 2 (22)
5 lim
"4 1 h 2 2 "4 1 h 1 2 hS0 h
5 lim £ 3 § 4 1 4h 1 h 2 2 6 2 3h 1 2
hS0 h "4 1 h 1 2 5 lim
hS0 h
1 h2 1 h
5 lim
hS0 "4
5 lim
1h12 hS0 h
1 5 lim (h 1 1)
5 hS0
4 5011
c. y 5 "5x 2 1 at x 5 2, y 5 3 51
"10 1 5h 2 1 2 3 Therefore, the slope of the tangent to
m 5 lim
hS0 h y 5 f(x) 5 x 2 2 3x at x 5 2 is 1.
"9 1 5h 2 3 "9 1 5h 1 3
4
5 lim £ §
b. f(22) 5 5 22
3 22
hS0 h "9 1 5h 1 3 4
5 f(22 1 h) 5
5 lim 22 1 h
hS0 "9 1 5h 1 3 Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope
5
6 f(22 1 h) 2 f(22)
8 m 5 lim
10. a. y 5 at (2, 4) hS0 h
x
4
8
24 2 (22)
m 5 lim 2 1 h 5 lim 22 1 h
hS0 h hS0 h
24 4
5 lim 12
hS0 2 1 h 22 1 h
5 lim
5 22 hS0 h
5 lim c ? d
8 4 2 4 1 2h 1
b. y 5 at x 5 1; y 5 2
31x hS0 22 1 h h
5 lim c ? d
8
22 2h 1
m 5 lim 4 1 h
hS0 h hS0 22 1 h h
2 1
!0 1 9 1 3
5 lim 5
hS0 22 1 h
2 1
5 5
22 1 0 313
5 21 1
4 5
Therefore, the slope of the tangent to f(x) 5 x at 6
x 5 22 is 21. Therefore, the slope of the tangent to
c. Let y 5 f(x). y 5 f(x) 5 !x 2 7 at x 5 16 is 16.
e. Let y 5 f(x).
f(1) 5 3(1)3 5 3
f(1 1 h) 5 3(1 1 h)3 f(3) 5 "25 2 (3)2 5 !25 2 9 5 4
Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope f(3 1 h) 5 "25 2 (3 1 h)2
of the tangent at x 5 1 is 5 "25 2 (9 1 6h 1 h 2 )
f(1 1 h) 2 f(1)
m 5 lim 5 "25 2 9 2 6h 2 h 2
5 "16 2 6h 2 h 2
hS0 h
3(1 1 h)3 2 3
5 lim Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope
hS0 h
Using the binomial formula to expand (1 1 h)3 (or of the tangent at x 5 3 is
one could simply expand using algebra), the slope m is f(3 1 h) 2 f(3)
m 5 lim
3(h 3 1 3h 2 1 3h 1 1) 2 (3) hS0 h
5 lim
h "16 2 6h 2 h 2 2 4
hS0 5 lim
3 2
3h 1 9h 1 9h 1 3 2 3 hS0 h
"16 2 6h 2 h 2 2 4
5 lim
5 lim c
hS0 h
3h 3 1 9h 2 1 9h hS0 h
5 lim
h "16 2 6h 2 h 2 1 4
d
hS0
3
"16 2 6h 2 h 2 1 4
5 lim (3h 2 1 9h 1 9)
hS0
5 3(0) 1 9(0) 1 9 16 2 6h 2 h 2 2 16
5 lim
59 hS0 h("16 2 6h 2 h 2 1 4)
Therefore, the slope of the tangent to h(26 2 h)
y 5 f(x) 5 3x 3 at x 5 1 is 9. 5 lim
d. Let y 5 f(x).
hS0 h("16 2 6h 2 h 2 1 4)
f(16) 5 !16 2 7 5 !9 5 3
26 2 h
5 lim
f(16 1 h) 5 !16 1 h 2 7 5 !h 1 9
hS0 "16 2 6h 2 h 2 1 4
26 2 0
Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope 5
of the tangent at x 5 16 is "16 2 6(0) 2 (0)2 1 4
f(16 1 h) 2 f(16) 26
!16 1 4
m 5 lim 5
hS0 h
!h 1 9 2 3 5
26
5 lim 8
hS0 h
!h 1 9 2 3 !h 1 9 1 3 52
3
!h 1 9 1 3
5 lim ? 4
hS0 h
(h 1 9) 2 9 Therefore, the slope of the tangent to
hS0 h( !h 1 9 1 3)
5 lim y 5 f(x) 5 "25 2 x 2 at x 5 3 is 2 34.
h f. Let y 5 f(x).
hS0 h( !h 1 9 1 3)
5 lim 418 12
f(8) 5 5 52
1 822 6
hS0 !h 1 9 1 3
5 lim 4 1 (8 1 h) 12 1 h
f(8 1 h) 5 5
(8 1 h) 2 2 61h

Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope 5 lim (3 1 h)
hS0
53
f(8 1 h) 2 f(8)
m 5 lim The slope of the tangent is 3.
hS0 h y 2 1 5 3(x 2 3)
12 1 h
22 3x 2 y 2 8 5 0
5 lim 6 1 h (2 1 h)2 2 7(2 1 h) 1 12 2 2
hS0 h 16. m 5 lim
12 1 h 2 12 2 2h 1 hS0 h
5 lim ? 2
4 1 4h 1 h 2 14 2 7h 1 10
hS0 61h h 5 lim
2h 1 hS0 h
5 lim ? 2
hS0 6 1 h h 23h 1 h
5 lim
21 hS0 h
5 lim
hS0 6 1 h 5 lim ( 2 3 1 h)
hS0
21
5 5 23
610
The slope of the tangent is 23.
1
52 When x 5 2, y 5 2.
6 y 2 2 5 23(x 2 2)
Therefore, the slope of the tangent to 3x 1 y 2 8 5 0
41x 17. a. f(3) 5 9 2 12 1 1 5 22; (3, 22)
y 5 f(x) 5 x 2 2 at x 5 8 is 2 16.
b. f(5) 5 25 2 20 1 1 5 6; (5, 6)
12. y c. The slope of secant AB is
8 6 2 (22)
mAB 5
A 523
4 8
5
x 2
–4 0 4 8
54
The equation of the secant is
–4 y 2 y1 5 mAB (x 2 x1 )
y 1 2 5 4(x 2 3)
y 5 "25 2 x 2 S Semi-circle centre (0, 0) y 5 4x 2 14
rad 5, y $ 0 d. Calculate the slope of the tangent.
OA is a radius. f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
The slope of OA is 43. m 5 lim
hS0 h
The slope of tangent is 2 34. (x 1 h)2 2 4(x 1 h) 1 1 2 (x2 2 4x 1 1)
13. Take values of x close to the point, then 5 lim
hS0 h
Dy
determine Dx. x2 1 2xh 1 h2 2 4x 2 4h 1 1 2 x2 1 4x 2 1
5 lim
14. hS0 h
2xh 1 h2 2 4h
5 lim
hS0 h
5 lim (2x 1 h 2 4)
hS0
5 2x 1 0 2 4
Since the tangent is horizontal, the slope is 0. 5 2x 2 4
(3 1 h)2 2 3(3 1 h) 1 1 2 1 When x 5 3, the slope is 2(3) 2 4 5 2. So the
15. m 5 lim
hS0 h equation of the tangent at A(3, 22) is
9 1 6h 1 h2 2 9 2 3h y 2 y1 5 m(x 2 x1 )
5 lim y 1 2 5 2(x 2 3)
hS0 h
3h 1 h2 y 5 2x 2 8
5 lim
hS0 h

e. When x 5 5, the slope of the tangent is 20. C(t) 5 100t 2 1 400t 1 5000
2(5) 2 4 5 6. Slope at t 5 6
So the equation of the tangent at B(5, 6) is Cr(t) 5 200t 1 400
y 2 y1 5 m(x 2 x1 ) Cr(6) 5 1200 1 400 5 1600
y 2 6 5 6(x 2 5) Increasing at a rate of 1600 papers per month.
y 5 6x 2 24 21. Point on f(x) 5 3x 2 2 4x tangent parallel to
18. a. y 5 8x. Therefore, tangent line has slope 8.
3(h 1 a)2 2 4(h 1 a) 2 3(a 2 1 4a)
P m 5 lim 58
hS0 h
3h 2 1 6ah 2 4h
lim 58
hS0 h
The slope is undefined.
b. 6a 2 4 5 8
a52
The point has coordinates (2, 4).
P 1 4
22. y 5 x 3 2 5x 2
3 x
The slope is 0. 1 1 1
(a 1 h)2 2 a 3 5 a 2h 1 ah 2 1 h 3
c. 3 3 3
P
lim aa 2 1 ah 1 h3 b 5 a 2
1
hS0 3
(a 1 h) 2 (2a)
5 lim 2 5 25
hS0 h
The slope is about –2.5. 4 4 4a 1 4a 1 4h
d. 2 1 52
a1h a a(a 1 h)
4 4
P lim 5 2
hS0 a(a 1 h) a
4
m 5 a2 2 5 1 2 5 0
The slope is about 1. a
e. a 4 2 5a 2 1 4 5 0
(a 2 4)(a 2 2 1) 5 0
2
P a 5 62, a 5 61
Points on the graph for horizontal tangents are:
( 22, 283) , ( 21, 263) , ( 1, 2 263) , ( 2, 2 283) .
The slope is about 2 78. 1
f. There is no tangent at this point. 23. y 5 x 2 and y 5 2 x 2
2
20 1
19. D(p) 5 , p . 1 at (5, 10)
"p 2 1 x2 5 2 x2
2
20 1
2 10
!4 1 h x2 5
m 5 lim 4
hS0 h 1 1
2 2 "4 1 h 2 1 "4 1 h
x 5 or x 5 2
2 2
5 10 lim 3
hS0 h"4 1 h 2 1 "4 1 h The points of intersection are
4242h P( 12, 14) , Q( 2 12, 14) .
5 10 lim
h"4 1 h( 2 1 "4 1 h )
hS0
Tangent to y 5 x2:
(a 1 h)2 2 a 2
10 m 5 lim
52 hS0 h
8 2ah 1 h 2
5 5 lim
52 hS0 h
4 5 2a.
The slope of the tangent at a 5 12 is 1 5 mp,
5 lim c
4a 2 1 8ah 1 4h 2 1 5a 1 5h 2 2
at a 5 2 12 is 21 5 mq. hS0 h
d
Tangents to y 5 12 2 x 2: 24a 2 2 5a 1 2
1
S 12 2 (a 1 h)2 T 2 S 12 2 a 2 T h
m 5 lim 8ah 1 4h 2 1 5h
hS0 h 5 lim
2 hS0 h
22ah 2 h
5 lim 5 lim (8a 1 4h 1 5)
hS0 h hS0
5 22a. 5 8a 1 4(0) 1 5
The slope of the tangents at a 5 12 is 21 5 Mp; 5 8a 1 5
at a 5 2 12 is 1 5 Mq b. To be parallel, the point on the parabola and the
line must have the same slope. So, first find the
mpMp 5 21 and mqMq 5 21
slope of the line. The line 10x 2 2y 2 18 5 0 can
Therefore, the tangents are perpendicular at the
be rewritten as
points of intersection.
22y 5 18 2 10x
24. y 5 23x 3 2 2x, (21, 5)
18 2 10x
23(21 1 h)3 2 2(21 1 h) 2 5 y5
m 5 lim 22
hS0 h
y 5 29 1 5x
23(21 1 3h 2 3h2 1 h3 ) 1 2 2 2h 2 5 y 5 5x 2 9
5 lim
hS0 h So, the slope, m, of the line 10x 2 2y 2 18 5 0 is 5.
23(21 1 3h 2 3h 1 h3 ) 1 2 2 2h 2 5
2
To be parallel, the slope at a must equal 5. From
5 lim part a., the slope of the tangent to the parabola at
hS0 h
x 5 a is 8a 1 5.
3 2 9h 1 9h 2 3h3 1 2 2 2h 2 5
2
5 lim 8a 1 5 5 5
hS0 h
8a 5 0
211h 1 9h 2 3h3
2
a50
5 lim
hS0 h Therefore, at the point (0, 22) the tangent line is
5 lim (211 1 9h 2 3h2 ) parallel to the line 10x 2 2y 2 18 5 0.
hS0 c. To be perpendicular, the point on the parabola
5 211 and the line must have slopes that are negative
The slope of the tangent is 211. reciprocals of each other. That is, their product must
We want the line that is parallel to the tangent (i.e.
equal 21. So, first find the slope of the line. The
has slope 211) and passes through (2, 2). Then,
line x 2 35y 1 7 5 0 can be rewritten as
y 2 2 5 211(x 2 2)
235y 5 2x 2 7
y 5 211x 1 24
2x 2 7
25. a. Let y 5 f(x). y5
235
f(a) 5 4a 2 1 5a 2 2 1 7
f(a 1 h) 5 4(a 1 h)2 1 5(a 1 h) 2 2 y5 x1
35 35
5 4(a 2 1 2ah 1 h 2 ) 1 5a 1 5h 2 2 So, the slope, m, of the line x 2 35y 1 7 5 0 is 351 .
5 4a 2 1 8ah 1 4h 2 1 5a 1 5h 2 2 To be perpendicular, the slope at a must equal
Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope the negative reciprocal of the slope of the line
of the tangent at x 5 a is x 2 35y 1 7 5 0. That is, the slope of a must equal
f(a 1 h) 2 f(a) 235. From part a., the slope of the tangent to the
m 5 lim parabola at x 5 a is 8a 1 5.
hS0 h
8a 1 5 5 235
5 lim c
4a 2 1 8ah 1 4h 2 1 5a 1 5h 2 2
hS0 h 8a 5 240
a 5 25
d
(4a 2 1 5a 2 2)
2 Therefore, at the point (25, 73) the tangent line is
h
perpendicular to the line x 2 35y 1 7 5 0.

1.3 Rates of Change, pp. 29–31 5 32(6) 2 24(5)
5 24(8 2 5)
1. v(t) 5 0 when t 5 0 or t 5 4. 5 72 km>h
s(9) 2 s(2) ii. from t 5 3 to t 5 3.1
2. a. 7
. Slope of the secant between the
s(3.1) 2 s(3)
points (2, s(2)) and (9, s(9)). 0.1
s(6 1 h) 2 s(6) 126.48 2 120
b. lim h
. Slope of the tangent at the 5
hS0 0.1
point (6, s(6)). 5 64.8 km>h
"4 1 h 2 2 iii. 3 # t # 3.01
3. lim h
. Slope of the tangent to the s(3.01) 2 s(3)
hS0
function with equation y 5 !x at the point (4, 2). 0.01
4. a. A and B 5 64.08 km>h
b. greater; the secant line through these two points b. Instantaneous velocity is approximately 64 km>h.
is steeper than the tangent line at B. c. At t 5 3
c. y s(t) 5 8t 2 1 16t
y = f(x)
B C v(t) 5 16t 1 16
A
v(3) 5 48 1 16
D E x
5 64 km>h
9. a. N(t) 5 20t 2 t 2
5. Speed is represented only by a number, not a N(3) 2 N(2)
direction. 1
51 2 36
6. Yes, velocity needs to be described by a number 5
and a direction. Only the speed of the school bus 1
5 15
was given, not the direction, so it is not correct to
15 terms are learned between t 5 2 and t 5 3.
use the word “velocity.”
20(2 1 h) 2 (2 1 h)2 2 36
7. s(t) 5 320 2 5t 2, 0 # t # 8 b. lim
hS0 h
a. Average velocity during the first second:
s(1) 2 s(0) 40 1 20h 2 4 2 4h 2 h2 2 36
5 5 m>s; 5 lim
1 hS0 h
third second: 16h 2 h2
5 lim
s(3) 2 s(2) 45 2 20 hS0 h
5 5 25 m>s; 5 lim (16 2 h)
1 1 hS0
eighth second: 5 16
s(8) 2 s(7) 320 2 245 At t 5 2, the student is learning at a rate of 16 terms>h.
5 5 75 m>s. 10. a. M in mg in 1 mL of blood t hours after the
1 1
b. Average velocity 3 # t # 8 injection.
1
s(8) 2 s(3) 320 2 45 275 M(t) 5 2 t2 1 t; 0 # t # 3
5 5 5 55 m>s 3
823 5 5 Calculate the instantaneous rate of change when t 5 2.
c. s(t) 5 320 2 5t 2 2 1 (2 1 h)2 1 (2 1 h) 2 (2 43 1 2)
320 2 5(2 1 h)2 2 (320 2 5(2)2 ) lim 3
v(t) 5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h 2 2 h 2 3 h 1 2 1 h 1 43 2 2
4 4 1 2
24h 1 h 2 5 lim 3 3
5 5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h 1
2 h 2 3h 1 2
5 220 5 lim 3
hS0 h
Velocity at t 5 2 is 20 m>s downward.
5 lim a2 2 hb
1 1
8. s(t) 5 8t(t 1 2), 0 # t # 5
a. i. from t 5 3 to t 5 4 hS0 3 3
s(4) 2 s(3) 1
Average velocity 52
1 3
Rate of change is 2 13 mg> h. 60
2
60 1 12k
b. Amount of medicine in 1 mL of blood is being 51k 51k
5 lim
dissipated throughout the system. kS0 k
212k
s 5 lim
Å5
11. t 5 kS0 k(5 1 k)
212
Calculate the instantaneous rate of change when 5 lim
kS0 (5 1 k)
s 5 125.
12
125 1 h 125 52
Ä 2Ä 5
5
lim
5 Temperature is decreasing at 125 °C> km.
hS0 h 13. h 5 25t 2 2 100t 1 100
125 1 h When h 5 0, 25t 2 2 100t 1 100 5 0
Ä 5
25
t 2 2 4t 1 4 5 0
5 lim
hS0 h (t 2 2)2 5 0
t52
125 1 h 125 1 h
Ä Ä
25 15 Calculate the instantaneous rate of change when t 5 2.
5 lim ≥ ¥
5 5
? 25(2 1 h)2 2 100(2 1 h) 1 100 2 0
hS0 h 125 1 h lim
Ä 5
15 hS0 h
100 1 100h 1 25h2 2 200 2 100h 1 100
125 1 h 5 lim
2 25 hS0 h
5 lim ≥ ¥
5
25h2
ha 1 5b
hS0 125 1 h 5 lim
Ä 5
hS0 h
5 lim 25h
hS0
125 1 h 2 125 50
5 lim ≥
5
¥ It hit the ground in 2 s at a speed of 0 m> s.
ha 1 5b
hS0 125 1 h 14. Sale of x balls per week:
Ä 5 P(x) 5 160x 2 x 2 dollars.
1 a. P(40) 5 160(40) 2 (40)2
5 lim
1 5b
hS0 125 1 h 5 4800
Ä
5a
5 Profit on the sale of 40 balls is $4800.
1 b. Calculate the instantaneous rate of change when
5
x 5 40.
1 5b
125
Ä 5
5a 160(40 1 h) 2 (40 1 h)2 2 4800
lim
1 hS0 h
5
5(5 1 5) 6400 1 160h 2 1600 2 80h 2 h2 2 4800
5 lim
1 hS0 h
5
50 80h 2 h2
5 lim
At s 5 125, rate of change of time with respect to hS0 h
height is 501 s>m. 5 lim (80 2 h)
60 hS0
12. T(h) 5 h 1 2 5 80
Calculate the instantaneous rate of change when Rate of change of profit is $80 per ball.
h 5 3. c.
60 60
2 (3 1 2)
(3 1 k) 1 2
lim
kS0 k
60
2 12
51k
5 lim
kS0 k Rate of change of profit is positive when the sales
level is less than 80.

15. a. f(x) 5 2x2 1 2x 1 3; (22, 25) For the year 2005, x 5 2005 2 1982 5 23. Hence,
f(x) 2 f(22) the rate at which the average annual salary is changing
lim in 2005 is
xS22 x12
2x 2 1 2x 1 3 1 5 P r(23) 5 64 2 17.8(23) 1 2.85(23)2 5
5 lim $1 162 250> years since 1982
xS22 x12
2
2 (x 2 2x 2 8) 17. s(t) 5 3t 2
5 lim a. The distance travelled from 0 s to 5 s is
xS22 x12
(x 2 4)(x 1 2) s(5) 5 3(5)2 5 75 m
5 2 lim b. s(10) 5 3(10)2 5 300 m
xS22 x12
The rate at which the avalanche is moving from 0 s
5 2 lim (x 2 4)
xS22 to 10 s is
56 Ds 300 2 0
x 5
b. f(x) 5 ,x52 Dt 10 2 0
x21 5 30 m> s
x
22 c. Calculate the instantaneous rate of change when
x21
lim t 5 10.
xS2 x22
x 2 2x 1 2 3(10 1 h)2 2 300
5 lim lim
xS2 (x 2 1)(x 2 2)
hS0 h
2 (x 2 2) 300 1 60h 1 3h2 2 300
5 lim 5 lim
xS2 (x 2 1)(x 2 2)
hS0 h
5 21 60h 1 3h2
5 lim
c. f(x) 5 !x 1 1, x 5 24 hS0 h
f(x) 2 f(24) 5 lim (60 1 3h)
hS0
5 lim
xS24 x 2 24 5 60
!x 1 1 2 5 !x 1 1 1 5 At 10 s the avalanche is moving at 60 m> s.
!x 1 1 1 5
5 lim ? d. Set s(t) 5 600:
xS24 x 2 24
x 2 24 3t 2 5 600
xS24 (x 2 24)( !x 1 1 1 5)
5 lim t 2 5 200
1 t 5 610 !2
5 Since t $ 0, t 5 10 !2 8 14 s.
10
16. S(x) 5 246 1 64x 2 8.9x 2 1 0.95x3
Calculate the instantaneous rate of change.
S(x 1 h) 2 S(x)
5 lim
hS0 h
246 1 64(x 1 h) 2 8.9(x 1 h)2 1 0.95(x 1 h)3 2 (246 2 64x 2 8.9x2 1 0.95x3 )
5 lim
hS0 h
246 2 246 1 64(x 1 h 2 x) 2 8.9(x 2 1 2xh 1 h 2 2 x 2 ) 1 0.95(x3 1 3x2h 1 3xh2 1 h3 2 x3 )
5 lim
hS0 h
64h 2 8.9(2xh 1 h 2 ) 1 0.95(3x 2h 1 3xh 2 1 h 3 )
5 lim
hS0 h
5 lim 364 2 8.9(2x 1 h) 1 0.95(3x 2 1 3xh 1 h 2 )4
hS0
5 64 2 8.9(2x 1 0) 1 0.95 33x 2 1 3x(0) 1 (0)24
5 64 2 17.8x 1 2.85x 2

5 80p 1 4p(0)
1
5 80p
2
lim
C(x 1 h) 2 C(x) hS0 h
lim 4
xSR h p(5 1 h)3 2 43 p(5)3
5 lim 3
V(x 1 h) 2 V(x) hS0 h
5 lim h,
p(h 3 1 15h 2 1 75h 1 125) 2 43 p(5)3
A(r 1 h) 2 A(r) 5 lim 3
lim hS0 h
hS0 h 4
ph 3
1 20ph 2
1 100ph 1 43 p(125)
p(r 1 h)2 2 pr 2 5 lim 3
5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h 2 43 p(125)
(r 1 h 2 r)(r 1 h 1 r) h
5 p lim
hS0 h 4
ph 3
1 20ph 2 1 100ph
5 2pr 5 lim 3
hS0 h
r 5 100 m
4 2
hS0 3
4
1 3
2
A(r) 5 4pr 2.
A(10 1 h) 2 A(10)
lim
4p(10 1 h)2 2 4p(10)2 ( !5 2 !2)( !5 1 !2)
5 ( !25 1 !10 2 !10 2 !4)
5 lim
hS0 h
4p(100 1 20h 1 h 2 ) 2 4p(100) 5522
5 lim
hS0 h 53
(3 !5 1 2 !2)(3!5 2 2 !2)
5 lim
hS0 h
80ph 1 4ph 2
5 (9!25 2 6!10 1 6 !10 2 4 !4)
5 lim
hS0 h 5 9(5) 2 4(2)
5 lim (80p 1 4ph) 5 45 2 8
hS0
5 37
5 80p 1 4p(0)
1
5 80p
2
lim
C(x 1 h) 2 C(x) hS0 h
lim 4
xSR h p(5 1 h)3 2 43 p(5)3
5 lim 3
V(x 1 h) 2 V(x) hS0 h
5 lim h,
p(h 3 1 15h 2 1 75h 1 125) 2 43 p(5)3
A(r 1 h) 2 A(r) 5 lim 3
lim hS0 h
hS0 h 4
ph 3
1 20ph 2
1 100ph 1 43 p(125)
p(r 1 h)2 2 pr 2 5 lim 3
5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h 2 43 p(125)
(r 1 h 2 r)(r 1 h 1 r) h
5 p lim
hS0 h 4
ph 3
1 20ph 2 1 100ph
5 2pr 5 lim 3
hS0 h
r 5 100 m
4 2
hS0 3
4
1 3
2
A(r) 5 4pr 2.
A(10 1 h) 2 A(10)
lim
4p(10 1 h)2 2 4p(10)2 ( !5 2 !2)( !5 1 !2)
5 ( !25 1 !10 2 !10 2 !4)
5 lim
hS0 h
4p(100 1 20h 1 h 2 ) 2 4p(100) 5522
5 lim
hS0 h 53
(3 !5 1 2 !2)(3!5 2 2 !2)
5 lim
hS0 h
80ph 1 4ph 2
5 (9!25 2 6!10 1 6 !10 2 4 !4)
5 lim
hS0 h 5 9(5) 2 4(2)
5 lim (80p 1 4ph) 5 45 2 8
hS0
5 37
c. Corresponding conjugate: 9 2 2 !5. 30 2 20 !3
5
(9 1 2 !5)(9 2 2!5) 24
5 (81 2 18!5 1 18!5 2 4!25) 10 !3 2 15
5
5 81 2 4(5) 2
5 81 2 20 3 !2 2 !3 1 5
2 !3 2 5 2 !3 1 5
f. ?
5 61
d. Corresponding conjugate: 3 !5 1 2 !10. 3 !2(2 !3 1 5)
(3 !5 2 2!10)(3!5 1 2 !10) 4 !9 1 10 !3 2 10 !3 2 25
5
5 (9!25 1 6 !50 2 6!50 2 4 !100) 3 !2(2!3 1 5)
5 9(5) 2 4(10) 5
4(3) 2 25
3 !2(2!3 1 5)
5 45 2 40
55 5
6 1 !2 !3
12 2 25
3 !2(2!3 1 5)
!3 !3
2. a. ?
5
6!3 1 !6
213
3 !2(2!3 1 5)
!9
5
52
6!3 1 !6
13
5 !2 !2
!2
3 3. a. ?
2!3 1 4 !3
5
!4
!3 !3
b. ?
5 !2
5
2!9 1 4 !3
2
!9
5
5 !2
5
!3 !3
6 1 4!3
5
6 1 !2 !3
3 b. ?
!7 1 4
!9
5
!7 2 4 !7 1 4
c. ?
!3(6 1 !2)
5
5( !7 1 4)
!49 1 4 !7 2 4!7 2 16
5 3
!3(6 1 !2)
5
5( !7 1 4)
5
7 2 16 !7 2 4 !7 1 4
!7 1 4
?
5( !7 1 4)
c.
5
52
9 !49 1 4 !7 2 4 !7 2 16
5( !7 1 4)
5
2!3 !3 1 2
!3 2 2 !3 1 2
d. ?
7 2 16
2 !9 1 4 !3 5( !7 1 4)
5
!9 1 2 !3 2 2 !3 2 4
5
9
5( !7 1 4)
6 1 4!3 52
5
324 2 !3 2 5 2 !3 1 5
3 !2 2 !3 1 5
6 1 4!3 d. ?
5
4 !9 1 10 !3 2 10 !3 2 25
21
3 !2(2!3 1 5)
5 22(3 1 2!3) 5
5 !3 2 !3 2 4
4(3) 2 25
2 !3 1 4 2 !3 2 4
e. ?
3 !2(2!3 1 5)
5
10 !9 2 20 !3
12 2 25
4!9 2 8 !3 1 8!3 2 16
5 13
3 !2(2!3 1 5)
5 52
30 2 20 !3
3!2(2!3 1 5)
5
12 2 16

!3 2 !7 !3 1 !7 1 9
2 x1y1 50
!3 1 !7
e. ?
4 5 5
!9 1 !21 2 !21 2 !49 1
x2y2 50
9
4( !3 1 !7)
5 5 5
x 2 5y 2 9 5 0
327
4( !3 1 !7)
5 5. The slope of PQ is
f(1 1 h) 2 (21)
4 m 5 lim
(1 1 h) 2 1
4( !3 1 !7)
52 hS0
1 2 (1 1 h)2 1 1
5 lim
( !3 1 !7)
52 hS0 h
2!3 1 !7 2 !3 2 !7 5 lim
2 (1 1 2h 1 h 2 ) 1 1
2 !3 2 !7
f. ? hS0 h
5
4 !9 2 2 !21 1 2 !21 2 !49 5 lim
21 2 2h 2 h 2 1 1
5(2!3 2 !7)
5 hS0 h
4(3) 2 7 22h 2 h 2
5 lim
5(2 !3 2 !7)
5 hS0 h
12 2 7 5 lim (22 2 h)
5(2 !3 2 !7)
hS0
5
5 22 2 (0)
1 5 22
(2!3 2 !7)
5
So, the slope of PQ with f(x) 5 2x 2 is 22.
2 6. a. Unlisted y-coordinates for Q are found by
4. a. m52 ; substituting the x-coordinates into the given function.
3
2 The slope of the line PQ with the given points is
y 2 6 5 2 (x 2 0) given by the following: Let P 5 (x1, y1 ) and
3
y2 2 y1
2 Q 5 (y1, y2 ). Then, the slope 5 m 5 .
y2652 x x2 2 x1
3
P Q Slope of Line PQ
2
x1y2650 (21, 1) (22, 6) 25
3
11 2 7 4 (21, 1) (21.5, 3.25) 2 4.5
b. m5 5 51
622 4 (21, 1) (21.1, 1.41) 2 4.1
y 2 7 5 1(x 2 2) (21, 1) (21.01, 1.040 1) 2 4.01
y275x22 (21, 1) (21.001, 1.004 001) 2 4.001
2x 1 y 2 5 5 0
x2y1550 P Q Slope of Line PQ
c. m54 (21, 1) (0, 22) 23
y 2 6 5 4(x 2 2) (21, 1) (20.5, 20.75) 2 3.5
y 2 6 5 4x 2 8
(21, 1) (20.9, 0.61) 2 3.9
24x 1 y 1 2 5 0
(21, 1) (20.99, 0.9601) 2 3.99
4x 2 y 2 2 5 0
1 (21, 1) (20.999, 0.996 001) 2 3.999
d. m5
5
1 b. The slope from the right and from the left appear
y 2 (22) 5 (x 2 (21)) to approach 24. The slope of the tangent to the
5
1 1 graph of f(x) at point P is about 24.
y125 x1
5 5 c. With the points P 5 (21, 1) and
1 10 1 Q 5 (21 1 h, f(21 1 h)), the slope, m, of PQ is
2 x1y1 2 50
5 5 5 the following:

y2 2 y1 4
m5 c. y 5 f(x) 5
x2 2 x1 x22
3(21 1 h)2 2 2(21 1 h) 2 24 2 (1) f(6 1 h) 2 f(6)
5 m 5 lim
(21 1 h) 2 (21) hS0 h
1 2 2h 1 h 2 1 2 2 2h 2 2 2 1 4 4
5 2
21 1 h 1 1 61h22 622
5 lim
h 2 2 4h hS0 h
5 4 4
h 24
h14
5h24 5 lim
hS0 h
d. The slope of the tangent is lim f(x). 4
hS0 21
In this case, as h goes to zero, h 2 4 goes to h14
5 lim
h 2 4 5 0 2 4 5 24. The slope of the tangent to hS0 h
5 lim a b
4 2 (h 1 4) 1
the graph of f(x) at the point P is 24.
e. The answers are equal. hS0 h14 h
f(23 1 h) 2 f(23)
7. a. m 5 lim
hS0 h
3(23 1 h)2 1 3(23 1 h) 2 54 2 3(23)2 1 3(23) 2 54
5 lim
hS0 h
9 2 6h 1 h 2 2 9 1 3h 2 5 2 (9 2 9 2 5)
5 lim
hS0 h
h 2 2 3h 2 5 2 (25)
5 lim
hS0 h
5 lim a b
2h 1
2
h 2 3h hS0 h 1 4 h
5 lim
hS0 h 21
5 lim (h 2 3) 5 lim
hS0 hS0 h 1 4
5023 21
5
5 23 014
1 1
b. y 5 f(x) 5 52
x 4
f( 13 1 h) 2 f( 13 ) f(5 1 h) 2 f(5)
m 5 lim d. m 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h
1 1 !5 1 h 1 4 2 !5 1 4
1 2 1 5 lim
3 1 h hS0 h
!9 !9
3
5 lim 1 h 2
hS0 h 5 lim
1 1
( 3 ) 2 ( 3 1 h) hS0 h
1 1
( 1 h) !9 1 h23
5 lim 3 3 5 lim
h hS0 h
!9 1 h 2 3 !9 1 h 1 3
hS0
5 lim a 1 1 b
2h 1
!9 1 h 1 3
5 lim ?
hS0 9 1 3 h h hS0 h
21 9 1 h 1 3 !9 1 h 2 3 !9 1 h 2 9
h( !9 1 h 1 3)
5 lim 1 1 5 lim
hS0 9 1 3 h hS0
21 h
!9
51 1 5 lim
9 1 3 (0)
hS0 h( 1 h 1 3)
5 29 1
hS0 !9 1 h 1 3
5 lim

1 6h 2 1 30h
!9 1 0 1 3
5 5
h
1 5 (6h 1 30) km> h
5
6 d. When t 5 2, the velocity is the limit as h
8. s(t) 5 6t(t 1 1) 5 6t 2 1 6t approaches 0.
s(3) 2 s(2) velocity 5 lim (6h 1 30)
a. i. average velocity 5 hS0
322 5 6(0) 1 30
5 36(3)2 1 6(3)42 36(2)2 1 6(2)4 5 30
5 6(9) 1 18 2 (24 1 12) Therefore, when t 5 2 the velocity is 30 km> h.
5 54 1 18 2 36 9. a. The instantaneous rate of change of f(x) with
5 36 km> h respect to x at x 5 2 is given by
s(2.1) 2 s(2) f(2 1 h) 2 f(2)
ii. average velocity 5 lim
2.1 2 2
36(2.1)2 1 6(2.1)4 2 36(2)2 1 6(2)4
hS0 h
5 35 2 (2 1 h)24 2 35 2 (2)24
0.1 5 lim
326.46 1 12.64 2 324 1 124
hS0 h
5 5 2 (4 1 4h 1 h 2 ) 2 1
0.1 5 lim
39.06 2 36 hS0 h
5 5 2 4 2 4h 2 h 2 2 1
0.1 5 lim
3.06 hS0 h
5 2
2h 2 4h
0.1 5 lim
5 30.6 km> h hS0 h
s(2.01) 2 s(2) 5 lim (2h 2 4)
iii. average velocity 5 hS0
2.01 2 2 5 2 (0) 2 4
36(2.01)2 1 6(2.01)4 2 36(2)2 1 6(2)4 5 24
5 b. The instantaneous rate of change of f(x) with
0.01
324.2406 1 12.064 2 36(2)2 1 6(2)4 respect to x at x 5 12 is given by
5
0.01 f( 1 1 h) 2 f( 12 )
36.3006 2 324 1 124 lim 2
5 hS0 h
0.01 3 3
36.3006 2 36 1 2 1
5 1h
0.01 5 lim 2 2
0.3006 hS0 h
5 3
0.01 26
5 30.06 km> h
1
2 1 h
5 lim
hS0 h
b. At the time t 5 2, the velocity of the car appears
3 2 6( 12 1 h) 1
to approach 30 km> h. 5 lim 1 ?
hS0 2 1 h h
f(2 1 h) 2 f(2)
c. average velocity 5 3 2 3 2 6h 1
(2 1 h) 2 (2) 5 lim 1 ?
2 1 h
36(2 1 h) 1 6(2 1 h)4 2 36(2)2 1 6(2)4
2
hS0 h
5 26h 1
h 5 lim 1 ?
36(4 1 4h 1 h 2 ) 1 12 1 6h4 2 324 1 124
hS0 2 1 h h
5 26
h 5 lim 1
324 1 24h 1 6h 2 1 12 1 6h4 2 36 hS0 2 1 h
5 26
h 51
6h 2 1 30h 1 36 2 36 2 1 0
5 5 212
h

10. a. The average rate of change of V(t) with So an equation of the tangent at x 5 4 is given by
respect to t during the first 20 minutes is given by y 2 17 5 9(x 2 4)
f(20) 2 f(0) y 2 17 5 9x 2 36
20 2 0 29x 1 y 2 17 1 36 5 0
350(30 2 20)24 2 350(30 2 0)24 29x 1 y 1 19 5 0
5 b. Let y 5 f(x).
20
5000 2 45 000 f(22) 5 2(22)2 2 7 5 2(4) 2 7 5 1
5 f(22 1 h) 5 2(22 1 h)2 2 7
20
40 000 5 2(4 2 4h 1 h 2 ) 2 7
52 5 8 2 8h 1 2h 2 2 7
20
5 22000 L> min
5 2h 2 2 8h 1 1
b. The rate of change of V(t) with respect to t at the Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope
time t 5 20 is given by
f(20 1 h) 2 f(20) f(22 1 h) 2 f(22)
lim m 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h
350(30 2 (20 1 h))24 2 350(30 2 20)24 5 lim
2h 2 2 8h 1 1 2 (1)
5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h
350(10 2 h) 4 2 350(10)24
2
5 lim
2h 2 2 8h
5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h
350(100 2 20h 1 h 2 )4 2 350(100)4 5 lim (2h 2 8)
hS0
5 lim
hS0 h 5 2(0) 2 8
5000 2 1000h 1 50h 2 2 5000 5 28
5 lim Therefore, the slope of the tangent to
hS0 h
50h 2 2 1000h y 5 f(x) 5 2x 2 2 7 at x 5 22 is 28.
5 lim So an equation of the tangent at x 5 22
hS0 h
is given by
5 lim 50h 2 1000
hS0 y 2 1 5 28(x 2 (22))
5 50(0) 2 1000 y 2 1 5 28x 2 16
5 21000 L> min 8x 1 y 2 1 1 16 5 0
11. a. Let y 5 f(x). 8x 1 y 1 15 5 0
f(4) 5 (4)2 1 (4) 2 3 5 16 1 1 5 17 c. f(21) 5 3(21)2 1 2(21) 2 5 5 3 2 2 2 5
f(4 1 h) 5 (4 1 h)2 1 (4 1 h) 2 3 5 24
f(21 1 h) 5 3(21 1 h)2 1 2(21 1 h) 2 5
5 16 1 8h 1 h 2 1 h 1 1
5 h 2 1 9h 1 17 5 3(1 2 2h 1 h 2 ) 2 2 1 2h 2 5
Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope 5 3 2 6h 1 3h 2 2 7 1 2h
of the tangent at x 5 4 is 5 3h 2 2 4h 2 4
f(4 1 h) 2 f(4) Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope
m 5 lim of the tangent at x 5 4 is
hS0 h
2
h 1 9h 1 17 2 (17) f(21 1 h) 2 f(21)
5 lim m 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h
2
2
h 1 9h 3h 2 4h 2 4 2 (24)
5 lim 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h
5 lim (h 1 9) 3h 2 2 4h
hS0
5 lim
hS0 h
5019 5 lim (3h 2 4)
59 hS0
Therefore, the slope of the tangent to 5 3(0) 2 4

y 5 f(x) 5 x 2 1 x 2 3 at x 5 4 is 9. 5 24

Therefore, the slope of the tangent to Therefore, the slope of the tangent to
y 5 f(x) 5 3x 2 1 2x 2 5 at x 5 21 is 24. x
f(x) 5 x 1 3 at x 5 25 is 34.
So an equation of the tangent at x 5 24 is given by So an equation of the tangent at x 5 34 is given by
y 2 (24) 5 24(x 2 (21)) 5 3
y 1 4 5 24(x 1 1) y 2 5 (x 2 (25))
2 4
y 1 4 5 24x 2 4
5 3 15
4x 1 y 1 4 1 4 5 0 y2 5 x1
2 4 4
4x 1 y 1 8 5 0 3 10 15
d. f(1) 5 5(1)2 2 8(1) 1 3 5 5 2 8 1 3 5 0 2 x1y2 2 50
4 4 4
f(1 1 h) 5 5(1 1 h)2 2 8(1 1 h) 1 3 3 25
2 x1y2 50
5 5(1 1 2h 1 h 2 ) 2 8 2 8h 1 3 4 4
5 5 1 10h 1 5h 2 2 5 2 8h 23x 1 4y 2 25 5 0
5 5h 2 1 2h b. Using the limit of the difference quotient, the
Using the limit of the difference quotient, the slope slope of the tangent at x 5 21 is
of the tangent at x 5 1 is f(21 1 h) 2 f(21)
m 5 lim
f(1 1 h) 2 f(1) hS0 h
m 5 lim
5 lim a b?
hS0 h 2(21 1 h) 1 5 2(21) 1 5 1
2
hS0 5(21 1 h) 2 1 5(21) 2 1
2
5h 1 2h 2 (0) h
5 lim
5 lim a b?
hS0 h 22 1 2h 1 5 22 1 5 1
2
5 lim (5h 1 2) hS0 25 1 5h 2 1 25 2 1 h
hS0
5 lim a b?
5 5(0) 1 2 2h 1 3 3 1
2
52 hS0 5h 2 6 26 h
5 lim a 1 b?
Therefore, the slope of the tangent to 2h 1 3 1 1
y 5 f(x) 5 5x 2 2 8x 1 3 at x 5 1 is 2. hS0 5h 2 6 2 h
So an equation of the tangent at x 5 1 is given by
5 lim a b?
4h 1 6 1 5h 2 6 1
y 2 0 5 2(x 2 1)
hS0 10h 2 12 h
y 5 2x 2 2
5 lim a b?
22x 1 y 1 2 5 0 9h 1
hS0 10h 2 12 h
12. a. Using the limit of the difference quotient, the
5 lim a b
slope of the tangent at x 5 25 is 9
f(25 1 h) 2 f(25) hS0 10h 2 12
m 5 lim 9
hS0 h 5
10(0) 2 12
5 lim a b?
25 1 h 25 1
2 9
hS0 25 1 h 1 3 25 1 3 h 52
12
5 lim a 2 b?
25 1 h 5 1
3
hS0 22 1 h 2 h 52
4
5 lim a b?
210 1 2h 2 (210 1 5h) 1
Therefore, the slope of the tangent to
hS0 24 1 2h h 2x 1 5
f(x) 5 5x 2 1 at x 5 21 is 2 34.
5 lim a b?
210 1 2h 1 10 2 5h 1
hS0 24 1 2h h So an equation of the tangent at x 5 2 34 is given by
5 lim a b? y 2 a2 b 5 2 (x 2 (21))
23h 1 1 3
hS0 24 1 2h h 2 4
1 3 3
5 lim a b
23 y1 52 x2
hS0 24 1 2h 2 4 4
23 4y 1 2 5 23x 2 3
5 3x 1 4y 1 2 1 3 5 0
24 1 2(0)
3 3x 1 4y 1 5 5 0
5
4
1.4 The Limit of a Function, 9. 22 1 1 5 5
y
pp. 37–39 6
27
1. a.
99 4
b. p
2. One way to find a limit is to evaluate the function 2
for values of the independent variable that get
x
progressively closer to the given value of the
–4 –2 0 2 4
independent variable.
3. a. A right-sided limit is the value that a 10. a. Since 0 is not a value for which the function is
function gets close to as the values of the undefined, one may substitute 0 in for x to find that
independent variable decrease and get close lim1 x 4 5 lim x 4
to a given value. xS0 xS0
b. A left-sided limit is the value that a function 5 (0)4

gets close to as the values of the independent 50
variable increase and get close to a given b. Since 2 is not a value for which the function is
value. undefined, one may substitute 2 in for x to find that
c. A (two-sided) limit is the value that a function lim2 (x 2 2 4) 5 lim (x 2 2 4)
xS2 xS2
gets close to as the values of the independent 5 (2)2 2 4
variable get close to a given value, regardless 5424
of whether the values increase or decrease 50
toward the given value. c. Since 3 is not a value for which the function is
4. a. 25 undefined, one may substitute 3 in for x to find that
b. 3 1 7 5 10 lim2 (x 2 2 4) 5 lim (x 2 2 4)
xS3 xS3
c. 102 5 100
5 (3)2 2 4
d. 4 2 3(22)2 5 28
5924
e. 4 55
f. 23 5 8 d. Since 1 is not a value for which the function is
5. Even though f(4) 5 21, the limit is 1, since that undefined, one may substitute 1 in for x to find that
is the value that the function approaches from the 1 1
left and the right of x 5 4. lim 5 lim
xS1 1 x 2 3 xS1 x 2 3
6. a. 0 1
b. 2 5
123
c. 21 1
d. 2 52
2
7. a. 2
e. Since 3 is not a value for which the function is
b. 1
undefined, one may substitute 3 in for x to find that
c. does not exist
1 1
8. a. 9 2 (21)2 5 8 lim1 5 lim
xS3 x 1 2 xS3 x 1 2
5 "4
0 1 20 1
Å015
b. 5
312
52
1
c. "5 2 1 5 "4 5
5
52
f. If 3 is substituted in the function for x, then the
function is undefined because of division by zero.
There does not exist a way to divide out the x 2 3 in

1
the denominator. Also, lim1 x 2 3 approaches infinity,
d. y
xS3 8
1
while lim2 x 2 3 approaches negative infinity. 6
xS3 4
1 1 1
Therefore, since lim1 x 2 3 2 lim2 x 2 3, lim x 2 3 2
xS3 xS3 xS3 x
does not exist.
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2
11. a. y
8 –4
6 –6
4 –8
2
x lim f(x) 2 lim 2 f(x). Therefore, lim f(x)
xS20.5 1
–8 –6 –4 –2 0
xS20.5 xS20.5
2 4 6 8
–2 does not exist.
–4 12. Answers may vary. For example:
–6 a. y
6
–8 4
2
lim f(x) 2 lim 2 f(x). Therefore, lim f(x) does x
–8 –6 –4 –2 0
xS21 1 xS21 xS21
2 4 6 8
not exist. –2
b. y –4
8
6 y
b.
6
4 4
2 2
x x
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2 –2
–4 –4
–6
6 y
c.
–8
4
2
lim f(x) 5 lim2 f(x). Therefore, lim f(x) exists and x
xS2 1 xS2 xS2
is equal to 2. –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2
c. y –4
8
6 y
d.
6
4 4
2 2
x x
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2 –2
–4 –4
–6 13. f(x) 5 mx 1 b
–8 lim f(x) 5 22 m 1 b 5 22
xS1
lim f(x) 5 lim12 f(x). Therefore, lim1 f(x) exists and lim f(x) 5 4 2m 1 b 5 4
xS 12 1 xS 2 xS 2 xS21
is equal to 2. 2b 5 2
b 5 1, m 5 23

f(0) 5 0 c50
xS1 xS2 xS2
lim f(x) 5 8 4a 2 2b 5 8 xS2
xS22
4 3(2)
4. a. 2 51
2 2 12
x
0 b. (21)4 1 (21)3 1 (21)2 5 1
–4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 12
–2
c. c "9 1 d 5 a3 1 b
1 2 1 2
1 "9 3
b. lim2 p(t) 5 3 1 (6)2 100
tS6 12 5
36 9
531 d. (2p)3 1 p2 (2p) 2 5p3 5 8p3 1 2p3 2 5p3
12
5313 5 5p3
56 e. "3 1 "1 1 0 5 "3 1 1
1 52
lim1 p(t) 5 2 1 (6)2
tS6 18 23 2 3 26
Å 2(23) 1 4 Å 22
36 f. 5
521
18 5 "3
5212 (22)3
54 5. a. 5 22
22 2 2
2 2
!1 1 1 !2
5
modelled by 5 21
1 4 2 x2 (2 2 x)(2 1 x)
6 5 2 1 t2 7. a. lim 5 lim
18 xS2 2 2 x xS2 (2 2 x)
1 2 5 lim (2 1 x)
45 t xS2
18 54
72 5 t 2 2x 2 1 5x 1 3 (x 1 1)(2x 1 3)
!75 5 t b. lim
xS21 x11
5 lim
xS21 x11
xS3 x 2 3
5 lim
xS3 x23
5 27
f(0) 5 0 c50
xS1 xS2 xS2
lim f(x) 5 8 4a 2 2b 5 8 xS2
xS22
4 3(2)
4. a. 2 51
2 2 12
x
0 b. (21)4 1 (21)3 1 (21)2 5 1
–4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 12
–2
c. c "9 1 d 5 a3 1 b
1 2 1 2
1 "9 3
b. lim2 p(t) 5 3 1 (6)2 100
tS6 12 5
36 9
531 d. (2p)3 1 p2 (2p) 2 5p3 5 8p3 1 2p3 2 5p3
12
5313 5 5p3
56 e. "3 1 "1 1 0 5 "3 1 1
1 52
lim1 p(t) 5 2 1 (6)2
tS6 18 23 2 3 26
Å 2(23) 1 4 Å 22
36 f. 5
521
18 5 "3
5212 (22)3
54 5. a. 5 22
22 2 2
2 2
!1 1 1 !2
5
modelled by 5 21
1 4 2 x2 (2 2 x)(2 1 x)
6 5 2 1 t2 7. a. lim 5 lim
18 xS2 2 2 x xS2 (2 2 x)
1 2 5 lim (2 1 x)
45 t xS2
18 54
72 5 t 2 2x 2 1 5x 1 3 (x 1 1)(2x 1 3)
!75 5 t b. lim
xS21 x11
5 lim
xS21 x11
xS3 x 2 3
5 lim
xS3 x23
5 27
u21
2 2 "4 1 x 2 1 "4 1 x 5 lim
d. lim £ 3 § xS1 (u 2 1)(u 1 1)
xS0 x 2 1 "4 1 x 1
5
21 2
"x 2 2
5 lim
2 1 "4 1 x
xS0 1
e. lim Let x 2 5 u
1 xS4"x 2 8 3 3
x 2 5 u3
52 u22
4 5 lim 3 x S 4, u S 2
"x 2 2 "x 2 2
xS2 u 2 8
e. lim 5 lim u22
xS4 x 2 4 xS4 ("x 2 2)("x 1 2) 5 lim
xS2 (u 2 2)(u 2 1 2u 1 4)
1 1
5 5
4 12
"7 2 x 2 "7 1 x "7 2 x 1 "7 1 x
1
(x 1 8)3 2 2
f. lim £ §
1
f. lim Let (x 1 8)3 5 u

3
"7 2 x 1 "7 1 x
xS0 x xS0 x x 1 8 5 u3
u22 x 5 u3 2 8
72x272x lim 3
5 lim xS2 u 2 8 x S 0, u S 2
xS0 x("7 2 x 1 "7 1 x) 1
5
1 12
52
"7 9. a.
16 2 16
50
" 64 1 64
3
x22
8. a. lim 16 2 16
xS8 x 2 8 b. 50
Let u 5 " 3 16 2 20 1 6
x. Therefore, u 3 5 x as x S 8, u S 2.
x2 1 x x(x 1 1)
u22 1 c. lim 5 lim
Here, lim 3 5 lim 2 xS21 x 1 1 xS21 x 1 1
xS2 u 2 8 xS2 u 1 2u 1 4
5 21
"x 1 1 2 1 "x 1 1 2 1
1
5
12 d. lim 5 lim
xS0 x xS0 x 1 1 2 1
"x 1 1 2 1
27 2 x 1
Let x 3 5 u
b. lim 13
xS27 x 2 3 x 5 u3 5 lim
xS0 ("x 1 1 2 1)("x
3
u 2 27 1 1 1 1)
x S 27, u S 3.
5 lim 1
xS3 u 2 3 5
(u 2 3)(u 2 1 3u 1 9) 2
5 2lim (x 1 h)2 2 x 2 2xh 1 h 2
xS3 u23 e. lim 5 lim
5 2 (9 1 9 1 9) hS0 h hS0 h
5 227 5 2x
f. lim a ba b
1 1 1 1 2
x6 2 1 x 6 5 u, x 5 u 6 2
c. lim xS1 x 2 1 x13 3x 1 5
xS1 x 2 1 x S 1, u S 1
5 lim a ba b
1 3x 1 5 2 2x 2 6
u21
5 lim 6 xS1 x 2 1 (x 1 3)(3x 1 5)
xS1 u 2 1
1
(u 2 1) 5 lim
5 lim 5 4 3 2 xS1 (x 1 3)(3x 1 5)
xS1 (u 2 1)(u 1 u 1 u 1 u 1 u 1 1)
1
1 5
5 4(8)
6
1 1
x6 2 1
1
Let x 6 5 u 5
d. lim 13 32
xS1 x 2 1 u6 5 x
u21 1
x 3 5 u2
5 lim 2
xS1 u 2 1 As x S 1, u S 1

0x 2 50 (x 2 2)(x 1 1) (x 2 2)(x 1 1)
0x 2 20
10. a. lim does not exist. lim2 5 lim2 2
xS5 x 2 5 xS2 xS2 (x 2 2)
0x 2 50 x25 5 lim2 2 (x 1 1)
lim1 5 lim1 xS2
xS5 x 2 5 xS5 x 2 5
5 23
51
0x 2 50
y
5 lim2 2 a b
x25
lim2 4
xS5 x 2 5 xS5 x25
5 21
2
y
2 x
–4 –2 0 2 4
1
–2
x
–8 –4 0 4 8 –4
–1
d. 0 x 1 2 0 5 x 1 2 if x . 22
5 2 (x 1 2) if x , 22
–2
(x 1 2)(x 1 2)2
lim 5 lim 1 (x 1 2)2 5 0
0 2x 2 5 0 (x 1 1)
xS22 1 x12 xS22
b. lim5 does not exist. (x 1 2)(x 1 2)2

xS 2 2x 2 5 lim 50
xS222 2 (x 1 2)
0 2x 2 5 0 5 2x 2 5, x $
5
y
2 4
(2x 2 5)(x 1 1)
lim 5x11
xS 52
1
2x 2 5 2
0 2x 2 5 0 5 2 (2x 2 5), x ,
5
x
2
–4 –2 0 2 4
2 (2x 2 5)(x 1 1)
lim2 5 2 (x 1 1)
xS 52 2x 2 5 –2
y
4 –4
2 11. a.
DT T V DV
x
240 19.1482
–4 –2 0 2 4 20 1.6426
220 20.7908
20 1.6426
–2 20
0 22.4334
1.6426
20 24.0760
20 1.6426
40 25.7186
–4 20 1.6426
60 27.3612
20 1.6426
2
80 29.0038
x 2x22 (x 2 2)(x 1 1)
0x 2 20 0x 2 20
c. lim 5 lim DV is constant, therefore T and V form a linear
xS2 xS2
(x 2 2)(x 1 1) (x 2 2)(x 1 1) relationship.
0x 2 20
lim 5 lim1 DV
xS2 1 xS2 x22 b. V 5 ?T1K
5 lim1 x 1 1 DT
xS2 DV 1.6426
53 5 5 0.082 13
DT 20

V 5 0.082 13T 1 K f(x) g(x)
15. lim 5 1 and lim 52
T50 V 5 22.4334 xS0 x xS0 x
Therefore, k 5 22.4334 and
b5032
g(x)
V 5 0.082 13T 1 22.4334. a. lim g(x) 5 lim xa
xS0 xS0 x
V 2 22.4334 50
c. T 5 f (x)
0.082 13 f(x) x 1
d. lim T 5 2273.145 b. lim 5 lim g (x) 5
vS0 xS0 g(x) xS0 x 2
e. V !x 1 1 2 !2x 1 1
12
xS0 !3x 1 4 2 !2x 1 4
16. lim
10 !x 1 1 2 !2x 1 1
5 lim c
8 xS0 !x 1 1 1 !2x 1 1
6
!x 1 1 1 !2x 1 1
!3x 1 4 2 !2x 1 4
3
!3x 1 4 1 !2x 1 4
4
d
!3x 1 4 1 !2x 1 4
3
2
!3x 1 4 1 !2x 1 4
T
5 lim c d
0 (x 1 1 2 2x 2 1)
!x 1 1 1 !2x 1 1
3
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 xS0 (3x 1 4 2 2x 2 4)
x2 2 4 212
12. lim 52
xS5 f(x)
111
5 22
x 2 1 0 x 2 1 021
lim (x2 2 4)
xS5
5
0x 2 10
lim f(x) 17. lim
xS1
x S 11 0 x 2 1 0 5 x 2 1
xS5
21
5 x2 1 x 2 2 (x 1 2)(x 2 1)
3 5
57 x21 x21
13. lim f(x) 5 3 x 2 1 0 x 2 1 021
0x 2 10
xS4 lim 53
a. lim 3 f(x)4 3 5 33 5 27
xS1 1
xS4 x S 12 0 x 2 1 0 5 2x 1 1
b. x2 2 x x(x 2 1)
5 lim2
3 f(x)4 2 2 x 2
lim2
( f(x) 2 x)( f(x) 1 x) xS1 2x 1 1 xS1 2x 1 1
lim 5 lim 5 21
xS4 f(x) 1 x xS4 f(x) 1 x
5 lim ( f(x) 2 x) Therefore, this limit does not exist.
xS4 y
5324 4
5 21
c. lim "3f(x) 2 2x 5 "3 3 3 2 2 3 4 2
xS4
51 x
f(x) 0
14. lim 51 –4 –2 2 4
xS0 x
–2
a. lim f(x) 5 lim c 3 xd 5 0
f(x)
xS0 xS0 x
–4
5 lim c d 50
f(x) x f(x)
b. lim
xS0 g(x) xS0 g(x) x

1.6 Continuity, pp. 51–53 5. a. The function is a polynomial, so the function
is continuous for all real numbers.
1. Anywhere that you can see breaks or jumps is a b. The function is a polynomial, so the function is
place where the function is not continuous. continuous for all real numbers.
2. It means that on that domain, you can trace the c. x 2 2 5x 5 x(x 2 5)
graph of the function without lifting your pencil. The is continuous for all real numbers except
3. point discontinuity 0 and 5.
y d. The is continuous for all real numbers greater
10 than or equal to 22.
8 e. The is continuous for all real numbers.
6 f. The is continuous for all real numbers.
4 6. g(x) is a linear function (a polynomial),
2 hole and so is continuous everywhere,
x including x 5 2.
–2 0 2 4 6 7. y
–2
8
jump discontinuity
y 4
10 x
8 0
–8 –4 4 8
6
4 –4
2
x –8
–2 0 2 4 6
–2
The function is continuous everywhere.
infinite discontinuity 8. y
4
y
10
8 2
6 x
4 0
–4 –2 2 4
2
x –2
–1 0 1 2 3 4
–2
vertical –4
–4 asymptote
4. a. x 5 3 makes the denominator 0. The function is discontinuous at x 5 0.

b. x 5 0 makes the denominator 0. 9. y
4
c. x 5 0 makes the denominator 0.
d. x 5 3 and x 5 23 make the denominator 0.
e. x 2 1 x 2 6 5 (x 1 3)(x 2 2) 2
x 5 23 and x 5 2 make the denominator 0. x
f. The function has different one-sided limits at x 5 3. 0 200 400 600

x2 2 x 2 6 Thus, lim f(x) 5 4. But, f(3) 5 2. Hence f is not
10. lim f(x) 5 lim xS3
xS3 xS3 x23 continuous at x 5 2 (and also not continuous over
(x 2 3)(x 1 2) 23 , x , 8).
5 lim
xS3 x23 15. The function is to be continuous at x 5 1 and
55 discontinuous at x 5 2.
Function is discontinuous at x 5 3. Ax 2 B
11. Discontinuous at x 5 2 , if x # 1
x22
y f(x) 5 μ 3x, if 1 , x , 2
4 2
Bx 2 A, if x $ 2
2 For f(x) to be continuous at x 5 1:

A(1) 2 B
x 5 3(1)
122
–4 –2 0 2 4 A(1) 2 B 5 23
A5B23
–2
For f(x) to be discontinuous at x 5 2:
B(2)2 2 A 2 3(2)
–4 4B 2 A 2 6
If 4B 2 A . 6, then if 4B 2 A , 6, then
12. g(x) 5 e
x 1 3, if x 2 3 4B 2 (B 2 3) . 6 4B 2 B 1 3 , 6
2 1 !k, if x 5 3 3B 1 3 . 6 3B 1 3 , 6
g(x) is continuous. 3B . 3 3B , 3
2 1 "k 5 6 B . 1 and B , 1 and
"k 5 4, k 5 16 A . 22 A , 22
13. This shows that A and B can be any set of real
21, if x , 0 numbers such that
f(x) 5 • 0, if x 5 0 (1) A 5 B 2 3
1, if x . 0 (2) 4B 2 A 2 6 (if B . 1, then A . 22 if B , 1,
then A , 22)
a. y
4 A 5 1 and B 5 22 is not a solution because then
the graph would be continuous at x 5 2.
2 2x, if 23 # x # 22
16. f(x) 5 • ax 1 b, if 22 , x , 0
2
x 6, if x 5 0
–4 –2 0 2 4 at x 5 22, 4a 1 b 5 2
–2
at x 5 0, b 5 6.
a 5 21
2x, if 23 # x # 22
f(x) 5 • 2x2 1 b, if 22 , x , 0
–4
6, if x 5 0
b. i. From the graph, lim2 f(x) 5 21.
xS0 if a 5 21, b 5 6. f(x) is continuous.
ii. From the graph, lim1 f(x) 5 1.
xS0 x0 x 2 1 0
g(x) 5 • x 2 1
iii. Since the one-sided limits differ, lim f(x) does , if x 2 1
xS0 17.
not exist. 0, if x 5 1
c. f is not continuous since lim f(x) does not exist.
xS0
¶ lim g(x)
14. a. From the graph, f(3) 5 2. lim g(x) 5 21
a. xS12
b. From the graph, lim2 f(x) 5 4. lim1 g(x) 5 1 xS1
xS3 xS1
c. lim2 f(x) 5 4 5 lim2 f(x)
xS3 xS3 lim g(x) does not exist.
xS1

b. y
, Pa4, b
2 2
!x 1 5
4 c. h(x) 5
3
2 2
23
2 !4 1 h 1 5
m 5 lim
x hS0 h
3 2 !9 1 h 3 1 !9 1 h
–4 –2 0 2 4 5 2 lim c d
3 1 !9 1 h
3
hS0 3h!9 1 h
–2
5 2 lim c2 d
1
hS0 3 !9 1 h(3 1 !9 1 h)
–4 2
52
9(6)
1
52
, Pa4, b
5 5
1. a. f(22) 5 36, f(3) 5 21 d. f(x) 5
x22 2
21 2 36 5 5
m5 2
3 2 (22) 41h22 2
5 23 m 5 lim
hS0 h
b. f(21) 5 13, f(4) 5 48 10 2 5(2 1 h)
48 2 13 5 lim
m5 hS0 h(2 1 h)(2)
4 2 (21)
25h
57 5 lim 2
c. f(1) 5 23 hS0 h(2 1 h)(2)
5(1 1 2h 1 h 2 ) 2 (23) 5
m 5 lim 52
hS0 h 4
3. f(x) 5 e
2h 1 h 2 4 2 x2 , if x # 1
5 lim 2x 1 1, if x . 1
hS0 h
hS0
52 4 2 (21 1 h)2 2 3
m 5 lim
y 2 (23) 5 2(x 2 1) hS0 h
2x 2 y 2 5 5 0 4 2 1 1 2h 2 h 2 2 3
5 lim
3 hS0 h
2. a. f(x) 5 , P(2, 1)
x11 5 lim (2 2 h)
3 hS0
21
m531h 52
1 b. Slope at P(2, 0.5)
5 lim 2
hS0 31h f(x) 5 2x 1 1
1 f(2 1 h) 2 f(2) 5 2(2 1 h) 1 1 2 5
52
3 5 2h
b. g(x) 5 "x 1 2, P(21, 1) 2h
"21 1 h 1 2 2 1
m 5 lim 52
hS0 h
m 5 lim
!h 1 1 2 1 !h 1 1 1 1 4. s(t) 5 25t 2 1 180
5 lim c d
!h 1 1 1 1
3 a. s(0) 5 180, s(1) 5 175, s(2) 5 160
hS0 x
hS0 !h 1 1 1 1
5 lim
m> s.
s(1) 2 s(0)
5 25
1 1
5
2
b. y
, Pa4, b
2 2
!x 1 5
4 c. h(x) 5
3
2 2
23
2 !4 1 h 1 5
m 5 lim
x hS0 h
3 2 !9 1 h 3 1 !9 1 h
–4 –2 0 2 4 5 2 lim c d
3 1 !9 1 h
3
hS0 3h!9 1 h
–2
5 2 lim c2 d
1
hS0 3 !9 1 h(3 1 !9 1 h)
–4 2
52
9(6)
1
52
, Pa4, b
5 5
1. a. f(22) 5 36, f(3) 5 21 d. f(x) 5
x22 2
21 2 36 5 5
m5 2
3 2 (22) 41h22 2
5 23 m 5 lim
hS0 h
b. f(21) 5 13, f(4) 5 48 10 2 5(2 1 h)
48 2 13 5 lim
m5 hS0 h(2 1 h)(2)
4 2 (21)
25h
57 5 lim 2
c. f(1) 5 23 hS0 h(2 1 h)(2)
5(1 1 2h 1 h 2 ) 2 (23) 5
m 5 lim 52
hS0 h 4
3. f(x) 5 e
2h 1 h 2 4 2 x2 , if x # 1
5 lim 2x 1 1, if x . 1
hS0 h
hS0
52 4 2 (21 1 h)2 2 3
m 5 lim
y 2 (23) 5 2(x 2 1) hS0 h
2x 2 y 2 5 5 0 4 2 1 1 2h 2 h 2 2 3
5 lim
3 hS0 h
2. a. f(x) 5 , P(2, 1)
x11 5 lim (2 2 h)
3 hS0
21
m531h 52
1 b. Slope at P(2, 0.5)
5 lim 2
hS0 31h f(x) 5 2x 1 1
1 f(2 1 h) 2 f(2) 5 2(2 1 h) 1 1 2 5
52
3 5 2h
b. g(x) 5 "x 1 2, P(21, 1) 2h
"21 1 h 1 2 2 1
m 5 lim 52
hS0 h
m 5 lim
!h 1 1 2 1 !h 1 1 1 1 4. s(t) 5 25t 2 1 180
5 lim c d
!h 1 1 1 1
3 a. s(0) 5 180, s(1) 5 175, s(2) 5 160
hS0 x
hS0 !h 1 1 1 1
5 lim
m> s.
s(1) 2 s(0)
5 25
1 1
5
2
Average velocity during the second second is c. Present rate of change:
m> s.
s(2) 2 s(1) Q(h) 5 104 (h 2 1 15h 1 70)
5 215
1 Q(0) 5 104 1 70
b. At t 5 4: Q(h) 2 Q(0)
s(4 1 h) 2 s(4) lim 5 lim 104 (h 1 15)
hS0 h hS0
5 25(4 1 h)2 1 180 2 (25(16) 1 180)
5 15 3 104 t per year.
5 280 2 40h 2 5h 2 1 180 1 80 2 180
d. Q(a 1 h)
s(4 1 h) 2 s(4) 240h 2 5h 2
5 5 104 3a 2 1 2ah 1 h 2 1 15a 1 15h 1 704
Q(a) 5 104 3a 2 1 15a 1 704
h h
v(4) 5 lim (240 2 5h) 5 240
104 32ah 1 h 2 1 15h4
Velocity is 240 m> s.
hS0 Q(a 1 h) 2 Q(a)
5
h h
c. Time to reach ground is when s(t) 5 0.
Q(a 1 h) 2 Q(a)
Therefore, 25t 2 1 180 5 0 lim 5 lim 104 (2a 1 h 1 15)
t 2 5 36 hS0 h hS0
t 5 6, t . 0. 5 (2a 1 15)104
Velocity at t 5 6: Now,
s(6 1 h) 5 25(36 1 12h 1 h 2 ) 1 180 (2a 1 15)104 5 3 3 105
5 260h 2 5h 2 2a 1 15 5 30
s(6) 5 0 a 5 7.5
Therefore, v(6) 5 lim (260 2 5h) 5 260. It will take 7.5 years to reach a rate of
hS0 3.0 3 105 t per year.
5. M(t) 5 t 2 mass in grams 7. a. From the graph, the limit is 10.
a. Growth during 3 # t # 3.01 b. 7; 0
M(3.01) 5 (3.01)2 5 9.0601 c. p(t) is discontinuous for t 5 3 and t 5 4.
M(3) 5 32 8. a. Answers will vary. lim f(x) 5 0.5, f is
59 xS21
Grew 0.0601 g during this time interval. discontinuous at x 5 21

b. Average rate of growth is y
2
5 6.01 g> min.
0.0601
0.01
1
c. s(3 1 h) 5 9 1 6h 1 h 2
s(3) 5 9 x
s(3 1 h) 2 s(3) 6h 1 h 2 –2 –1 0 1 2
5
h h
Rate of growth is lim (6 1 h) 5 6 g> min. –1
hS0
6. Q(t) 5 104 (t 2 1 15t 1 70) tonnes of waste, –2
0 # t # 10
a. At t 5 0, b. f(x) 5 24 if x , 3; f is increasing for x . 3
Q(t) 5 70 3 104 lim1 f(x) 5 1
5 700 000. xS3
700 000 t have accumulated up to now. y

4
b. Over the next three years, the average rate of
change:
Q(3) 5 104 (9 1 45 1 70) 2
5 124 3 104 x
Q(0) 5 70 3 104 0
–4 –2 2 4
Q(3) 2 Q(0) 54 3 104
5 –2
3 3
5 18 3 104 t per year.
–4
9. a. y 13. a.
4 x 1.9 1.99 1.999 2.001 2.01 2.1
x22
0.344 83 0.334 45 0.333 44 0.333 22 0.332 23 0.322 58
2 x2 2 x 2 2
1
x
0 3
–4 –2 2 4
–2
–4
x 1 1, if x , 21
b. f(x) 5 • 2x 1 1, if 21 # x , 1 b.
x 0.9 0.99 0.999 1.001 1.01 1.1
x 2 2, if x . 1
x21
Discontinuous at x 5 21 and x 5 1. 0.526 32 0.502 51 0.500 25 0.499 75 0.497 51 0.476 19
x2 2 1
c. They do not exist.
10. The function is not continuous at x 5 24 1
because the function is not defined at x 5 24. 2
(x 5 24 makes the denominator 0.)
2x 2 2
11. f(x) 5 2
x 1x22
2(x 2 1)
5
(x 2 1)(x 1 2)
a. f is discontinuous at x 5 1 and x 5 22.
2 14.
b. lim f(x) 5 lim
xS1 xS1 x 1 2 x 20.1 20.01 20.001 0.001 0.01 0.1
2 "x 1 3 2 "3 0.291 12 0.288 92 0.2887 0.288 65 0.288 43 0.286 31
5
3 x
2
lim f(x): 5 lim 1 5 1` !x 1 3 2 !3 !x 1 3 1 !3
xS22 x 1 2
lim c d
!x 1 3 1 !3
xS22
?
2 xS0 x
lim 5 2` x1323
xS222 x 1 2
xS0 xA !x 1 3 1 !3B
5 lim
lim f(x) does not exist.
xS22
x
xS0 xA !x 1 3 1 !3B
1 5 lim
12. a. f(x) 5 , lim f(x) does not exist.
x 2 xS0
1
xS0 !x 1 3 1 !3
b. g(x) 5 x(x 2 5), lim g(x) 5 0 5 lim
xS0
x 3 2 27
c. h(x) 5 2 , 1
2 !3
x 29 5
37
lim h(x) 5 5 5.2857 This agrees well with the values in the table.
xS4 7
lim h(x) does not exist. "x 1 2 2 2
xS23 15. a. f(x) 5
x22
x 2.1 2.01 2.001 2.0001
f(x) 0.248 46 0.249 84 0.249 98 0.25
x 5 2.0001
f(x) 8 0.25

b. 1
A !x 1 5 1 !5 2 xB
5 lim
xS0
1
!5
5
(x 2 2)(x 1 2)
d. lim
xS2 (x 2 2)(x 2 1 2x 1 4)
lim f(x) 5 0.25 x12
xS2
5 lim 2
!x 1 2 2 2 !x 1 2 1 2 xS2 x 1 2x 1 4
c. lim c d
!x 1 2 1 2
3 (2) 1 2
xS2 x22 5
1 (2)2 1 2(2) 1 4
xS2 !x 1 2 1 2
5 lim 4
5
1 12
5 5 0.25 1
4 5
(5 1 h)2 2 25 3
4 2 !12 1 x 4 1 !12 1 x
e. lim c d
16. a. lim
4 1 !12 1 x
hS0 h ?
5 lim (10 1 h) xS4 x24
hS0 16 2 (12 1 x)
xS4 (x 2 4)(4 1 !12 1 x)
5 10 5 lim
Slope of the tangent to y 5 x 2 at x 5 5 is 10. 42x
"4 1 h 2 2 "4 1 h 2 2 xS4 (x 2 4)(4 1 !12 1 x)
5 lim
b. lim 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 4 1 h 2 4 2 (x 2 4)
xS4 (x 2 4)(4 1 !12 1 x)
5 lim
1
hS0 !4 1 h 1 2
5 lim
21
xS4 4 1 !12 1 x
5 lim
1
5
4 21
Slope of the tangent to y 5 "x at x 5 4 is 14. 4 1 !12 1 (4)
5
1 1 21
24 4242h 5
41h
c. lim 5 lim 414
hS0 h hS0 4(4 1 h)(h)
1
1 52
5 lim 2 8
hS0 4(4 1 h)
f. lim a 2 b
1 1 1
1
52 xS0 x 21x 2
16
5 lim c 3 2 d
1 1 x
Slope of the tangent to y 5 x at (x 5 4) is 2 161 . xS0 x 2(2 1 x)
(x 1 4)(x 1 8)
5 lim c2 d
17. a. lim 5 lim (x 1 8) 1
xS24 x14 xS24
xS0 2(2 1 x)
5 (24) 1 8 1
54 52
4
2 2
(x 1 4a) 2 25a (x 2 a)(x 1 9a) 18. a. The function is not defined for x , 3, so
b. lim 5 lim
xSa x 2 a xSa x2a there is no left-side limit.
5 10a b. Even after dividing out common factors from
!x 1 5 2 !5 2 x !x 1 5 1 !5 2 x
c. lim c d
numerator and denominator, there is a factor of
!x 1 5 1 !5 2 x
3
xS0 x x 2 2 in the denominator; the graph has a vertical
x15251x asymptote at x 5 2.
xS0 xA !x 1 5 1 !5 2 xB
5 lim
c. f(x) 5 e
25, if x , 1
2, if x $ 1
lim2 f(x) 5 25 2 lim1 f(x) 5 2
xS1 xS1

0x0 5 lim
hS0 h
e. lim
xS0 x 5 lim (18 2 18h 1 6h2 )
x S 02 0 x 0 5 2x hS0
0x0
5 18
lim2 5 21 When x 5 21, y 5 29.
xS0 x
0x0
lim1 51 y 2 (29) 5 18(x 2 (21))
xS0 x
y 5 18x 1 9
0x0 0x0 22(3 1 h)4 2 (2162)
xS0 x xS0 x
hS0 h
f(x) 5 e
5x2, if x , 21 22(81 1 108h 1 54h2 1 12h3 1 h4 ) 1 162
f. 5 lim
2x 1 1, if x $ 21 hS0 h
lim 1 f(x) 5 21 2216h 2 108h2 2 24h3 2 2h4
xS21 5 lim
lim f(x) 5 5 hS0 h
xS212
5 lim ( 2 216 2 108h 2 24h2 2 2h3 )
xS21 1 xS21
5 2216
xS21
23(1 1 h)2 1 6(1 1 h) 1 4 2 (23 1 6 1 4) y 2 (2162) 5 2216(x 2 3)
m 5 lim y 5 2216x 1 486
hS0 h
23 2 6h 2 h2 1 6 1 6h 1 4 2 7 20. P(t) 5 20 1 61t 1 3t 2
5 lim a. P(8) 5 20 1 61(8) 1 3(8)2
hS0 h
2h2 5 700 000
5 lim b.
hS0 h
20 1 61(8 1 h) 1 3(8 1 h)2 2 (20 1 488 1 192)
5 lim 2h lim
hS0 hS0 h
50 20 1 488 1 61h 1 3(64 1 16h 1 h2 ) 2 700
When x 5 1, y 5 7. 5 lim
hS0 h
y57 5 lim
hS0 h
b. 2
109h 1 3h
(22 1 h)2 2 (22 1 h) 2 1 2 (4 1 2 2 1) 5 lim
m 5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h
5 lim (109 1 3h)
4 2 4h 1 h2 1 2 2 h 2 1 2 5 hS0
5 lim 5 109
hS0 h
5 lim 109 000>h.
hS0 h
5 lim (25 1 h)
5 25 1
xS1
y 5 25x 2 5 lim1 5 1` 2 lim2 5 2 `.
xS1 x 2 1 xS1 x 2 1
6(21 1 h)3 2 3 2 (26 2 3)
c. m 5 lim 2. f(x) 5 5x 2 2 8x
hS0 h f(22) 5 5(4) 2 8(22) 5 20 1 16 5 36
6(21 1 3h 2 3h2 1 h3 ) 2 3 1 9 f(1) 5 5 2 8 5 23
5 lim
hS0 h 36 1 3 39
22 2 1 3
5 213
0x0 5 lim
hS0 h
e. lim
xS0 x 5 lim (18 2 18h 1 6h2 )
x S 02 0 x 0 5 2x hS0
0x0
5 18
lim2 5 21 When x 5 21, y 5 29.
xS0 x
0x0
lim1 51 y 2 (29) 5 18(x 2 (21))
xS0 x
y 5 18x 1 9
0x0 0x0 22(3 1 h)4 2 (2162)
xS0 x xS0 x
hS0 h
f(x) 5 e
5x2, if x , 21 22(81 1 108h 1 54h2 1 12h3 1 h4 ) 1 162
f. 5 lim
2x 1 1, if x $ 21 hS0 h
lim 1 f(x) 5 21 2216h 2 108h2 2 24h3 2 2h4
xS21 5 lim
lim f(x) 5 5 hS0 h
xS212
5 lim ( 2 216 2 108h 2 24h2 2 2h3 )
xS21 1 xS21
5 2216
xS21
23(1 1 h)2 1 6(1 1 h) 1 4 2 (23 1 6 1 4) y 2 (2162) 5 2216(x 2 3)
m 5 lim y 5 2216x 1 486
hS0 h
23 2 6h 2 h2 1 6 1 6h 1 4 2 7 20. P(t) 5 20 1 61t 1 3t 2
5 lim a. P(8) 5 20 1 61(8) 1 3(8)2
hS0 h
2h2 5 700 000
5 lim b.
hS0 h
20 1 61(8 1 h) 1 3(8 1 h)2 2 (20 1 488 1 192)
5 lim 2h lim
hS0 hS0 h
50 20 1 488 1 61h 1 3(64 1 16h 1 h2 ) 2 700
When x 5 1, y 5 7. 5 lim
hS0 h
y57 5 lim
hS0 h
b. 2
109h 1 3h
(22 1 h)2 2 (22 1 h) 2 1 2 (4 1 2 2 1) 5 lim
m 5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h
5 lim (109 1 3h)
4 2 4h 1 h2 1 2 2 h 2 1 2 5 hS0
5 lim 5 109
hS0 h
5 lim 109 000>h.
hS0 h
5 lim (25 1 h)
5 25 1
xS1
y 5 25x 2 5 lim1 5 1` 2 lim2 5 2 `.
xS1 x 2 1 xS1 x 2 1
6(21 1 h)3 2 3 2 (26 2 3)
c. m 5 lim 2. f(x) 5 5x 2 2 8x
hS0 h f(22) 5 5(4) 2 8(22) 5 20 1 16 5 36
6(21 1 3h 2 3h2 1 h3 ) 2 3 1 9 f(1) 5 5 2 8 5 23
5 lim
hS0 h 36 1 3 39
22 2 1 3
5 213
3. a. lim f(x) does not exist. 4x 2 2 36 2(x 2 3)(x 1 3)
xS1 7. a. lim 5 lim
b. lim f(x) 5 1 xS3 2x 2 6 xS3 (x 2 3)
xS2 5 12
c. lim2 f(x) 5 1 2x 2 2 x 2 6 (2x 1 3)(x 2 2)
xS4
b. lim 2 5 lim
d. f is discontinuous at x 5 1 and x 5 2. xS2 3x 2 7x 1 2 xS2 (x 2 2)(3x 2 1)
4. a. Average velocity from t 5 2 to t 5 5: 7
5
s(5) 2 s(2) (40 2 25) 2 (16 2 4) 5
5
3 3 x25 (x 2 1) 2 4
xS5 !x 2 1 2 2 xS5 !x 2 1 2 2
c. lim 5 lim
15 2 12
5
3 A !x 2 1 2 2BA !x 2 1 1 2B
!x 2 1 2 2
51 5 lim
Average velocity from t 5 2 to t 5 5 is 1 km> h.
xS5
54
b. s(3 1 h) 2 s(3) x3 1 1 (x 1 1)(x 2 2 x 1 1)
5 8(3 1 h) 2 (3 1 h)2 2 (24 2 9) d. lim 4 5 lim 2
xS21 x 2 1 xS21 (x 2 1)(x 1 1)(x 1 1)
5 24 1 8h 2 9 2 6h 2 h 2 2 15 3
5 2h 2 h 2 5
22(2)
2h 2 h 2
v(3) 5 lim 52 3
hS0 h 52
Velocity at t 5 3 is 2 km> h.
4
e. lim a b 5 lim
(x 1 3) 2 6
5. f(x) 5 "x 1 11
1 6
2 2
xS3 x 2 3 x 29 xS3 (x 2 3)(x 1 3)
Average rate of change from x 5 5 to x 5 5 1 h:
1
f(5 1 h) 2 f(5) 5 lim
xS3 x 1 3
h
1
"16 1 h 2 "16 5
6
5 1 1
h (x 1 8) 2 2
3
(x 1 8) 2 2
3
x f. lim 5 lim
6. f(x) 5 2 xS0 x xS0 (x 1 8) 2 8
x 2 15 1
(x 1 8)3 2 2
Slope of the tangent at x 5 4: 5 lim
xS0 ((x 1 8)3 2 2)((x 1 8)3 1 2(x 1 8)3 1 4)
1 2 1
41h
f(4 1 h) 5 1
(4 1 h)2 2 15 5
41414
41h
5 1
1 1 8h 1 h 2 5
12
4
f(4) 5 ax 1 3, if x . 5
1
8. f(x) 5 • 8, if x 5 5
41h 2
f(4 1 h) 2 f(4) 5 24 x 1 bx 1 a, if x , 5
1 1 8h 1 h 2
f(x) is continuous.
4 1 h 2 4 2 32h 2 4h 2
5 Therefore, 5a 1 3 5 8 a51
1 1 2h 1 h 2 25 1 5b 1 a 5 8 5b 5 218
31h 2 4h 2 18
52 b52
(1 1 2h 1 h 2 ) 5
f(4 1 h) 2 f(4) (231 2 4h)
lim 5 lim 2
hS0 h hS0 1 1 2h 1 h
5 231
Slope of the tangent at x 5 4 is 231.

CHAPTER 2
Derivatives
Review of Prerequisite Skills, 21
b. slope 5
2 12
pp. 62–63
52
1. a. a5 3 a3 5 a513 21
5 a8 c. slope 5 5
b. A22a2 B 3 5 (22)3 Aa2 B 3
3
5 28Aa233 B
3
52
5
5 28a6
21
4p 3 6p9
7
24p719 d. slope 5
c. 5 21
12p15 12p15
51
5 2p16215
24 2 (22)
5 2p 4. a. This line has slope m 5
d. Aa b B Aa b B 5 Aa426 B Ab2522 B
4 25 26 22 23 2 9
5 a22b27 22
5
1 212
5 2 7 1
ab 5
e. A3e6 B A2e3 B 4 5 (3)Ae6 B A24 B Ae3 B 4 6
5 (3)A24 BAe6 B Ae334 B
The equation of the desired line is therefore
y 1 4 5 16 (x 1 3) or x 2 6y 2 21 5 0.
5 (3)(16)Ae6112 B b. The equation 3x 2 2y 5 5 can be rewritten as
5 48e18 2y 5 3x 2 5 or y 5 32x 2 52, which has slope 32.
A3a B C2a (2b)3 D
24 3
(3)(2)A21B 3 Aa2413 B Ab3 B
f. 5 The equation of the desired line is therefore
12a5b2 12a5b2 y 1 5 5 32 (x 1 2) or 3x 2 2y 2 4 5 0.
26Aa 2125
B Ab322 B c. The line perpendicular to y 5 34 x 2 6 will have
5
12 21
21Aa B AbB
26 slope m 5 3 5 2 43. The equation of the desired line
5 4
2 is therefore y 1 3 5 2 43 (x 2 4) or 4x 1 3y 2 7 5 0.
b 5. a. (x 2 3y)(2x 1 y) 5 2x2 1 xy 2 6xy 2 3y2
52 6
2a 5 2x2 2 5xy 2 3y2
2. a. Ax2 B Ax3 B 5 x2 1 3
1 2 1 2
2
b. (x 2 2)(x 2 3x 1 4)
5 x6
7
5 x3 2 3x2 1 4x 2 2x2 1 6x 2 8
b. A8x6 B 3 5 83x63 3 5 x3 2 5x2 1 10x 2 8
2 2 2
5 4x4 c. (6x 2 3)(2x 1 7) 5 12x2 1 42x 2 6x 2 21

"a "
1 1
5 12x2 1 36x 2 21
3
a ( a2)( a3)
5 d. 2(x 1 y) 2 5(3x 2 8y) 5 2x 1 2y 2 15x 1 40y
"a
c. 1
a2 5 213x 1 42y
1
5 a3 2
e. (2x 2 3y) 1 (5x 1 y) 2
3. A perpendicular line will have a slope that is the 5 4x2 2 12xy 1 9y2 1 25x2 1 10xy 1 y2
negative reciprocal of the slope of the given line: 5 29x2 2 2xy 1 10y2
21 f. 3x(2x 2 y)2 2 x(5x 2 y)(5x 1 y)
a. slope 5 2
5 3x(4x2 2 4xy 1 y2 ) 2 x(25x2 2 y2 )
3 5 12x3 2 12x2y 1 3xy2 2 25x3 1 xy2
3 5 213x3 2 12x2y 1 4xy2
52
2
3x(x 1 2) 5x3 15x4 (x 1 2) b. x2 1 4x 2 32 5 x2 1 8x 2 4x 2 32
6. a. 3 5
x2 2x(x 1 2) 2x3 (x 1 2) 5 x(x 1 8) 2 4(x 1 8)
15 5 (x 2 4)(x 1 8)
5 x423 c. 3a2 2 4a 2 7 5 3a2 2 7a 1 3a 2 7
2
15 5 a(3a 2 7) 1 1(3a 2 7)
5 x 5 (a 1 1)(3a 2 7)
2
d. x4 2 1 5 (x2 1 1)(x2 2 1)
x 2 0, 22
5 (x2 1 1)(x 1 1)(x 2 1)
y (y 2 5)2
b. 3 e. x 2 y 5 (x 2 y)(x2 1 xy 1 y2 )
3 3
(y 1 2)(y 2 5) 4y3
f. r4 2 5r 2 1 4 5 r4 2 4r 2 2 r 2 1 4
y(y 2 5)(y 2 5)
5 3 5 r 2 (r 2 2 4) 2 1(r 2 2 4)
4y (y 1 2)(y 2 5) 5 (r2 2 1)(r2 2 4)
y25 5 (r 1 1)(r 2 1)(r 1 2)(r 2 2)
5 2
4y (y 1 2) 8. a. Letting f(a) 5 a3 2 b3, f(b) 5 b3 2 b3
y 2 22, 0, 5 50
4 9 4 2(h 1 k) So b is a root of f (a), and so by the factor theorem,
c. 4 5 3
h 1 k 2(h 1 k) h1k 9 a 2 b is a factor of a3 2 b3. Polynomial long
8(h 1 k) division provides the other factor:
5
9(h 1 k) a2 1 ab 1 b2
8 a 2 bq a3 1 0a2 1 0a 2 b3
5
9 a3 2 a2b
h 2 2k
a2b 1 0a 2 b3
(x 1 y)(x 2 y) (x 1 y)3
d. 4 a2b 2 ab2
5(x 2 y) 10
ab2 2 b3
(x 1 y)(x 2 y) 10
5 3 ab2 2 b3
5(x 2 y) (x 1 y)3
0
10(x 1 y)(x 2 y)
5
5(x 2 y)(x 1 y)3 So a3 2 b3 5 (a 2 b)(a2 1 ab 1 b2 ).
2 b. Using long division or recognizing a pattern from
5 the work in part a.:
(x 1 y)2
x 2 2y, 1y a5 2 b5 5 (a 2 b)(a4 1 a3b 1 a2b2 1 ab3 1 b4 ).
x27 5x (x 2 7)(x 2 1) (5x)(2x) c. Using long division or recognizing a pattern from
e. 1 5 1 the work in part a.: a7 2 b7
2x x21 2x(x 2 1) 2x(x 2 1)
x2 2 7x 2 x 1 7 1 10x2 5 (a 2 b)(a6 1 a5b 1 a4b2 1 a3b3
5 1 a2b4 1 ab5 1 b6 ).
2x(x 2 1)
11x2 2 8x 1 7 d. Using the pattern from the previous parts:
5 an 2 bn 5 (a 2 b)(an21 1 an22b 1 an23b2 1 c
2x(x 2 1)
1 a2bn23 1 abn22 1 bn21 ).
x 2 0, 1
9. a. f(2) 5 22(24 ) 1 3(22 ) 1 7 2 2(2)
x11 x12
f. 2 5 232 1 12 1 7 2 4
x22 x13 5 217
(x 1 1)(x 1 3) (x 1 2)(x 2 2) b. f(21) 5 22(21)4 1 3(21)2 1 7 2 2(21)
5 2
(x 2 2)(x 1 3) (x 1 3)(x 2 2) 5 22 1 3 1 7 1 2
x2 1 x 1 3x 1 3 2 x2 1 4 5 10
5
(x 1 3)(x 2 2)
c. f a b 5 22a b 1 3a b 1 7 2 2a b
1 1 4 1 2 1
4x 1 7 2 2 2 2
5
(x 1 3)(x 2 2) 1 3
x 2 23, 2 52 1 1721
8 4
7. a. 4k2 2 9 5 (2k 1 3)(2k 2 3) 53
5
8
2-2 Chapter 2: Derivatives
3h2 1 10h
d. f(20.25) 5 f a2 b
1
5
4 h
5 3h 1 10
5 2a2 b 1 3a2 b 1 7 2 2a2 b
1 4 1 2 1
4 4 4 This expression can be used to determine the slope of
1 3 1 the secant line between (2, 8) and (2 1 h, f(2 1 h)).
52 1 171 b. For h 5 0.01: 3(0.01) 1 10 5 10.03
128 16 2
983 c. The value in part b. represents the slope of the
5 secant line through (2, 8) and (2.01, 8.1003).
128
8 7.68
3 3 !2 2.1 The Derivative Function, pp. 73–75
!2 ( !2)( !2)
10. a. 5
1. A function is not differentiable at a point where its
3 !2 graph has a cusp, a discontinuity, or a vertical tangent:
5
2 a. The graph has a cusp at x 5 22, so f is
4 2 !2 (4 2 !2)( !3) differentiable on 5xPR Z x 2 226.
!3 ( !3)(!3)
b. 5 b. The graph is discontinuous at x 5 2, so f is
differentiable on 5xPR Z x 2 26.
4!3 2 !6
5 c. The graph has no cusps, discontinuities, or
vertical tangents, so f is differentiable on 5xPR6.
3
2 1 3 !2 (2 1 3 !2)(3 1 4 !2)
d. The graph has a cusp at x 5 1, so f is
3 2 4 !2 (3 2 4 !2)(3 1 4 !2)
c. 5
6 1 9!2 1 8!2 1 12(2) e. The graph has no cusps, discontinuities, or
32 2 A4 !2B 2 vertical tangents, so f is differentiable on 5xPR6.
5
30 1 17 !2 f. The function does not exist for x , 2, but has

5 no cusps, discontinuities, or vertical tangents
9 2 16(2)
elsewhere, so f is differentiable on 5xPR Z x . 26.
30 1 17!2
52 2. The derivative of a function represents the slope of
23
(3 !2 2 4 !3)(3!2 2 4 !3)
the tangent line at a given value of the independent
3!2 2 4!3 variable or the instantaneous rate of change of the
5
(3!2 1 4 !3)(3"2 2 4 !3)
d.
3!2 1 4!3 function at a given value of the independent variable.
(3 !2)2 2 24!6 1 (4!3)2 3.
5
(3!2)2 2 (4!3)2 y y
4 4
9(2) 2 24!6 1 16(3)
5 2 2
9(2) 2 16(3) x x
66 2 24 !6 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
52 –2 –2
30 –4 –4
11 2 4 !6
52
5 4. a. f(x) 5 5x 2 2
11. a. f(x) 5 3x2 2 2x f(a 1 h) 5 5(a 1 h) 2 2
When a 5 2, 5 5a 1 5h 2 2
f(a 1 h) 2 f(a) f(2 1 h) 2 f(2) f(a 1 h) 2 f(a) 5 5a 1 5h 2 2 2 (5a 2 2)
5
h h 5 5h
3(2 1 h) 2 2(2 1 h) 2 C3(2)2 2 2(2)D
2
b. f(x) 5 x2 1 3x 2 1
5 f(a 1 h) 5 (a 1 h)2 1 3(a 1 h) 2 1
h
3(4 1 4h 1 h2 ) 2 4 2 2h 2 8 5 a2 1 2ah 1 h2 1 3a
5 1 3h 2 1
h
12 1 12h 1 3h2 2 2h 2 12 f(a 1 h) 2 f(a) 5 a2 1 2ah 1 h2 1 3a 1 3h
5 2 1 2 (a2 1 3a 2 1)
h
5 2ah 1 h2 1 3h

c. f(x) 5 x3 2 4x 1 1 f(0 1 h) 2 f(0)
c. f r (0) 5 lim
f(a 1 h) 5 (a 1 h)3 2 4(a 1 h) 1 1 hS0 h
5 a3 1 3a2h 1 3ah2 1 h3 !h 1 1 2 !0 1 1
2 4a 2 4h 1 1 5 lim
hS0 h
!h 1 1 2 1
f(a 1 h) 2 f(a) 5 a3 1 3a2h 1 3ah2 1 h3 2 4a
2 4h 1 1 2 (a3 2 4a 1 1) 5 lim
5 3a2h 1 3ah2 1 h3 2 4h hS0 h
d. f(x) 5 x2 1 x 2 6 ( ! h 1 1 2 1)( ! h 1 1 1 1)
5 lim
f(a 1 h) 5 (a 1 h)2 1 (a 1 h) 2 6 hS0 h( ! h 1 1 1 1)
5 a2 1 2ah 1 h2 1 a 1 h 2 6
f(a 1 h) 2 f(a) 5 a2 1 2ah 1 h2 1 a 1 h 2 6
( "h 1 1) 2 2 1
5 lim
hS0 h( !h 1 1 1 1)
2 (a2 1 a 2 6)
5 2ah 1 h2 1 h h1121
hS0 h( !h 1 1 1 1)
5 lim
e. f(x) 5 27x 1 4
f(a 1 h) 5 27(a 1 h) 1 4 1
5 lim
hS0 ( !h 1 1 1 1)
5 27a 2 7h 1 4
f(a 1 h) 2 f(a) 5 27a 2 7h 1 4 2 (27a 1 4)
5 27h 1
5 lim
hS0 ( !1 1 1)
f. f(x) 5 4 2 2x 2 x2
f(a 1 h) 5 4 2 2(a 1 h) 2 (a 1 h)2 1
5
5 4 2 2a 2 2h 2 a2 2 2ah 2 h2 2
f(a 1 h) 2 f(a) 5 4 2 2a 2 2h 2 a2 2 2ah f(21 1 h) 2 f(21)
2 h2 2 4 1 2a 1 a2 d. f r(21) 5 lim
hS0 h
5 22h 2 h2 2 2ah 5 5
2 21
f(1 1 h) 2 f(1) 5 lim 21 1 h
5. a. f r (1) 5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h
(1 1 h)2 2 12 5
5 lim 21 1 h 1 5
hS0 h 5 lim
hS0 h
1 1 2h 1 h2 2 1
5 lim 5 5(21 1 h)
hS0 h 1 21 1 h
5 lim 21 1 h
2h 1 h2 hS0 h
5 lim
hS0 h 5 2 5 1 5h
5 lim (2 1 h) 5 lim
hS0 h(21 1 h)
hS0
5h
52 5 lim
hS0 h(21 1 h)
f(3 1 h) 2 f(3)
b. f r(3) 5 lim 5
hS0 h 5 lim
hS0 (21 1 h)
5 lim c
(3 1 h)2 1 3(3 1 h) 1 1
5
hS0 h 5
21
d
2
(3 1 3(3) 1 1)
2 5 25
h
f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
9 1 6h 1 h2 1 9 1 3h 1 1 2 19 6. a. f r (x) 5 lim
5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h
25(x 1 h) 2 8 2 (25x 2 8)
9h 1 h2 5 lim
5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h
25x 2 5h 2 8 1 5x 1 8
5 lim (9 1 h) 5 lim
hS0 hS0 h
59

25h A !3x 1 3h 1 2 B 2 2 A !3x 1 2 B 2
5 lim
hA !3x 1 3h 1 2 1 !3x 1 2 B
5 lim
hS0 h hS0
5 lim 25
hS0 3x 1 3h 1 2 2 3x 2 2
hS0 hA !3x 1 3h 1 2 1 !3x 1 2B
5 lim
5 25
f(x 1 h) 2 f(x) 3
b. f r(x) 5 lim
hS0 !3x 1 3h 1 2 1 !3x 1 2
5 lim
hS0 h
5 lim c
2(x 1 h)2 1 4(x 1 h) 3
2 !3x 1 2
hS0 h 5
A2x2 1 4xB
2 d 7. a. Let y 5 f(x), then
h dy f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
5 f r(x) 5 lim
5 lim c
2x2 1 4xh 1 2h2 1 4x dx hS0 h
hS0 h 6 2 7(x 1 h) 2 (6 2 7x)
5 lim
d
4h 2 2x2 2 4x hS0 h
1
h 6 2 7x 2 7h 2 6 1 7x
5 lim
4xh 1 2h2 1 4h hS0 h
5 lim
hS0 h 27h
5 lim
5 lim (4x 1 2h 1 4) hS0 h
hS0
5 lim 27
5 4x 1 4 hS0
f(x 1 h) 2 f(x) 5 27
c. f r(x) 5 lim
hS0 h b. Let y 5 f(x), then
f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
5 lim c
6(x 1 h)3 2 7(x 1 h) dy
5 f r(x) 5 lim
hS0 h dx hS0 h
x1h11 x11
d
(6x3 2 7x) 2x21
2 x1h21
h 5 lim
hS0 h
5 lim c
6x3 1 18x2h 1 18xh2 1 6h3 (x 1 h 1 1)(x 2 1)
hS0 h
5 lim £ (x 1 h 2 1)(x 2 1)
d
27x 2 7h 2 6x3 1 7x hS0 h
1
h (x 1 1)(x 1 h 2 1)
18x2h 1 18xh2 1 6h3 2 7h (x 2 1)(x 1 h 2 1) §
5 lim 2
hS0 h h
5 lim (18x 1 18xh 1 6h2 2 7)
2
x2 1 hx 1 x 2 x 2 h 2 1
hS0
5 lim £
(x 1 h 2 1)(x 2 1)
5 18x2 2 7
hS0 h
f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
d. f r(x) 5 lim
hS0 h x2 1 hx 2 x 1 x 1 h 2 1
!3(x 1 h) 1 2 2 !3x 1 2 (x 1 h 2 1)(x 2 1) §
5 lim 2
hS0 h h
!3x 1 3h 1 2 2 !3x 1 2 22h
5 lim (x 1 h 2 1)(x 2 1)
hS0 h 5 lim
A !3x 1 3h 1 2 2 !3x 1 2 B
hS0 h
5 lim c 22
hS0 h 5 lim
hS0 (x 1 h 2 1)(x 2 1)
A !3x 1 3h 1 2 1 !3x 1 2B
d 2
A !3x 1 3h 1 2 1 !3x 1 2B
3 52
(x 2 1)2

c. Let y 5 f(x), then 9. a. y
dy f(x 1 h) 2 f(x) 12
5 f r(x) 5 lim
dx hS0 h 10
3(x 1 h)2 2 3x2 8
5 lim
hS0 h 6
3x2 1 6xh 1 3h2 2 3x2 4
5 lim
hS0 h 2
x
6xh 1 3h2
5 lim –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
hS0 h –2
5 lim 6x 1 3h –4
hS0
5 6x b. Let y 5 f(x), then the slope of the tangent at
8. Let y 5 f(x), then the slope of the tangent at each point x can be found by calculating f(x)
each point x can be found by calculating f r(x) f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
f(x 1 h) 2 f(x) f r(x) 5 lim
f r(x) 5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h (x 1 h)3 2 x3
2(x 1 h)2 2 4(x 1 h) 2 2x2 1 4x 5 lim
5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h x3 1 3x2h 1 3xh2 1 h3 2 x3
5 lim
5 lim c
2x 1 4xh 1 2h2 2 4x 2 4h
2
hS0 h
hS0 h 3x2h 1 3xh2 1 h3
5 lim
d
2
22x 1 4x
1 hS0 h
h 5 lim 3x2 1 3xh 1 h2
4xh 1 h2 2 4h hS0
5 lim 5 3x2
hS0 h
5 lim 4x 1 h 2 4 So the slope of the tangent at x 5 22 is
hS0 f r(22) 5 3(22)2
5 4x 2 4 5 12
So the slope of the tangent at x 5 0 is At x 5 21, the slope of the tangent is
f r(0) 5 4(0) 2 4 f r(21) 5 3(21)2
5 24 53
At x 5 1, the slope of the tangent is At x 5 0, the slope of the tangent is
f r(1) 5 4(1) 2 4 f r(0) 5 3(0)2
50 50
f r(2) 5 4(2) 2 4 f r(1) 5 3(1)2
54 53
y At x 5 2, the slope of the tangent is
4 f r(2) 5 3(2)2
3 5 12
2 c. y
1 12
x 10
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–1 8
–2 6
4
2
x
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2

d. The graph of f(x) is a cubic. The graph of f r(x) 1 1
2 !x 1 1
5
seems to be a parabola. 6
10. The velocity the particle at time t is given by sr(t) 6 5 2 !x 1 1
s(t 1 h) 2 s(t)
sr(t) 5 lim 32 5 A !x 1 1B 2
hS0 h
95x11
2 (t 1 h)2 1 8(t 1 h) 2 (2t2 1 8t)
5 lim 85x
f(8) 5 !8 1 1
hS0 h
2t2 2 2th 2 h2 1 8t 1 8h 1 t2 2 8t
5 lim
hS0 h 5 !9
22th 2 h2 1 8h 53
5 lim So the tangent passes through the point (8, 3), and its
hS0 h
5 lim 2 2t 2 h 1 8 equation is y 2 3 5 16 (x 2 8) or x 2 6y 1 10 5 0.
hS0 12. a. Let y 5 f(x), then
5 22t 1 8 dy f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
So the velocity at t 5 0 is 5 f r(x) 5 lim
dx hS0 h
sr(0) 5 22(0) 1 8
c2c
5 8 m>s 5 lim
hS0 h
At t 5 4, the velocity is
0
sr(4) 5 22(4) 1 8 5 lim
hS0 h
5 0 m>s
At t 5 6, the velocity is 50
sr(6) 5 22(6) 1 8 b. Let y 5 f(x), then
5 24 m>s dy f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
5 f r(x) 5 lim
f(x 1 h) 2 f(x) dx hS0 h
11. f r(x) 5 lim (x 1 h) 2 x
hS0 h 5 lim
!x 1 h 1 1 2 !x 1 1
hS0 h
5 lim h
hS0 h 5 lim
hS0 h
A !x 1 h 1 1 2 !x 1 1 B
5 lim c 5 lim 1
hS0
hS0 h
51
A !x 1 h 1 1 1 !x 1 1 B
d c. Let y 5 f(x), then
A !x 1 h 1 1 1 !x 1 1 B
3
dy f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
A !x 1 h 1 1 B 2 2 A !x 1 1 B 2
5 f r(x) 5 lim
dx hS0 h
hS0 hA !x 1 h 1 1 1 !x 1 1 B
5 lim
m(x 1 h) 1 b 2 mx 2 b
5 lim
x1h112x21 hS0 h
hS0 hA !x 1 h 1 1 1 !x 1 1B
5 lim mx 1 mh 1 b 2 mx 2 b
5 lim
hS0 h
h
hS0 hA !x 1 h 1 1 1 !x 1 1B
5 lim mh
5 lim
hS0 h
1 5 lim m
A !x 1 h 1 1 1 !x 1 1 B
5 lim hS0
hS0
5m
1 d. Let y 5 f(x), then
2 !x 1 1
5
dy f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
5 f r(x) 5 lim
The equation x 2 6y 1 4 5 0 can be rewritten as dx hS0 h
y 5 16 x 1 23, so this line has slope 16. The value of x
5 lim c
a(x 1 h)2 1 b(x 1 h) 1 c
where the tangent to f(x) has slope 16 will satisfy hS0 h
f r(x) 5 16.
d
(ax2 1 bx 1 c)
2
h

c. This graph has negative slope for x , 22,
5 lim c
ax2 1 2axh 1 ah2 1 bx 1 bh
hS0 h positive slope for 22 , x , 0, negative slope for
0 , x , 2, positive slope for x . 2, and zero slope
d
2ax2 2 bx 2 c
1 at x 5 22, x 5 0, and x 5 2, which corresponds to
h
2axh 1 ah2 1 bh graph d.
5 lim 16. This function is defined piecewise as f(x) 5 2x2
hS0 h
for x , 0, and f(x) 5 x2 for x $ 0. The derivative
5 lim (2ax 1 ah 1 b)
hS0 will exist if the left-side and right-side derivatives are
5 2ax 1 b the same at x 5 0:
13. The slope of the function at a point x is given by f(0 1 h) 2 f(0) 2 (0 1 h)2 2 A20 2 B
lim2 5 lim2
f(x 1 h) 2 f(x) hS0 h hS0 h
f r(x) 5 lim
hS0 h 2h2
5 lim2
(x 1 h)3 2 x3 hS0 h
5 lim
hS0 h 5 lim2 (2h)
hS0
x 1 3x2h 1 3xh2 1 h3 2 x3
3
5 lim 50
hS0 h f(0 1 h) 2 f(0) (0 1 h)2 2 A02 B
3x h 1 3xh 1 h3
2 2 lim1 5 lim1
5 lim hS0 h hS0 h
hS0 h h2
5 lim 3x 1 3xh 1 h2
2 5 lim1
hS0 hS0 h
5 3x2
5 lim1 (h)
hS0
Since 3x2 is nonnegative for all x, the original
50
function never has a negative slope.
Since the limits are equal for both sides, the derivative
14. h(t) 5 18t 2 4.9t2
exists and f r(0) 5 0.
h(t 1 k) 2 h(t) 17. Since f r(a) 5 6 and f(a) 5 0,
a. hr(t) 5 lim
kS0 k f(a 1 h) 2 f(a)
18(t 1 k) 2 4.9(t 1 k)2 6 5 lim
5 lim hS0 h
kS0 k f(a 1 h) 2 0
A18t 2 4.9t2 B 6 5 lim
hS0 h
2
k f(a 1 h)
18t 1 18k 2 4.9t 2 2 9.8tk 2 4.9k2 3 5 lim
5 lim hS0 2h
kS0 k 18. y
18t 1 4.9t2 6
2
k 4
18k 2 9.8tk 2 4.9k2 2
5 lim x
kS0 k
5 lim (18 2 9.8t 2 4.9k) –1 1 2 3 4 5
–2
kS0
5 18 2 9.8t 2 4.9(0)
f(x) is continuous.
5 18 2 9.8t f(3) 5 2
Then hr(2) 5 18 2 9.8(2) 5 21.6 m>s. But f r(3) 5 `.
b. hr(2) measures the rate of change in the height (Vertical tangent)
of the ball with respect to time when t 5 2. 19. y 5 x2 2 4x 2 5 has a tangent parallel to
15. a. This graph has positive slope for x , 0, zero 2x 2 y 5 1.
slope at x 5 0, and negative slope for x . 0, which Let f(x) 5 x2 2 4x 2 5. First, calculate
corresponds to graph e. f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
b. This graph has positive slope for x , 0, zero f r(x) 5 lim
hS0 h
slope at x 5 0, and positive slope for x . 0, which
corresponds to graph f.

5 lim c
(x 1 h)2 2 4(x 1 h) 2 5 2.2 The Derivatives of Polynomial
hS0 h Functions, pp. 82–84
Ax 2 4x 2 5B
d
2
2 1. Answers may vary. For example:
h
d
5 lim c
x2 1 2xh 1 h2 2 4x 2 4h 2 5 constant function rule: (5) 5 0
dx
hS0 h
Ax B 5 3x2
d 3
d
2x2 1 4x 1 5 power rule:
1 dx
h
A4x3 B 5 12x2
d
2xh 1 h2 2 4h constant multiple rule:
5 lim dx
hS0 h
Ax 1 xB 5 2x 1 1
d 2
5 lim (2x 1 h 2 4) sum rule:
hS0 dx
5 2x 1 0 2 4
Ax 2 x2 1 3xB 5 3x2 2 2x 1 3
d 3
5 2x 2 4 difference rule:
dx
Thus, 2x 2 4 is the slope of the tangent to the curve d d
at x. We want the tangent parallel to 2x 2 y 5 1. 2. a. f r(x) 5 (4x) 2 (7)
dx dx
Rearranging, y 5 2x 2 1. d d
If the tangent is parallel to this line, 5 4 (x) 2 (7)
dx dx
5 4Ax0 B 2 0
2x 2 4 5 2
x53
54
When x 5 3, y 5 (3)2 2 4(3) 2 5 5 28.
b. f r(x) 5 Ax3 B 2 Ax2 B
d d
The point is (3, 28).
20. f(x) 5 x2 dx dx
The slope of the tangent at any point Ax, x2 B is 5 3x2 2 2x
c. f r(x) 5 A2x2 B 1 (5x) 1 (8)
f(x 1 h) 2 f(x) d d d
f r 5 lim dx dx dx
hS0 h
5 2 Ax2 B 1 5 (x) 1
(x 1 h)2 2 x2 d d d
5 lim (8)
hS0 h dx dx dx
(x 1 h 1 x)(x 1 h 2 x) 5 2 (2x) 1 5 1 0
5 lim 5 22x 1 5
hS0 h
d. f r(x) 5 ("
d 3
h(2x 1 h) x)
5 lim dx
hS0 h
d 1
5 lim (2x 1 h) 5 ( x3 )
hS0 dx
5 2x 1 0 1 1
5 2x 5 ( x(3 21))
3
Let (a, a2 ) be a point of tangency. The equation of 1 2
the tangent is 5 (x23)
3
y 2 a2 5 (2a)(x 2 a) 1
y 5 (2a)x 2 a2 5 3 2
Suppose the tangent passes through (1, 23). 3"x
e. f r(x) 5 aa b b
d x 4
Substitute x 5 1 and y 5 23 into the equation of
the tangent: dx 2
5a b Ax B
23 5 (2a)(1) 2 a2 1 4d 4
2
a 2 2a 2 3 5 0 2 dx
(a 2 3)(a 1 1) 5 0
5 A4x3 B
1
a 5 21, 3 16
So the two tangents are y 5 22x 2 1 or x3
2x 1 y 1 1 5 0 and y 5 6x 2 9 or 6x 2 y 2 9 5 0. 5
4

A5Ax2 B 4 B
d 23 d
f. f r(x) 5
dx
(x ) e. gr(x) 5
dx
5 (23)( x2321)
5 5 Ax234 B
d
5 23x24 dx
5 5 Ax8 B
d d
3. a. hr(x) 5 ((2x 1 3)(x 1 4))
dx dx
5 5A8x7 B
A2x2 1 8x 1 3x 1 12B
d
5
dx 5 40x7
A2x2 B 1 f. sr(t) 5 a b
d d d d t5 2 3t2
5 (11x) 1 (12)
dx dx dx dt 2t
5 2 Ax2 B 1 11 (x) 1
d d d
5 a b At 4 2 3tB
(12) 1 d
dx dx dx 2 dt
5 2(2x) 1 11(1) 1 0
5 a b a At4 B 2 (3t)b
1 d d
5 4x 1 11
2 dt dt
b. f r(x) 5 A2x3 1 5x2 2 4x 2 3.75B
d
5 a b a At4 B 2 3 (t)b
1 d d
dx
2 dt dt
A5x2 B 2
d d d
5 (2x3 ) 1 (4x)
5 a b A4t 3 2 3(1)B
dx dx dx 1
d 2
2 (3.75)
dx 3
5 2t 3 2
5 2 Ax3 B 1 5 Ax2 B 2 4 (x)
d d d 2
A3x3 B
dx dx dx dy d 5
4. a. 5
d dx dx
2 (3.75)
dx d 5
5 2A3x2 B 1 5(2x) 2 4(1) 2 0 5 3 ( x3)
dx
5 6x2 1 10x 2 4
5 a b3( xA3 21))
5 5
5 At 2 At 2 2 2tB B
ds d
c. 3
dt dt 2
5 5x3
5 At 4 2 2t 3 B
d
a4x22 2 b
dt dy d 1 6
b. 5
dx dx x
5 At 4 B 2 A2t 3 B
d d
5 4 ( x22) 2 6 Ax21 B
dt dt d 1 d
dx dx
5 At B 2 2 At 3 B
d 4 d
b ( x22 21) 2 6(21)Ax2121 B
dt dt 21 1
5 4a
5 4t 3 2 2A3t 2 B 2
3
5 4t 3 2 6t 2 5 22x22 1 6x22
a x 1 x 2 x 1 1b a 3 1 2 2 3b
dy d 1 5 1 3 1 2 dy d 6 2
d. 5 c. 5
dx dx 5 3 2 dx dx x x
a xb1 a xb2 a xb1 5 6 Ax23 B 1 2 Ax22 B 2

d 1 5 d 1 3 d 1 2 d d d d
5 (1) (3)
dx 5 dx 3 dx 2 dx dx dx dx
5 6(23)Ax2321 B 1 2(22)Ax2221 B 2 0
5 a b Ax5 B 1 a b Ax3 B 2 a b Ax2 B
1 d 1 d 1 d
5 dx 3 dx 2 dx 5 218x24 2 4x23
d 218 4
1 (1) 5 4 2 3
dx x x
5 A5x4 B 1 A3x2 B 2 (2x) 1 0
1 1 1
5 3 2
5 x4 1 x2 2 x

dy d 5 2t 2 6(1) 1 0
d.
dx
5
dx
( 9x22 1 3"x ) 5 2t 2 6
x 2 "x
d 3
5 9 Ax22 B 1 3 ( x2)
d d 1
6. a. f r(x) 5
dx
( )
dx dx
Ax B 2 ( x2)
d 3 d 1
5 9(22)Ax2221 B 1 3a b ( x2 21)
1
5
1
2 dx dx
3 1 1
5 3x2 2 ( x2 21)
1
5 218x23 1 x22
2 2
1 1
"x 1 6"x3 1 "2
dy d
e.
dx
5
dx
( ) 5 3x2 2 x22
2
1
"2
d 1 d 3 d 1
5 ( x2) 1 6 ( x2) 1
dx dx dx
( ) so f r(a) 5 f r(4) 5 3(4)2 2 (4)22
2
1 1
5 ( x2 21) 1 6a b ( x2 21) 1 0
1 1 3
5 3(16) 2
3
2 2 2 "4
5 48 2 a b a b
1 1 1 1 1
5 ( x22) 1 9x2
2 2 2
d 1 1 "x 5 47.75
a b
dy
f. 5 d
dx dx x
1
b. f r(x) 5 (
dx
7 2 6"x 1 5x3 ) 2
a b1 a b
d 1 d x2
5 d d 1 d 2
dx x dx x 5 (7) 2 6 ( x2) 1 5 ( x3)
dx dx dx
d 21 d 1
5 (x ) 1 ( x22)
5 0 2 6a b ( x2 21) 1 5a b ( x3 21)
1 1 2 2
dx dx
21 212 21 2 3
5 (21)x2121 1 (x )
5 23x22 1 a b ( x23)
2 1 10 1
1 3 3
5 2x22 2 x22
so f r(a) 5 f r(64) 5 23( 6422) 1 a b ( 6423)
2 1 10 1
5 A22t 2 1 7tB
ds d 3
5. a.
5 23a b 1 a b
dt dt 1 10 1
5 (22)a At2 B b 1 7a (t)b
d d 8 3 4
dt dt 11
5 (22)(2t) 1 7(1) 5
24
5 24t 1 7
A3x4 B
dy d
7. a. 5
5 a18 1 5t 2 t 3 b
ds d 1 dx dx
b.
5 3 Ax4 B
dt dt 3 d
5 (18) 1 5 (t) 2 a b At 3 B
d d 1 d dx
dt dt 3 dt 5 3A4x3 B
5 12x3
5 0 1 5(1) 2 a b A3t 2 B
1
3 The slope at (1, 3) is found by substituting x 5 1 into
dy
5 5 2 t2 the equation for dx. So the slope 5 12(1)3
5 A(t 2 3)2B
ds d 5 12
c.
a b
dt dt dy d 1
b. 5
5 At 2 2 6t 1 9B
d dx dx x25
dt
Ax B
d 5
5
5 At 2 B 2 (6) (t) 1 (9)
d d d dx
dt dt dt 5 5x4

The slope at (21, 21) is found by substituting x 5 21 The slope at x 5 4 is found by substituting x 5 4
dy dy 21
into the equation for dx. So the into the equation for dx. So the slope is (4) 2 5 12.
slope 5 5(21)4 16
c. y 5 2
55 x
a b a b
dy d 2 dy d 16
c. 5 5
dx dx x dx dx x2
5 2 Ax21 B 5 16 Ax22 B
d d
dx dx
5 2(21)x2121 5 16(22)x2221
5 22x22 5 232x23
The slope at (22 , 21) is found by substituting The slope at x 5 22 is found by substituting
dy dy
x 5 22 into the equation for dx. So the x 5 22 into the equation for . So the slope is
dx
23 (232)
slope 5 22(22)22 232(22) 5 (22)3
5 4.
1 d. y 5 x23 (x21 1 1)
52
2 5 x24 1 x23
5 ("16x3)
dy d dy d 24
d. 5 (x 1 x23 )
dx dx dx dx
5 "16 ( x2)
d 3
5 24x25 2 3x24
dx
4 3
52 52 4
5 4a bx2 21
3 3
x x
2 The slope at x 5 1 is found by substituting
1
5 6x 2
dy
The slope at (4, 32) is found by substituting x 5 4 x 5 1 into the equation for dx. So the slope is
dy
into the equation for dx. So the 2 145 2 134 5 27.
a2x 2 b
1
slope 5 6(4)2 dy d 1
9. a. 5
5 12 dx dx x
8. a. y 5 2x3 1 3x
Ax B
d d 21
5 2 (x) 2
A2x3 1 3xB
dy d dx dx
5
dx dx 5 2(1) 2 (21)x2121
5 2 Ax3 B 1 3 (x)
d d 5 2 1 x22
dx dx The slope at x 5 0.5 is found by substituting
5 2A3x2 B 1 3(1) x 5 0.5 into the equation for dx.
dy
5 6x2 1 3
The slope at x 5 1 is found by substituting x 5 1 So the slope is 2 1 (0.5)22 5 6.
dy The equation of the tangent line is therefore
into the equation for dx. So the slope is y 1 1 5 6(x 2 0.5) or 6x 2 y 2 4 5 0.
6(1)2 1 3 5 9.
a 2 3b
dy d 3 4
b. 5
b. y 5 2"x 1 5 dx dx x2 x
dy d
5 (2"x 1 5) 5 3 Ax22 B 2 4 Ax23 B
d d
dx dx dx dx
d 1 d 5 3(22)x2221 2 4(23)x2321
5 2 ( x2 ) 1 (5)
dx dx 5 12x24 2 6x23
The slope at x 5 21 is found by substituting
5 2a b ( x2 21) 1 0
1 1
2 dy
21
x 5 21 into the equation for dx. So the slope is
5 x2
12(21)24 2 6(21)23 5 18.

The equation of the tangent line is therefore The equation of the tangent line is therefore
y 2 7 5 18(x 1 1) or 18x 2 y 1 25 5 0. y 5 3.5(x 2 4) or 7x 2 2y 2 28 5 0.
dy
5 ("3x3)
d d "x 2 2
a 3 b
c. dy
5
"x
dx dx f.
dx dx
5 "3 ( x2)
d 3 1
a b
d x2 2 2
dx 5 1
dx x3
5 "3a bx
3 32 21
d 1 1 1
2 5 ( x2 2 3 2 2x23)
1 dx
3"3x2
5 ( x6) 2 2 Ax23 B
5 d 1 d 1
2
dx dx
The slope at x 5 3 is found by substituting x 5 3
5 ( x6 21) 2 2a2 bx23 21 2 0
dy 1 1 1 1
into the equation for dx. 6 3

3"3(3)2
1
9 1 256 2 243
So the slope is 5 . 5 (x ) 1 x
2 2 6 3
The equation of the tangent line is therefore The slope at x 5 1 is found by substituting x 5 1
y 2 9 5 92 (x 2 3) or 9x 2 2y 2 9 5 0. dy
into the equation for dx.
a ax 1 bb
dy d 1 2 1
d. 5 5 4
So the slope is 16 (1)26 1 23 (1)23 5 56.
dx dx x x
The equation of the tangent line is therefore
ax 1 2 b
d 1
5 y 1 1 5 56 (x 2 1) or 5x 2 6y 2 11 5 0.
dx x 10. A normal to the graph of a function at a point is
Ax B
d d 22 a line that is perpendicular to the tangent at the
5 (x) 1
dx dx given point.
5 1 1 (22)x2221 3 4
5 1 2 2x23 y 5 2 2 3 at P(21, 7)
x x
The slope at x 5 1 is found by substituting Slope of the tangent is 18, therefore, the slope of
dy
into the equation for dx. the normal is 2 181 .
So the slope is 1 2 2(1)23 5 21. 1
Equation is y 2 7 5 2 (x 1 1).
The equation of the tangent line is therefore 18
y 2 2 5 2 (x 2 1) or x 1 y 2 3 5 0. x 1 18y 2 125 5 0
3
5 (("x 2 2)(3"x 1 8))
dy d 11. y 5 3 5 3x23
1
"x
e.
dx dx
Parallel to x 1 16y 1 3 2 0
5 (3("x)2 1 8"x 2 6"x 2 16)
d
dx Slope of the line is 2 161 .
d dy 4
5 (3x 1 2"x 2 16) 5 2x23

dx dx
d d 1 d 4 1
5 (3x) 1 2 ( x2) 2 (16) x23 5
dx dx dx 16
1 1
5 3(1) 1 2a bx2 21 2 0
1 1 4 5
2 x 3
16
4
5 3 1 x22
1
x3 5 16
3
The slope at x 5 4 is found by substituting x 5 4 x 5 (16)4 5 8

dy
1
So the slope is 3 1 (4)22 5 3.5.

1 16. y 5 15x5 2 10x, slope is 6
12. y 5 5 x21 : y 5 x3
x dy
5 x4 2 10 5 6
dy 1 dy dx
52 2: 5 3x2
dx x dx x4 5 16
1 x2 5 4 or x2 5 24
Now, 2 2 5 3x2
x x 5 62 non-real
1 Tangents with slope 6 are at the points Q 2, 2 685 R
x4 5 2 . and Q2 2, 685 R .
3
No real solution. They never have the same slope. 17. y 5 2x2 1 3
dy a. Equation of tangent from A(2, 3):
13. y 5 x2, 5 2x If x 5 a, y 5 2x2 1 3.
dx
The slope of the tangent at A(2, 4) is 4 and at Let the point of tangency be PAa, 2a2 1 3B.
dy dy
B Q 2 18 , 641 R is 2 14. Now, dx 5 4x and when x 5 a, dx 5 4a.
Since the product of the slopes is 21, the tangents The slope of the tangent is the slope of AP.
at A(2, 4) and B Q 2 18 , 641 R will be perpendicular. 2a2
5 4a.
a22
4 y
2a2 5 4a2 2 8a
3 2
2a 2 8a 5 0
2 2a(a 2 4) 5 0
1 a 5 0 or a 5 4.
x
Point (2, 3):
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
–1 Slope is 0. Slope is 16.
Equation of tangent is Equation of tangent is
14. y 5 2x2 1 3x 1 4
y 2 3 5 0. y 2 3 5 16(x 2 2) or
dy
5 22x 1 3 16x 2 y 2 29 5 0.
dx b. From the point B(2, 27):
dy 2a2 1 10
For 55 Slope of BP: 5 4a
dx a22
5 5 22x 1 3 2a2 1 10 5 4a2 2 8a
x 5 21. 2
2a 2 8a 2 10 5 0
The point is (21, 0). a2 2 4a 2 5 5 0
y (a 2 5)(a 1 1) 5 0
6
a55 a 5 21
5 Slope is 4a 5 20. Slope is 4a 5 24.
4 Equation is Equation is
3 y 1 7 5 20(x 2 2) y 1 7 5 24(x 2 2)
2 or 20x 2 y 2 47 5 0. or 4x 1 y 2 1 5 0.
1 a
x 18. ax 2 4y 1 21 5 0 is tangent to y 5 x2 at x 5 22.
–2 –1 0 Therefore, the point of tangency is a22, 4 b,
1 2 3 4 a
–1
–2 This point lies on the line, therefore,
a(22) 2 4a b 1 21 5 0
a
15. y 5 x3 1 2
4
dy
5 3x2, slope is 12 23a 1 21 5 0
dx
a 5 7.
x2 5 4
x 5 2 or x 5 22
Points are (2, 10) and (22, 26).

19. a. When h 5 200, 22. v(t) 5 Rr(t) 5 210t
d 5 3.53"200 v(2) 5 220
8 49.9 The velocity of the bolt at t 5 2 is 220 m>s.
Passengers can see about 49.9 km. 23. y
b. d 5 3.53!h 5 3.53h2
1
3 (0, 3)
2
dr 5 3.53a h 2 2 b
1 1
2 1
x
5
3.53 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
–1
2!h
–2
When h 5 200,
3.53 –3
2 !200
dr 5
Let the coordinates of the points of tangency be
8 0.12 AAa,23a2 B.
The rate of change is about 0.12 km>m. dy
20. d(t) 5 4.9t2 5 26x, slope of the tangent at A is 26a
dx
a. d(2) 5 4.9(2)2 5 19.6 m 23a2 2 3
Slope of PA: 5 26a
d(5) 5 4.9(5)2 5 122.5 m a
The average rate of change of distance with respect 23a2 2 3 5 26a2
to time from 2 s to 5 s is 3a2 5 3
Dd 122.5 2 19.6 a 5 1 or a 5 21
5 Coordinates of the points at which the tangents
Dt 522
5 34.3 m>s touch the curve are (1, 23) and (21, 23).
b. dr(t) 5 9.8t 24. y 5 x3 2 6x2 1 8x, tangent at A(3, 23)
Thus, dr(4) 5 9.8(4) 5 39.2 m>s. dy
5 3x2 2 12x 1 8
c. When the object hits the ground, d 5 150. dx
Set d(t) 5 150: When x 5 3,
4.9t2 5 150 dy
5 27 2 36 1 8 5 21
1500 dx
t2 5
49 The slope of the tangent at A(3, 23) is 21.
Equation will be
t 5 6 "15
10
7 y 1 3 5 21(x 2 3)
y 5 2x.
Since t $ 0, t 5 "15
10
7 2x 5 x3 2 6x2 1 8x
Then, x3 2 6x2 1 9x 5 0
xAx2 2 6x 1 9B 5 0
dra "15b 5 9.8a "15b
10 10
x(x 2 3)2 5 0
7 7
x 5 0 or x 5 3
8 54.2 m>s
Coordinates are B(0, 0).
21. v(t) 5 sr(t) 5 2t 2 t2
0.5 5 2t 2 t2 y
t2 2 2t 1 0.5 5 0 3
2t2 2 4t 1 1 5 0 2
4 6 "8 1
x
t5
4
–1 0 1 2 3 4
t 8 1.71, 0.29 –11
The train has a velocity of 0.5 km>min at about –2
0.29 min and 1.71 min. –3

25. a. i. f(x) 5 2x 2 5x2 f(5) 5 (5)3 2 8(5)2 1 5(5) 1 3
f r(x) 5 2 2 10x 5 25 2 200 1 25 1 3
Set f r(x) 5 0: 5 247
2 2 10x 5 0 Thus the two points are Q 13, 103
27 R and (5, 247).
10x 5 2 b. At these points, the slopes of the tangents are
1 zero, meaning that the rate of change of the value
x5
5 of the function with respect to the domain is zero.
Then, These points are also local maximum or minimum
points.
f a b 5 2a b 2 5a b
1 1 1 2
5 5 5 26. "x 1 "y 5 1
2 1 P(a, b) is on the curve, therefore a $ 0, b $ 0.
!y 5 1 2 !x
5 2
5 5
1 y 5 1 2 2 !x 1 x
5
5 dy 1 1
5 2 ? 2x22 1 1
Thus the point is Q 15, 15 R . dx 2
ii. f(x) 5 4x2 1 2x 2 3 1 21 1 !a
!a !a
f r(x) 5 8x 1 2 At x 5 a, slope is 2 115 .
But !a 1 !b 5 1
Set f r(x) 5 0:
8x 1 2 5 0
8x 5 22 2 !b 5 !a 2 1.
1 "b b
Åa
Therefore, slope is 2 52
"a
x52 .
4
Then, 27. f(x) 5 xn, f r(x) 5 nxn21
Slope of the tangent at x 5 1 is f r(1) 5 n,
f a2 b 5 4a2 b 1 2a2 b 2 3
1 1 2 1
The equation of the tangent at (1, 1) is:
4 4 4 y 2 1 5 n(x 2 1)
1 2 12 nx 2 y 2 n 1 1 5 0
5 2 2
4 4 4 Let y 5 0, nx 5 n 2 1
13 n21 1
52 x5 512 .
4 n n
Thus the point is Q 2 14, 2 134 R . 1 1
The x-intercept is 1 2 ; as n S `, S 0, and
iii. f(x) 5 x3 2 8x2 1 5x 1 3 n n
f r(x) 5 3x2 2 16x 1 5 the x-intercept approaches 1. As n S `, the slope
Set f r(x) 5 0: of the tangent at (1, 1) increases without bound, and
3x2 2 16x 1 5 5 0 the tangent approaches a vertical line having equation
2
3x 2 15x 2 x 1 5 5 0 x 2 1 5 0.
3x(x 2 5) 2 (x 2 5) 5 0 28. a. y
(3x 2 1)(x 2 5) 5 0 9
1 8
x5 ,5
3 7
f a b 5 a b 2 8a b 1 5a b 1 3
1 1 3 1 2 1 6
3 3 3 3 5
1 24 45 81 4
5 2 1 1
27 27 27 27 3
103 2
5
27 1
x
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4

c. h(x) 5 (3x 1 2)(2x 2 7)
f(x) 5 e f '(x) 5 e
x2, if x , 3 2x, if x , 3
x 1 6, if x $ 3 1, if x $ 3 hr(x) 5 (3x 1 2)(2) 1 (3)(2x 2 7)
f r(3) does not exist. 5 12x 2 17
d. h(x) 5 A5x7 1 1B Ax2 2 2xB
y
hr(x) 5 A5x7 1 1B (2x 2 2) 1 A35x6 BAx2 2 2xB
b.
7
5 45x8 2 80x7 1 2x 2 2
e. s(t) 5 At2 1 1B A3 2 2t2 B
6
5 sr(t) 5 At2 1 1B (24t) 1 (2t)A3 2 2t2 B
4 5 28t3 1 2t
3 x23
2 f. f(x) 5
x13
1 f(x) 5 (x 2 3)(x 1 3)21
x
f r(x) 5 (x 2 3)(21)(x 1 3)22 1 (1)(x 1 3)21
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
–1 5 (x 1 3)22 (2x 1 3 1 x 1 3)
6
5
3x2 2 6, if x , 2"2 or x . "2 (x 1 3)2
f(x) 5 e
6 2 3x2, if 2"2 , x , "2 2. a. y 5 (5x 1 1)3 (x 2 4)
dy
6x, if x , 2"2 or x . "2 5 (5x 1 1)3 (1) 1 3(5x 1 1)2 (5)(x 2 4)
f r(x) 5 e dx
26x, if 2"2 # x # "2 5 (5x 1 1)3 1 15(5x 1 1)2 (x 2 4)
f r "2 and f r 2"2 do not exist.
( ) ( ) b. y 5 A3x2 1 4BA3 1 x3 B 5
5 A3x2 1 4B (5)A3 1 x3 B 4 A3x2 B
dy
c. y
3 dx
2
1 (6x)A3 1 x3 B 5
5 15x2 (3x2 1 4)(3 1 x3 )4 1 6x(3 1 x3 )5
1
x
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
–1
x 2 1, if x $ 1 since Zx 2 1 Z 5 x 2 1
f(x) 5 μ
1 2 x, if 0 # x , 1 since Zx 2 1 Z 5 1 2 x
x 1 1, if 21 , x , 0 since Z2x 2 1 Z 5 x 1 1
2x 2 1, if x # 21 since Z2x21 Z 5 2x 2 1
1, if x . 1 c. y 5 A1 2 x2 B 4 (2x 1 6)3
5 4A1 2 x2 B 3 (22x)(2x 1 6)3
dy
f'(x) 5 μ
21, if 0 , x , 1
1, if 21 , x , 0 dx
21, if x , 21 1 A1 2 x2 B 4 3(2x 1 6)2 (2)
5 28xA1 2 x2 B 3 (2x 1 6)3
f r(0), f r(21), and f r(1) do not exist. 1 6A1 2 x2 B 4 (2x 1 6)2
d. y 5 Ax2 2 9B 4 (2x 2 1)3
2.3 The Product Rule, pp. 90–91 dy
5 Ax2 2 9B 4 (3)(2x 2 1)2 (2)
dx
1. a. h(x) 5 x(x 2 4)
1 4Ax2 2 9B 3 (2x)(2x 2 1)3
hr(x) 5 x(1) 1 (1)(x 2 4)
5 6(x2 2 9)4 (2x 2 1)2
5 2x 2 4
1 8x(x2 2 9)3 (2x 2 1)3
b. h(x) 5 x2 (2x 2 1)
hr(x) 5 x2 (2) 1 (2x)(2x 2 1)
5 6x2 2 2x

3. It is not appropriate or necessary to use the product dy
5 5(21)4 (2)(21)4
rule when one of the factors is a constant or when it dx
would be easier to first determine the product of the 1 (21)5 (4)(21)3 (3)
factors and then use other rules to determine the 5 10 1 12
derivative. For example, it would not be best to 5 22
use the product rule for f(x) 5 3Ax2 1 1B or f. y 5 x(5x 2 2)(5x 1 2)
g(x) 5 (x 1 1) (x 2 1). 5 xA25x2 2 4B
4. F(x) 5 3b(x)43c(x)4 dy
F r(x) 5 3b(x)43cr(x)4 1 3br(x)43c(x)4 dx
5 x(50x) 1 (25x2 2 4)(1)
5. a. y 5 (2 1 7x)(x 2 3) At x 5 3,
dy dy
5 (2 1 7x)(1) 1 7(x 2 3) 5 3(150) 1 (25 ? 9 2 4)
dx dx
At x 5 2, 5 450 1 221
dy 5 671
5 (2 1 14) 1 7(21)
dx 6. Tangent to y 5 Ax3 2 5x 1 2B A3x2 2 2xB
5 16 2 7 at (1, 22)
59
5 A3x2 2 5B A3x2 2 2xB
dy
b. y 5 (1 2 2x)(1 1 2x) dx
dy
5 (1 2 2x)(2) 1 (22)(1 1 2x) 1 Ax3 2 5x 1 2B (6x 2 2)
dx when x 5 1,
1 dy
At x 5 , 5 (22)(1) 1 (22)(4)
2 dx
dy 5 22 1 28
5 (0)(2) 2 2(2)
dx 5 210
5 24 Slope of the tangent at (1, 22) is 210.
c. y 5 A3 2 2x 2 x2 B Ax2 1 x 2 2B The equation is y 1 2 5 210(x 2 1);
5 A3 2 2x 2 x2 B A2x 1 1B
dy 10x 1 y 2 8 5 0.
dx 7. a. y 5 2(x 2 29)(x 1 1)
1 (22 2 2x)Ax2 1 x 2 2B dy
5 2(x 2 29)(1) 1 2(1)(x 1 1)
At x 5 22, dx
dy 2x 2 58 1 2x 1 2 5 0
5 (3 1 4 2 4)(24 1 1)
dx 4x 2 56 5 0
1 (22 1 4)(4 2 2 2 2) 4x 5 56
5 (3)(23) 1 (2)(0) x 5 14
5 29 Point of horizontal tangency is (14, 2450).
d. y 5 x3 (3x 1 7)2 b. y 5 Ax2 1 2x 1 1B Ax2 1 2x 1 1B
dy 5 Ax2 1 2x 1 1B 2
5 3x2 (3x 1 7)2 1 x36(3x 1 7)
dx dy
5 2Ax2 1 2x 1 1B (2x 1 2)
At x 5 22, dx
dy Ax2 1 2x 1 1B (2x 1 2) 5 0
5 12(1)2 1 (28)(6)(1)
dx 2(x 1 1)(x 1 1)(x 1 1) 5 0
5 12 2 48 x 5 21
e. y 5 (2x 1 1)5 (3x 1 2)4, x 5 21 8. a. y 5 (x 1 1)3 (x 1 4)(x 2 3)2
dy dy
5 5(2x 1 1)4 (2)(3x 1 2)4 5 3(x 1 1)2 (x 1 4)(x 2 3)2
dx dx
1 (2x 1 1)54(3x 1 2)3 (3) 1 (x 1 1)3 (1)(x 2 3)2
At x 5 21, 1 (x 1 1)3 (x 1 4)32(x 2 3)4

b. y 5 x2 A3x2 1 4B 2 A3 2 x3 B 4 b. f(x) 5 (1 1 x)(1 1 2x)(1 1 3x) c
(1 1 nx)
5 2xA3x2 1 4B 2 A3 2 x3 B 4
dy
dx f r(x) 5 1(1 1 2x)(1 1 3x) c(1 1 nx)
1 x2 32A3x2 1 4B (6x)4 A3 2 x3 B 4 1 (1 1 x)(2)(1 1 3x) c(1 1 nx)
1 x2 A3x2 1 4B 2 34A3 2 x3 B 3 A23x2 B4
1 (1 1 x)(1 1 2x)(3) c(1 1 nx)
1 c 1 (1 1 x)(1 1 2x)(1 1 3x)
9. V(t) 5 75a1 2 b , 0 # t # 24
t 2 c (n)
24 f r(0) 5 1(1)(1)(1) c (1)
75 L 3 60% 5 45 L 1 1(2)(1)(1) c (1)
5 a1 2 b
45 t 2 1 1(1)(3)(1) c (1)
Set
75 24 1 c 1 (1)(1)(1) c (n)
3 t 5112131c1n
Å5
6 512 n(n 1 1)
24 f r(0) 5
2
t5a6
3
12. f(x) 5 ax2 1 bx 1 c
Å5
2 1b (224)
f r(x) 5 2ax 1 b (1)
t 8 42.590 (inadmissable) or t 8 5.4097 Horizontal tangent at (21, 28)
V(t) 5 75a1 2 b
t 2 f r(x) 5 0 at x 5 21
24 22a 1 b 5 0
V(t) 5 75a1 2 b a1 2 b
t t Since (2, 19) lies on the curve,
24 24 4a 1 2b 1 c 5 19 (2)
Vr(t) 5 75 c a1 2 b a2 b
t 1 Since (21, 28) lies on the curve,
24 24 a 2 b 1 c 5 28 (3)
1 a2 b a1 2 b d
1 t 4a 1 2b 1 c 5 19
24 24 23a 2 3b 5 227
a1b59
5 (75)(2)a1 2 b a2 b
t 1
24 24 22a 1 b 5 0
Vr(5.4097) 5 24.84 L>h 3a 5 9
10. Determine the point of tangency, and then find the a 5 3, b 5 6
negative reciprocal of the slope of the tangent. Use 3 2 6 1 c 5 28
this information to find the equation of the normal. c 5 25
h(x) 5 2x(x 1 1)3 Ax2 1 2x 1 1B 2 The equation is y 5 3x2 1 6x 2 5.
hr(x) 5 2(x 1 1)3 Ax2 1 2x 1 1B 2 y
13.
1 (2x)(3)(x 1 1)2 Ax2 1 2x 1 1B 2 3
1 2x(x 1 1)3 2Ax2 1 2x 1 1B (2x 1 2) 2
hr(22) 5 2(21)3 (1)2 1
x
1 2(22)(3)(21)2 (1)2 0
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
1 2(22)(21)3 (2)(1)(22) –1
5 22 2 12 2 16 a. x 5 1 or x 5 21
5 230 b. f r(x) 5 2x, x , 21 or x . 1
11. f r(x) 5 22x, 21 , x , 1
a. f(x) 5 g1 (x)g2 (x)g3 (x) c gn21 (x)gn (x) y
f r(x) 5 g1r(x)g2 (x)g3 (x) c gn21 (x)gn (x) 6
1 g1 (x)g2r(x)g3 (x) c gn21 (x)gn (x) 4
2
1 g1 (x)g2 (x)g3r(x) c gn21 (x)gn (x) x
1 c 1 g1 (x)g2 (x)g3 (x) cgn21 (x)gnr(x) –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
–2
–4
–6

c. f r(22) 5 2(22) 5 24 h(h 1 2x 2 5)
5 lim
f r(0) 5 22(0) 5 0
˛
hS0 h
f r(3) 5 2(3) 5 6 5 2x 2 5
16 Use the derivative function to calculate the slopes of
14. y 5 2 2 1
x the tangents.
dy 32
52 3 x
Slope of Tangent
dx x f 9(x)
Slope of the line is 4. 0 25
32
2 3 54 1 23
x
2 21
4x3 5 232
x3 5 28 3 1
x 5 22 4 3
16
y5 21 5 5
4
53 c. y
Point is at (22, 3). 6
Find intersection of line and curve: 4
4x 2 y 1 11 5 0 2
x
y 5 4x 1 11
–2 0 2 4 6
Substitute, –2
16 –4
4x 1 11 5 2 2 1
x –6
4x3 1 11x2 5 16 2 x2 or 4x3 1 12x2 2 16 5 0.
Let x 5 22 d. f(x) is quadratic; f r(x) is linear.
RS 5 4(22)3 1 12(22)2 2 16 (6(x 1 h) 1 15) 2 (6x 1 15)
50 2. a. f r(x) 5 lim ˛
hS0 h
Since x 5 22 satisfies the equation, therefore it is 6h
a solution. 5 lim
hS0 h
When x 5 22, y 5 4(22) 1 11 5 3.
5 lim 6
Intersection point is (22, 3). Therefore, the line is hS0
tangent to the curve. 56
A2(x 1 h)2 2 4B 2 A2x2 2 4B
Mid-Chapter Review, pp. 92–93 b. f r(x) 5 lim
hS0 h
1. a. y (x 1 h) 2 2 x2
5 lim2
6 hS0 h
4 ((x 1 h) 2 x)((x 1 h) 1 x)
5 lim2
2 hS0 h
x h(2x 1 h)
–2 0 2 4 6 5 lim2
–2 hS0 h
–4 5 lim2(2x 1 h)
hS0
–6 5 4x
5 5
2x15
((x 1 h)2 2 5(x 1 h)) 2 (x2 2 5x) (x 1 h) 1 5
b. f r(x) 5 lim c. f r(x) 5 lim
hS0
˛
h hS0 h
x2 1 2hx 1 h2 2 5x 2 5h 2 x2 1 5x 5(x 1 5) 2 5((x 1 h) 1 5)
5 lim 5 lim
hS0
˛
h hS0 ((x 1 h) 1 5)(x 1 5)h

h2 1 2hx 2 5h 25h
5 lim 5 lim
h S 0 ((x 1 h) 1 5) (x 1 5)h
˛
hS0 h
25 dy
5 lim d. 5 5 2 6x23
h S 0 ((x 1 h) 1 5) (x 1 5) dx
25 6
5 552 3
(x 1 5) 2 x
!(x 1 h) 2 2 2 !x 2 2 dy
d. f r(x) 5 lim e. 5 2(11t 1 1)(11)
hS0 h dt
!(x 1 h) 2 2 2 !x 2 2 5 242t 1 22
5 lim c 1
hS0 h f. y 5 1 2
!(x 1 h) 2 2 1 !x 2 2
x
d 5 1 2 x21
!(x 1 h) 2 2 1 !x 2 2
3
dy
5 x22
((x 1 h) 2 2) 2 (x 2 2) dx
hS0 hA !(x 1 h) 2 2 1 !x 2 2B
5 lim
1
5 2
h x
hS0 hA !(x 1 h) 2 2 1 !x 2 2B
5 lim 5. f r(x) 5 8x3
8x3 5 1
1
hS0 !(x 1 h) 2 2 1 !x 2 2
5 lim 1
x3 5
8
1
2 !x 2 2
5 1
x5
2
3. a. yr 5 2x 2 4
f a b 5 2a b
When x 5 1, 1 1 4
yr 5 2(1) 2 4 2 2
5 22. 1
5
When x 5 1, 8
y 5 (1)2 2 4(1) 1 3 Equation of the tangent line:
5 0.
y 2 5 1ax 2 b, or y 5 x 2
1 1 3
Equation of the tangent line: 8 2 8
y 2 0 5 22(x 2 1), or y 5 22x 1 2
6. a. f r(x) 5 8x 2 7
b. y b. f r(x) 5 26x2 1 8x 1 5
6
c. f(x) 5 5x22 2 3x23
4 f r(x) 5 210x23 1 9x24
2 10 9
x 52 3 1 4
–4 –2 0 2 4 6 x x
–2 1
d. f(x) 5 x2 1 x3
1
–4 1 1 1 2
–6 f r(x) 5 x22 1 x23
2 3
1 1
dy 5 12 1 23
4. a. 5 24x3 2x 3x
1
dx e. f(x) 5 7x22 2 3x2
dy 1 3 1
b. 5 5x22 f r(x) 5 214x23 2 x22
dx 2
5 14 3
!x
5 5 2 3 2 12
x 2x
c. gr(x) 5 26x24 f. f r(x) 5 4x22 1 5
6 4
52 4 5 215
x x

7. a. yr 5 26x 1 6 5 224t2 2 28t 1 6t 1 7 2 12t2 2 28t 1 32
When x 5 1, 5 236t2 2 50t 1 39
yr 5 26(1) 1 6
A3x2 1 4x 2 6B (2x2 2 9)
dy d
5 0. c. 5
dx dx
When x 5 1,
1 A3x2 1 4x 2 6B A2x2 2 9B
d
y 5 23A12 B 1 6(1) 1 4 dx
5 7. 5 (6x 1 4)A2x2 2 9B 1 A3x2 1 4x 2 6B (4x)
Equation of the tangent line: 5 12x3 2 54x 1 8x2 2 36 1 12x3
y 2 7 5 0(x 2 1), or 1 16x2 2 24x
y57 5 24x3 1 24x2 2 78x 2 36
1
b. y 5 3 2 2x2
A3 2 2x3 B 2 A3 2 2x3 B
1 dy d
yr 5 2x22 d. 5
dx dx
21
!x 1 A3 2 2x3 B 2 A3 2 2x3 B
5 d
dx
When x 5 9,
5 c A3 2 2x3 B A3 2 2x3 B
21 d
!9
yr 5 dx
1 A3 2 2x3 B A3 2 2x3 B d A3 2 2x3 B

1 d
52 . dx
3
When x 5 9, 1 A3 2 2x3 B 2 A26x2 B
y 5 3 2 2 !9 5 S 2A26x2 B A3 2 2x3 B T A3 2 2x3 B
5 23. 1 A3 2 2x3 B 2 A26x2 B
Equation of the tangent line: 5 3A3 2 2x3 B 2 A26x2 B
1 1 5 A3 2 2x3 B 2 A218x2 B
y 2 (23) 5 2 (x 2 9), or y 5 2 x
3 3 5 A9 2 12x3 1 4x6 BA218x2 B
c. f r(x) 5 28x3 1 12x2 2 4x 2 8 5 2162x2 1 216x5 2 72x8
9. yr 5 A5x2 1 9x 2 2B A2x2 1 2x 1 3B
f r(3) 5 28(3)3 1 12(3)2 2 4(3) 2 8 d
5 2216 1 108 2 12 2 8 dx
1 A5x2 1 9x 2 2B A2x2 1 2x 1 3B
5 2218 d
f(3) 5 22(3)4 1 4(3)3 2 2(3)2 2 8(3) 1 9 dx
5 2162 1 108 2 18 2 24 1 9 5 (10x 1 9)A2x2 1 2x 1 3B
5 287 1 A5x2 1 9x 2 2B (2 2 2x)
Equation of the tangent line: yr(1) 5 (10(1) 1 9)(2 (1)2 1 2(1) 1 3)
y 2 (287) 5 2128(x 2 3), or 1 (5(1)2 1 9(1) 2 2)(2 2 2(1))
y 5 2128x 1 297 5 (19)(4)
5 76
8. a. f r(x) 5 A4x2 2 9xB A3x2 1 5B
d
dx Equation of the tangent line:
y 2 48 5 76(x 2 1), or 76x 2 y 2 28 5 0
1 A4x2 2 9xB A3x2 1 5B
d
dx dy d
10. 5 2 (x 2 1)(5 2 x)
5 (8x 2 9)A3x2 1 5B 1 A4x2 2 9xB (6x) dx dx
5 24x3 2 27x2 1 40x 2 45 d
1 2(x 2 1) (5 2 x)
1 24x3 2 54x2 dx
5 48x3 2 81x2 1 40x 2 45 5 2(5 2 x) 2 2(x 2 1)
5 12 2 4x
b. f r(t) 5 A23t2 2 7t 1 8B (4t 2 1)
d
dy
dt The tangent line is horizontal when dx 5 0.
12 2 4x 5 0
1 A23t2 2 7t 1 8B (4t 2 1)
d
dt 12 5 4x
5 (26t 2 7)(4t 2 1) x53
1 A23t2 2 7t 1 8B (4)

When x 5 3,
500a1 2 90 2 1 1 90 b
t1h t
y 5 2((3) 2 1)(5 2 (3))
5 8. 5 lim
hS0 h
Point where tangent line is horizontal: (3, 8)
a1 2 90 1 1 2 90 b
t1h t
5 lim c
dy (5(x 1 h)2 2 8(x 1 h) 1 4)
11.
dx hS0 h 3
A5x2 2 8x 1 4B
h
2 d 500a2 b a2 2
h 2t 1 h
b
h 90 90
5(x 1 h)2 2 5x2 2 8h 5 lim
5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h
a2 2 b
500 2t 1 h
5((x 1 h) 2 x)((x 1 h) 1 x) 2 8h 5 lim 2
5 lim hS0 90 90
hS0 h
a2 2 b
250 2t
5h(2x 1 h) 2 8h 5
5 lim 9 90
hS0 h
2900 1 10t
5 lim (5(2x 1 h) 2 8) 5
hS0 81
5 10x 2 8 Then,
12. V(t) 5 500a1 2 b . 0 # t # 90
t 2 2900 1 10(30)
Vr(30) 5
90 81
a. After 1 h, t 5 60, and the volume is 200
52 L>min
V(60) 5 500 Q 1 2 6090 R
2
27
4
b
30 2 13. V(r) 5 pr3
5 500a 3
90
4 4
a. V(10) 5 p(10)3 V(15) 5 p(15)3
5 500a b
1 2
3 3
3 4 4
500 5 p(1000) 5 p(3375)
5 L 3 3
9 4000
b. V(0) 5 500(1 2 0)2 5 500 L 5 p 5 4500p
3
500 Then, the average rate of change of volume with
V(60) 5 L
9 respect to radius is
The average rate of change of volume with respect DV 4500p 2 4000 3 p
to time from 0 min to 60 min is 5
500 Dr 15 2 10
DV 2 500 500p Q 9 2 83 R
5 9
Dt 60 2 0 5
28 5
(500)
5 9
5 100pa b
19
60
200 3
p cm3>cm
52 L>min 1900
27 5
3
c. Calculate Vr(t): b. First calculate Vr(r):
V(t 1 h) 2 V(t)
Vr(t) 5 lim V(r 1 h) 2 V(r)
hS0 h Vr(r) 5 lim
hS0 h
500a1 2 90 b 2 500a21 1 90 b
2 2
h)3 2 r34
t1h t 4
p3(r 1
5 lim 3
5 lim hS0 h
h
Q 3r2h 1 3rh2 1 h3 2 r3 R
hS0 4 3
3 p r 1
5 lim
hS0 h
3 p Q 3r h 1 3rh 1 h R
4 2 2 3
5 lim
hS0 h
5 lim pA3r2 1 3rh 1 h2 B
4 Cr(5) Cr(50) Cr(100)
hS0 3 100 100 100
52 2 52 2 52
(5) (50) (100)2
5 pA3r2 1 3r(0) 1 (0)2 B
4
3 100 100 1
52 52 52
5 4pr2 25 2500 100
Then, Vr(8) 5 4p(8)2 5 24 5 20.04 5 20.01
5 4p(64) These are the rates of change of the percentage with
5 256p cm3>cm respect to time at 5, 50, and 100 min. The percentage
14. This statement is always true. A cubic polynomial of carbon dioxide that is released per unit time from
function will have the form f(x) 5 ax3 1 bx2 1 the pop is decreasing. The pop is getting flat.
cx 1 d, a 2 0. So the derivative of this cubic is
f r(x) 5 3ax2 1 2bx 1 c, and since 3a 2 0, this 2.4 The Quotient Rule, pp. 97–98
derivative is a quadratic polynomial function. For
example, if f(x) 5 x3 1 x2 1 1, 1. For x, a, b real numbers,
we get xaxb 5 xa1b
f r(x) 5 3x2 1 2x, For example,
and if x9x26 5 x3
f(x) 5 2x3 1 3x2 1 6x 1 2, Also,
we get Axa B b 5 xab
f r(x) 5 6x2 1 6x 1 6 For example,
x2a13b Ax2 B 3 5 x6
15. y 5 a2b , a, bPI Also,
x
xa
Simplifying, 5 xa2b, x 2 0
y 5 x2a13b2 (a2b) 5 xa14b xb
Then, For example,
yr 5 (a 1 4b)a14b21 x5
5 x2
16. a. f(x) 5 26x3 1 4x 2 5x2 1 10 x3
f r(x) 5 218x2 1 4 2 10x 2.
Then, f r(x) 5 218(3)2 1 4 2 10(3) Differentiate
and Simplify,
5 2188 Function Rewrite If Necessary
b. f r(3) is the slope of the tangent line to f(x) at
x2 1 3x
x 5 3 and the rate of change in the value of f(x) f(x) 5 ,
f(x) 5 x 1 3 f r(x) 5 1
x
with respect to x at x 5 3. x20
17. a. P(t) 5 100 1 120t 1 10t2 1 2t3 5
3x3 1
P(t) 5 100 1 120t 1 10t2 1 2t3 gr(x) 5 2x23

2
g(x) 5 ,x20 g(x) 5 3x3
x
P(0) 5 100 1 120(0) 1 10(0)2 1 2(0)3
1
5 100 bacteria h(x) 5
10x5
,
h(x) 5
1 25
x hr(x) 5
21 26
x
b. At 5 h, the population is 10 2
x20
P(5) 5 100 1 120(5) 1 10(5)2 1 2(5)3 8x3 1 6x
5 1200 bacteria y5 , dy
2x y 5 4x2 1 3 5 8x
dx
c. Pr(t) 5 120 1 20t 1 6t2 x20
At 5 h, the colony is growing at t2 2 9 ds
Pr(5) 5 120 1 20(5) 1 6(5)2 s5 ,t23 s5t13 51
t23 dt
5 370 bacteria> h
100
18. C(t) 5 ,t.2
t
Simplifying, C(t) 5 100t21.
100
Then, Cr(t) 5 2100t22 5 2 2 .
t

3. In the previous problem, all of these rational 3x 1 2
examples could be differentiated via the power rule 5. a. y 5 , x 5 23
x15
after a minor algebraic simplification. dy (x 1 5)(3) 2 (3x 1 2)(1)
A second approach would be to rewrite a rational 5
dx (x 1 5)2
example At x 5 23:
f(x) dy (2)(3) 2 (27)(1)
h(x) 5
A2B 2
g(x) 5
dx
using the exponent rules as 13
h(x) 5 f(x)(g(x))21, 5
4
and then apply the product rule for differentiation x3
(together with the power of a function rule to find b. y 5 2 ,x51
x 19
Ax2 1 9B A3x2 B 2 Ax3 B (2x)
hr(x).
dy
Ax2 1 9B 2
A third (and perhaps easiest) approach would be to 5
just apply the quotient rule to find hr(x). dx
(x 1 1)(1) 2 x(1) At x 5 1:
Ax 1 1B 2
4. a. hr(x) 5 dy (10)(3) 2 (1)(2)
A10B 2
5
1 dx
Ax 1 1B 2
5 28
5
(t 1 5)(2) 2 (2t 2 3)(1) 100
At 1 5B 2
b. hr(t) 5 7
5
13 25
At 1 5B 2
5 x2 2 25
c. y 5 2 ,x52
A2x2 2 1B A3x2 B 2 x3 A4xB x 1 25
2xAx2 1 25B 2 Ax2 2 25B (2x)
A2x2 2 1B 2
c. hr(x) 5 dy
Ax2 1 25B 2
5
2x 2 3x2
4 dx
A2x2 2 1B 2
5 At x 5 2:
Ax2 1 3B (0) 2 1(2x)
dy 4(29) 2 (221)(4)
A29B 2
5
Ax2 1 3B 2
d. hr(x) 5 dx
116 1 84
22x 5
Ax 1 3B 2
5 2 292
200
x(3x 1 5) 3x2 1 5x 5
A1 2 x B
e. y 5 2 5 841
1 2 x2
(6x 1 5)A1 2 x2 B 2 A3x2 1 5xB (22x)
(x 1 1)(x 1 2)
dy d. y 5 ,x54
A1 2 x2 B 2
5 (x 2 1)(x 2 2)
dx
x2 1 3x 1 2
6x 1 5 2 6x3 2 5x2 1 6x3 1 10x2 5 2
A1 2 x2 B 2
5 x 2 3x 1 2
dy (2x 1 3)Ax2 2 3x 1 2B
5x2 1 6x 1 5
Ax 2 1B 2 Ax 2 2B 2
5
A1 2 x2 B 2
5 dx
Ax2 1 3x 1 2B (2x 2 3)
Ax2 1 3B A2x 2 1B 2 Ax2 2 x 1 1B (2x)
Ax 2 1B 2 Ax 2 2B 2
dy 2
Ax2 1 3B 2
f. 5
dx
At x 5 4:
2x3 1 6x 2 x2 2 3 2 2x3 1 2x2 2 2x
(11)(6) 2 (30)(5)
Ax2 1 3B 2
5 dy
5
dx (9)(4)
x2 1 4x 2 3 84
Ax2 1 3B 2
5 52
36
7
52
3

x3 2(8)2
6. y 5 y5
x2 2 6 4
dy 3x2 Ax2 2 6B 2 x3 A2xB 5 32
Ax2 2 6B 2
5
dx So the curve has horizontal tangents at the points
At (3, 9): (0, 0) and (8, 32).
dy 3(9)(3) 2 (27)(6) x2 2 1
b. y 5 2
A3B 2
5
dx x 1x22
5 9 2 18 (x 2 1)(x 1 1)
5
5 29 (x 1 2)(x 2 1)
The slope of the tangent to the curve at (3, 9) is 29. x11
3x 5 ,x21
7. y 5 x12
x24 dy (x 1 2) 2 (x 1 1)
Ax 1 2B 2
dy 3(x 2 4) 2 3x 12 5
dx
Ax 2 4B Ax 2 4B 2
5 2 52
dx 1
Ax 1 2B 2
12
Slope of the tangent is 2 25. 5
12 12 dy
Therefore, 2 5 25 Curve has horizontal tangents when dx 5 0.
(x 2 4)
x 2 4 5 5 or x 2 4 5 25 No value of x will produce a slope of 0, so there
x 5 9 or x 5 21 are no horizontal tangents.
Points are Q 9, 275 R and Q 21, 35 R .
b
4t
10. p(t) 5 1000a1 1 2
5x 1 2 t 1 50
8. f(x) 5
b
x12 4At 2 1 50B 2 4t(2t)
At 2 1 50B 2
pr(t) 5 1000a
(x 1 2)(5) 2 (5x 1 2)(1)
Ax 1 2B 2
f r(x) 5
1000A200 2 4t 2 B
At 2 1 50B 2
8 5
Ax 1 2B 2
f r(x) 5
1000(196)
Since Ax 1 2B 2 is positive or zero for all xPR, pr(1) 5
A51B 2
5 75.36
8 1000(184)
.0 for x 2 22. Therefore, tangents to
A54B 2
(x 1 2)2 pr(2) 5 5 63.10
5x 1 2
the graph of f(x) 5 x 1 2 do not have a negative Population is growing at a rate of 75.4 bacteria per
slope. hour at t 5 1 and at 63.1 bacteria per hour at t 5 2.
2x2 x2 2 1
9. a. y 5 ,x24 11. y 5
x24 3x
dy (x 2 4)(4x) 2 A2x2 B (1) 1 1
5 x 2 x21
Ax 2 4B 2
5
dx 3 3
4x 2 16x 2 2x2
2
dy 1 1 22
5 5 1 x
(x 2 4)2 dx 3 3
2
2x 2 16x 1 1
5 5 1 2
(x 2 4)2 3 3x
2x(x 2 8) At x 5 2:
A2B 2 2 1
5
(x 2 4)2
dy y5
Curve has horizontal tangents when dx 5 0, or 3(2)
when x 5 0 or 8. At x 5 0: 1
5
0 2
y5 and
24
50 dy 1 1
5 1
At x 5 8: dx 3 3A2B 2

1 1 ax 1 b
5 1 14. f(x) 5
3 12 (x 2 1)(x 2 4)
5 (x 2 1)(x 2 4)(a)
Ax 2 1B 2 Ax 2 4B 2
5 f r(x) 5
12
(ax 1 b) 3(x 2 1)(x 2 4)4
So the equation of the tangent to the curve at x 5 2 is: d
1 5 dx
y 2 5 (x 2 2), or 5x 2 12y 2 4 5 0.
Ax 2 1B 2 Ax 2 4B 2
2
2 12
10(6 2 t) (x 2 1)(x 2 4)(a)
12. a. s(t) 5 , 0 # t # 6, t 5 0,
Ax 2 1B 2 Ax 2 4B 2
5
t13
s(0) 5 20 (ax 1 b)3(x 2 1) 1 (x 2 4)4
Ax 2 1B 2 Ax 2 4B 2
The boat is initially 20 m from the dock. 2
b. v(t) 5 sr(t) 5 10 c d
(t 1 3)(21) 2 (6 2 t)(1) 2
(x 2 5x 1 4)(a) 2 (ax 1 b)(2x 2 5)
At 1 3B 2
5
(x 2 1)2 (x 2 4)2
290 2
2ax 2 2bx 1 4a 1 5b
At 1 3B 2
v(t) 5 5
(x 2 1)2 (x 2 4)2
At t 5 0, v(0) 5 210, the boat is moving towards Since the point (2, 21) is on the graph (as it’s on
the dock at a speed of 10 m> s. When s(t) 5 0, the the tangent line) we know that
boat will be at the dock. 21 5 f(2)
10(6 2 t) 2a 1 b
5 0, t 5 6. 5
t13 (1)(22)
290 10 2 5 2a 1 b
v(6) 5 2 5 2
9 9 b 5 2 2 2a
The speed of the boat when it bumps into the dock Also, since the tangent line is horizontal at (2, 21),
is 109 m> s. we know that
13. a. i. t 5 0 0 5 f r(2)
1 1 2(0) 2aA2B 2 2 2b(2) 1 4a 1 5b
r(0) 5
A1B 2 A22B 2
110 5
5 1 cm b50
1 1 2t 0 5 2 2 2a
ii. 5 1.5
11t a51
1 1 2t 5 1.5(1 1 t) So we get
1 1 2t 5 1.5 1 1.5t x
f(x) 5
0.5t 5 0.5 (x 2 1)(x 2 4)
t 5 1s Since the tangent line is horizontal at the point
(1 1 t)(2) 2 (1 1 2t)(1) (2, 21), the equation of this tangent line is
A1 1 tB 2
iii. rr(t) 5
y 2 (21) 5 0(x 2 2), or y 5 21
2 1 2t 2 1 2 2t Here are the graphs of both f(x) and this horizontal
A1 1 tB 2
5
tangent line:
1 x
f (x) =
(x – 1) (x –4)
A1 1 tB 2
5
y
1 8
A1 1 1B 2
rr(1.5) 5
6
1 4
5
4 2
5 0.25 cm> s x
b. No, the radius will never reach 2 cm, because –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
–2 y =–1
y 5 2 is a horizontal asymptote of the graph of the
–4
function. Therefore, the radius approaches but never
–6
equals 2 cm.
A2t 2 1 7B (5) 2 (5t)(4t) 2.5 The Derivatives of Composite
A2t 2 1 7B 2
15. cr(t) 5
Functions, pp. 105–106
10t 2 1 35 2 20t 2
5
A2t 2 1 7B 2 1. f(x) 5 !x, g(x) 5 x2 2 1
210t 2 1 35 a. f(g(1)) 5 f(1 2 1)
A2t 2 1 7B 2
5 5 f(0)
50
Set cr(t) 5 0 and solve for t.
b. g(f(1)) 5 g(1)
210t 2 1 35
50 50
(2t 2 1 7)2 c. g(f(0)) 5 g(0)
210t 2 1 35 5 0 5021
10t 2 5 35 5 21
t 2 5 3.5 d. f(g(24)) 5 f(16 2 1)
t 5 6"3.5 5 f(15)
t 8 61.87 5 !15
To two decimal places, t 5 21.87 or t 5 1.87, e. f(g(x)) 5 f Ax2 2 1B
because sr(t) 5 0 for these values. Reject the
negative root in this case because time is positive 5 "x2 2 1
(t $ 0). Therefore, the concentration reaches its f. g(f(x)) 5 gA !xB
maximum value at t 5 1.87 hours. 5 A !xB 2 2 1
16. When the object changes direction, its velocity 5x21
changes sign. 2. a. f(x) 5 x2, g(x) 5 !x
At 2 1 8B (1) 2 t(2t) (f + g)(x) 5 f(g(x))
At 2 1 8B 2
sr(t) 5
5 f A !xB
t 1 8 2 2t 2
2
5 5 A !xB 2
(t 2 1 8)2
5x
Domain 5 5x $ 06
2t 2 1 8
5 2
(t 1 8)2 (g + f)(x) 5 g(f(x))
5 gAx2 B
solve for t when sr(t) 5 0.
2t 2 1 8
At 2 1 8B 2
50 5 "x2
2t 2 1 8 5 0 5 Zx Z
t2 5 8 Domain 5 5xPR6
t 5 6"8 The composite functions are not equal for negative
t 8 62.83 x-values (as (f + g) is not defined for these x), but
To two decimal places, t 5 2.83 or t 5 22.83, are equal for non-negative x-values.
because sr(t) 5 0 for these values. Reject the 1
b. f(x) 5 , g(x) 5 x2 1 1
negative root because time is positive (t $ 0). x
The object changes direction when t 5 2.83 s. (f + g)(x) 5 f(g(x))
ax 1 b d 5 f Ax2 1 1B
17. f(x) 5 ,x22 1
cx 1 d c 5 2
(cx 1 d)(a) 2 (ax 1 b)(c) x 11
f r(x) 5
Acx 1 dB 2 Domain 5 5xPR6
ad 2 bc (g + f)(x) 5 g(f(x))
Acx 1 dB 2
f r(x) 5
5 ga b
1
For the tangents to the graph of y 5 f(x) to have x
positive slopes, f r(x) . 0. (cx 1 d)2 is positive for
5a b 11
1 2
all xPR. ad 2 bc . 0 will ensure each tangent has x
a positive slope.

5
1
11
c. h(x) 5 A2x2 1 3x 2 5B 4
x2 hr(x) 5 4A2x2 1 3x 2 5B 3 (4x 1 3)
Domain 5 5x 2 06 d. f(x) 5 Ap2 2 x2 B 3
The composite functions are not equal here. For f r(x) 5 3Ap2 2 x2 B 2 (22x)
instance, (f + g)(1) 5 12 and (g + f )(1) 5 2. 5 26xAp2 2 x2 B 2
c. f(x) 5 , g(x) 5 !x 1 2
1 e. y 5 "x2 2 3
5 Ax2 2 3B 2
1
x
( f + g)(x) 5 f(g(x))
yr 5 Ax2 2 3B 2 (2x)
1 1
5 f( !x 1 2) 2
1 x
5
5
!x 1 2 "x 2 3
2
Domain 5 5x . 226 1
Ax 2 16B 5
f. f(x) 5 2
(g + f)(x) 5 g(f(x))
5 Ax2 2 16B 25
5 ga b
1
x f r(x) 5 25Ax2 2 16B 26 (2x)
210x
Ax 2 16B 6
1 5 2
Åx
5 12
2
The domain is all x such that 5. a. y 5 2 3
1 x
12$0 and x 2 0, or equivalently 5 22x23
x
Domain 5 5x # 2 12 or x . 06 dy
5 (22)(23)x24
The composite functions are not equal here. For dx
instance, ( f + g)(2) 5 12 and (g + f )(2) 5 # 52. 5 4
6
3. If f(x) and g(x) are two differentiable functions x
of x, and 1
b. y 5
h(x) 5 (f + g)(x) x11
5 f(g(x)) 5 (x 1 1)21
is the composition of these two functions, then dy
5 (21)(x 1 1)22 (1)
hr(x) 5 f r(g(x)) ? gr(x) dx
This is known as the “chain rule” for differentiation of 21
Ax 1 1B 2
composite functions. For example, if f(x) 5 x10 and 5
g(x) 5 x2 1 3x 1 5, then h(x) 5 Ax2 1 3x 1 5B 10, 1
and so c. y 5 2
x 24
hr(x) 5 f r(g(x)) ? gr(x) 5 Ax2 2 4B 21
5 10Ax2 1 3x 1 5B 9 (2x 1 3) dy
5 (21)Ax2 2 4B 22 (2x)
2
As another example, if f(x) 5 x3 and
g(x) 5 x2 1 1, then h(x) 5 Ax2 1 1B 3,
2 dx
22x
Ax 2 4B 2
and so 5 2
hr(x) 5 Ax2 1 1B 23 (2x)
2 1
5 3A9 2 x2 B 21
3
3 d. y 5
9 2 x2
4. a. f(x) 5 (2x 1 3)4
dy 6x
f r(x) 5 4A2x 1 3B 3 (2)
A9 2 x2 B 2
5
5 8A2x 1 3B 3 dx
b. g(x) 5 Ax2 2 4B 3
gr(x) 5 3Ax2 2 4B 2 (2x)
5 6xAx2 2 4B 2

e. y 5
1 b. y 5 Ax2 1 3B 3 Ax3 1 3B 2
2
5x 1 x
3Ax 1 3B 34 ? Ax3 1 3B 2
dy d 2
5 A5x2 1 xB 21
5
dx dx
dy
1 Ax2 1 3B 3 ? 3Ax 1 3B 24
5 (21)A5x2 1 xB 22 (10x 1 1) d 3
dx dx
10x 1 1 5 3Ax2 1 3B 2 (2x)Ax3 1 3B 2
A5x 1 xB 2
52 2
1 Ax2 1 3B 3 (2)Ax3 1 3BA3x2 B
1 5 6xAx2 1 3B 2 Ax3 1 3B 3Ax3 1 3B 1 xAx2 1 3B4
Ax 1 x 1 1B 4
f. y 5 2
5 6xAx2 1 3B 2 Ax3 1 3B A2x3 1 3x 1 3B
5 Ax2 1 x 1 1B 24 3x2 1 2x
dy c. y 5 2
5 (24)Ax2 1 x 1 1B 25 (2x 1 1) x 11
dx
8x 1 4 dy A6x 1 2B Ax2 1 1B 2 A3x2 1 2xBA2xB
Ax2 1 1B 2
5
Ax 1 x 1 1B 5
52 2 dx
h5g+f 6x 1 2x 1 6x 1 2 2 6x3 2 4x2
3 2
6.
Ax2 1 1B 2
5
5 g(f(x)) 2
h(21) 5 g(f(21)) 22x 1 6x 1 2
Ax2 1 1B 2
5
5 g(1)
5 24 d. h(x) 5 x3 A3x 2 5B 2
3x 4 ? A3x 2 5B 2 1 x3 3A3x 2 5B 24
h(x) 5 g(f(x)) d 3 d
hr(x) 5
hr(x) 5 gr(f(x))f r(x) dx dx
hr(21) 5 gr(f(21))f r(21) 5 3x2 A3x 2 5B 2 1 x3 (2)(3x 2 5)(3)
5 gr(1)(25) 5 3x2 (3x 2 5)3(3x 2 5) 1 2x4
5 (27)(25) 5 3x2 (3x 2 5)(5x 2 5)
5 35 5 15x2 (3x 2 5)(x 2 1)
1 e. y 5 x A1 2 4x2 B 3
4
7. f(x) 5 (x 2 3)2, g(x) 5 , h(x) 5 f(g(x)),
3x 4A1 2 4x2 B 3 1 x4 ? 3A1 2 4x2 B 34
x dy d 4 d
1 5
f r(x) 5 2(x 2 3), gr(x) 5 2 2 dx dx dx
x 5 4x3 A1 2 4x2 B 3 1 x4 (3)A1 2 4x2 B 2 A28xB
5 4x3 A1 2 4x2 B 2 3A1 2 4x2 B 2 6x24
hr(x) 5 f r(g(x))gr(x)
5 f ra b a2 2 b 5 4x3 A1 2 4x2 B 2 A1 2 10x2 B

1 1
x x
f. y 5 a 2 b
x2 2 3 4
5 2a 2 3b a2 2 b
1 1
x 13
x x
b c d
dy x2 2 3 3 d x2 2 3
5 2 2 a 2 3b
2 1 5 4a 2
x x dx x 1 2 dx x2 1 3
8. a. f(x) 5 Ax 1 4B 3 Ax 2 3B 6 x2 2 3 3 Ax2 1 3B (2x) 2 Ax2 2 3B (2x)
b ?
Ax2 1 3B 2
5 4a 2
x 13
3Ax 1 4B 34 ? Ax 2 3B 6
d
f r(x) 5
b ? 2
dx x2 2 3 3 12x
Ax 1 3B 2
5 4a 2
1 Ax 1 4B 3 3Ax 2 3B 64
d
x 13
dx
5 3Ax 1 4B 2 Ax 2 3B 6
48xAx2 2 3B 3
Ax2 1 3B 5
5
1 Ax 1 4B 3 (6)Ax 2 3B 5
5 Ax 1 4B 2 Ax 2 3B 5
1 2
9. a. s(t) 5 t3 (4t 2 5)3
3 33(x 2 3) 1 6(x 1 4)4 5 t3 3(4t 2 5)24 3
1 1
5 Ax 1 4B 2 Ax 2 3B 5 (9x 1 15) 5 3t(4t 2 5)24 3

1
5 3t A16t2 2 40t 1 25B4 3

1
5 A16t3 2 40t2 1 25tB 3, t 5 8

1

y 5 Ax3 2 7B 5 at x 5 2
sr(t) 5 A16t3 2 40t2 1 25tB 23
1 2 12.
5 5Ax3 2 7B 4 A3x2 B
3 dy
3 A48t2 2 80t 1 25B dx
A48t2 2 80t 1 25B When x 5 2,
5 2
dy
3A16t3 2 40t2 1 25tB 3 5 5(1)4 (12)
Rate of change at t 5 8: dx
(48(8)2 2 80(8) 1 25) 5 60
sr(8) 5 2
3(16(8)3 2 40(8)2 1 25(8))3 Slope of the tangent is 60.
2457 Equation of the tangent at (2, 1) is
5 y 2 1 5 60(x 2 2)
972
91 60x 2 y 2 119 5 0.
5 13. a. y 5 3u2 2 5u 1 2
36
1 u 5 x2 2 1, x 5 2
b. s(t) 5 a b , t 5 2p
t2p 3
u53
t 2 6p
dy du
5 6u 2 5, 5 2x
2
1 t 2 p 23 d t 2 p
sr(t) 5 a b ? c d du dx
3 t 2 6p dt t 2 6p dy dy du
2
5 3
5 a b ?
1 t 2 6p 3 (t 2 6p) 2 (t 2 p) dx du dx
3 t2p (t 2 6p)2 5 (6u 2 5)(2x)
2
5 (18 2 5)(4)
5 a b ?
1 t 2 6p 3 25p
3 t2p (t 2 6p)2 5 13(4)
Rate of change at t 5 2p: 5 52
1
1 2 25p b. y 5 2u3 1 3u2, u 5 x 1 x2, x 5 1

sr(2p) 5 (24)3 ? dy dy du
3 16p2 5 ?
3 dx du dx
5"2
52
b
24p 1
5 (6u2 1 6u)a1 1
10. y 5 A1 1 x3 B 2 y 5 2x6 2!x
At x 5 1:
5 2A1 1 x3 B (3x2 )
dy dy
5 12x5 u 5 1 1 12
1
dx dx
For the same slope, 52
6x2 A1 1 x3 B 5 12x5 dy 1
b
2 !1
5 (6(2)2 1 6(2))a1 1
6x2 1 6x5 5 12x5 dx
6x2 2 6x5 5 0 3
5 36 3
6x2 Ax3 2 1B 5 0 2
x 5 0 or x 5 1. 5 54
Curves have the same slope at x 5 0 and x 5 1. c. y 5 uAu2 1 3B 3, u 5 (x 1 3)2, x 5 22
11. y 5 A3x 2 x2 B 22 dy
5 Au2 1 3B 3 1 6u2 Au2 1 3B 2,
du
5 2(x 1 3)
5 22A3x 2 x2 B 23 (3 2 2x)
dy du dx
5 373 1 6(4)2432(1)4
dx dy dy du
5
At x 5 2, dx du dx
dy 5 439 3 2
5 2236 2 44 23 (3 2 4) 5 878
dx
5 2(2)23 d. y 5 u3 2 5Au3 2 7uB 2,
1 u 5 "x
5 1
4 5 x2, x 5 4
The slope of the tangent line at x 5 2 is 14. dy dy du
5 ?
dx du dx

b. h(x) 5 x(2x 1 7)4 (x 2 1)2
5 333u2 2 10Au3 2 7uB A3u2 2 7B4 ? a x2 b
1 1
2 Using the result from part a.,
hr(x) 5 (1)(2x 1 7)4 (x 2 1)2
5 33u2 2 10Au3 2 7uB A3u2 2 7B4 ?
1
1 x34(2x 1 7)3 (2)4 (x 2 1)2
1 x(2x 1 7)4 32(x 2 1)4
2"x
At x 5 4:
u 5 "4 hr(23) 5 1(16) 1 (23)34(1)(2)4 (16)
52 1 (23)(1)32(24)4
5 16 2 384 1 24
5 33(2)2 2 10( (2)3 2 7(2))(3(2)2 2 7)4
dy 1
5 2344
18. y 5 Ax2 1 x 2 2B 3 1 3
dx 2(2)
5 78
dy
14. h(x) 5 f(g(x)), therefore 5 3Ax2 1 x 2 2B 2 (2x 1 1)
hr(x) 5 f r(g(x)) 3 gr(x) dx
f(u) 5 u2 2 1, g(2) 5 3, gr(2) 5 21 At the point (1, 3), x 5 1 and the slope of the
Now, hr(2) 5 f r(g(2)) 3 gr(2) tangent will be 3(1 1 1 2 2)2 (2 1 1) 5 0.
5 f r(3) 3 gr(2). Equation of the tangent at (1, 3) is y 2 3 5 0.
Since f(u) 5 u2 2 1, f r(u) 5 2u, and f r(3) 5 6, Solving this equation with the function, we have
hr(2) 5 6(21) Ax2 1 x 2 2B 3 1 3 5 3
5 26. (x 1 2)3 (x 2 1)3 5 0
x 5 22 or x 5 1
15. V(t) 5 50 000a1 2 b
t 2
Since 22 and 1 are both triple roots, the line with
30 equation y 2 3 5 0 will be a tangent at both x 5 1
Vr(t) 5 50 000 c2a1 2 b a2 b d
t 1 and x 5 22. Therefore, y 2 3 5 0 is also a tangent
30 30 at (22, 3).
x2 (1 2 x)3
Vr(10) 5 50 000 c2a1 2 b a2 b d
10 1
19. y 5
30 30 (1 1 x)3
5 x2 c a bd
12x 3
5 50 000 c2a b a2 b d
2 1
3 30 11x
b 1 3x2 a b
8 2222 dy 12x 3 12x 2
At t 5 10 minutes, the water is flowing out of the 5 2xa
dx 11x 11x
tank at a rate of 2222 L> min.
3 c d
2 (1 1 x) 2 (1 2 x)(1)
16. The velocity function is the derivative of the
(1 1 x)2
position function.
s(t) 5 At 3 1 t 2 B 2 12x 3
b 1 3x2 a
12x 2
b c
22
d
1
5 2xa
11x 11x (1 1 x)2
v(t) 5 sr(t) 5 At 3 1 t 2 B 22 A3t 2 1 2tB
1 1
b c d
2 12x 2 12x 3x
5 2xa 2
3t 2 1 2t 11x 11x (1 1 x)2
5
b c d
2"t 3 1 t 2 1 2 x 2 1 2 x2 2 3x
5 2xa
3(3)2 1 2(3) 11x (1 1 x)2
v(3) 5
2"33 1 32 2xAx2 1 3x 2 1B (1 2 x)2
52
27 1 6 (1 1 x)4
5
2"36
5
33 Review Exercise, pp. 110–113
12 1. To find the derivative f r(x), the limit
5 2.75 f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
The particle is moving at 2.75 m/s. f r(x) 5 lim
hS0 h
17. a. h(x) 5 p(x)q(x)r(x)
must be computed, provided it exists. If this limit
hr(x) 5 pr(x)q(x)r(x) 1 p(x)qr(x)r(x)
does not exist, then the derivative of f (x) does not
1 p(x)q(x)rr(x)

exist at this particular value of x. As an alternative 3. a. y 5 x2 2 5x 1 4
to this limit, we could also find f r(x) from the dy
definition by computing the equivalent limit 5 2x 2 5
dx
f(z) 2 f(x) 3
f r(x) 5 lim . b. f(x) 5 x4

zSx z2x
3 1
These two limits are seen to be equivalent by f r(x) 5 x24
substituting z 5 x 1 h. 4
2. a. y 5 2x2 2 5x 3
5 14
dy (2(x 1 h)2 2 5(x 1 h)) 2 A2x2 2 5xB 4x
5 lim 7
dx hS0 h c. y 5 4
2A(x 1 h)2 2 x2 B 2 5h 3x
5 lim 7
hS0 h 5 x24
2((x 1 h) 2 x)((x 1 h) 1 x) 2 5h 3
5 lim dy 228 25
hS0 h 5 x
2h(2x 1 h) 2 5h dx 3
5 lim 28
hS0 h 52 5
5 lim (2(2x 1 h) 2 5) 3x
hS0 1
5 4x 2 5 d. y 5 2
x 15
b. y 5 !x 2 6 5 Ax2 1 5B 21
dy !(x 1 h) 2 6 2 !x 2 6 dy
5 lim 5 (21)Ax2 1 5B 22 ? (2x)
dx hS0 h dx
!(x 1 h) 2 6 2 !x 2 6 2x
5 lim c 52 2
Ax 1 5B 2
hS0 h
!(x 1 h) 2 6 1 !x 2 6
3
d A3 2 x2 B 2
e. y 5
!(x 1 h) 2 6 1 !x 2 6
3
5 3A3 2 x2 B 22
( (x 1 h) 2 6) 2 (x 2 6)
5 (26)A3 2 x2 B 23 ? (22x)
dy
hS0 h( !(x 1 h) 2 6 1 !x 2 6)
5 lim
dx
1 12x
hS0 !(x 1 h) 2 6 1 !x 2 6
5 lim
A3 2 x2 B 3
5
f. y 5 "7x2 1 4x 1 1
1
2 !x 2 6
5
5 A7x2 1 4x 1 1B 2
1
x
5 A7x2 1 4x 1 1B 22 A14x 1 4B
c. y 5 dy 1 1
42x
dx 2
x1h x
2 7x 1 2
5
"7x2 1 4x 1 1
dy 4 2 (x 1 h) 42x
5 lim
dx hS0 h 2x3 2 1
(x 1 h)(4 2 x) 2 x(4 2 (x 1 h)) 4. a. f(x) 5
x2
(4 2 (x 1 h))(4 2 x) 1
5 lim 5 2x 2 2
hS0 h x
4h 5 2x 2 x22
5 lim
hS0 h(4 2 (x 1 h))(4 2 x) f r(x) 5 2 1 2x23
4 2
5 lim 521 3
hS0 (4 2 (x 1 h))(4 2 x) x
4
5
(4 2 x)2

b. g(x) 5 !xAx3 2 xB (2x 2 5)4
c. y 5
5 x2 Ax3 2 xB (x 1 1)3
1
7
5 x2 2 x2
3 (x 1 1)34(2x 2 5)3 (2)
yr 5
7 5 3 1 (x 1 1)6
gr(x) 5 x2 2 x2 3(2x 2 5)4 (x 1 1)2
2 2 2
!x 2 (x 1 1)6
5 A7x 2 3B (x 1 1)2 (2x 2 5)3 38x 1 8 2 6x 1 154
2 5
x (x 1 1)6
c. y 5 3
(2x 2 5) (2x 1 23)
3x 2 5 yr 5
dy (3x 2 5)(1) 2 (x)(3) (x 1 1)4
5
d. y 5 a b 5 (10x 2 1)6 (3x 1 5)26
dx (3x 2 5)2 10x 2 1 6
5 3x 1 5
52
(3x 2 5)2 yr 5 (10x 2 1)6 326(3x 1 5)27 (3)4
1 1 6(10x 2 1)5 (10)(3x 1 5)26
d. y 5 (x 2 1)2 (x 1 1)
5 (10x 2 1)5 (3x 1 5)27 3x 2 18(10x 2 1)4
yr 5 (x 2 1)2 1 (x 1 1)a b (x 2 1)22
1 1 1
1 60(3x 1 5)
2
5 (10x 2 1)5 (3x 1 5)27
5 !x 2 1 1
x11
3 (2180x 1 18 1 180x 1 300)
2!x 2 1 318(10x 2 1)5
2x 2 2 1 x 1 1 5
5 (3x 1 5)7
2!x 2 1 e. y 5 (x 2 2)3 Ax2 1 9B 4
5
3x 2 1 yr 5 (x 2 2)3 C4Ax2 1 9B 3 (2x) D
2!x 2 1 1 3(x 2 2)2 (1)Ax2 1 9B 4
e. f(x) 5 A !x 1 2B 23 5 (x 2 2)2 Ax2 1 9B 3 C8x(x 2 2) 1 3Ax2 1 9B D
2
5 (x 2 2)2 Ax2 1 9B 3 A11x2 2 16x 1 27B

1 2
5 ( x2 1 2) 23
f r(x) 5
22 12
(
5 1
x 1 2) 23 # x2 2
1
f. y 5 A1 2 x2 B 3 (6 1 2x)23
3 2
5a b
1 2 x2 3
1 6 1 2x
3 !xA !x 1 2B 3
52 5
b
1 2 x2 2
x2 1 5x 1 4 yr 5 3a
f. y 5 6 1 2x
x14
(6 1 2x)(22x) 2 A1 2 x2 B (2)
5
(x 1 4)(x 1 1) 3 c d
x14 (6 1 2x)2
5 x 1 1, x 2 24 3A1 2 x2 B 2 A212x 2 4x2 2 2 1 2x2 B
5
dy (6 1 2x)4
51
dx 3A1 2 x B A2x2 1 12x 1 2B
2 2
52
5. a. y 5 x4 (2x 2 5)6 (6 1 2x)4
yr 5 x4 36(2x 2 5)5 (2)4 1 4x3 (2x 2 5)6 3A1 2 x2 B 2 Ax2 1 6x 1 1B
5 4x3 (2x 2 5)5 33x 1 (2x 2 5)4 52
8(3 2 x)4
5 4x3 (2x 2 5)5 (5x 2 5) 2
5 20x3 (2x 2 5)5 (x 2 1) 6. a. g(x) 5 f(x )
gr(x) 5 f(x2 ) 3 2x
b. y 5 x"x2 1 1
b. h(x) 5 2xf(x)
yr 5 x c Ax2 1 1B 22 (2x)d 1 (1)"x2 1 1
1 1
hr(x) 5 2xf r(x) 1 2f(x)
2
18
1 "x2 1 1
x2 7. a. y 5 5u2 1 3u 2 1, u 5 2
5
"x2 1 1
x 15
x52
u52

dy 4
5 10u 1 3 5 22 ?
du 5
du 36x 8
Ax 1 5B 2
52 2 52
dx 5
8. f(x) 5 A9 2 x2 B 3
2
When x 5 2,
f r(x) 5 A9 2 x2 B 23 (22x)
du 72 8 2 1
52 52
dx 81 9 3
When u 5 2, 24x
5 1
dy 3(9 2 x2 )3
5 20 1 3
du 2
f r(1) 5 2
5 23 3
5 23a2 b
dy 8 The slope of the tangent line at (1, 4) is 2 23.
dx 9 9. y 5 2x3 1 6x2
184 yr 5 23x2 1 12x
52
9 23x2 1 12x 5 212 23x2 1 12x 5 215
!x 1 x
2
u14 x 2 4x 2 4 5 0 x2 2 4x 2 5 5 0
4 6 !16 1 16
b. y 5 ,u5 ,
u24 10
x5 (x 2 5)(x 1 1) 5 0
x54 2
3 4 6 4!2
u5 5 x 5 5, x 5 21
5 2
dy (u 2 4) 2 (u 1 4) x 5 2 6 2 !2
5
du (u 2 4)2
5 a x22 1 1b
du 1 1 1
dx 10 2
When x 5 4,
5 a b
8 du 1 5
52
(u 2 4)2 dx 10 4
1
5
8
3
When u 5 ,
5
dy 8
52
du
a 2 b
3 20 2 10. a. i. y 5 Ax2 2 4B 5
5 5 yr 5 5Ax2 2 4B 4 (2x)
8(25) Horizontal tangent,
52 10xAx2 2 4B 4 5 0
(217)2
When x 5 4, x 5 0, x 5 62
dy 8(25) 1 ii. y 5 Ax3 2 xB 2
5 3 yr 5 2Ax3 2 xB A3x2 2 1B
dx 172 8
25
Horizontal tangent,
5 2x(x2 2 1)(3x2 2 1) 5 0
289
!3
c. y 5 f("x2 1 9), f r(5) 5 22, x 5 4 x 5 0, x 5 61, x 5 6 .
3
5 f r("x2 1 9) 3 Ax2 1 9B 22 (2x)
dy 1 1
dx 2
dy 1 1
5 f r(5) ? ? ? 8
dx 2 5

b. i. Slope of x 1 5y 2 10 5 0 is 2 15.
Since perpendicular, 6x 2 7 5 5
x52
y 5 3(4) 2 14 1 5
5 3.
Equation of the tangent at (2, 3) is
y 2 3 5 5(x 2 2)
5x 2 y 2 7 5 0.
13. y 5 8x 1 b is tangent to y 5 2x2
dy
5 4x
dx
ii. Slope of the tangent is 8, therefore 4x 5 8, x 5 2.
Point of tangency is (2, 8).
Therefore, 8 5 16 1 b, b 5 28.
Or 8x 1 b 5 2x2
2x2 2 8x 2 b 5 0
8 6 !64 1 8b
x5 .
2(2)
For tangents, the roots are equal, therefore
64 1 8b 5 0, b 5 28.
Point of tangency is (2, 8), b 5 28.
14. a.
b.
11. a. y 5 Ax2 1 5x 1 2B 4 at (0, 16)
yr 5 4Ax2 1 5x 1 2B 3 (2x 1 5)
At x 5 0,
yr 5 4(2)3 (5)
5 160
Equation of the tangent at (0, 16) is The equation of the tangent is y 5 0.
y 2 16 5 160(x 2 0)
y 5 160x 1 16
or 160x 2 y 1 16 5 0
b. y 5 A3x22 2 2x3 B 5 at (1, 1)
yr 5 5A3x22 2 2x3 B 4 A26x23 2 6x2 B
At x 5 1,
yr 5 5(1)4 (26 2 6) The equation of the tangent is y 5 6.36.
5 260
y 2 1 5 260(x 2 1)
60x 1 y 2 61 5 0.
12. y 5 3x2 2 7x 1 5
dy
5 6x 2 7 The equation of the tangent is y 5 26.36.
dx

Ax2 2 6B A3x2 B 2 x3 (2x) 30x 5 30
Ax2 2 6B 2
c. f r(x) 5 x51
Therefore a 5 1.
x4 2 18x2
Ax 2 6B 2
5 2 16. M 5 0.1t2 2 0.001t3
a. When t 5 10,
x4 2 18x2
M 5 0.1(100) 2 0.001(1000)
Ax2 2 6B 2
50
59
x2 Ax2 2 18B 5 0 When t 5 15,
x2 5 0 or x2 2 18 5 0 M 5 0.1(225) 2 0.001(3375)
x50 x 5 63 !2 5 19.125
The coordinates of the points where the slope is 0 One cannot memorize partial words, so 19 words
are (0, 0), Q 3 !2, 9 !2 9 !2
2 R , and Q 23!2, 2 2 R .
are memorized after 15 minutes.
b. Mr 5 0.2t 2 0.003t2
d. Substitute into the expression for f r(x) from
When t 5 10,
part b.
Mr 5 0.2(10) 2 0.003(100)
16 2 72
f r(2) 5 5 1.7
(22)2
The number of words memorized is increasing by
1.7 words> min.
256
5
4 When t 5 15,
5 214 Mr 5 0.2(15) 2 0.003(225)
5 2.325
2.325 words> min.
30
17. a. N(t) 5 20 2
"9 1 t2
5 2
15. a. f(x) 5 2x3 2 5x3 30t
A9 1 t2 B 2
5 2 2 1 Nr(t) 5 3
f r(x) 5 2 3 x3 2 5 3 x3
3 3 b. No, according to this model, the cashier never
10 23 10 stops improving. Since t . 0, the derivative is always
5 x 2 13
3 3x positive, meaning that the rate of change in the
f(x) 5 0 6 x3 32x 2 54 5 0
2
cashier’s productivity is always increasing. However,
5 these increases must be small, since, according to the
x 5 0 or x 5 model, the cashier’s productivity can never exceed 20.
2
y 5 f(x) crosses the x-axis at x 5 52, and 1
18. C(x) 5 x3 1 40x 1 700
3
f r(x) 5 a 13 b
10 x 2 1
a. Cr(x) 5 x2 1 40
3 x
b. Cr(x) 5 76
f ra b 5
5 10 3 1
3 3 5 13 x2 1 40 5 76
2 3 2 Q2 R
x2 5 36
!
3
2 2 1 x56
!5 Production level is 6 gloves> week.
553 3 5 53 3 23
5 (25 3 2)3
1
x2 2
19. R(x) 5 750x 2 2 x3
5! 3 6 3
50
b. To find a, let f(x) 5 0. a. Marginal Revenue
x
10 23 10 Rr(x) 5 750 2 2 2x2
x 2 13 5 0 3
3 3x

b. Rr(10) 5 750 2
10
2 2(100) c. h(x) 5 " 3
(x 2 2)2
3 The graph has a cusp at (2, 0) but it is differentiable
5 $546.67 at x 5 1.
20 d. m(x) 5 Z3x 2 3 Z 2 1.
!p 2 1
20. D(p) 5 ,p.1
The graph has a corner at x 5 1, so m(x) is not
Dr(p) 5 20a2 b (p 2 1)22
1 3 differentiable at x 5 1.
2 3
23. a. f(x) 5 2
10 4x 2 x
52 3
(p 2 1)2 3
5
10 10 x(4x 2 1)
Dr(5) 5 52
"4 3 8 f(x) is not defined at x 5 0 and x 5 0.25. The
5 graph has vertical asymptotes at x 5 0 and
52 x 5 0.25. Therefore, f(x) is not differentiable at
4
Slope of demand curve at (5, 10) is 2 54. x 5 0 and x 5 0.25.
21. B(x) 5 20.2x2 1 500, 0 # x # 40 x2 2 x 2 6
b. f(x) 5
a. B(0) 5 20.2(0)2 1 500 5 500 x2 2 9
B(30) 5 20.2(30)2 1 500 5 320 (x 2 3)(x 1 2)
5
b. Br(x) 5 20.4x (x 2 3)(x 1 3)
Br(0) 5 20.4(0) 5 0 (x 1 2)
5 for x 2 3
Br(30) 5 20.4(30) 5 212 (x 1 3)
c. B(0) 5 blood sugar level with no insulin f(x) is not defined at x 5 3 and x 5 23. At
B(30) 5 blood sugar level with 30 mg of insulin x 5 23, the graph as a vertical symptote and at
Br(0) 5 rate of change in blood sugar level x 5 3 it has a hole. Therefore, f(x) is not
with no insulin differentiable at x 5 3 and x 5 23.
Br(30) 5 rate of change in blood sugar level c. f(x) 5 "x2 2 7x 1 6
5 !(x 2 6)(x 2 1)
with 30 mg of insulin
d. Br(50) 5 20.4(50) 5 220
f(x) is not defined for 1 , x , 6. Therefore,
B(50) 5 20.2(50)2 1 500 5 0
f(x) is not differentiable for 1 , x , 6.
Br(50) 5 220 means that the patient’s blood sugar
(t 1 1)(25) 2 (25t)(t)
level is decreasing at 20 units per mg of insulin 1 h 24. pr(t) 5
after 50 mg of insulin is injected. (t 1 1)2
B(50) 5 0 means that the patient’s blood sugar level 25t 1 25 2 25t
5
is zero 1 h after 50 mg of insulin is injected. These (t 1 1)2
values are not logical because a person’s blood sugar 25
5
level can never reach zero and continue to decrease. (t 1 1)2
3x 25. Answers may vary. For example,
22. a. f(x) 5 f(x) 5 2x 1 3
1 2 x2
3x 1
5 y5
(1 2 x)(1 1 x) 2x 1 3
f(x) is not differentiable at x 5 1 because it is not (2x 1 3)(0) 2 (1)(2)
yr 5
defined there (vertical asymptote at x 5 1). (2x 1 3)2
x21 2
b. g(x) 5 2 52
x 1 5x 2 6 (2x 1 3)2
x21 f(x) 5 5x 1 10
5
(x 1 6)(x 2 1) 1
y5
1 5x 1 10
5 for x 2 1
(x 1 6) (5x 1 10)(0) 2 (1)(5)
yr 5
g(x) is not differentiable at x 5 1 because it is not (5x 1 10)2
defined there (hole at x 5 1).
5 28. a. f(x) 5 (2x 2 5)3 (3x2 1 4)5
52
(5x 1 10)2 f r(x) 5 (2x 2 5)3 (5)A3x2 1 4B 4 (6x)
1
Rule: If f(x) 5 ax 1 b and y 5 f (x), then 1 A3x2 1 4B 5 (3)(2x 2 5)2 (2)
5 30x(2x 2 5)3 A3x2 1 4B 4
2a 1 6(3x2 1 4)5 (2x 2 5)2
yr 5
(ax 1 b)2 5 6(2x 2 5)2 A3x2 1 4B 4
3 C5x(2x 2 5) 1 A3x2 1 4B D
yr 5 lim c d
1 1 1
5 6(2x 2 5)2 A3x2 1 4B 4
2
hS0 h a(x 1 h) 1 b ax 1 b
1 ax 1 b 2 3a(x 1 h)b4 3 A10x2 2 25x 1 3x2 1 4B
5 lim c d
hS0 h 3a(x 1 h) 1 b4 (ax 1 h) 5 6(2x 2 5)2 (3x2 1 4)4
3 (13x2 2 25x 1 4)
5 lim c d
1 ax 1 b 2 ax 2 ah 2 b
b. g(x) 5 (8x )(4x2 1 2x 2 3)5
3
hS0 h 3a(x 1 h) 1 b4 (ax 1 b)
gr(x) 5 (8x3 )(5)(4x2 1 2x 2 3)4 (8x 1 2)
5 lim c d
1 2ah 1 (4x2 1 2x 2 3)5 (24x2 )
hS0 h 3a(x 1 h) 1 b4 (ax 1 b) 5 40x3 (4x2 1 2x 2 3)4 (8x 1 2)
2a 1 24x2 (4x2 1 2x 2 3)5
hS0 3a(x 1 h) 1 b4 (ax 1 b)
5 lim 5 8x2 (4x2 1 2x 2 3)4 35x(8x 1 2)
2a 1 3(4x2 1 2x 2 3)4
5 5 8x2 (4x2 1 2x 2 3)4
(ax 1 b)2
26. a. Let y 5 f(x) (40x2 1 10x 1 12x2 1 6x 2 9)
(2x 2 3)2 1 5 5 8x2 (4x2 1 2x 2 3)4 (52x2 1 16x 2 9)
y5 c. y 5 (5 1 x)2 (4 2 7x3 )6
2x 2 3
yr 5 (5 1 x)2 (6)(4 2 7x3 )5 (221x2 )
Let u 5 2x 2 3.
1 (4 2 7x3 )6 (2)(5 1 x)
u2 1 5
Then y 5 . 5 2126x2 (5 1 x)2 (4 2 7x3 )5
u
1 2(5 1 x)(4 2 7x3 )6
y 5 u 1 5u21 5 2(5 1 x)(4 2 7x3 )5 3263x2 (5 1 x)
b. f r(x) 5
dy 1 4 2 7x34
dx 5 2(5 1 x)(4 2 7x3 )5 (4 2 315x2 2 70x3 )
dy dy du 6x 2 1
5 3 d. h(x) 5
dx du dx (3x 1 5)4
5 (1 2 5u22 )(2) (3x 1 5)4 (6) 2 (6x 2 1)(4)(3x 1 5)3 (3)
5 2(1 2 5(2x 2 3)22 ) hr(x) 5
((3x 1 5)4 )2
27. g(x) 5 !2x 2 3 1 5(2x 2 3) 6(3x 1 5) 3(3x 1 5) 2 2(6x 2 1)4
3
5
(3x 1 5)8
a. Let y 5 g(x). 6(29x 1 7)
y 5 !2x 2 3 1 5(2x 2 3) 5
(3x 1 5)5
Let u 5 2x 2 3. (2x2 2 5)3
e. y 5
Then y 5 !u 1 5u. (x 1 8)2
dy dy du dy (x 1 8)2 (3)(2x2 2 5)2 (4x)
A(x 1 8)2 B 2
b. gr(x) 5 5 3 5
dx du dx dx
(2x2 2 5)3 (2)(x 1 8)
5 a u 1 5b (2)
1 212
A(x 1 8)2 B 2
2
2
212
5 u 1 10 2(x 1 8)(2x2 2 5)2 36x(x 1 8) 2 (2x2 2 5)4
1
5 (2x 2 3)22 1 10 5
(x 1 8)4
2(2x2 2 5)2 (4x2 1 48x 1 5)
5
(x 1 8)3

23x4 In (1),
f. f(x) 5
"4x 2 8 4a 2 8a 5 16
23x4 24a 5 16
5 1
a 5 24
(4x 2 8)2
1
Using (1),
(4x 2 8)2 (212x3 ) b 5 28(24) 5 32
A(4x 2 8)2 B 2
f r(x) 5 1
a 5 24, b 5 32, c 5 0, f(x) 5 24x2 1 32x
30. a. A(t) 5 2t3 1 5t 1 750
(23x4 )a b (4x 2 8) 2 2 (4)
1 1
2 Ar(t) 5 23t2 1 5
A(4x 2 8)2 B 2
2 1 b. Ar(5) 5 23(25) 1 5
5 270
26x3 (4x 2 8)22 32(4x 2 8) 2 x4
1
5 At 5 h, the number of ants living in the colony is

4x 2 8 decreasing by 7000 ants> h.
26x3 (7x 2 16) c. A(0) 5 750, so there were 750 (100) or
5 3
(4x 2 8)2 75 000 ants living in the colony before it was
23x3 (7x 2 16) treated with insecticide.
5 3
(4x 2 8)2 d. Determine t so that A(t) 5 0. 2t3 1 5t 1 750
cannot easily be factored, so find the zeros by using
g. g(x) 5 a b
2x 1 5 4
6 2 x2 a graphing calculator.
b
2x 1 5 3
gr(x) 5 4a
6 2 x2
3a b
(6 2 x2 )(2) 2 (2x 1 5)(22x)
(6 2 x2 )2
b a b
2x 1 5 3 2(6 1 x2 1 5x)
5 4a
6 2 x2 (6 2 x2 )2 All of the ants have been killed after about 9.27 h.
b a b
2x 1 5 3 (x 1 2)(x 1 3)
5 8a
6 2 x2 (6 2 x2 )2 Chapter 2 Test, p. 114
h. y 5 c 2 3d
3
1 1. You need to use the chain rule when the derivative
(4x 1 x ) for a given function cannot be found using the sum,
5 (4x 1 x2 )29 difference, product, or quotient rules or when writing
dy the function in a form that would allow the use of
5 29(4x 1 x2 )210 (4 1 2x) these rules is tedious. The chain rule is used when
dx
29. f(x) 5 ax2 1 bx 1 c, a given function is a composition of two or more
It is given that (0, 0) and (8, 0) are on the curve, functions.
and f r(2) 5 16. 2. f is the blue graph (it's a cubic). f' is the red graph
Calculate f r(x) 5 2ax 1 b. (it is quadratic). The derivative of a polynomial
Then, function has degree one less than the derivative of
16 5 2a(2) 1 b the function. Since the red graph is a quadratic
4a 1 b 5 16 (1) (degree 2) and the blue graph is cubic (degree 3),
Since (0, 0) is on the curve, the blue graph is f and the red graph is f r.
0 5 a(0)2 1 b(0) 1 c f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
3. f(x) 5 lim
c50 hS0 h
Since (8, 0) is on the curve, x 1 h 2 (x 1 h)2 2 (x 2 x2 )
5 lim
0 5 a(8)2 1 b(8) 1 c hS0 h
0 5 64a 1 8b 1 0 x 1 h 2 (x2 1 2hx 1 h2 ) 2 x 1 x2
5 lim
8a 1 b 5 0 (2) hS0 h
Solve (1) and (2): h 2 2hx 2 h2
From (2), b 5 28a (1) 5 lim
hS0 h

h(1 2 2x 2 h) 6. y 5 3u2 1 2u
5 lim
hS0 h dy
5 6u 1 2
5 lim (1 2 2x 2 h) du
u 5 "x2 1 5
hS0
5 1 2 2x
d du 1 1
Therefore, (x 2 x2 ) 5 1 2 2x. 5 (x2 1 5)22 2x

dx dy 2
b
1 dy x
5 (6u 1 2)a
4. a. y 5 x3 2 3x25 1 4p
3 dx "x 1 5
2
dy At x 5 22, u 5 3.
5 x2 1 15x26
dx
5 (20)a2 b
b. y 5 6(2x 2 9)5 dy 2
dy dx 3
5 30(2x 2 9)4 (2) 40
dx 52
5 60(2x 2 9)4 3
2 x 3
7. y 5 (3x22 2 2x3 )5
c. y 5 1 1 6"
"x "3
x dy
5 5(3x22 2 2x3 )4 (26x23 2 6x2 )
1 1 1
dx
5 2x22 1 x 1 6x3
"3
At (1, 1),
dy
dy 3 1 2 5 5(1)4 (26 2 6)
5 2x22 1 1 2x23
"3
dx
dx
5 260.
d. y 5 a b
x2 1 6 5
3x 1 4 Equation of tangent line at (1, 1) is y 2 1 5 60(x 2 1)
b
dy x2 1 6 4 2x(3x 1 4) 2 (x2 1 6)3 y 2 1 5 260x 1 60
5 5a
dx 3x 1 4 (3x 1 4)2 60x 1 y 2 61 5 0.
5(x2 1 6)4 (3x2 1 8x 2 18)
5 1
(3x 1 4)6 8. P(t) 5 (t 4 1 3)3
e. y 5 x2 "3
6x2 2 7 Pr(t) 5 3(t 4 1 3)2 a t24 b
1 1 3
dy 1 1 2
4
5 2x(6x2 2 7)3 1 x2 (6x2 2 7)23 (12x)
Pr(16) 5 3(16 4 1 3)2 a 3 1624 b
dx 3 1 1 3
2
5 2x(6x2 2 7)23 ( (6x2 2 7) 1 2x2 ) 4
5 3(2 1 3)2 a 3 b
2
5 2x(6x2 2 7)23 (8x2 2 7) 1 1
4x5 2 5x4 1 6x 2 2 4 8
f. y 5 75
x4 5
5 4x 2 5 1 6x23 2 2x24 32
dy The amount of pollution is increasing at a rate of
5 4 2 18x24 1 8x25 75
dx 32 ppm>year.
4x5 2 18x 1 8 9. y 5 x4
5
x5 dy
5 4x3
5. y 5 (x2 1 3x 2 2)(7 2 3x) dx
dy 1
5 (2x 1 3)(7 2 3x) 1 (x2 1 3x 2 2)(23) 2 5 4x3
dx 16
At (1, 8),
dy
Normal line has a slope of 16. Therefore,
5 (5)(4) 1 (2)(23) dy 1
dx 52 .
dx 16
5 14.
1
The slope of the tangent to x3 5 2
y 5 (x2 1 3x 2 2)(7 2 3x) at (1, 8) is 14. 64

1 11. y 5 x2 1 ax 1 b
x52
4 dy
5 2x 1 a
1 dx
y5
256 y 5 x3
Therefore, y 5 x4 has a normal line with a slope of dy
5 3x2
16 at Q 2 14, 256
1
R. dx
10. y 5 x3 2 x2 2 x 1 1 Since the parabola and cubic function are tangent at
dy (1, 1), then 2x 1 a 5 3x2.
5 3x2 2 2x 2 1 At (1, 1) 2(1) 1 a 5 3(1)2
dx
dy a 5 1.
For a horizontal tangent line, dx 5 0.
Since (1, 1) is on the graph of
3x2 2 2x 2 1 5 0
y 5 x2 1 x 1 b, 1 5 12 1 1 1 b
(3x 1 1)(x 2 1) 5 0
b 5 21.
1
x52 or x51 The required values are 1 and 21 for a and b,
3 respectively.
1 1 1
y52 2 1 11 y51212111
27 9 3
50
21 2 3 1 9 1 27
5
27
32
5
27
The required points are Q 2 13, 32
27 ), (1, 0 R .

CHAPTER 2
Derivatives
b. slope 5
2 12
pp. 62–63
52
1. a. a5 3 a3 5 a513 21
5 a8 c. slope 5 5
b. A22a2 B 3 5 (22)3 Aa2 B 3
3
5 28Aa233 B
3
52
5
5 28a6
21
4p 3 6p9
7
24p719 d. slope 5
c. 5 21
12p15 12p15
51
5 2p16215
24 2 (22)
4 25 26 22 23 2 9
5 a22b27 22
5
1 212
5 2 7 1
ab 5
5 (3)A24 BAe6 B Ae334 B
y 1 4 5 16 (x 1 3) or x 2 6y 2 21 5 0.
A3a B C2a (2b)3 D
24 3
(3)(2)A21B 3 Aa2413 B Ab3 B
12a5b2 12a5b2 y 1 5 5 32 (x 1 2) or 3x 2 2y 2 4 5 0.
26Aa 2125
5
12 21
21Aa B AbB
5 4
b 5. a. (x 2 3y)(2x 1 y) 5 2x2 1 xy 2 6xy 2 3y2
52 6
2a 5 2x2 2 5xy 2 3y2
2. a. Ax2 B Ax3 B 5 x2 1 3
1 2 1 2
2
b. (x 2 2)(x 2 3x 1 4)
5 x6
7
5 x3 2 3x2 1 4x 2 2x2 1 6x 2 8
b. A8x6 B 3 5 83x63 3 5 x3 2 5x2 1 10x 2 8
2 2 2
5 4x4 c. (6x 2 3)(2x 1 7) 5 12x2 1 42x 2 6x 2 21

"a "
1 1
5 12x2 1 36x 2 21
3
a ( a2)( a3)
5 d. 2(x 1 y) 2 5(3x 2 8y) 5 2x 1 2y 2 15x 1 40y
"a
c. 1
a2 5 213x 1 42y
1
5 a3 2
e. (2x 2 3y) 1 (5x 1 y) 2
21 f. 3x(2x 2 y)2 2 x(5x 2 y)(5x 1 y)
a. slope 5 2
5 3x(4x2 2 4xy 1 y2 ) 2 x(25x2 2 y2 )
3 5 12x3 2 12x2y 1 3xy2 2 25x3 1 xy2
3 5 213x3 2 12x2y 1 4xy2
52
2
3x(x 1 2) 5x3 15x4 (x 1 2) b. x2 1 4x 2 32 5 x2 1 8x 2 4x 2 32
6. a. 3 5
x2 2x(x 1 2) 2x3 (x 1 2) 5 x(x 1 8) 2 4(x 1 8)
15 5 (x 2 4)(x 1 8)
5 x423 c. 3a2 2 4a 2 7 5 3a2 2 7a 1 3a 2 7
2
15 5 a(3a 2 7) 1 1(3a 2 7)
5 x 5 (a 1 1)(3a 2 7)
2
d. x4 2 1 5 (x2 1 1)(x2 2 1)
x 2 0, 22
5 (x2 1 1)(x 1 1)(x 2 1)
y (y 2 5)2
b. 3 e. x 2 y 5 (x 2 y)(x2 1 xy 1 y2 )
3 3
(y 1 2)(y 2 5) 4y3
f. r4 2 5r 2 1 4 5 r4 2 4r 2 2 r 2 1 4
y(y 2 5)(y 2 5)
5 3 5 r 2 (r 2 2 4) 2 1(r 2 2 4)
4y (y 1 2)(y 2 5) 5 (r2 2 1)(r2 2 4)
y25 5 (r 1 1)(r 2 1)(r 1 2)(r 2 2)
5 2
y 2 22, 0, 5 50
c. 4 5 3
5
9(h 1 k) a2 1 ab 1 b2
8 a 2 bq a3 1 0a2 1 0a 2 b3
5
9 a3 2 a2b
h 2 2k
a2b 1 0a 2 b3
(x 1 y)(x 2 y) (x 1 y)3
d. 4 a2b 2 ab2
5(x 2 y) 10
ab2 2 b3
(x 1 y)(x 2 y) 10
5 3 ab2 2 b3
5(x 2 y) (x 1 y)3
0
10(x 1 y)(x 2 y)
5
5(x 2 y)(x 1 y)3 So a3 2 b3 5 (a 2 b)(a2 1 ab 1 b2 ).
(x 1 y)2
2x x21 2x(x 2 1) 2x(x 2 1)
x2 2 7x 2 x 1 7 1 10x2 5 (a 2 b)(a6 1 a5b 1 a4b2 1 a3b3
5 1 a2b4 1 ab5 1 b6 ).
2x(x 2 1)
2x(x 2 1)
1 a2bn23 1 abn22 1 bn21 ).
x 2 0, 1
9. a. f(2) 5 22(24 ) 1 3(22 ) 1 7 2 2(2)
x11 x12
f. 2 5 232 1 12 1 7 2 4
x22 x13 5 217
(x 1 1)(x 1 3) (x 1 2)(x 2 2) b. f(21) 5 22(21)4 1 3(21)2 1 7 2 2(21)
5 2
(x 2 2)(x 1 3) (x 1 3)(x 2 2) 5 22 1 3 1 7 1 2
x2 1 x 1 3x 1 3 2 x2 1 4 5 10
5
(x 1 3)(x 2 2)
c. f a b 5 22a b 1 3a b 1 7 2 2a b
1 1 4 1 2 1
4x 1 7 2 2 2 2
5
(x 1 3)(x 2 2) 1 3
x 2 23, 2 52 1 1721
8 4
7. a. 4k2 2 9 5 (2k 1 3)(2k 2 3) 53
5
8
3h2 1 10h
d. f(20.25) 5 f a2 b
1
5
4 h
5 3h 1 10
5 2a2 b 1 3a2 b 1 7 2 2a2 b
1 4 1 2 1
52 1 171 b. For h 5 0.01: 3(0.01) 1 10 5 10.03
128 16 2
128
8 7.68
!2 ( !2)( !2)
10. a. 5
5
!3 ( !3)(!3)
4!3 2 !6
3
2 1 3 !2 (2 1 3 !2)(3 1 4 !2)
3 2 4 !2 (3 2 4 !2)(3 1 4 !2)
c. 5
5

9 2 16(2)
30 1 17!2
23
(3 !2 2 4 !3)(3!2 2 4 !3)
5
(3!2 1 4 !3)(3"2 2 4 !3)
d.
(3 !2)2 2 24!6 1 (4!3)2 3.
5
(3!2)2 2 (4!3)2 y y
4 4
9(2) 2 24!6 1 16(3)
5 2 2
9(2) 2 16(3) x x
66 2 24 !6 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
52 –2 –2
30 –4 –4
11 2 4 !6
52
5 4. a. f(x) 5 5x 2 2
11. a. f(x) 5 3x2 2 2x f(a 1 h) 5 5(a 1 h) 2 2
When a 5 2, 5 5a 1 5h 2 2
5
h h 5 5h
3(2 1 h) 2 2(2 1 h) 2 C3(2)2 2 2(2)D
2
b. f(x) 5 x2 1 3x 2 1
5 f(a 1 h) 5 (a 1 h)2 1 3(a 1 h) 2 1
h
3(4 1 4h 1 h2 ) 2 4 2 2h 2 8 5 a2 1 2ah 1 h2 1 3a
5 1 3h 2 1
h
12 1 12h 1 3h2 2 2h 2 12 f(a 1 h) 2 f(a) 5 a2 1 2ah 1 h2 1 3a 1 3h
5 2 1 2 (a2 1 3a 2 1)
h
5 2ah 1 h2 1 3h

c. f(x) 5 x3 2 4x 1 1 f(0 1 h) 2 f(0)
c. f r (0) 5 lim
f(a 1 h) 5 (a 1 h)3 2 4(a 1 h) 1 1 hS0 h
5 a3 1 3a2h 1 3ah2 1 h3 !h 1 1 2 !0 1 1
2 4a 2 4h 1 1 5 lim
hS0 h
!h 1 1 2 1
f(a 1 h) 2 f(a) 5 a3 1 3a2h 1 3ah2 1 h3 2 4a
2 4h 1 1 2 (a3 2 4a 1 1) 5 lim
5 3a2h 1 3ah2 1 h3 2 4h hS0 h
d. f(x) 5 x2 1 x 2 6 ( ! h 1 1 2 1)( ! h 1 1 1 1)
5 lim
f(a 1 h) 5 (a 1 h)2 1 (a 1 h) 2 6 hS0 h( ! h 1 1 1 1)
5 a2 1 2ah 1 h2 1 a 1 h 2 6
f(a 1 h) 2 f(a) 5 a2 1 2ah 1 h2 1 a 1 h 2 6
( "h 1 1) 2 2 1
5 lim
hS0 h( !h 1 1 1 1)
2 (a2 1 a 2 6)
5 2ah 1 h2 1 h h1121
hS0 h( !h 1 1 1 1)
5 lim
e. f(x) 5 27x 1 4
f(a 1 h) 5 27(a 1 h) 1 4 1
5 lim
hS0 ( !h 1 1 1 1)
5 27a 2 7h 1 4
f(a 1 h) 2 f(a) 5 27a 2 7h 1 4 2 (27a 1 4)
5 27h 1
5 lim
hS0 ( !1 1 1)
f. f(x) 5 4 2 2x 2 x2
f(a 1 h) 5 4 2 2(a 1 h) 2 (a 1 h)2 1
5
5 4 2 2a 2 2h 2 a2 2 2ah 2 h2 2
f(a 1 h) 2 f(a) 5 4 2 2a 2 2h 2 a2 2 2ah f(21 1 h) 2 f(21)
2 h2 2 4 1 2a 1 a2 d. f r(21) 5 lim
hS0 h
5 22h 2 h2 2 2ah 5 5
2 21
f(1 1 h) 2 f(1) 5 lim 21 1 h
5. a. f r (1) 5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h
(1 1 h)2 2 12 5
5 lim 21 1 h 1 5
hS0 h 5 lim
hS0 h
1 1 2h 1 h2 2 1
5 lim 5 5(21 1 h)
hS0 h 1 21 1 h
5 lim 21 1 h
2h 1 h2 hS0 h
5 lim
hS0 h 5 2 5 1 5h
5 lim (2 1 h) 5 lim
hS0 h(21 1 h)
hS0
5h
52 5 lim
hS0 h(21 1 h)
f(3 1 h) 2 f(3)
b. f r(3) 5 lim 5
hS0 h 5 lim
hS0 (21 1 h)
5 lim c
(3 1 h)2 1 3(3 1 h) 1 1
5
hS0 h 5
21
d
2
(3 1 3(3) 1 1)
2 5 25
h
f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
9 1 6h 1 h2 1 9 1 3h 1 1 2 19 6. a. f r (x) 5 lim
5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h
25(x 1 h) 2 8 2 (25x 2 8)
9h 1 h2 5 lim
5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h
25x 2 5h 2 8 1 5x 1 8
5 lim (9 1 h) 5 lim
hS0 hS0 h
59

25h A !3x 1 3h 1 2 B 2 2 A !3x 1 2 B 2
5 lim
hA !3x 1 3h 1 2 1 !3x 1 2 B
5 lim
hS0 h hS0
5 lim 25
hS0 3x 1 3h 1 2 2 3x 2 2
hS0 hA !3x 1 3h 1 2 1 !3x 1 2B
5 lim
5 25
f(x 1 h) 2 f(x) 3
b. f r(x) 5 lim
hS0 !3x 1 3h 1 2 1 !3x 1 2
5 lim
hS0 h
5 lim c
2(x 1 h)2 1 4(x 1 h) 3
2 !3x 1 2
hS0 h 5
A2x2 1 4xB
5 f r(x) 5 lim
5 lim c
2x2 1 4xh 1 2h2 1 4x dx hS0 h
hS0 h 6 2 7(x 1 h) 2 (6 2 7x)
5 lim
d
4h 2 2x2 2 4x hS0 h
1
h 6 2 7x 2 7h 2 6 1 7x
5 lim
4xh 1 2h2 1 4h hS0 h
5 lim
hS0 h 27h
5 lim
5 lim (4x 1 2h 1 4) hS0 h
hS0
5 lim 27
5 4x 1 4 hS0
f(x 1 h) 2 f(x) 5 27
c. f r(x) 5 lim
f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
5 lim c
6(x 1 h)3 2 7(x 1 h) dy
5 f r(x) 5 lim
hS0 h dx hS0 h
x1h11 x11
d
(6x3 2 7x) 2x21
2 x1h21
h 5 lim
hS0 h
5 lim c
6x3 1 18x2h 1 18xh2 1 6h3 (x 1 h 1 1)(x 2 1)
hS0 h
5 lim £ (x 1 h 2 1)(x 2 1)
d
27x 2 7h 2 6x3 1 7x hS0 h
1
h (x 1 1)(x 1 h 2 1)
18x2h 1 18xh2 1 6h3 2 7h (x 2 1)(x 1 h 2 1) §
5 lim 2
hS0 h h
5 lim (18x 1 18xh 1 6h2 2 7)
2
x2 1 hx 1 x 2 x 2 h 2 1
hS0
5 lim £
(x 1 h 2 1)(x 2 1)
5 18x2 2 7
hS0 h
f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
d. f r(x) 5 lim
hS0 h x2 1 hx 2 x 1 x 1 h 2 1
!3(x 1 h) 1 2 2 !3x 1 2 (x 1 h 2 1)(x 2 1) §
5 lim 2
hS0 h h
!3x 1 3h 1 2 2 !3x 1 2 22h
5 lim (x 1 h 2 1)(x 2 1)
hS0 h 5 lim
A !3x 1 3h 1 2 2 !3x 1 2 B
hS0 h
5 lim c 22
hS0 h 5 lim
hS0 (x 1 h 2 1)(x 2 1)
A !3x 1 3h 1 2 1 !3x 1 2B
d 2
A !3x 1 3h 1 2 1 !3x 1 2B
3 52
(x 2 1)2

dy f(x 1 h) 2 f(x) 12
5 f r(x) 5 lim
dx hS0 h 10
3(x 1 h)2 2 3x2 8
5 lim
hS0 h 6
3x2 1 6xh 1 3h2 2 3x2 4
5 lim
hS0 h 2
x
6xh 1 3h2
5 lim –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
hS0 h –2
5 lim 6x 1 3h –4
hS0
f(x 1 h) 2 f(x) f r(x) 5 lim
f r(x) 5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h (x 1 h)3 2 x3
2(x 1 h)2 2 4(x 1 h) 2 2x2 1 4x 5 lim
5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h x3 1 3x2h 1 3xh2 1 h3 2 x3
5 lim
5 lim c
2x 1 4xh 1 2h2 2 4x 2 4h
2
hS0 h
hS0 h 3x2h 1 3xh2 1 h3
5 lim
d
2
22x 1 4x
1 hS0 h
h 5 lim 3x2 1 3xh 1 h2
4xh 1 h2 2 4h hS0
5 lim 5 3x2
hS0 h
hS0 f r(22) 5 3(22)2
5 4x 2 4 5 12
f r(0) 5 4(0) 2 4 f r(21) 5 3(21)2
5 24 53
f r(1) 5 4(1) 2 4 f r(0) 5 3(0)2
50 50
f r(2) 5 4(2) 2 4 f r(1) 5 3(1)2
54 53
4 f r(2) 5 3(2)2
3 5 12
2 c. y
1 12
x 10
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–1 8
–2 6
4
2
x
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2

2 !x 1 1
5
s(t 1 h) 2 s(t)
sr(t) 5 lim 32 5 A !x 1 1B 2
hS0 h
95x11
2 (t 1 h)2 1 8(t 1 h) 2 (2t2 1 8t)
5 lim 85x
f(8) 5 !8 1 1
hS0 h
2t2 2 2th 2 h2 1 8t 1 8h 1 t2 2 8t
5 lim
hS0 h 5 !9
22th 2 h2 1 8h 53
hS0 h
5 22t 1 8 dy f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
dx hS0 h
sr(0) 5 22(0) 1 8
c2c
5 8 m>s 5 lim
hS0 h
0
sr(4) 5 22(4) 1 8 5 lim
hS0 h
5 0 m>s
sr(6) 5 22(6) 1 8 b. Let y 5 f(x), then
5 24 m>s dy f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
5 f r(x) 5 lim
11. f r(x) 5 lim (x 1 h) 2 x
hS0 h 5 lim
!x 1 h 1 1 2 !x 1 1
hS0 h
5 lim h
hS0 h 5 lim
hS0 h
A !x 1 h 1 1 2 !x 1 1 B
5 lim c 5 lim 1
hS0
hS0 h
51
A !x 1 h 1 1 1 !x 1 1 B
A !x 1 h 1 1 1 !x 1 1 B
3
dy f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
A !x 1 h 1 1 B 2 2 A !x 1 1 B 2
5 f r(x) 5 lim
dx hS0 h
hS0 hA !x 1 h 1 1 1 !x 1 1 B
5 lim
m(x 1 h) 1 b 2 mx 2 b
5 lim
x1h112x21 hS0 h
hS0 hA !x 1 h 1 1 1 !x 1 1B
5 lim
hS0 h
h
hS0 hA !x 1 h 1 1 1 !x 1 1B
5 lim mh
5 lim
hS0 h
1 5 lim m
A !x 1 h 1 1 1 !x 1 1 B
5 lim hS0
hS0
5m
2 !x 1 1
5
dy f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
5 f r(x) 5 lim
5 lim c
a(x 1 h)2 1 b(x 1 h) 1 c
f r(x) 5 16.
d
(ax2 1 bx 1 c)
2
h

5 lim c
d
2ax2 2 bx 2 c
h
hS0 h
lim2 5 lim2
f r(x) 5 lim
hS0 h 2h2
5 lim2
(x 1 h)3 2 x3 hS0 h
5 lim
hS0 h 5 lim2 (2h)
hS0
x 1 3x2h 1 3xh2 1 h3 2 x3
3
5 lim 50
hS0 h f(0 1 h) 2 f(0) (0 1 h)2 2 A02 B
3x h 1 3xh 1 h3
2 2 lim1 5 lim1
5 lim hS0 h hS0 h
hS0 h h2
5 lim 3x 1 3xh 1 h2
2 5 lim1
hS0 hS0 h
5 3x2
5 lim1 (h)
hS0
50
14. h(t) 5 18t 2 4.9t2
a. hr(t) 5 lim
kS0 k f(a 1 h) 2 f(a)
18(t 1 k) 2 4.9(t 1 k)2 6 5 lim
5 lim hS0 h
kS0 k f(a 1 h) 2 0
A18t 2 4.9t2 B 6 5 lim
hS0 h
2
k f(a 1 h)
18t 1 18k 2 4.9t 2 2 9.8tk 2 4.9k2 3 5 lim
5 lim hS0 2h
kS0 k 18. y
18t 1 4.9t2 6
2
k 4
18k 2 9.8tk 2 4.9k2 2
5 lim x
kS0 k
5 lim (18 2 9.8t 2 4.9k) –1 1 2 3 4 5
–2
kS0
5 18 2 9.8t 2 4.9(0)
f(x) is continuous.
5 18 2 9.8t f(3) 5 2
Then hr(2) 5 18 2 9.8(2) 5 21.6 m>s. But f r(3) 5 `.
hS0 h

5 lim c
Ax 2 4x 2 5B
d
2
h
d
5 lim c
dx
hS0 h
Ax B 5 3x2
d 3
d
1 dx
h
A4x3 B 5 12x2
d
5 lim dx
hS0 h
Ax 1 xB 5 2x 1 1
d 2
hS0 dx
5 2x 1 0 2 4
Ax 2 x2 1 3xB 5 3x2 2 2x 1 3
d 3
dx
dx dx
dx dx
5 4Ax0 B 2 0
2x 2 4 5 2
x53
54
When x 5 3, y 5 (3)2 2 4(3) 2 5 5 28.
d d
20. f(x) 5 x2 dx dx
c. f r(x) 5 A2x2 B 1 (5x) 1 (8)
f(x 1 h) 2 f(x) d d d
f r 5 lim dx dx dx
hS0 h
5 2 Ax2 B 1 5 (x) 1
(x 1 h)2 2 x2 d d d
5 lim (8)
hS0 h dx dx dx
(x 1 h 1 x)(x 1 h 2 x) 5 2 (2x) 1 5 1 0
5 lim 5 22x 1 5
hS0 h
d. f r(x) 5 ("
d 3
h(2x 1 h) x)
5 lim dx
hS0 h
d 1
5 lim (2x 1 h) 5 ( x3 )
hS0 dx
5 2x 1 0 1 1
5 2x 5 ( x(3 21))
3
3
y 2 a2 5 (2a)(x 2 a) 1
y 5 (2a)x 2 a2 5 3 2
e. f r(x) 5 aa b b
d x 4
the tangent: dx 2
5a b Ax B
23 5 (2a)(1) 2 a2 1 4d 4
2
a 2 2a 2 3 5 0 2 dx
(a 2 3)(a 1 1) 5 0
5 A4x3 B
1
a 5 21, 3 16
2x 1 y 1 1 5 0 and y 5 6x 2 9 or 6x 2 y 2 9 5 0. 5
4

A5Ax2 B 4 B
d 23 d
f. f r(x) 5
dx
(x ) e. gr(x) 5
dx
5 (23)( x2321)
5 5 Ax234 B
d
5 23x24 dx
5 5 Ax8 B
d d
3. a. hr(x) 5 ((2x 1 3)(x 1 4))
dx dx
5 5A8x7 B
A2x2 1 8x 1 3x 1 12B
d
5
dx 5 40x7
A2x2 B 1 f. sr(t) 5 a b
d d d d t5 2 3t2
5 (11x) 1 (12)
dx dx dx dt 2t
5 2 Ax2 B 1 11 (x) 1
d d d
5 a b At 4 2 3tB
(12) 1 d
dx dx dx 2 dt
5 2(2x) 1 11(1) 1 0
5 a b a At4 B 2 (3t)b
1 d d
5 4x 1 11
2 dt dt
b. f r(x) 5 A2x3 1 5x2 2 4x 2 3.75B
d
5 a b a At4 B 2 3 (t)b
1 d d
dx
2 dt dt
A5x2 B 2
d d d
5 (2x3 ) 1 (4x)
5 a b A4t 3 2 3(1)B
dx dx dx 1
d 2
2 (3.75)
dx 3
5 2t 3 2
5 2 Ax3 B 1 5 Ax2 B 2 4 (x)
d d d 2
A3x3 B
dx dx dx dy d 5
4. a. 5
d dx dx
2 (3.75)
dx d 5
5 2A3x2 B 1 5(2x) 2 4(1) 2 0 5 3 ( x3)
dx
5 6x2 1 10x 2 4
5 a b3( xA3 21))
5 5
5 At 2 At 2 2 2tB B
ds d
c. 3
dt dt 2
5 5x3
5 At 4 2 2t 3 B
d
a4x22 2 b
dt dy d 1 6
b. 5
dx dx x
5 At 4 B 2 A2t 3 B
d d
5 4 ( x22) 2 6 Ax21 B
dt dt d 1 d
dx dx
5 At B 2 2 At 3 B
d 4 d
b ( x22 21) 2 6(21)Ax2121 B
dt dt 21 1
5 4a
5 4t 3 2 2A3t 2 B 2
3
5 4t 3 2 6t 2 5 22x22 1 6x22
a x 1 x 2 x 1 1b a 3 1 2 2 3b
dy d 1 5 1 3 1 2 dy d 6 2
d. 5 c. 5

d 1 5 d 1 3 d 1 2 d d d d
5 (1) (3)
5 6(23)Ax2321 B 1 2(22)Ax2221 B 2 0
1 d 1 d 1 d
5 dx 3 dx 2 dx 5 218x24 2 4x23
d 218 4
1 (1) 5 4 2 3
dx x x
5 A5x4 B 1 A3x2 B 2 (2x) 1 0
1 1 1
5 3 2
5 x4 1 x2 2 x

dy d 5 2t 2 6(1) 1 0
d.
dx
5
dx
( 9x22 1 3"x ) 5 2t 2 6
x 2 "x
d 3
5 9 Ax22 B 1 3 ( x2)
d d 1
6. a. f r(x) 5
dx
( )
dx dx
Ax B 2 ( x2)
d 3 d 1
5 9(22)Ax2221 B 1 3a b ( x2 21)
1
5
1
2 dx dx
3 1 1
5 3x2 2 ( x2 21)
1
5 218x23 1 x22
2 2
1 1
"x 1 6"x3 1 "2
dy d
e.
dx
5
dx
( ) 5 3x2 2 x22
2
1
"2
d 1 d 3 d 1
5 ( x2) 1 6 ( x2) 1
dx dx dx
( ) so f r(a) 5 f r(4) 5 3(4)2 2 (4)22
2
1 1
5 ( x2 21) 1 6a b ( x2 21) 1 0
1 1 3
5 3(16) 2
3
2 2 2 "4
5 48 2 a b a b
1 1 1 1 1
5 ( x22) 1 9x2
2 2 2
d 1 1 "x 5 47.75
a b
dy
f. 5 d
dx dx x
1
b. f r(x) 5 (
dx
7 2 6"x 1 5x3 ) 2
a b1 a b
d 1 d x2
5 d d 1 d 2
dx x dx x 5 (7) 2 6 ( x2) 1 5 ( x3)
dx dx dx
d 21 d 1
5 (x ) 1 ( x22)
5 0 2 6a b ( x2 21) 1 5a b ( x3 21)
1 1 2 2
dx dx
21 212 21 2 3
5 (21)x2121 1 (x )
5 23x22 1 a b ( x23)
2 1 10 1
1 3 3
5 2x22 2 x22
so f r(a) 5 f r(64) 5 23( 6422) 1 a b ( 6423)
2 1 10 1
5 A22t 2 1 7tB
ds d 3
5. a.
5 23a b 1 a b
dt dt 1 10 1
5 (22)a At2 B b 1 7a (t)b
d d 8 3 4
dt dt 11
5 (22)(2t) 1 7(1) 5
24
5 24t 1 7
A3x4 B
dy d
7. a. 5
5 a18 1 5t 2 t 3 b
ds d 1 dx dx
b.
5 3 Ax4 B
dt dt 3 d
5 (18) 1 5 (t) 2 a b At 3 B
d d 1 d dx
5 12x3
5 0 1 5(1) 2 a b A3t 2 B
1
dy
5 A(t 2 3)2B
ds d 5 12
c.
a b
dt dt dy d 1
b. 5
5 At 2 2 6t 1 9B
d dx dx x25
dt
Ax B
d 5
5
5 At 2 B 2 (6) (t) 1 (9)
d d d dx
dt dt dt 5 5x4

dy dy 21
slope 5 5(21)4 16
c. y 5 2
55 x
a b a b
dy d 2 dy d 16
c. 5 5
dx dx x dx dx x2
5 2 Ax21 B 5 16 Ax22 B
d d
dx dx
5 2(21)x2121 5 16(22)x2221
5 22x22 5 232x23
dy dy
dx
23 (232)
slope 5 22(22)22 232(22) 5 (22)3
5 4.
1 d. y 5 x23 (x21 1 1)
52
2 5 x24 1 x23
5 ("16x3)
dy d dy d 24
d. 5 (x 1 x23 )
dx dx dx dx
5 "16 ( x2)
d 3
5 24x25 2 3x24
dx
4 3
52 52 4
5 4a bx2 21
3 3
x x
1
5 6x 2
dy
dy
a2x 2 b
1
9. a. 5
5 12 dx dx x
8. a. y 5 2x3 1 3x
Ax B
d d 21
5 2 (x) 2
A2x3 1 3xB
dy d dx dx
5
dx dx 5 2(1) 2 (21)x2121
5 2 Ax3 B 1 3 (x)
d d 5 2 1 x22
dy
5 6x2 1 3
6(1)2 1 3 5 9.
a 2 3b
dy d 3 4
b. 5
b. y 5 2"x 1 5 dx dx x2 x
dy d
5 (2"x 1 5) 5 3 Ax22 B 2 4 Ax23 B
d d
dx dx dx dx
d 1 d 5 3(22)x2221 2 4(23)x2321
5 2 ( x2 ) 1 (5)
dx dx 5 12x24 2 6x23
5 2a b ( x2 21) 1 0
1 1
2 dy
21
5 x2
12(21)24 2 6(21)23 5 18.

y 2 7 5 18(x 1 1) or 18x 2 y 1 25 5 0. y 5 3.5(x 2 4) or 7x 2 2y 2 28 5 0.
dy
5 ("3x3)
d d "x 2 2
a 3 b
c. dy
5
"x
dx dx f.
dx dx
5 "3 ( x2)
d 3 1
a b
d x2 2 2
dx 5 1
dx x3
5 "3a bx
3 32 21
d 1 1 1
2 5 ( x2 2 3 2 2x23)
1 dx
3"3x2
5 ( x6) 2 2 Ax23 B
5 d 1 d 1
2
dx dx
5 ( x6 21) 2 2a2 bx23 21 2 0
dy 1 1 1 1

3"3(3)2
1
9 1 256 2 243
2 2 6 3
y 2 9 5 92 (x 2 3) or 9x 2 2y 2 9 5 0. dy
a ax 1 bb
dy d 1 2 1
d. 5 5 4
So the slope is 16 (1)26 1 23 (1)23 5 56.
dx dx x x
ax 1 2 b
d 1
5 y 1 1 5 56 (x 2 1) or 5x 2 6y 2 11 5 0.
Ax B
5 (x) 1
dx dx given point.
5 1 1 (22)x2221 3 4
5 1 2 2x23 y 5 2 2 3 at P(21, 7)
x x
dy
So the slope is 1 2 2(1)23 5 21. 1
y 2 2 5 2 (x 2 1) or x 1 y 2 3 5 0. x 1 18y 2 125 5 0
3
5 (("x 2 2)(3"x 1 8))
dy d 11. y 5 3 5 3x23
1
"x
e.
dx dx
5 (3("x)2 1 8"x 2 6"x 2 16)
d
d dy 4
5 (3x 1 2"x 2 16) 5 2x23

dx dx
d d 1 d 4 1
5 (3x) 1 2 ( x2) 2 (16) x23 5
dx dx dx 16
1 1
5 3(1) 1 2a bx2 21 2 0
1 1 4 5
2 x 3
16
4
5 3 1 x22
1
x3 5 16
3

dy
1
So the slope is 3 1 (4)22 5 3.5.

1 16. y 5 15x5 2 10x, slope is 6
12. y 5 5 x21 : y 5 x3
x dy
5 x4 2 10 5 6
dy 1 dy dx
52 2: 5 3x2
dx x dx x4 5 16
1 x2 5 4 or x2 5 24
Now, 2 2 5 3x2
x x 5 62 non-real
x4 5 2 . and Q2 2, 685 R .
3
13. y 5 x2, 5 2x If x 5 a, y 5 2x2 1 3.
dx
dy dy
5 4a.
a22
4 y
2a2 5 4a2 2 8a
3 2
2a 2 8a 5 0
2 2a(a 2 4) 5 0
1 a 5 0 or a 5 4.
x
Point (2, 3):
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
14. y 5 2x2 1 3x 1 4
y 2 3 5 0. y 2 3 5 16(x 2 2) or
dy
5 22x 1 3 16x 2 y 2 29 5 0.
dy 2a2 1 10
dx a22
5 5 22x 1 3 2a2 1 10 5 4a2 2 8a
x 5 21. 2
2a 2 8a 2 10 5 0
The point is (21, 0). a2 2 4a 2 5 5 0
y (a 2 5)(a 1 1) 5 0
6
a55 a 5 21
3 y 1 7 5 20(x 2 2) y 1 7 5 24(x 2 2)
2 or 20x 2 y 2 47 5 0. or 4x 1 y 2 1 5 0.
1 a
1 2 3 4 a
–1
a(22) 2 4a b 1 21 5 0
a
15. y 5 x3 1 2
4
dy
5 3x2, slope is 12 23a 1 21 5 0
dx
a 5 7.
x2 5 4
x 5 2 or x 5 22
Points are (2, 10) and (22, 26).

19. a. When h 5 200, 22. v(t) 5 Rr(t) 5 210t
d 5 3.53"200 v(2) 5 220
b. d 5 3.53!h 5 3.53h2
1
3 (0, 3)
2
dr 5 3.53a h 2 2 b
1 1
2 1
x
5
3.53 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
–1
2!h
–2
When h 5 200,
3.53 –3
2 !200
dr 5
8 0.12 AAa,23a2 B.
dx
a. d(2) 5 4.9(2)2 5 19.6 m 23a2 2 3
Slope of PA: 5 26a
d(5) 5 4.9(5)2 5 122.5 m a
Dd 122.5 2 19.6 a 5 1 or a 5 21
Dt 522
Thus, dr(4) 5 9.8(4) 5 39.2 m>s. dy
5 3x2 2 12x 1 8
Set d(t) 5 150: When x 5 3,
4.9t2 5 150 dy
5 27 2 36 1 8 5 21
1500 dx
t2 5
Equation will be
t 5 6 "15
10
7 y 1 3 5 21(x 2 3)
y 5 2x.
Since t $ 0, t 5 "15
10
7 2x 5 x3 2 6x2 1 8x
Then, x3 2 6x2 1 9x 5 0
xAx2 2 6x 1 9B 5 0
dra "15b 5 9.8a "15b
10 10
x(x 2 3)2 5 0
7 7
x 5 0 or x 5 3
8 54.2 m>s
21. v(t) 5 sr(t) 5 2t 2 t2
0.5 5 2t 2 t2 y
t2 2 2t 1 0.5 5 0 3
2t2 2 4t 1 1 5 0 2
4 6 "8 1
x
t5
4
–1 0 1 2 3 4
t 8 1.71, 0.29 –11
0.29 min and 1.71 min. –3

25. a. i. f(x) 5 2x 2 5x2 f(5) 5 (5)3 2 8(5)2 1 5(5) 1 3
f r(x) 5 2 2 10x 5 25 2 200 1 25 1 3
Set f r(x) 5 0: 5 247
27 R and (5, 247).
x5
points.
f a b 5 2a b 2 5a b
1 1 1 2
5 5 5 26. "x 1 "y 5 1
!y 5 1 2 !x
5 2
5 5
1 y 5 1 2 2 !x 1 x
5
5 dy 1 1
5 2 ? 2x22 1 1
ii. f(x) 5 4x2 1 2x 2 3 1 21 1 !a
!a !a
But !a 1 !b 5 1
Set f r(x) 5 0:
8x 1 2 5 0
8x 5 22 2 !b 5 !a 2 1.
1 "b b
Åa
"a
x52 .
4
f a2 b 5 4a2 b 1 2a2 b 2 3
1 1 2 1
4 4 4 y 2 1 5 n(x 2 1)
1 2 12 nx 2 y 2 n 1 1 5 0
5 2 2
4 4 4 Let y 5 0, nx 5 n 2 1
13 n21 1
52 x5 512 .
4 n n
iii. f(x) 5 x3 2 8x2 1 5x 1 3 n n
2
3x 2 15x 2 x 1 5 5 0 x 2 1 5 0.
3x(x 2 5) 2 (x 2 5) 5 0 28. a. y
(3x 2 1)(x 2 5) 5 0 9
1 8
x5 ,5
3 7
f a b 5 a b 2 8a b 1 5a b 1 3
1 1 3 1 2 1 6
3 3 3 3 5
1 24 45 81 4
5 2 1 1
27 27 27 27 3
103 2
5
27 1
x
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4

c. h(x) 5 (3x 1 2)(2x 2 7)
f(x) 5 e f '(x) 5 e
x2, if x , 3 2x, if x , 3
x 1 6, if x $ 3 1, if x $ 3 hr(x) 5 (3x 1 2)(2) 1 (3)(2x 2 7)
d. h(x) 5 A5x7 1 1B Ax2 2 2xB
y
hr(x) 5 A5x7 1 1B (2x 2 2) 1 A35x6 BAx2 2 2xB
b.
7
5 45x8 2 80x7 1 2x 2 2
e. s(t) 5 At2 1 1B A3 2 2t2 B
6
5 sr(t) 5 At2 1 1B (24t) 1 (2t)A3 2 2t2 B
4 5 28t3 1 2t
3 x23
2 f. f(x) 5
x13
1 f(x) 5 (x 2 3)(x 1 3)21
x
f r(x) 5 (x 2 3)(21)(x 1 3)22 1 (1)(x 1 3)21
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
–1 5 (x 1 3)22 (2x 1 3 1 x 1 3)
6
5
3x2 2 6, if x , 2"2 or x . "2 (x 1 3)2
f(x) 5 e
6 2 3x2, if 2"2 , x , "2 2. a. y 5 (5x 1 1)3 (x 2 4)
dy
6x, if x , 2"2 or x . "2 5 (5x 1 1)3 (1) 1 3(5x 1 1)2 (5)(x 2 4)
f r(x) 5 e dx
26x, if 2"2 # x # "2 5 (5x 1 1)3 1 15(5x 1 1)2 (x 2 4)
( ) ( ) b. y 5 A3x2 1 4BA3 1 x3 B 5
5 A3x2 1 4B (5)A3 1 x3 B 4 A3x2 B
dy
c. y
3 dx
2
1 (6x)A3 1 x3 B 5
5 15x2 (3x2 1 4)(3 1 x3 )4 1 6x(3 1 x3 )5
1
x
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
–1
x 2 1, if x $ 1 since Zx 2 1 Z 5 x 2 1
f(x) 5 μ
1 2 x, if 0 # x , 1 since Zx 2 1 Z 5 1 2 x
x 1 1, if 21 , x , 0 since Z2x 2 1 Z 5 x 1 1
2x 2 1, if x # 21 since Z2x21 Z 5 2x 2 1
1, if x . 1 c. y 5 A1 2 x2 B 4 (2x 1 6)3
5 4A1 2 x2 B 3 (22x)(2x 1 6)3
dy
f'(x) 5 μ
21, if 0 , x , 1
1, if 21 , x , 0 dx
21, if x , 21 1 A1 2 x2 B 4 3(2x 1 6)2 (2)
5 28xA1 2 x2 B 3 (2x 1 6)3
d. y 5 Ax2 2 9B 4 (2x 2 1)3
5 Ax2 2 9B 4 (3)(2x 2 1)2 (2)
dx
1. a. h(x) 5 x(x 2 4)
1 4Ax2 2 9B 3 (2x)(2x 2 1)3
hr(x) 5 x(1) 1 (1)(x 2 4)
5 6(x2 2 9)4 (2x 2 1)2
5 2x 2 4
1 8x(x2 2 9)3 (2x 2 1)3
b. h(x) 5 x2 (2x 2 1)
hr(x) 5 x2 (2) 1 (2x)(2x 2 1)
5 6x2 2 2x

5 5(21)4 (2)(21)4
g(x) 5 (x 1 1) (x 2 1). 5 xA25x2 2 4B
4. F(x) 5 3b(x)43c(x)4 dy
5 x(50x) 1 (25x2 2 4)(1)
5. a. y 5 (2 1 7x)(x 2 3) At x 5 3,
dy dy
5 (2 1 7x)(1) 1 7(x 2 3) 5 3(150) 1 (25 ? 9 2 4)
dx dx
At x 5 2, 5 450 1 221
dy 5 671
5 (2 1 14) 1 7(21)
5 16 2 7 at (1, 22)
59
5 A3x2 2 5B A3x2 2 2xB
dy
b. y 5 (1 2 2x)(1 1 2x) dx
dy
5 (1 2 2x)(2) 1 (22)(1 1 2x) 1 Ax3 2 5x 1 2B (6x 2 2)
dx when x 5 1,
1 dy
At x 5 , 5 (22)(1) 1 (22)(4)
2 dx
dy 5 22 1 28
5 (0)(2) 2 2(2)
dx 5 210
5 A3 2 2x 2 x2 B A2x 1 1B
dy 10x 1 y 2 8 5 0.
dx 7. a. y 5 2(x 2 29)(x 1 1)
1 (22 2 2x)Ax2 1 x 2 2B dy
5 2(x 2 29)(1) 1 2(1)(x 1 1)
At x 5 22, dx
dy 2x 2 58 1 2x 1 2 5 0
5 (3 1 4 2 4)(24 1 1)
dx 4x 2 56 5 0
1 (22 1 4)(4 2 2 2 2) 4x 5 56
5 (3)(23) 1 (2)(0) x 5 14
d. y 5 x3 (3x 1 7)2 b. y 5 Ax2 1 2x 1 1B Ax2 1 2x 1 1B
dy 5 Ax2 1 2x 1 1B 2
5 3x2 (3x 1 7)2 1 x36(3x 1 7)
dx dy
5 2Ax2 1 2x 1 1B (2x 1 2)
At x 5 22, dx
dy Ax2 1 2x 1 1B (2x 1 2) 5 0
5 12(1)2 1 (28)(6)(1)
dx 2(x 1 1)(x 1 1)(x 1 1) 5 0
5 12 2 48 x 5 21
e. y 5 (2x 1 1)5 (3x 1 2)4, x 5 21 8. a. y 5 (x 1 1)3 (x 1 4)(x 2 3)2
dy dy
5 5(2x 1 1)4 (2)(3x 1 2)4 5 3(x 1 1)2 (x 1 4)(x 2 3)2
dx dx
1 (2x 1 1)54(3x 1 2)3 (3) 1 (x 1 1)3 (1)(x 2 3)2
At x 5 21, 1 (x 1 1)3 (x 1 4)32(x 2 3)4

(1 1 nx)
5 2xA3x2 1 4B 2 A3 2 x3 B 4
dy
dx f r(x) 5 1(1 1 2x)(1 1 3x) c(1 1 nx)
1 x2 32A3x2 1 4B (6x)4 A3 2 x3 B 4 1 (1 1 x)(2)(1 1 3x) c(1 1 nx)
1 x2 A3x2 1 4B 2 34A3 2 x3 B 3 A23x2 B4
1 (1 1 x)(1 1 2x)(3) c(1 1 nx)
1 c 1 (1 1 x)(1 1 2x)(1 1 3x)
9. V(t) 5 75a1 2 b , 0 # t # 24
t 2 c (n)
24 f r(0) 5 1(1)(1)(1) c (1)
75 L 3 60% 5 45 L 1 1(2)(1)(1) c (1)
5 a1 2 b
45 t 2 1 1(1)(3)(1) c (1)
Set
75 24 1 c 1 (1)(1)(1) c (n)
3 t 5112131c1n
Å5
6 512 n(n 1 1)
24 f r(0) 5
2
t5a6
3
12. f(x) 5 ax2 1 bx 1 c
Å5
2 1b (224)
f r(x) 5 2ax 1 b (1)
V(t) 5 75a1 2 b
t 2 f r(x) 5 0 at x 5 21
24 22a 1 b 5 0
V(t) 5 75a1 2 b a1 2 b
24 24 4a 1 2b 1 c 5 19 (2)
Vr(t) 5 75 c a1 2 b a2 b
24 24 a 2 b 1 c 5 28 (3)
1 a2 b a1 2 b d
1 t 4a 1 2b 1 c 5 19
24 24 23a 2 3b 5 227
a1b59
5 (75)(2)a1 2 b a2 b
t 1
24 24 22a 1 b 5 0
Vr(5.4097) 5 24.84 L>h 3a 5 9
hr(x) 5 2(x 1 1)3 Ax2 1 2x 1 1B 2 y
13.
1 (2x)(3)(x 1 1)2 Ax2 1 2x 1 1B 2 3
1 2x(x 1 1)3 2Ax2 1 2x 1 1B (2x 1 2) 2
hr(22) 5 2(21)3 (1)2 1
x
1 2(22)(3)(21)2 (1)2 0
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
1 2(22)(21)3 (2)(1)(22) –1
5 22 2 12 2 16 a. x 5 1 or x 5 21
5 230 b. f r(x) 5 2x, x , 21 or x . 1
11. f r(x) 5 22x, 21 , x , 1
1 g1 (x)g2r(x)g3 (x) c gn21 (x)gn (x) 4
2
–2
–4
–6

c. f r(22) 5 2(22) 5 24 h(h 1 2x 2 5)
5 lim
f r(0) 5 22(0) 5 0
˛
hS0 h
f r(3) 5 2(3) 5 6 5 2x 2 5
14. y 5 2 2 1
x the tangents.
dy 32
52 3 x
Slope of Tangent
dx x f 9(x)
32
2 3 54 1 23
x
2 21
4x3 5 232
x3 5 28 3 1
x 5 22 4 3
16
y5 21 5 5
4
53 c. y
4x 2 y 1 11 5 0 2
x
y 5 4x 1 11
–2 0 2 4 6
Substitute, –2
16 –4
4x 1 11 5 2 2 1
x –6
4x3 1 11x2 5 16 2 x2 or 4x3 1 12x2 2 16 5 0.
RS 5 4(22)3 1 12(22)2 2 16 (6(x 1 h) 1 15) 2 (6x 1 15)
50 2. a. f r(x) 5 lim ˛
hS0 h
a solution. 5 lim
hS0 h
When x 5 22, y 5 4(22) 1 11 5 3.
5 lim 6
A2(x 1 h)2 2 4B 2 A2x2 2 4B
hS0 h
1. a. y (x 1 h) 2 2 x2
5 lim2
6 hS0 h
4 ((x 1 h) 2 x)((x 1 h) 1 x)
5 lim2
2 hS0 h
x h(2x 1 h)
–2 0 2 4 6 5 lim2
–2 hS0 h
–4 5 lim2(2x 1 h)
hS0
–6 5 4x
5 5
2x15
((x 1 h)2 2 5(x 1 h)) 2 (x2 2 5x) (x 1 h) 1 5
hS0
˛
h hS0 h
x2 1 2hx 1 h2 2 5x 2 5h 2 x2 1 5x 5(x 1 5) 2 5((x 1 h) 1 5)
5 lim 5 lim
hS0
˛
h hS0 ((x 1 h) 1 5)(x 1 5)h

h2 1 2hx 2 5h 25h
5 lim 5 lim
h S 0 ((x 1 h) 1 5) (x 1 5)h
˛
hS0 h
25 dy
5 lim d. 5 5 2 6x23
h S 0 ((x 1 h) 1 5) (x 1 5) dx
25 6
5 552 3
(x 1 5) 2 x
!(x 1 h) 2 2 2 !x 2 2 dy
d. f r(x) 5 lim e. 5 2(11t 1 1)(11)
hS0 h dt
!(x 1 h) 2 2 2 !x 2 2 5 242t 1 22
5 lim c 1
hS0 h f. y 5 1 2
!(x 1 h) 2 2 1 !x 2 2
x
d 5 1 2 x21
!(x 1 h) 2 2 1 !x 2 2
3
dy
5 x22
((x 1 h) 2 2) 2 (x 2 2) dx
hS0 hA !(x 1 h) 2 2 1 !x 2 2B
5 lim
1
5 2
h x
hS0 hA !(x 1 h) 2 2 1 !x 2 2B
5 lim 5. f r(x) 5 8x3
8x3 5 1
1
hS0 !(x 1 h) 2 2 1 !x 2 2
5 lim 1
x3 5
8
1
2 !x 2 2
5 1
x5
2
3. a. yr 5 2x 2 4
f a b 5 2a b
When x 5 1, 1 1 4
yr 5 2(1) 2 4 2 2
5 22. 1
5
When x 5 1, 8
5 0.
y 2 5 1ax 2 b, or y 5 x 2
1 1 3
y 2 0 5 22(x 2 1), or y 5 22x 1 2
6. a. f r(x) 5 8x 2 7
b. y b. f r(x) 5 26x2 1 8x 1 5
6
c. f(x) 5 5x22 2 3x23
4 f r(x) 5 210x23 1 9x24
2 10 9
x 52 3 1 4
–4 –2 0 2 4 6 x x
–2 1
d. f(x) 5 x2 1 x3
1
–4 1 1 1 2
–6 f r(x) 5 x22 1 x23
2 3
1 1
dy 5 12 1 23
4. a. 5 24x3 2x 3x
1
dx e. f(x) 5 7x22 2 3x2
dy 1 3 1
b. 5 5x22 f r(x) 5 214x23 2 x22
dx 2
5 14 3
!x
5 5 2 3 2 12
x 2x
c. gr(x) 5 26x24 f. f r(x) 5 4x22 1 5
6 4
52 4 5 215
x x

7. a. yr 5 26x 1 6 5 224t2 2 28t 1 6t 1 7 2 12t2 2 28t 1 32
When x 5 1, 5 236t2 2 50t 1 39
yr 5 26(1) 1 6
A3x2 1 4x 2 6B (2x2 2 9)
dy d
5 0. c. 5
dx dx
When x 5 1,
1 A3x2 1 4x 2 6B A2x2 2 9B
d
y 5 23A12 B 1 6(1) 1 4 dx
5 7. 5 (6x 1 4)A2x2 2 9B 1 A3x2 1 4x 2 6B (4x)
y 2 7 5 0(x 2 1), or 1 16x2 2 24x
y57 5 24x3 1 24x2 2 78x 2 36
1
b. y 5 3 2 2x2
A3 2 2x3 B 2 A3 2 2x3 B
1 dy d
yr 5 2x22 d. 5
dx dx
21
!x 1 A3 2 2x3 B 2 A3 2 2x3 B
5 d
dx
When x 5 9,
5 c A3 2 2x3 B A3 2 2x3 B
21 d
!9
yr 5 dx
1 A3 2 2x3 B A3 2 2x3 B d A3 2 2x3 B

1 d
52 . dx
3
When x 5 9, 1 A3 2 2x3 B 2 A26x2 B
y 5 3 2 2 !9 5 S 2A26x2 B A3 2 2x3 B T A3 2 2x3 B
5 23. 1 A3 2 2x3 B 2 A26x2 B
1 1 5 A3 2 2x3 B 2 A218x2 B
y 2 (23) 5 2 (x 2 9), or y 5 2 x
3 3 5 A9 2 12x3 1 4x6 BA218x2 B
c. f r(x) 5 28x3 1 12x2 2 4x 2 8 5 2162x2 1 216x5 2 72x8
9. yr 5 A5x2 1 9x 2 2B A2x2 1 2x 1 3B
f r(3) 5 28(3)3 1 12(3)2 2 4(3) 2 8 d
5 2216 1 108 2 12 2 8 dx
1 A5x2 1 9x 2 2B A2x2 1 2x 1 3B
5 2218 d
f(3) 5 22(3)4 1 4(3)3 2 2(3)2 2 8(3) 1 9 dx
5 2162 1 108 2 18 2 24 1 9 5 (10x 1 9)A2x2 1 2x 1 3B
5 287 1 A5x2 1 9x 2 2B (2 2 2x)
y 2 (287) 5 2128(x 2 3), or 1 (5(1)2 1 9(1) 2 2)(2 2 2(1))
y 5 2128x 1 297 5 (19)(4)
5 76
8. a. f r(x) 5 A4x2 2 9xB A3x2 1 5B
d
y 2 48 5 76(x 2 1), or 76x 2 y 2 28 5 0
1 A4x2 2 9xB A3x2 1 5B
d
dx dy d
10. 5 2 (x 2 1)(5 2 x)
5 (8x 2 9)A3x2 1 5B 1 A4x2 2 9xB (6x) dx dx
5 24x3 2 27x2 1 40x 2 45 d
1 2(x 2 1) (5 2 x)
1 24x3 2 54x2 dx
5 48x3 2 81x2 1 40x 2 45 5 2(5 2 x) 2 2(x 2 1)
5 12 2 4x
b. f r(t) 5 A23t2 2 7t 1 8B (4t 2 1)
d
dy
12 2 4x 5 0
1 A23t2 2 7t 1 8B (4t 2 1)
d
dt 12 5 4x
5 (26t 2 7)(4t 2 1) x53
1 A23t2 2 7t 1 8B (4)

When x 5 3,
500a1 2 90 2 1 1 90 b
t1h t
y 5 2((3) 2 1)(5 2 (3))
5 8. 5 lim
hS0 h
a1 2 90 1 1 2 90 b
t1h t
5 lim c
dy (5(x 1 h)2 2 8(x 1 h) 1 4)
11.
dx hS0 h 3
A5x2 2 8x 1 4B
h
2 d 500a2 b a2 2
h 2t 1 h
b
h 90 90
5(x 1 h)2 2 5x2 2 8h 5 lim
5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h
a2 2 b
500 2t 1 h
5((x 1 h) 2 x)((x 1 h) 1 x) 2 8h 5 lim 2
5 lim hS0 90 90
hS0 h
a2 2 b
250 2t
5h(2x 1 h) 2 8h 5
5 lim 9 90
hS0 h
2900 1 10t
5 lim (5(2x 1 h) 2 8) 5
hS0 81
5 10x 2 8 Then,
12. V(t) 5 500a1 2 b . 0 # t # 90
t 2 2900 1 10(30)
Vr(30) 5
90 81
52 L>min
V(60) 5 500 Q 1 2 6090 R
2
27
4
b
30 2 13. V(r) 5 pr3
5 500a 3
90
4 4
a. V(10) 5 p(10)3 V(15) 5 p(15)3
5 500a b
1 2
3 3
3 4 4
500 5 p(1000) 5 p(3375)
5 L 3 3
9 4000
b. V(0) 5 500(1 2 0)2 5 500 L 5 p 5 4500p
3
V(60) 5 L
500 Dr 15 2 10
DV 2 500 500p Q 9 2 83 R
5 9
Dt 60 2 0 5
28 5
(500)
5 9
5 100pa b
19
60
200 3
p cm3>cm
52 L>min 1900
27 5
3
V(t 1 h) 2 V(t)
hS0 h Vr(r) 5 lim
hS0 h
500a1 2 90 b 2 500a21 1 90 b
2 2
h)3 2 r34
t1h t 4
p3(r 1
5 lim 3
5 lim hS0 h
h
Q 3r2h 1 3rh2 1 h3 2 r3 R
hS0 4 3
3 p r 1
5 lim
hS0 h
3 p Q 3r h 1 3rh 1 h R
4 2 2 3
5 lim
hS0 h
4 Cr(5) Cr(50) Cr(100)
hS0 3 100 100 100
52 2 52 2 52
(5) (50) (100)2
5 pA3r2 1 3r(0) 1 (0)2 B
4
3 100 100 1
52 52 52
5 4pr2 25 2500 100
Then, Vr(8) 5 4p(8)2 5 24 5 20.04 5 20.01
we get xaxb 5 xa1b
and if x9x26 5 x3
f(x) 5 2x3 1 3x2 1 6x 1 2, Also,
x2a13b Ax2 B 3 5 x6
x
xa
y 5 x2a13b2 (a2b) 5 xa14b xb
Then, For example,
yr 5 (a 1 4b)a14b21 x5
5 x2
16. a. f(x) 5 26x3 1 4x 2 5x2 1 10 x3
f r(x) 5 218x2 1 4 2 10x 2.
and Simplify,
x2 1 3x
f(x) 5 x 1 3 f r(x) 5 1
x
17. a. P(t) 5 100 1 120t 1 10t2 1 2t3 5
3x3 1
P(t) 5 100 1 120t 1 10t2 1 2t3 gr(x) 5 2x23

2
g(x) 5 ,x20 g(x) 5 3x3
x
P(0) 5 100 1 120(0) 1 10(0)2 1 2(0)3
1
10x5
,
h(x) 5
1 25
x hr(x) 5
21 26
x
x20
P(5) 5 100 1 120(5) 1 10(5)2 1 2(5)3 8x3 1 6x
2x y 5 4x2 1 3 5 8x
dx
c. Pr(t) 5 120 1 20t 1 6t2 x20
Pr(5) 5 120 1 20(5) 1 6(5)2 s5 ,t23 s5t13 51
t23 dt
5 370 bacteria> h
100
18. C(t) 5 ,t.2
t
100
Then, Cr(t) 5 2100t22 5 2 2 .
t

x15
dx (x 1 5)2
example At x 5 23:
f(x) dy (2)(3) 2 (27)(1)
h(x) 5
A2B 2
g(x) 5
dx
h(x) 5 f(x)(g(x))21, 5
4
x 19
Ax2 1 9B A3x2 B 2 Ax3 B (2x)
hr(x).
dy
Ax2 1 9B 2
(x 1 1)(1) 2 x(1) At x 5 1:
Ax 1 1B 2
4. a. hr(x) 5 dy (10)(3) 2 (1)(2)
A10B 2
5
1 dx
Ax 1 1B 2
5 28
5
(t 1 5)(2) 2 (2t 2 3)(1) 100
At 1 5B 2
b. hr(t) 5 7
5
13 25
At 1 5B 2
5 x2 2 25
c. y 5 2 ,x52
A2x2 2 1B A3x2 B 2 x3 A4xB x 1 25
2xAx2 1 25B 2 Ax2 2 25B (2x)
A2x2 2 1B 2
c. hr(x) 5 dy
Ax2 1 25B 2
5
2x 2 3x2
4 dx
A2x2 2 1B 2
5 At x 5 2:
Ax2 1 3B (0) 2 1(2x)
dy 4(29) 2 (221)(4)
A29B 2
5
Ax2 1 3B 2
d. hr(x) 5 dx
116 1 84
22x 5
Ax 1 3B 2
5 2 292
200
x(3x 1 5) 3x2 1 5x 5
A1 2 x B
e. y 5 2 5 841
1 2 x2
(6x 1 5)A1 2 x2 B 2 A3x2 1 5xB (22x)
(x 1 1)(x 1 2)
dy d. y 5 ,x54
A1 2 x2 B 2
5 (x 2 1)(x 2 2)
dx
x2 1 3x 1 2
6x 1 5 2 6x3 2 5x2 1 6x3 1 10x2 5 2
A1 2 x2 B 2
5 x 2 3x 1 2
dy (2x 1 3)Ax2 2 3x 1 2B
5x2 1 6x 1 5
Ax 2 1B 2 Ax 2 2B 2
5
A1 2 x2 B 2
5 dx
Ax2 1 3x 1 2B (2x 2 3)
Ax2 1 3B A2x 2 1B 2 Ax2 2 x 1 1B (2x)
Ax 2 1B 2 Ax 2 2B 2
dy 2
Ax2 1 3B 2
f. 5
dx
At x 5 4:
2x3 1 6x 2 x2 2 3 2 2x3 1 2x2 2 2x
(11)(6) 2 (30)(5)
Ax2 1 3B 2
5 dy
5
dx (9)(4)
x2 1 4x 2 3 84
Ax2 1 3B 2
5 52
36
7
52
3

x3 2(8)2
6. y 5 y5
x2 2 6 4
dy 3x2 Ax2 2 6B 2 x3 A2xB 5 32
Ax2 2 6B 2
5
At (3, 9): (0, 0) and (8, 32).
dy 3(9)(3) 2 (27)(6) x2 2 1
b. y 5 2
A3B 2
5
dx x 1x22
5 9 2 18 (x 2 1)(x 1 1)
5
5 29 (x 1 2)(x 2 1)
3x 5 ,x21
7. y 5 x12
x24 dy (x 1 2) 2 (x 1 1)
Ax 1 2B 2
dy 3(x 2 4) 2 3x 12 5
dx
Ax 2 4B Ax 2 4B 2
5 2 52
dx 1
Ax 1 2B 2
12
12 12 dy
(x 2 4)
b
4t
10. p(t) 5 1000a1 1 2
5x 1 2 t 1 50
8. f(x) 5
b
x12 4At 2 1 50B 2 4t(2t)
At 2 1 50B 2
pr(t) 5 1000a
(x 1 2)(5) 2 (5x 1 2)(1)
Ax 1 2B 2
f r(x) 5
1000A200 2 4t 2 B
At 2 1 50B 2
8 5
Ax 1 2B 2
f r(x) 5
1000(196)
A51B 2
5 75.36
8 1000(184)
A54B 2
(x 1 2)2 pr(2) 5 5 63.10
5x 1 2
2x2 x2 2 1
9. a. y 5 ,x24 11. y 5
x24 3x
dy (x 2 4)(4x) 2 A2x2 B (1) 1 1
5 x 2 x21
Ax 2 4B 2
5
dx 3 3
4x 2 16x 2 2x2
2
dy 1 1 22
5 5 1 x
(x 2 4)2 dx 3 3
2
2x 2 16x 1 1
5 5 1 2
(x 2 4)2 3 3x
2x(x 2 8) At x 5 2:
A2B 2 2 1
5
(x 2 4)2
dy y5
when x 5 0 or 8. At x 5 0: 1
5
0 2
y5 and
24
50 dy 1 1
5 1
At x 5 8: dx 3 3A2B 2

1 1 ax 1 b
5 1 14. f(x) 5
3 12 (x 2 1)(x 2 4)
5 (x 2 1)(x 2 4)(a)
Ax 2 1B 2 Ax 2 4B 2
5 f r(x) 5
12
(ax 1 b) 3(x 2 1)(x 2 4)4
1 5 dx
y 2 5 (x 2 2), or 5x 2 12y 2 4 5 0.
Ax 2 1B 2 Ax 2 4B 2
2
2 12
10(6 2 t) (x 2 1)(x 2 4)(a)
12. a. s(t) 5 , 0 # t # 6, t 5 0,
Ax 2 1B 2 Ax 2 4B 2
5
t13
s(0) 5 20 (ax 1 b)3(x 2 1) 1 (x 2 4)4
Ax 2 1B 2 Ax 2 4B 2
b. v(t) 5 sr(t) 5 10 c d
(t 1 3)(21) 2 (6 2 t)(1) 2
(x 2 5x 1 4)(a) 2 (ax 1 b)(2x 2 5)
At 1 3B 2
5
(x 2 1)2 (x 2 4)2
290 2
2ax 2 2bx 1 4a 1 5b
At 1 3B 2
v(t) 5 5
(x 2 1)2 (x 2 4)2
10(6 2 t) 2a 1 b
5 0, t 5 6. 5
t13 (1)(22)
290 10 2 5 2a 1 b
v(6) 5 2 5 2
9 9 b 5 2 2 2a
13. a. i. t 5 0 0 5 f r(2)
1 1 2(0) 2aA2B 2 2 2b(2) 1 4a 1 5b
r(0) 5
A1B 2 A22B 2
110 5
5 1 cm b50
1 1 2t 0 5 2 2 2a
ii. 5 1.5
11t a51
1 1 2t 5 1.5(1 1 t) So we get
1 1 2t 5 1.5 1 1.5t x
f(x) 5
0.5t 5 0.5 (x 2 1)(x 2 4)
A1 1 tB 2
iii. rr(t) 5
y 2 (21) 5 0(x 2 2), or y 5 21
A1 1 tB 2
5
tangent line:
1 x
f (x) =
(x – 1) (x –4)
A1 1 tB 2
5
y
1 8
A1 1 1B 2
rr(1.5) 5
6
1 4
5
4 2
5 0.25 cm> s x
–2 y =–1
–4
–6
equals 2 cm.
A2t 2 1 7B 2
15. cr(t) 5
10t 2 1 35 2 20t 2
5
A2t 2 1 7B 2 1. f(x) 5 !x, g(x) 5 x2 2 1
210t 2 1 35 a. f(g(1)) 5 f(1 2 1)
A2t 2 1 7B 2
5 5 f(0)
50
b. g(f(1)) 5 g(1)
210t 2 1 35
50 50
(2t 2 1 7)2 c. g(f(0)) 5 g(0)
210t 2 1 35 5 0 5021
10t 2 5 35 5 21
t 2 5 3.5 d. f(g(24)) 5 f(16 2 1)
t 5 6"3.5 5 f(15)
t 8 61.87 5 !15
At 2 1 8B (1) 2 t(2t) (f + g)(x) 5 f(g(x))
At 2 1 8B 2
sr(t) 5
5 f A !xB
t 1 8 2 2t 2
2
5 5 A !xB 2
(t 2 1 8)2
5x
Domain 5 5x $ 06
2t 2 1 8
5 2
(t 1 8)2 (g + f)(x) 5 g(f(x))
5 gAx2 B
2t 2 1 8
At 2 1 8B 2
50 5 "x2
2t 2 1 8 5 0 5 Zx Z
b. f(x) 5 , g(x) 5 x2 1 1
ax 1 b d 5 f Ax2 1 1B
17. f(x) 5 ,x22 1
cx 1 d c 5 2
(cx 1 d)(a) 2 (ax 1 b)(c) x 11
f r(x) 5
ad 2 bc (g + f)(x) 5 g(f(x))
Acx 1 dB 2
f r(x) 5
5 ga b
1
5a b 11
1 2
a positive slope.

5
1
11
c. h(x) 5 A2x2 1 3x 2 5B 4
x2 hr(x) 5 4A2x2 1 3x 2 5B 3 (4x 1 3)
Domain 5 5x 2 06 d. f(x) 5 Ap2 2 x2 B 3
c. f(x) 5 , g(x) 5 !x 1 2
1 e. y 5 "x2 2 3
5 Ax2 2 3B 2
1
x
( f + g)(x) 5 f(g(x))
yr 5 Ax2 2 3B 2 (2x)
1 1
5 f( !x 1 2) 2
1 x
5
5
!x 1 2 "x 2 3
2
Domain 5 5x . 226 1
Ax 2 16B 5
f. f(x) 5 2
(g + f)(x) 5 g(f(x))
5 Ax2 2 16B 25
5 ga b
1
x f r(x) 5 25Ax2 2 16B 26 (2x)
210x
Ax 2 16B 6
1 5 2
Åx
5 12
2
1 x
x
Domain 5 5x # 2 12 or x . 06 dy
5 (22)(23)x24
6
of x, and 1
b. y 5
h(x) 5 (f + g)(x) x11
5 f(g(x)) 5 (x 1 1)21
5 (21)(x 1 1)22 (1)
Ax 1 1B 2
g(x) 5 x2 1 3x 1 5, then h(x) 5 Ax2 1 3x 1 5B 10, 1
and so c. y 5 2
x 24
hr(x) 5 f r(g(x)) ? gr(x) 5 Ax2 2 4B 21
5 10Ax2 1 3x 1 5B 9 (2x 1 3) dy
5 (21)Ax2 2 4B 22 (2x)
2
g(x) 5 x2 1 1, then h(x) 5 Ax2 1 1B 3,
2 dx
22x
Ax 2 4B 2
and so 5 2
hr(x) 5 Ax2 1 1B 23 (2x)
2 1
5 3A9 2 x2 B 21
3
3 d. y 5
9 2 x2
4. a. f(x) 5 (2x 1 3)4
dy 6x
f r(x) 5 4A2x 1 3B 3 (2)
A9 2 x2 B 2
5
5 8A2x 1 3B 3 dx
b. g(x) 5 Ax2 2 4B 3
gr(x) 5 3Ax2 2 4B 2 (2x)
5 6xAx2 2 4B 2

e. y 5
1 b. y 5 Ax2 1 3B 3 Ax3 1 3B 2
2
5x 1 x
3Ax 1 3B 34 ? Ax3 1 3B 2
dy d 2
5 A5x2 1 xB 21
5
dx dx
dy
1 Ax2 1 3B 3 ? 3Ax 1 3B 24
5 (21)A5x2 1 xB 22 (10x 1 1) d 3
dx dx
10x 1 1 5 3Ax2 1 3B 2 (2x)Ax3 1 3B 2
A5x 1 xB 2
52 2
1 Ax2 1 3B 3 (2)Ax3 1 3BA3x2 B
1 5 6xAx2 1 3B 2 Ax3 1 3B 3Ax3 1 3B 1 xAx2 1 3B4
Ax 1 x 1 1B 4
f. y 5 2
5 6xAx2 1 3B 2 Ax3 1 3B A2x3 1 3x 1 3B
5 Ax2 1 x 1 1B 24 3x2 1 2x
dy c. y 5 2
5 (24)Ax2 1 x 1 1B 25 (2x 1 1) x 11
dx
Ax2 1 1B 2
5
Ax 1 x 1 1B 5
52 2 dx
h5g+f 6x 1 2x 1 6x 1 2 2 6x3 2 4x2
3 2
6.
Ax2 1 1B 2
5
5 g(f(x)) 2
h(21) 5 g(f(21)) 22x 1 6x 1 2
Ax2 1 1B 2
5
5 g(1)
5 24 d. h(x) 5 x3 A3x 2 5B 2
3x 4 ? A3x 2 5B 2 1 x3 3A3x 2 5B 24
h(x) 5 g(f(x)) d 3 d
hr(x) 5
hr(21) 5 gr(f(21))f r(21) 5 3x2 A3x 2 5B 2 1 x3 (2)(3x 2 5)(3)
5 gr(1)(25) 5 3x2 (3x 2 5)3(3x 2 5) 1 2x4
5 (27)(25) 5 3x2 (3x 2 5)(5x 2 5)
5 35 5 15x2 (3x 2 5)(x 2 1)
1 e. y 5 x A1 2 4x2 B 3
4
7. f(x) 5 (x 2 3)2, g(x) 5 , h(x) 5 f(g(x)),
3x 4A1 2 4x2 B 3 1 x4 ? 3A1 2 4x2 B 34
x dy d 4 d
1 5
f r(x) 5 2(x 2 3), gr(x) 5 2 2 dx dx dx
x 5 4x3 A1 2 4x2 B 3 1 x4 (3)A1 2 4x2 B 2 A28xB
5 4x3 A1 2 4x2 B 2 3A1 2 4x2 B 2 6x24
5 f ra b a2 2 b 5 4x3 A1 2 4x2 B 2 A1 2 10x2 B

1 1
x x
f. y 5 a 2 b
x2 2 3 4
5 2a 2 3b a2 2 b
1 1
x 13
x x
b c d
dy x2 2 3 3 d x2 2 3
5 2 2 a 2 3b
2 1 5 4a 2
x x dx x 1 2 dx x2 1 3
b ?
Ax2 1 3B 2
5 4a 2
x 13
3Ax 1 4B 34 ? Ax 2 3B 6
d
f r(x) 5
b ? 2
dx x2 2 3 3 12x
Ax 1 3B 2
5 4a 2
1 Ax 1 4B 3 3Ax 2 3B 64
d
x 13
dx
5 3Ax 1 4B 2 Ax 2 3B 6
48xAx2 2 3B 3
Ax2 1 3B 5
5
1 Ax 1 4B 3 (6)Ax 2 3B 5
5 Ax 1 4B 2 Ax 2 3B 5
1 2
9. a. s(t) 5 t3 (4t 2 5)3
3 33(x 2 3) 1 6(x 1 4)4 5 t3 3(4t 2 5)24 3
1 1
5 Ax 1 4B 2 Ax 2 3B 5 (9x 1 15) 5 3t(4t 2 5)24 3

1
5 3t A16t2 2 40t 1 25B4 3

1
5 A16t3 2 40t2 1 25tB 3, t 5 8

1

y 5 Ax3 2 7B 5 at x 5 2
sr(t) 5 A16t3 2 40t2 1 25tB 23
1 2 12.
5 5Ax3 2 7B 4 A3x2 B
3 dy
3 A48t2 2 80t 1 25B dx
A48t2 2 80t 1 25B When x 5 2,
5 2
dy
3A16t3 2 40t2 1 25tB 3 5 5(1)4 (12)
(48(8)2 2 80(8) 1 25) 5 60
sr(8) 5 2
5 y 2 1 5 60(x 2 2)
972
91 60x 2 y 2 119 5 0.
5 13. a. y 5 3u2 2 5u 1 2
36
1 u 5 x2 2 1, x 5 2
b. s(t) 5 a b , t 5 2p
t2p 3
u53
t 2 6p
dy du
5 6u 2 5, 5 2x
2
1 t 2 p 23 d t 2 p
2
5 3
5 a b ?
1 t 2 6p 3 (t 2 6p) 2 (t 2 p) dx du dx
3 t2p (t 2 6p)2 5 (6u 2 5)(2x)
2
5 (18 2 5)(4)
5 a b ?
1 t 2 6p 3 25p
3 t2p (t 2 6p)2 5 13(4)
1
1 2 25p b. y 5 2u3 1 3u2, u 5 x 1 x2, x 5 1

sr(2p) 5 (24)3 ? dy dy du
3 16p2 5 ?
3 dx du dx
5"2
52
b
24p 1
5 (6u2 1 6u)a1 1
10. y 5 A1 1 x3 B 2 y 5 2x6 2!x
At x 5 1:
5 2A1 1 x3 B (3x2 )
dy dy
5 12x5 u 5 1 1 12
1
dx dx
6x2 A1 1 x3 B 5 12x5 dy 1
b
2 !1
5 (6(2)2 1 6(2))a1 1
6x2 1 6x5 5 12x5 dx
6x2 2 6x5 5 0 3
5 36 3
6x2 Ax3 2 1B 5 0 2
x 5 0 or x 5 1. 5 54
11. y 5 A3x 2 x2 B 22 dy
5 Au2 1 3B 3 1 6u2 Au2 1 3B 2,
du
5 2(x 1 3)
5 22A3x 2 x2 B 23 (3 2 2x)
dy du dx
5 373 1 6(4)2432(1)4
dx dy dy du
5
At x 5 2, dx du dx
dy 5 439 3 2
5 2236 2 44 23 (3 2 4) 5 878
dx
5 2(2)23 d. y 5 u3 2 5Au3 2 7uB 2,
1 u 5 "x
5 1
4 5 x2, x 5 4
5 ?
dx du dx

b. h(x) 5 x(2x 1 7)4 (x 2 1)2
5 333u2 2 10Au3 2 7uB A3u2 2 7B4 ? a x2 b
1 1
hr(x) 5 (1)(2x 1 7)4 (x 2 1)2
5 33u2 2 10Au3 2 7uB A3u2 2 7B4 ?
1
1 x34(2x 1 7)3 (2)4 (x 2 1)2
1 x(2x 1 7)4 32(x 2 1)4
2"x
At x 5 4:
u 5 "4 hr(23) 5 1(16) 1 (23)34(1)(2)4 (16)
52 1 (23)(1)32(24)4
5 16 2 384 1 24
5 33(2)2 2 10( (2)3 2 7(2))(3(2)2 2 7)4
dy 1
5 2344
18. y 5 Ax2 1 x 2 2B 3 1 3
dx 2(2)
5 78
dy
hr(2) 5 6(21) Ax2 1 x 2 2B 3 1 3 5 3
5 26. (x 1 2)3 (x 2 1)3 5 0
x 5 22 or x 5 1
15. V(t) 5 50 000a1 2 b
t 2
Vr(t) 5 50 000 c2a1 2 b a2 b d
30 30 at (22, 3).
x2 (1 2 x)3
Vr(10) 5 50 000 c2a1 2 b a2 b d
10 1
19. y 5
30 30 (1 1 x)3
5 x2 c a bd
12x 3
5 50 000 c2a b a2 b d
2 1
3 30 11x
b 1 3x2 a b
8 2222 dy 12x 3 12x 2
dx 11x 11x
3 c d
2 (1 1 x) 2 (1 2 x)(1)
(1 1 x)2
position function.
s(t) 5 At 3 1 t 2 B 2 12x 3
b 1 3x2 a
12x 2
b c
22
d
1
5 2xa
11x 11x (1 1 x)2
v(t) 5 sr(t) 5 At 3 1 t 2 B 22 A3t 2 1 2tB
1 1
b c d
2 12x 2 12x 3x
5 2xa 2
3t 2 1 2t 11x 11x (1 1 x)2
5
b c d
2"t 3 1 t 2 1 2 x 2 1 2 x2 2 3x
5 2xa
3(3)2 1 2(3) 11x (1 1 x)2
v(3) 5
2"33 1 32 2xAx2 1 3x 2 1B (1 2 x)2
52
27 1 6 (1 1 x)4
5
2"36
5
5 2.75 f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
hS0 h
17. a. h(x) 5 p(x)q(x)r(x)
1 p(x)q(x)rr(x)

dx
f(z) 2 f(x) 3
f r(x) 5 lim . b. f(x) 5 x4

zSx z2x
3 1
2. a. y 5 2x2 2 5x 3
5 14
dy (2(x 1 h)2 2 5(x 1 h)) 2 A2x2 2 5xB 4x
5 lim 7
dx hS0 h c. y 5 4
2A(x 1 h)2 2 x2 B 2 5h 3x
5 lim 7
hS0 h 5 x24
2((x 1 h) 2 x)((x 1 h) 1 x) 2 5h 3
5 lim dy 228 25
hS0 h 5 x
2h(2x 1 h) 2 5h dx 3
5 lim 28
hS0 h 52 5
5 lim (2(2x 1 h) 2 5) 3x
hS0 1
5 4x 2 5 d. y 5 2
x 15
b. y 5 !x 2 6 5 Ax2 1 5B 21
dy !(x 1 h) 2 6 2 !x 2 6 dy
5 lim 5 (21)Ax2 1 5B 22 ? (2x)
dx hS0 h dx
!(x 1 h) 2 6 2 !x 2 6 2x
5 lim c 52 2
Ax 1 5B 2
hS0 h
!(x 1 h) 2 6 1 !x 2 6
3
d A3 2 x2 B 2
e. y 5
!(x 1 h) 2 6 1 !x 2 6
3
5 3A3 2 x2 B 22
( (x 1 h) 2 6) 2 (x 2 6)
5 (26)A3 2 x2 B 23 ? (22x)
dy
hS0 h( !(x 1 h) 2 6 1 !x 2 6)
5 lim
dx
1 12x
hS0 !(x 1 h) 2 6 1 !x 2 6
5 lim
A3 2 x2 B 3
5
f. y 5 "7x2 1 4x 1 1
1
2 !x 2 6
5
5 A7x2 1 4x 1 1B 2
1
x
5 A7x2 1 4x 1 1B 22 A14x 1 4B
c. y 5 dy 1 1
42x
dx 2
x1h x
2 7x 1 2
5
"7x2 1 4x 1 1
dy 4 2 (x 1 h) 42x
5 lim
dx hS0 h 2x3 2 1
(x 1 h)(4 2 x) 2 x(4 2 (x 1 h)) 4. a. f(x) 5
x2
(4 2 (x 1 h))(4 2 x) 1
5 lim 5 2x 2 2
hS0 h x
4h 5 2x 2 x22
5 lim
hS0 h(4 2 (x 1 h))(4 2 x) f r(x) 5 2 1 2x23
4 2
5 lim 521 3
hS0 (4 2 (x 1 h))(4 2 x) x
4
5
(4 2 x)2

b. g(x) 5 !xAx3 2 xB (2x 2 5)4
c. y 5
5 x2 Ax3 2 xB (x 1 1)3
1
7
5 x2 2 x2
3 (x 1 1)34(2x 2 5)3 (2)
yr 5
7 5 3 1 (x 1 1)6
gr(x) 5 x2 2 x2 3(2x 2 5)4 (x 1 1)2
2 2 2
!x 2 (x 1 1)6
5 A7x 2 3B (x 1 1)2 (2x 2 5)3 38x 1 8 2 6x 1 154
2 5
x (x 1 1)6
c. y 5 3
(2x 2 5) (2x 1 23)
3x 2 5 yr 5
dy (3x 2 5)(1) 2 (x)(3) (x 1 1)4
5
d. y 5 a b 5 (10x 2 1)6 (3x 1 5)26
dx (3x 2 5)2 10x 2 1 6
5 3x 1 5
52
(3x 2 5)2 yr 5 (10x 2 1)6 326(3x 1 5)27 (3)4
1 1 6(10x 2 1)5 (10)(3x 1 5)26
d. y 5 (x 2 1)2 (x 1 1)
5 (10x 2 1)5 (3x 1 5)27 3x 2 18(10x 2 1)4
yr 5 (x 2 1)2 1 (x 1 1)a b (x 2 1)22
1 1 1
1 60(3x 1 5)
2
5 (10x 2 1)5 (3x 1 5)27
5 !x 2 1 1
x11
3 (2180x 1 18 1 180x 1 300)
2!x 2 1 318(10x 2 1)5
2x 2 2 1 x 1 1 5
5 (3x 1 5)7
2!x 2 1 e. y 5 (x 2 2)3 Ax2 1 9B 4
5
3x 2 1 yr 5 (x 2 2)3 C4Ax2 1 9B 3 (2x) D
2!x 2 1 1 3(x 2 2)2 (1)Ax2 1 9B 4
2
5 (x 2 2)2 Ax2 1 9B 3 A11x2 2 16x 1 27B

1 2
5 ( x2 1 2) 23
f r(x) 5
22 12
(
5 1
x 1 2) 23 # x2 2
1
f. y 5 A1 2 x2 B 3 (6 1 2x)23
3 2
5a b
1 2 x2 3
1 6 1 2x
3 !xA !x 1 2B 3
52 5
b
1 2 x2 2
x2 1 5x 1 4 yr 5 3a
f. y 5 6 1 2x
x14
(6 1 2x)(22x) 2 A1 2 x2 B (2)
5
(x 1 4)(x 1 1) 3 c d
x14 (6 1 2x)2
5 x 1 1, x 2 24 3A1 2 x2 B 2 A212x 2 4x2 2 2 1 2x2 B
5
dy (6 1 2x)4
51
dx 3A1 2 x B A2x2 1 12x 1 2B
2 2
52
5. a. y 5 x4 (2x 2 5)6 (6 1 2x)4
yr 5 x4 36(2x 2 5)5 (2)4 1 4x3 (2x 2 5)6 3A1 2 x2 B 2 Ax2 1 6x 1 1B
5 4x3 (2x 2 5)5 33x 1 (2x 2 5)4 52
8(3 2 x)4
5 4x3 (2x 2 5)5 (5x 2 5) 2
5 20x3 (2x 2 5)5 (x 2 1) 6. a. g(x) 5 f(x )
gr(x) 5 f(x2 ) 3 2x
b. y 5 x"x2 1 1
b. h(x) 5 2xf(x)
yr 5 x c Ax2 1 1B 22 (2x)d 1 (1)"x2 1 1
1 1
hr(x) 5 2xf r(x) 1 2f(x)
2
18
1 "x2 1 1
x2 7. a. y 5 5u2 1 3u 2 1, u 5 2
5
"x2 1 1
x 15
x52
u52

dy 4
5 10u 1 3 5 22 ?
du 5
du 36x 8
Ax 1 5B 2
52 2 52
dx 5
8. f(x) 5 A9 2 x2 B 3
2
When x 5 2,
f r(x) 5 A9 2 x2 B 23 (22x)
du 72 8 2 1
52 52
dx 81 9 3
When u 5 2, 24x
5 1
dy 3(9 2 x2 )3
5 20 1 3
du 2
f r(1) 5 2
5 23 3
5 23a2 b
dx 9 9. y 5 2x3 1 6x2
184 yr 5 23x2 1 12x
52
9 23x2 1 12x 5 212 23x2 1 12x 5 215
!x 1 x
2
u14 x 2 4x 2 4 5 0 x2 2 4x 2 5 5 0
4 6 !16 1 16
b. y 5 ,u5 ,
u24 10
x5 (x 2 5)(x 1 1) 5 0
x54 2
3 4 6 4!2
u5 5 x 5 5, x 5 21
5 2
dy (u 2 4) 2 (u 1 4) x 5 2 6 2 !2
5
du (u 2 4)2
5 a x22 1 1b
du 1 1 1
dx 10 2
When x 5 4,
5 a b
8 du 1 5
52
(u 2 4)2 dx 10 4
1
5
8
3
When u 5 ,
5
dy 8
52
du
a 2 b
3 20 2 10. a. i. y 5 Ax2 2 4B 5
5 5 yr 5 5Ax2 2 4B 4 (2x)
52 10xAx2 2 4B 4 5 0
(217)2
When x 5 4, x 5 0, x 5 62
dy 8(25) 1 ii. y 5 Ax3 2 xB 2
5 3 yr 5 2Ax3 2 xB A3x2 2 1B
dx 172 8
25
Horizontal tangent,
5 2x(x2 2 1)(3x2 2 1) 5 0
289
!3
c. y 5 f("x2 1 9), f r(5) 5 22, x 5 4 x 5 0, x 5 61, x 5 6 .
3
5 f r("x2 1 9) 3 Ax2 1 9B 22 (2x)
dy 1 1
dx 2
dy 1 1
5 f r(5) ? ? ? 8
dx 2 5

b. i. Slope of x 1 5y 2 10 5 0 is 2 15.
x52
y 5 3(4) 2 14 1 5
5 3.
y 2 3 5 5(x 2 2)
5x 2 y 2 7 5 0.
dy
5 4x
dx
Therefore, 8 5 16 1 b, b 5 28.
Or 8x 1 b 5 2x2
2x2 2 8x 2 b 5 0
8 6 !64 1 8b
x5 .
2(2)
64 1 8b 5 0, b 5 28.
14. a.
b.
11. a. y 5 Ax2 1 5x 1 2B 4 at (0, 16)
yr 5 4Ax2 1 5x 1 2B 3 (2x 1 5)
At x 5 0,
yr 5 4(2)3 (5)
5 160
y 2 16 5 160(x 2 0)
y 5 160x 1 16
or 160x 2 y 1 16 5 0
b. y 5 A3x22 2 2x3 B 5 at (1, 1)
yr 5 5A3x22 2 2x3 B 4 A26x23 2 6x2 B
At x 5 1,
5 260
y 2 1 5 260(x 2 1)
60x 1 y 2 61 5 0.
12. y 5 3x2 2 7x 1 5
dy
dx

Ax2 2 6B A3x2 B 2 x3 (2x) 30x 5 30
Ax2 2 6B 2
c. f r(x) 5 x51
Therefore a 5 1.
x4 2 18x2
Ax 2 6B 2
5 2 16. M 5 0.1t2 2 0.001t3
a. When t 5 10,
x4 2 18x2
M 5 0.1(100) 2 0.001(1000)
Ax2 2 6B 2
50
59
x2 Ax2 2 18B 5 0 When t 5 15,
x2 5 0 or x2 2 18 5 0 M 5 0.1(225) 2 0.001(3375)
x50 x 5 63 !2 5 19.125
are (0, 0), Q 3 !2, 9 !2 9 !2
2 R , and Q 23!2, 2 2 R .
b. Mr 5 0.2t 2 0.003t2
When t 5 10,
part b.
Mr 5 0.2(10) 2 0.003(100)
16 2 72
f r(2) 5 5 1.7
(22)2
1.7 words> min.
256
5
4 When t 5 15,
5 214 Mr 5 0.2(15) 2 0.003(225)
5 2.325
2.325 words> min.
30
17. a. N(t) 5 20 2
"9 1 t2
5 2
15. a. f(x) 5 2x3 2 5x3 30t
A9 1 t2 B 2
5 2 2 1 Nr(t) 5 3
f r(x) 5 2 3 x3 2 5 3 x3
5 x 2 13
f(x) 5 0 6 x3 32x 2 54 5 0
2
2
18. C(x) 5 x3 1 40x 1 700
3
f r(x) 5 a 13 b
10 x 2 1
a. Cr(x) 5 x2 1 40
3 x
b. Cr(x) 5 76
f ra b 5
5 10 3 1
3 3 5 13 x2 1 40 5 76
2 3 2 Q2 R
x2 5 36
!
3
2 2 1 x56
553 3 5 53 3 23
5 (25 3 2)3
1
x2 2
19. R(x) 5 750x 2 2 x3
5! 3 6 3
50
x
10 23 10 Rr(x) 5 750 2 2 2x2
x 2 13 5 0 3
3 3x

b. Rr(10) 5 750 2
10
2 2(100) c. h(x) 5 " 3
(x 2 2)2
5 $546.67 at x 5 1.
20 d. m(x) 5 Z3x 2 3 Z 2 1.
!p 2 1
20. D(p) 5 ,p.1
Dr(p) 5 20a2 b (p 2 1)22
2 3
23. a. f(x) 5 2
10 4x 2 x
52 3
(p 2 1)2 3
5
10 10 x(4x 2 1)
Dr(5) 5 52
4
21. B(x) 5 20.2x2 1 500, 0 # x # 40 x2 2 x 2 6
b. f(x) 5
a. B(0) 5 20.2(0)2 1 500 5 500 x2 2 9
B(30) 5 20.2(30)2 1 500 5 320 (x 2 3)(x 1 2)
5
b. Br(x) 5 20.4x (x 2 3)(x 1 3)
Br(0) 5 20.4(0) 5 0 (x 1 2)
5 for x 2 3
Br(30) 5 20.4(30) 5 212 (x 1 3)
5 !(x 2 6)(x 2 1)
d. Br(50) 5 20.4(50) 5 220
B(50) 5 20.2(50)2 1 500 5 0
(t 1 1)(25) 2 (25t)(t)
5
5
22. a. f(x) 5 f(x) 5 2x 1 3
1 2 x2
3x 1
5 y5
(1 2 x)(1 1 x) 2x 1 3
yr 5
x21 2
b. g(x) 5 2 52
x 1 5x 2 6 (2x 1 3)2
x21 f(x) 5 5x 1 10
5
(x 1 6)(x 2 1) 1
y5
1 5x 1 10
5 for x 2 1
(x 1 6) (5x 1 10)(0) 2 (1)(5)
yr 5
5 28. a. f(x) 5 (2x 2 5)3 (3x2 1 4)5
52
(5x 1 10)2 f r(x) 5 (2x 2 5)3 (5)A3x2 1 4B 4 (6x)
1
5 30x(2x 2 5)3 A3x2 1 4B 4
2a 1 6(3x2 1 4)5 (2x 2 5)2
yr 5
(ax 1 b)2 5 6(2x 2 5)2 A3x2 1 4B 4
3 C5x(2x 2 5) 1 A3x2 1 4B D
yr 5 lim c d
1 1 1
5 6(2x 2 5)2 A3x2 1 4B 4
2
1 ax 1 b 2 3a(x 1 h)b4 3 A10x2 2 25x 1 3x2 1 4B
5 lim c d
hS0 h 3a(x 1 h) 1 b4 (ax 1 h) 5 6(2x 2 5)2 (3x2 1 4)4
3 (13x2 2 25x 1 4)
5 lim c d
1 ax 1 b 2 ax 2 ah 2 b
b. g(x) 5 (8x )(4x2 1 2x 2 3)5
3
hS0 h 3a(x 1 h) 1 b4 (ax 1 b)
gr(x) 5 (8x3 )(5)(4x2 1 2x 2 3)4 (8x 1 2)
5 lim c d
1 2ah 1 (4x2 1 2x 2 3)5 (24x2 )
hS0 h 3a(x 1 h) 1 b4 (ax 1 b) 5 40x3 (4x2 1 2x 2 3)4 (8x 1 2)
2a 1 24x2 (4x2 1 2x 2 3)5
hS0 3a(x 1 h) 1 b4 (ax 1 b)
5 lim 5 8x2 (4x2 1 2x 2 3)4 35x(8x 1 2)
2a 1 3(4x2 1 2x 2 3)4
5 5 8x2 (4x2 1 2x 2 3)4
(ax 1 b)2
26. a. Let y 5 f(x) (40x2 1 10x 1 12x2 1 6x 2 9)
(2x 2 3)2 1 5 5 8x2 (4x2 1 2x 2 3)4 (52x2 1 16x 2 9)
y5 c. y 5 (5 1 x)2 (4 2 7x3 )6
2x 2 3
yr 5 (5 1 x)2 (6)(4 2 7x3 )5 (221x2 )
Let u 5 2x 2 3.
1 (4 2 7x3 )6 (2)(5 1 x)
u2 1 5
Then y 5 . 5 2126x2 (5 1 x)2 (4 2 7x3 )5
u
1 2(5 1 x)(4 2 7x3 )6
y 5 u 1 5u21 5 2(5 1 x)(4 2 7x3 )5 3263x2 (5 1 x)
b. f r(x) 5
dy 1 4 2 7x34
dx 5 2(5 1 x)(4 2 7x3 )5 (4 2 315x2 2 70x3 )
dy dy du 6x 2 1
5 3 d. h(x) 5
dx du dx (3x 1 5)4
5 (1 2 5u22 )(2) (3x 1 5)4 (6) 2 (6x 2 1)(4)(3x 1 5)3 (3)
5 2(1 2 5(2x 2 3)22 ) hr(x) 5
((3x 1 5)4 )2
27. g(x) 5 !2x 2 3 1 5(2x 2 3) 6(3x 1 5) 3(3x 1 5) 2 2(6x 2 1)4
3
5
(3x 1 5)8
a. Let y 5 g(x). 6(29x 1 7)
y 5 !2x 2 3 1 5(2x 2 3) 5
(3x 1 5)5
Let u 5 2x 2 3. (2x2 2 5)3
e. y 5
Then y 5 !u 1 5u. (x 1 8)2
dy dy du dy (x 1 8)2 (3)(2x2 2 5)2 (4x)
A(x 1 8)2 B 2
b. gr(x) 5 5 3 5
dx du dx dx
(2x2 2 5)3 (2)(x 1 8)
5 a u 1 5b (2)
1 212
A(x 1 8)2 B 2
2
2
212
5 u 1 10 2(x 1 8)(2x2 2 5)2 36x(x 1 8) 2 (2x2 2 5)4
1
5 (2x 2 3)22 1 10 5
(x 1 8)4
2(2x2 2 5)2 (4x2 1 48x 1 5)
5
(x 1 8)3

23x4 In (1),
f. f(x) 5
"4x 2 8 4a 2 8a 5 16
23x4 24a 5 16
5 1
a 5 24
(4x 2 8)2
1
Using (1),
(4x 2 8)2 (212x3 ) b 5 28(24) 5 32
A(4x 2 8)2 B 2
f r(x) 5 1
a 5 24, b 5 32, c 5 0, f(x) 5 24x2 1 32x
30. a. A(t) 5 2t3 1 5t 1 750
(23x4 )a b (4x 2 8) 2 2 (4)
1 1
2 Ar(t) 5 23t2 1 5
A(4x 2 8)2 B 2
2 1 b. Ar(5) 5 23(25) 1 5
5 270
26x3 (4x 2 8)22 32(4x 2 8) 2 x4
1

5 3
5 3
g. g(x) 5 a b
2x 1 5 4
b
2x 1 5 3
gr(x) 5 4a
6 2 x2
3a b
(6 2 x2 )(2) 2 (2x 1 5)(22x)
(6 2 x2 )2
b a b
2x 1 5 3 2(6 1 x2 1 5x)
5 4a
b a b
2x 1 5 3 (x 1 2)(x 1 3)
5 8a
6 2 x2 (6 2 x2 )2 Chapter 2 Test, p. 114
h. y 5 c 2 3d
3
dx
0 5 a(0)2 1 b(0) 1 c f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
3. f(x) 5 lim
c50 hS0 h
5 lim
0 5 a(8)2 1 b(8) 1 c hS0 h
0 5 64a 1 8b 1 0 x 1 h 2 (x2 1 2hx 1 h2 ) 2 x 1 x2
5 lim
8a 1 b 5 0 (2) hS0 h
Solve (1) and (2): h 2 2hx 2 h2
From (2), b 5 28a (1) 5 lim
hS0 h

h(1 2 2x 2 h) 6. y 5 3u2 1 2u
5 lim
hS0 h dy
5 6u 1 2
5 lim (1 2 2x 2 h) du
u 5 "x2 1 5
hS0
5 1 2 2x
d du 1 1
Therefore, (x 2 x2 ) 5 1 2 2x. 5 (x2 1 5)22 2x

dx dy 2
b
1 dy x
5 (6u 1 2)a
4. a. y 5 x3 2 3x25 1 4p
3 dx "x 1 5
2
dy At x 5 22, u 5 3.
5 x2 1 15x26
dx
5 (20)a2 b
b. y 5 6(2x 2 9)5 dy 2
dy dx 3
5 30(2x 2 9)4 (2) 40
dx 52
5 60(2x 2 9)4 3
2 x 3
7. y 5 (3x22 2 2x3 )5
c. y 5 1 1 6"
"x "3
x dy
5 5(3x22 2 2x3 )4 (26x23 2 6x2 )
1 1 1
dx
5 2x22 1 x 1 6x3
"3
At (1, 1),
dy
dy 3 1 2 5 5(1)4 (26 2 6)
5 2x22 1 1 2x23
"3
dx
dx
5 260.
d. y 5 a b
x2 1 6 5
b
dy x2 1 6 4 2x(3x 1 4) 2 (x2 1 6)3 y 2 1 5 260x 1 60
5 5a
dx 3x 1 4 (3x 1 4)2 60x 1 y 2 61 5 0.
5(x2 1 6)4 (3x2 1 8x 2 18)
5 1
(3x 1 4)6 8. P(t) 5 (t 4 1 3)3
e. y 5 x2 "3
6x2 2 7 Pr(t) 5 3(t 4 1 3)2 a t24 b
1 1 3
dy 1 1 2
4
5 2x(6x2 2 7)3 1 x2 (6x2 2 7)23 (12x)
Pr(16) 5 3(16 4 1 3)2 a 3 1624 b
dx 3 1 1 3
2
5 2x(6x2 2 7)23 ( (6x2 2 7) 1 2x2 ) 4
5 3(2 1 3)2 a 3 b
2
5 2x(6x2 2 7)23 (8x2 2 7) 1 1
4x5 2 5x4 1 6x 2 2 4 8
f. y 5 75
x4 5
5 4x 2 5 1 6x23 2 2x24 32
5 4 2 18x24 1 8x25 75
dx 32 ppm>year.
4x5 2 18x 1 8 9. y 5 x4
5
x5 dy
5 4x3
5. y 5 (x2 1 3x 2 2)(7 2 3x) dx
dy 1
5 (2x 1 3)(7 2 3x) 1 (x2 1 3x 2 2)(23) 2 5 4x3
dx 16
At (1, 8),
dy
5 (5)(4) 1 (2)(23) dy 1
dx 52 .
dx 16
5 14.
1
y 5 (x2 1 3x 2 2)(7 2 3x) at (1, 8) is 14. 64

1 11. y 5 x2 1 ax 1 b
x52
4 dy
5 2x 1 a
1 dx
y5
256 y 5 x3
5 3x2
16 at Q 2 14, 256
1
R. dx
dy (1, 1), then 2x 1 a 5 3x2.
5 3x2 2 2x 2 1 At (1, 1) 2(1) 1 a 5 3(1)2
dx
dy a 5 1.
3x2 2 2x 2 1 5 0
y 5 x2 1 x 1 b, 1 5 12 1 1 1 b
(3x 1 1)(x 2 1) 5 0
b 5 21.
1
3 respectively.
1 1 1
y52 2 1 11 y51212111
27 9 3
50
21 2 3 1 9 1 27
5
27
32
5
27
27 ), (1, 0 R .

CHAPTER 2
Derivatives
b. slope 5
2 12
pp. 62–63
52
1. a. a5 3 a3 5 a513 21
5 a8 c. slope 5 5
b. A22a2 B 3 5 (22)3 Aa2 B 3
3
5 28Aa233 B
3
52
5
5 28a6
21
4p 3 6p9
7
24p719 d. slope 5
c. 5 21
12p15 12p15
51
5 2p16215
24 2 (22)
4 25 26 22 23 2 9
5 a22b27 22
5
1 212
5 2 7 1
ab 5
5 (3)A24 BAe6 B Ae334 B
y 1 4 5 16 (x 1 3) or x 2 6y 2 21 5 0.
A3a B C2a (2b)3 D
24 3
(3)(2)A21B 3 Aa2413 B Ab3 B
12a5b2 12a5b2 y 1 5 5 32 (x 1 2) or 3x 2 2y 2 4 5 0.
26Aa 2125
5
12 21
21Aa B AbB
5 4
b 5. a. (x 2 3y)(2x 1 y) 5 2x2 1 xy 2 6xy 2 3y2
52 6
2a 5 2x2 2 5xy 2 3y2
2. a. Ax2 B Ax3 B 5 x2 1 3
1 2 1 2
2
b. (x 2 2)(x 2 3x 1 4)
5 x6
7
5 x3 2 3x2 1 4x 2 2x2 1 6x 2 8
b. A8x6 B 3 5 83x63 3 5 x3 2 5x2 1 10x 2 8
2 2 2
5 4x4 c. (6x 2 3)(2x 1 7) 5 12x2 1 42x 2 6x 2 21

"a "
1 1
5 12x2 1 36x 2 21
3
a ( a2)( a3)
5 d. 2(x 1 y) 2 5(3x 2 8y) 5 2x 1 2y 2 15x 1 40y
"a
c. 1
a2 5 213x 1 42y
1
5 a3 2
e. (2x 2 3y) 1 (5x 1 y) 2
21 f. 3x(2x 2 y)2 2 x(5x 2 y)(5x 1 y)
a. slope 5 2
5 3x(4x2 2 4xy 1 y2 ) 2 x(25x2 2 y2 )
3 5 12x3 2 12x2y 1 3xy2 2 25x3 1 xy2
3 5 213x3 2 12x2y 1 4xy2
52
2
3x(x 1 2) 5x3 15x4 (x 1 2) b. x2 1 4x 2 32 5 x2 1 8x 2 4x 2 32
6. a. 3 5
x2 2x(x 1 2) 2x3 (x 1 2) 5 x(x 1 8) 2 4(x 1 8)
15 5 (x 2 4)(x 1 8)
5 x423 c. 3a2 2 4a 2 7 5 3a2 2 7a 1 3a 2 7
2
15 5 a(3a 2 7) 1 1(3a 2 7)
5 x 5 (a 1 1)(3a 2 7)
2
d. x4 2 1 5 (x2 1 1)(x2 2 1)
x 2 0, 22
5 (x2 1 1)(x 1 1)(x 2 1)
y (y 2 5)2
b. 3 e. x 2 y 5 (x 2 y)(x2 1 xy 1 y2 )
3 3
(y 1 2)(y 2 5) 4y3
f. r4 2 5r 2 1 4 5 r4 2 4r 2 2 r 2 1 4
y(y 2 5)(y 2 5)
5 3 5 r 2 (r 2 2 4) 2 1(r 2 2 4)
4y (y 1 2)(y 2 5) 5 (r2 2 1)(r2 2 4)
y25 5 (r 1 1)(r 2 1)(r 1 2)(r 2 2)
5 2
y 2 22, 0, 5 50
c. 4 5 3
5
9(h 1 k) a2 1 ab 1 b2
8 a 2 bq a3 1 0a2 1 0a 2 b3
5
9 a3 2 a2b
h 2 2k
a2b 1 0a 2 b3
(x 1 y)(x 2 y) (x 1 y)3
d. 4 a2b 2 ab2
5(x 2 y) 10
ab2 2 b3
(x 1 y)(x 2 y) 10
5 3 ab2 2 b3
5(x 2 y) (x 1 y)3
0
10(x 1 y)(x 2 y)
5
5(x 2 y)(x 1 y)3 So a3 2 b3 5 (a 2 b)(a2 1 ab 1 b2 ).
(x 1 y)2
2x x21 2x(x 2 1) 2x(x 2 1)
x2 2 7x 2 x 1 7 1 10x2 5 (a 2 b)(a6 1 a5b 1 a4b2 1 a3b3
5 1 a2b4 1 ab5 1 b6 ).
2x(x 2 1)
2x(x 2 1)
1 a2bn23 1 abn22 1 bn21 ).
x 2 0, 1
9. a. f(2) 5 22(24 ) 1 3(22 ) 1 7 2 2(2)
x11 x12
f. 2 5 232 1 12 1 7 2 4
x22 x13 5 217
(x 1 1)(x 1 3) (x 1 2)(x 2 2) b. f(21) 5 22(21)4 1 3(21)2 1 7 2 2(21)
5 2
(x 2 2)(x 1 3) (x 1 3)(x 2 2) 5 22 1 3 1 7 1 2
x2 1 x 1 3x 1 3 2 x2 1 4 5 10
5
(x 1 3)(x 2 2)
c. f a b 5 22a b 1 3a b 1 7 2 2a b
1 1 4 1 2 1
4x 1 7 2 2 2 2
5
(x 1 3)(x 2 2) 1 3
x 2 23, 2 52 1 1721
8 4
7. a. 4k2 2 9 5 (2k 1 3)(2k 2 3) 53
5
8
3h2 1 10h
d. f(20.25) 5 f a2 b
1
5
4 h
5 3h 1 10
5 2a2 b 1 3a2 b 1 7 2 2a2 b
1 4 1 2 1
52 1 171 b. For h 5 0.01: 3(0.01) 1 10 5 10.03
128 16 2
128
8 7.68
!2 ( !2)( !2)
10. a. 5
5
!3 ( !3)(!3)
4!3 2 !6
3
2 1 3 !2 (2 1 3 !2)(3 1 4 !2)
3 2 4 !2 (3 2 4 !2)(3 1 4 !2)
c. 5
5

9 2 16(2)
30 1 17!2
23
(3 !2 2 4 !3)(3!2 2 4 !3)
5
(3!2 1 4 !3)(3"2 2 4 !3)
d.
(3 !2)2 2 24!6 1 (4!3)2 3.
5
(3!2)2 2 (4!3)2 y y
4 4
9(2) 2 24!6 1 16(3)
5 2 2
9(2) 2 16(3) x x
66 2 24 !6 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
52 –2 –2
30 –4 –4
11 2 4 !6
52
5 4. a. f(x) 5 5x 2 2
11. a. f(x) 5 3x2 2 2x f(a 1 h) 5 5(a 1 h) 2 2
When a 5 2, 5 5a 1 5h 2 2
5
h h 5 5h
3(2 1 h) 2 2(2 1 h) 2 C3(2)2 2 2(2)D
2
b. f(x) 5 x2 1 3x 2 1
5 f(a 1 h) 5 (a 1 h)2 1 3(a 1 h) 2 1
h
3(4 1 4h 1 h2 ) 2 4 2 2h 2 8 5 a2 1 2ah 1 h2 1 3a
5 1 3h 2 1
h
12 1 12h 1 3h2 2 2h 2 12 f(a 1 h) 2 f(a) 5 a2 1 2ah 1 h2 1 3a 1 3h
5 2 1 2 (a2 1 3a 2 1)
h
5 2ah 1 h2 1 3h

3h2 1 10h
d. f(20.25) 5 f a2 b
1
5
4 h
5 3h 1 10
5 2a2 b 1 3a2 b 1 7 2 2a2 b
1 4 1 2 1
52 1 171 b. For h 5 0.01: 3(0.01) 1 10 5 10.03
128 16 2
128
8 7.68
!2 ( !2)( !2)
10. a. 5
5
!3 ( !3)(!3)
4!3 2 !6
3
2 1 3 !2 (2 1 3 !2)(3 1 4 !2)
3 2 4 !2 (3 2 4 !2)(3 1 4 !2)
c. 5
5

9 2 16(2)
30 1 17!2
23
(3 !2 2 4 !3)(3!2 2 4 !3)
5
(3!2 1 4 !3)(3"2 2 4 !3)
d.
(3 !2)2 2 24!6 1 (4!3)2 3.
5
(3!2)2 2 (4!3)2 y y
4 4
9(2) 2 24!6 1 16(3)
5 2 2
9(2) 2 16(3) x x
66 2 24 !6 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
52 –2 –2
30 –4 –4
11 2 4 !6
52
5 4. a. f(x) 5 5x 2 2
11. a. f(x) 5 3x2 2 2x f(a 1 h) 5 5(a 1 h) 2 2
When a 5 2, 5 5a 1 5h 2 2
5
h h 5 5h
3(2 1 h) 2 2(2 1 h) 2 C3(2)2 2 2(2)D
2
b. f(x) 5 x2 1 3x 2 1
5 f(a 1 h) 5 (a 1 h)2 1 3(a 1 h) 2 1
h
3(4 1 4h 1 h2 ) 2 4 2 2h 2 8 5 a2 1 2ah 1 h2 1 3a
5 1 3h 2 1
h
12 1 12h 1 3h2 2 2h 2 12 f(a 1 h) 2 f(a) 5 a2 1 2ah 1 h2 1 3a 1 3h
5 2 1 2 (a2 1 3a 2 1)
h
5 2ah 1 h2 1 3h

c. f(x) 5 x3 2 4x 1 1 f(0 1 h) 2 f(0)
c. f r (0) 5 lim
f(a 1 h) 5 (a 1 h)3 2 4(a 1 h) 1 1 hS0 h
5 a3 1 3a2h 1 3ah2 1 h3 !h 1 1 2 !0 1 1
2 4a 2 4h 1 1 5 lim
hS0 h
!h 1 1 2 1
f(a 1 h) 2 f(a) 5 a3 1 3a2h 1 3ah2 1 h3 2 4a
2 4h 1 1 2 (a3 2 4a 1 1) 5 lim
5 3a2h 1 3ah2 1 h3 2 4h hS0 h
d. f(x) 5 x2 1 x 2 6 ( ! h 1 1 2 1)( ! h 1 1 1 1)
5 lim
f(a 1 h) 5 (a 1 h)2 1 (a 1 h) 2 6 hS0 h( ! h 1 1 1 1)
5 a2 1 2ah 1 h2 1 a 1 h 2 6
f(a 1 h) 2 f(a) 5 a2 1 2ah 1 h2 1 a 1 h 2 6
( "h 1 1) 2 2 1
5 lim
hS0 h( !h 1 1 1 1)
2 (a2 1 a 2 6)
5 2ah 1 h2 1 h h1121
hS0 h( !h 1 1 1 1)
5 lim
e. f(x) 5 27x 1 4
f(a 1 h) 5 27(a 1 h) 1 4 1
5 lim
hS0 ( !h 1 1 1 1)
5 27a 2 7h 1 4
f(a 1 h) 2 f(a) 5 27a 2 7h 1 4 2 (27a 1 4)
5 27h 1
5 lim
hS0 ( !1 1 1)
f. f(x) 5 4 2 2x 2 x2
f(a 1 h) 5 4 2 2(a 1 h) 2 (a 1 h)2 1
5
5 4 2 2a 2 2h 2 a2 2 2ah 2 h2 2
f(a 1 h) 2 f(a) 5 4 2 2a 2 2h 2 a2 2 2ah f(21 1 h) 2 f(21)
2 h2 2 4 1 2a 1 a2 d. f r(21) 5 lim
hS0 h
5 22h 2 h2 2 2ah 5 5
2 21
f(1 1 h) 2 f(1) 5 lim 21 1 h
5. a. f r (1) 5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h
(1 1 h)2 2 12 5
5 lim 21 1 h 1 5
hS0 h 5 lim
hS0 h
1 1 2h 1 h2 2 1
5 lim 5 5(21 1 h)
hS0 h 1 21 1 h
5 lim 21 1 h
2h 1 h2 hS0 h
5 lim
hS0 h 5 2 5 1 5h
5 lim (2 1 h) 5 lim
hS0 h(21 1 h)
hS0
5h
52 5 lim
hS0 h(21 1 h)
f(3 1 h) 2 f(3)
b. f r(3) 5 lim 5
hS0 h 5 lim
hS0 (21 1 h)
5 lim c
(3 1 h)2 1 3(3 1 h) 1 1
5
hS0 h 5
21
d
2
(3 1 3(3) 1 1)
2 5 25
h
f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
9 1 6h 1 h2 1 9 1 3h 1 1 2 19 6. a. f r (x) 5 lim
5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h
25(x 1 h) 2 8 2 (25x 2 8)
9h 1 h2 5 lim
5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h
25x 2 5h 2 8 1 5x 1 8
5 lim (9 1 h) 5 lim
hS0 hS0 h
59

25h A !3x 1 3h 1 2 B 2 2 A !3x 1 2 B 2
5 lim
hA !3x 1 3h 1 2 1 !3x 1 2 B
5 lim
hS0 h hS0
5 lim 25
hS0 3x 1 3h 1 2 2 3x 2 2
hS0 hA !3x 1 3h 1 2 1 !3x 1 2B
5 lim
5 25
f(x 1 h) 2 f(x) 3
b. f r(x) 5 lim
hS0 !3x 1 3h 1 2 1 !3x 1 2
5 lim
hS0 h
5 lim c
2(x 1 h)2 1 4(x 1 h) 3
2 !3x 1 2
hS0 h 5
A2x2 1 4xB
5 f r(x) 5 lim
5 lim c
2x2 1 4xh 1 2h2 1 4x dx hS0 h
hS0 h 6 2 7(x 1 h) 2 (6 2 7x)
5 lim
d
4h 2 2x2 2 4x hS0 h
1
h 6 2 7x 2 7h 2 6 1 7x
5 lim
4xh 1 2h2 1 4h hS0 h
5 lim
hS0 h 27h
5 lim
5 lim (4x 1 2h 1 4) hS0 h
hS0
5 lim 27
5 4x 1 4 hS0
f(x 1 h) 2 f(x) 5 27
c. f r(x) 5 lim
f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
5 lim c
6(x 1 h)3 2 7(x 1 h) dy
5 f r(x) 5 lim
hS0 h dx hS0 h
x1h11 x11
d
(6x3 2 7x) 2x21
2 x1h21
h 5 lim
hS0 h
5 lim c
6x3 1 18x2h 1 18xh2 1 6h3 (x 1 h 1 1)(x 2 1)
hS0 h
5 lim £ (x 1 h 2 1)(x 2 1)
d
27x 2 7h 2 6x3 1 7x hS0 h
1
h (x 1 1)(x 1 h 2 1)
18x2h 1 18xh2 1 6h3 2 7h (x 2 1)(x 1 h 2 1) §
5 lim 2
hS0 h h
5 lim (18x 1 18xh 1 6h2 2 7)
2
x2 1 hx 1 x 2 x 2 h 2 1
hS0
5 lim £
(x 1 h 2 1)(x 2 1)
5 18x2 2 7
hS0 h
f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
d. f r(x) 5 lim
hS0 h x2 1 hx 2 x 1 x 1 h 2 1
!3(x 1 h) 1 2 2 !3x 1 2 (x 1 h 2 1)(x 2 1) §
5 lim 2
hS0 h h
!3x 1 3h 1 2 2 !3x 1 2 22h
5 lim (x 1 h 2 1)(x 2 1)
hS0 h 5 lim
A !3x 1 3h 1 2 2 !3x 1 2 B
hS0 h
5 lim c 22
hS0 h 5 lim
hS0 (x 1 h 2 1)(x 2 1)
A !3x 1 3h 1 2 1 !3x 1 2B
d 2
A !3x 1 3h 1 2 1 !3x 1 2B
3 52
(x 2 1)2

dy f(x 1 h) 2 f(x) 12
5 f r(x) 5 lim
dx hS0 h 10
3(x 1 h)2 2 3x2 8
5 lim
hS0 h 6
3x2 1 6xh 1 3h2 2 3x2 4
5 lim
hS0 h 2
x
6xh 1 3h2
5 lim –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
hS0 h –2
5 lim 6x 1 3h –4
hS0
f(x 1 h) 2 f(x) f r(x) 5 lim
f r(x) 5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h (x 1 h)3 2 x3
2(x 1 h)2 2 4(x 1 h) 2 2x2 1 4x 5 lim
5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h x3 1 3x2h 1 3xh2 1 h3 2 x3
5 lim
5 lim c
2x 1 4xh 1 2h2 2 4x 2 4h
2
hS0 h
hS0 h 3x2h 1 3xh2 1 h3
5 lim
d
2
22x 1 4x
1 hS0 h
h 5 lim 3x2 1 3xh 1 h2
4xh 1 h2 2 4h hS0
5 lim 5 3x2
hS0 h
hS0 f r(22) 5 3(22)2
5 4x 2 4 5 12
f r(0) 5 4(0) 2 4 f r(21) 5 3(21)2
5 24 53
f r(1) 5 4(1) 2 4 f r(0) 5 3(0)2
50 50
f r(2) 5 4(2) 2 4 f r(1) 5 3(1)2
54 53
4 f r(2) 5 3(2)2
3 5 12
2 c. y
1 12
x 10
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–1 8
–2 6
4
2
x
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2

2 !x 1 1
5
s(t 1 h) 2 s(t)
sr(t) 5 lim 32 5 A !x 1 1B 2
hS0 h
95x11
2 (t 1 h)2 1 8(t 1 h) 2 (2t2 1 8t)
5 lim 85x
f(8) 5 !8 1 1
hS0 h
2t2 2 2th 2 h2 1 8t 1 8h 1 t2 2 8t
5 lim
hS0 h 5 !9
22th 2 h2 1 8h 53
hS0 h
5 22t 1 8 dy f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
dx hS0 h
sr(0) 5 22(0) 1 8
c2c
5 8 m>s 5 lim
hS0 h
0
sr(4) 5 22(4) 1 8 5 lim
hS0 h
5 0 m>s
sr(6) 5 22(6) 1 8 b. Let y 5 f(x), then
5 24 m>s dy f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
5 f r(x) 5 lim
11. f r(x) 5 lim (x 1 h) 2 x
hS0 h 5 lim
!x 1 h 1 1 2 !x 1 1
hS0 h
5 lim h
hS0 h 5 lim
hS0 h
A !x 1 h 1 1 2 !x 1 1 B
5 lim c 5 lim 1
hS0
hS0 h
51
A !x 1 h 1 1 1 !x 1 1 B
A !x 1 h 1 1 1 !x 1 1 B
3
dy f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
A !x 1 h 1 1 B 2 2 A !x 1 1 B 2
5 f r(x) 5 lim
dx hS0 h
hS0 hA !x 1 h 1 1 1 !x 1 1 B
5 lim
m(x 1 h) 1 b 2 mx 2 b
5 lim
x1h112x21 hS0 h
hS0 hA !x 1 h 1 1 1 !x 1 1B
5 lim
hS0 h
h
hS0 hA !x 1 h 1 1 1 !x 1 1B
5 lim mh
5 lim
hS0 h
1 5 lim m
A !x 1 h 1 1 1 !x 1 1 B
5 lim hS0
hS0
5m
2 !x 1 1
5
dy f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
5 f r(x) 5 lim
5 lim c
a(x 1 h)2 1 b(x 1 h) 1 c
f r(x) 5 16.
d
(ax2 1 bx 1 c)
2
h

5 lim c
d
2ax2 2 bx 2 c
h
hS0 h
lim2 5 lim2
f r(x) 5 lim
hS0 h 2h2
5 lim2
(x 1 h)3 2 x3 hS0 h
5 lim
hS0 h 5 lim2 (2h)
hS0
x 1 3x2h 1 3xh2 1 h3 2 x3
3
5 lim 50
hS0 h f(0 1 h) 2 f(0) (0 1 h)2 2 A02 B
3x h 1 3xh 1 h3
2 2 lim1 5 lim1
5 lim hS0 h hS0 h
hS0 h h2
5 lim 3x 1 3xh 1 h2
2 5 lim1
hS0 hS0 h
5 3x2
5 lim1 (h)
hS0
50
14. h(t) 5 18t 2 4.9t2
a. hr(t) 5 lim
kS0 k f(a 1 h) 2 f(a)
18(t 1 k) 2 4.9(t 1 k)2 6 5 lim
5 lim hS0 h
kS0 k f(a 1 h) 2 0
A18t 2 4.9t2 B 6 5 lim
hS0 h
2
k f(a 1 h)
18t 1 18k 2 4.9t 2 2 9.8tk 2 4.9k2 3 5 lim
5 lim hS0 2h
kS0 k 18. y
18t 1 4.9t2 6
2
k 4
18k 2 9.8tk 2 4.9k2 2
5 lim x
kS0 k
5 lim (18 2 9.8t 2 4.9k) –1 1 2 3 4 5
–2
kS0
5 18 2 9.8t 2 4.9(0)
f(x) is continuous.
5 18 2 9.8t f(3) 5 2
Then hr(2) 5 18 2 9.8(2) 5 21.6 m>s. But f r(3) 5 `.
hS0 h

5 lim c
Ax 2 4x 2 5B
d
2
h
d
5 lim c
dx
hS0 h
Ax B 5 3x2
d 3
d
1 dx
h
A4x3 B 5 12x2
d
5 lim dx
hS0 h
Ax 1 xB 5 2x 1 1
d 2
hS0 dx
5 2x 1 0 2 4
Ax 2 x2 1 3xB 5 3x2 2 2x 1 3
d 3
dx
dx dx
dx dx
5 4Ax0 B 2 0
2x 2 4 5 2
x53
54
When x 5 3, y 5 (3)2 2 4(3) 2 5 5 28.
d d
20. f(x) 5 x2 dx dx
c. f r(x) 5 A2x2 B 1 (5x) 1 (8)
f(x 1 h) 2 f(x) d d d
f r 5 lim dx dx dx
hS0 h
5 2 Ax2 B 1 5 (x) 1
(x 1 h)2 2 x2 d d d
5 lim (8)
hS0 h dx dx dx
(x 1 h 1 x)(x 1 h 2 x) 5 2 (2x) 1 5 1 0
5 lim 5 22x 1 5
hS0 h
d. f r(x) 5 ("
d 3
h(2x 1 h) x)
5 lim dx
hS0 h
d 1
5 lim (2x 1 h) 5 ( x3 )
hS0 dx
5 2x 1 0 1 1
5 2x 5 ( x(3 21))
3
3
y 2 a2 5 (2a)(x 2 a) 1
y 5 (2a)x 2 a2 5 3 2
e. f r(x) 5 aa b b
d x 4
the tangent: dx 2
5a b Ax B
23 5 (2a)(1) 2 a2 1 4d 4
2
a 2 2a 2 3 5 0 2 dx
(a 2 3)(a 1 1) 5 0
5 A4x3 B
1
a 5 21, 3 16
2x 1 y 1 1 5 0 and y 5 6x 2 9 or 6x 2 y 2 9 5 0. 5
4

5 lim c
Ax 2 4x 2 5B
d
2
h
d
5 lim c
dx
hS0 h
Ax B 5 3x2
d 3
d
1 dx
h
A4x3 B 5 12x2
d
5 lim dx
hS0 h
Ax 1 xB 5 2x 1 1
d 2
hS0 dx
5 2x 1 0 2 4
Ax 2 x2 1 3xB 5 3x2 2 2x 1 3
d 3
dx
dx dx
dx dx
5 4Ax0 B 2 0
2x 2 4 5 2
x53
54
When x 5 3, y 5 (3)2 2 4(3) 2 5 5 28.
d d
20. f(x) 5 x2 dx dx
c. f r(x) 5 A2x2 B 1 (5x) 1 (8)
f(x 1 h) 2 f(x) d d d
f r 5 lim dx dx dx
hS0 h
5 2 Ax2 B 1 5 (x) 1
(x 1 h)2 2 x2 d d d
5 lim (8)
hS0 h dx dx dx
(x 1 h 1 x)(x 1 h 2 x) 5 2 (2x) 1 5 1 0
5 lim 5 22x 1 5
hS0 h
d. f r(x) 5 ("
d 3
h(2x 1 h) x)
5 lim dx
hS0 h
d 1
5 lim (2x 1 h) 5 ( x3 )
hS0 dx
5 2x 1 0 1 1
5 2x 5 ( x(3 21))
3
3
y 2 a2 5 (2a)(x 2 a) 1
y 5 (2a)x 2 a2 5 3 2
e. f r(x) 5 aa b b
d x 4
the tangent: dx 2
5a b Ax B
23 5 (2a)(1) 2 a2 1 4d 4
2
a 2 2a 2 3 5 0 2 dx
(a 2 3)(a 1 1) 5 0
5 A4x3 B
1
a 5 21, 3 16
2x 1 y 1 1 5 0 and y 5 6x 2 9 or 6x 2 y 2 9 5 0. 5
4

A5Ax2 B 4 B
d 23 d
f. f r(x) 5
dx
(x ) e. gr(x) 5
dx
5 (23)( x2321)
5 5 Ax234 B
d
5 23x24 dx
5 5 Ax8 B
d d
3. a. hr(x) 5 ((2x 1 3)(x 1 4))
dx dx
5 5A8x7 B
A2x2 1 8x 1 3x 1 12B
d
5
dx 5 40x7
A2x2 B 1 f. sr(t) 5 a b
d d d d t5 2 3t2
5 (11x) 1 (12)
dx dx dx dt 2t
5 2 Ax2 B 1 11 (x) 1
d d d
5 a b At 4 2 3tB
(12) 1 d
dx dx dx 2 dt
5 2(2x) 1 11(1) 1 0
5 a b a At4 B 2 (3t)b
1 d d
5 4x 1 11
2 dt dt
b. f r(x) 5 A2x3 1 5x2 2 4x 2 3.75B
d
5 a b a At4 B 2 3 (t)b
1 d d
dx
2 dt dt
A5x2 B 2
d d d
5 (2x3 ) 1 (4x)
5 a b A4t 3 2 3(1)B
dx dx dx 1
d 2
2 (3.75)
dx 3
5 2t 3 2
5 2 Ax3 B 1 5 Ax2 B 2 4 (x)
d d d 2
A3x3 B
dx dx dx dy d 5
4. a. 5
d dx dx
2 (3.75)
dx d 5
5 2A3x2 B 1 5(2x) 2 4(1) 2 0 5 3 ( x3)
dx
5 6x2 1 10x 2 4
5 a b3( xA3 21))
5 5
5 At 2 At 2 2 2tB B
ds d
c. 3
dt dt 2
5 5x3
5 At 4 2 2t 3 B
d
a4x22 2 b
dt dy d 1 6
b. 5
dx dx x
5 At 4 B 2 A2t 3 B
d d
5 4 ( x22) 2 6 Ax21 B
dt dt d 1 d
dx dx
5 At B 2 2 At 3 B
d 4 d
b ( x22 21) 2 6(21)Ax2121 B
dt dt 21 1
5 4a
5 4t 3 2 2A3t 2 B 2
3
5 4t 3 2 6t 2 5 22x22 1 6x22
a x 1 x 2 x 1 1b a 3 1 2 2 3b
dy d 1 5 1 3 1 2 dy d 6 2
d. 5 c. 5

d 1 5 d 1 3 d 1 2 d d d d
5 (1) (3)
5 6(23)Ax2321 B 1 2(22)Ax2221 B 2 0
1 d 1 d 1 d
5 dx 3 dx 2 dx 5 218x24 2 4x23
d 218 4
1 (1) 5 4 2 3
dx x x
5 A5x4 B 1 A3x2 B 2 (2x) 1 0
1 1 1
5 3 2
5 x4 1 x2 2 x

dy d 5 2t 2 6(1) 1 0
d.
dx
5
dx
( 9x22 1 3"x ) 5 2t 2 6
x 2 "x
d 3
5 9 Ax22 B 1 3 ( x2)
d d 1
6. a. f r(x) 5
dx
( )
dx dx
Ax B 2 ( x2)
d 3 d 1
5 9(22)Ax2221 B 1 3a b ( x2 21)
1
5
1
2 dx dx
3 1 1
5 3x2 2 ( x2 21)
1
5 218x23 1 x22
2 2
1 1
"x 1 6"x3 1 "2
dy d
e.
dx
5
dx
( ) 5 3x2 2 x22
2
1
"2
d 1 d 3 d 1
5 ( x2) 1 6 ( x2) 1
dx dx dx
( ) so f r(a) 5 f r(4) 5 3(4)2 2 (4)22
2
1 1
5 ( x2 21) 1 6a b ( x2 21) 1 0
1 1 3
5 3(16) 2
3
2 2 2 "4
5 48 2 a b a b
1 1 1 1 1
5 ( x22) 1 9x2
2 2 2
d 1 1 "x 5 47.75
a b
dy
f. 5 d
dx dx x
1
b. f r(x) 5 (
dx
7 2 6"x 1 5x3 ) 2
a b1 a b
d 1 d x2
5 d d 1 d 2
dx x dx x 5 (7) 2 6 ( x2) 1 5 ( x3)
dx dx dx
d 21 d 1
5 (x ) 1 ( x22)
5 0 2 6a b ( x2 21) 1 5a b ( x3 21)
1 1 2 2
dx dx
21 212 21 2 3
5 (21)x2121 1 (x )
5 23x22 1 a b ( x23)
2 1 10 1
1 3 3
5 2x22 2 x22
so f r(a) 5 f r(64) 5 23( 6422) 1 a b ( 6423)
2 1 10 1
5 A22t 2 1 7tB
ds d 3
5. a.
5 23a b 1 a b
dt dt 1 10 1
5 (22)a At2 B b 1 7a (t)b
d d 8 3 4
dt dt 11
5 (22)(2t) 1 7(1) 5
24
5 24t 1 7
A3x4 B
dy d
7. a. 5
5 a18 1 5t 2 t 3 b
ds d 1 dx dx
b.
5 3 Ax4 B
dt dt 3 d
5 (18) 1 5 (t) 2 a b At 3 B
d d 1 d dx
5 12x3
5 0 1 5(1) 2 a b A3t 2 B
1
dy
5 A(t 2 3)2B
ds d 5 12
c.
a b
dt dt dy d 1
b. 5
5 At 2 2 6t 1 9B
d dx dx x25
dt
Ax B
d 5
5
5 At 2 B 2 (6) (t) 1 (9)
d d d dx
dt dt dt 5 5x4

dy dy 21
slope 5 5(21)4 16
c. y 5 2
55 x
a b a b
dy d 2 dy d 16
c. 5 5
dx dx x dx dx x2
5 2 Ax21 B 5 16 Ax22 B
d d
dx dx
5 2(21)x2121 5 16(22)x2221
5 22x22 5 232x23
dy dy
dx
23 (232)
slope 5 22(22)22 232(22) 5 (22)3
5 4.
1 d. y 5 x23 (x21 1 1)
52
2 5 x24 1 x23
5 ("16x3)
dy d dy d 24
d. 5 (x 1 x23 )
dx dx dx dx
5 "16 ( x2)
d 3
5 24x25 2 3x24
dx
4 3
52 52 4
5 4a bx2 21
3 3
x x
1
5 6x 2
dy
dy
a2x 2 b
1
9. a. 5
5 12 dx dx x
8. a. y 5 2x3 1 3x
Ax B
d d 21
5 2 (x) 2
A2x3 1 3xB
dy d dx dx
5
dx dx 5 2(1) 2 (21)x2121
5 2 Ax3 B 1 3 (x)
d d 5 2 1 x22
dy
5 6x2 1 3
6(1)2 1 3 5 9.
a 2 3b
dy d 3 4
b. 5
b. y 5 2"x 1 5 dx dx x2 x
dy d
5 (2"x 1 5) 5 3 Ax22 B 2 4 Ax23 B
d d
dx dx dx dx
d 1 d 5 3(22)x2221 2 4(23)x2321
5 2 ( x2 ) 1 (5)
dx dx 5 12x24 2 6x23
5 2a b ( x2 21) 1 0
1 1
2 dy
21
5 x2
12(21)24 2 6(21)23 5 18.

y 2 7 5 18(x 1 1) or 18x 2 y 1 25 5 0. y 5 3.5(x 2 4) or 7x 2 2y 2 28 5 0.
dy
5 ("3x3)
d d "x 2 2
a 3 b
c. dy
5
"x
dx dx f.
dx dx
5 "3 ( x2)
d 3 1
a b
d x2 2 2
dx 5 1
dx x3
5 "3a bx
3 32 21
d 1 1 1
2 5 ( x2 2 3 2 2x23)
1 dx
3"3x2
5 ( x6) 2 2 Ax23 B
5 d 1 d 1
2
dx dx
5 ( x6 21) 2 2a2 bx23 21 2 0
dy 1 1 1 1

3"3(3)2
1
9 1 256 2 243
2 2 6 3
y 2 9 5 92 (x 2 3) or 9x 2 2y 2 9 5 0. dy
a ax 1 bb
dy d 1 2 1
d. 5 5 4
So the slope is 16 (1)26 1 23 (1)23 5 56.
dx dx x x
ax 1 2 b
d 1
5 y 1 1 5 56 (x 2 1) or 5x 2 6y 2 11 5 0.
Ax B
5 (x) 1
dx dx given point.
5 1 1 (22)x2221 3 4
5 1 2 2x23 y 5 2 2 3 at P(21, 7)
x x
dy
So the slope is 1 2 2(1)23 5 21. 1
y 2 2 5 2 (x 2 1) or x 1 y 2 3 5 0. x 1 18y 2 125 5 0
3
5 (("x 2 2)(3"x 1 8))
dy d 11. y 5 3 5 3x23
1
"x
e.
dx dx
5 (3("x)2 1 8"x 2 6"x 2 16)
d
d dy 4
5 (3x 1 2"x 2 16) 5 2x23

dx dx
d d 1 d 4 1
5 (3x) 1 2 ( x2) 2 (16) x23 5
dx dx dx 16
1 1
5 3(1) 1 2a bx2 21 2 0
1 1 4 5
2 x 3
16
4
5 3 1 x22
1
x3 5 16
3

dy
1
So the slope is 3 1 (4)22 5 3.5.

1 16. y 5 15x5 2 10x, slope is 6
12. y 5 5 x21 : y 5 x3
x dy
5 x4 2 10 5 6
dy 1 dy dx
52 2: 5 3x2
dx x dx x4 5 16
1 x2 5 4 or x2 5 24
Now, 2 2 5 3x2
x x 5 62 non-real
x4 5 2 . and Q2 2, 685 R .
3
13. y 5 x2, 5 2x If x 5 a, y 5 2x2 1 3.
dx
dy dy
5 4a.
a22
4 y
2a2 5 4a2 2 8a
3 2
2a 2 8a 5 0
2 2a(a 2 4) 5 0
1 a 5 0 or a 5 4.
x
Point (2, 3):
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
14. y 5 2x2 1 3x 1 4
y 2 3 5 0. y 2 3 5 16(x 2 2) or
dy
5 22x 1 3 16x 2 y 2 29 5 0.
dy 2a2 1 10
dx a22
5 5 22x 1 3 2a2 1 10 5 4a2 2 8a
x 5 21. 2
2a 2 8a 2 10 5 0
The point is (21, 0). a2 2 4a 2 5 5 0
y (a 2 5)(a 1 1) 5 0
6
a55 a 5 21
3 y 1 7 5 20(x 2 2) y 1 7 5 24(x 2 2)
2 or 20x 2 y 2 47 5 0. or 4x 1 y 2 1 5 0.
1 a
1 2 3 4 a
–1
a(22) 2 4a b 1 21 5 0
a
15. y 5 x3 1 2
4
dy
5 3x2, slope is 12 23a 1 21 5 0
dx
a 5 7.
x2 5 4
x 5 2 or x 5 22
Points are (2, 10) and (22, 26).

19. a. When h 5 200, 22. v(t) 5 Rr(t) 5 210t
d 5 3.53"200 v(2) 5 220
b. d 5 3.53!h 5 3.53h2
1
3 (0, 3)
2
dr 5 3.53a h 2 2 b
1 1
2 1
x
5
3.53 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
–1
2!h
–2
When h 5 200,
3.53 –3
2 !200
dr 5
8 0.12 AAa,23a2 B.
dx
a. d(2) 5 4.9(2)2 5 19.6 m 23a2 2 3
Slope of PA: 5 26a
d(5) 5 4.9(5)2 5 122.5 m a
Dd 122.5 2 19.6 a 5 1 or a 5 21
Dt 522
Thus, dr(4) 5 9.8(4) 5 39.2 m>s. dy
5 3x2 2 12x 1 8
Set d(t) 5 150: When x 5 3,
4.9t2 5 150 dy
5 27 2 36 1 8 5 21
1500 dx
t2 5
Equation will be
t 5 6 "15
10
7 y 1 3 5 21(x 2 3)
y 5 2x.
Since t $ 0, t 5 "15
10
7 2x 5 x3 2 6x2 1 8x
Then, x3 2 6x2 1 9x 5 0
xAx2 2 6x 1 9B 5 0
dra "15b 5 9.8a "15b
10 10
x(x 2 3)2 5 0
7 7
x 5 0 or x 5 3
8 54.2 m>s
21. v(t) 5 sr(t) 5 2t 2 t2
0.5 5 2t 2 t2 y
t2 2 2t 1 0.5 5 0 3
2t2 2 4t 1 1 5 0 2
4 6 "8 1
x
t5
4
–1 0 1 2 3 4
t 8 1.71, 0.29 –11
0.29 min and 1.71 min. –3

25. a. i. f(x) 5 2x 2 5x2 f(5) 5 (5)3 2 8(5)2 1 5(5) 1 3
f r(x) 5 2 2 10x 5 25 2 200 1 25 1 3
Set f r(x) 5 0: 5 247
27 R and (5, 247).
x5
points.
f a b 5 2a b 2 5a b
1 1 1 2
5 5 5 26. "x 1 "y 5 1
!y 5 1 2 !x
5 2
5 5
1 y 5 1 2 2 !x 1 x
5
5 dy 1 1
5 2 ? 2x22 1 1
ii. f(x) 5 4x2 1 2x 2 3 1 21 1 !a
!a !a
But !a 1 !b 5 1
Set f r(x) 5 0:
8x 1 2 5 0
8x 5 22 2 !b 5 !a 2 1.
1 "b b
Åa
"a
x52 .
4
f a2 b 5 4a2 b 1 2a2 b 2 3
1 1 2 1
4 4 4 y 2 1 5 n(x 2 1)
1 2 12 nx 2 y 2 n 1 1 5 0
5 2 2
4 4 4 Let y 5 0, nx 5 n 2 1
13 n21 1
52 x5 512 .
4 n n
iii. f(x) 5 x3 2 8x2 1 5x 1 3 n n
2
3x 2 15x 2 x 1 5 5 0 x 2 1 5 0.
3x(x 2 5) 2 (x 2 5) 5 0 28. a. y
(3x 2 1)(x 2 5) 5 0 9
1 8
x5 ,5
3 7
f a b 5 a b 2 8a b 1 5a b 1 3
1 1 3 1 2 1 6
3 3 3 3 5
1 24 45 81 4
5 2 1 1
27 27 27 27 3
103 2
5
27 1
x
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4

c. h(x) 5 (3x 1 2)(2x 2 7)
f(x) 5 e f '(x) 5 e
x2, if x , 3 2x, if x , 3
x 1 6, if x $ 3 1, if x $ 3 hr(x) 5 (3x 1 2)(2) 1 (3)(2x 2 7)
d. h(x) 5 A5x7 1 1B Ax2 2 2xB
y
hr(x) 5 A5x7 1 1B (2x 2 2) 1 A35x6 BAx2 2 2xB
b.
7
5 45x8 2 80x7 1 2x 2 2
e. s(t) 5 At2 1 1B A3 2 2t2 B
6
5 sr(t) 5 At2 1 1B (24t) 1 (2t)A3 2 2t2 B
4 5 28t3 1 2t
3 x23
2 f. f(x) 5
x13
1 f(x) 5 (x 2 3)(x 1 3)21
x
f r(x) 5 (x 2 3)(21)(x 1 3)22 1 (1)(x 1 3)21
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
–1 5 (x 1 3)22 (2x 1 3 1 x 1 3)
6
5
3x2 2 6, if x , 2"2 or x . "2 (x 1 3)2
f(x) 5 e
6 2 3x2, if 2"2 , x , "2 2. a. y 5 (5x 1 1)3 (x 2 4)
dy
6x, if x , 2"2 or x . "2 5 (5x 1 1)3 (1) 1 3(5x 1 1)2 (5)(x 2 4)
f r(x) 5 e dx
26x, if 2"2 # x # "2 5 (5x 1 1)3 1 15(5x 1 1)2 (x 2 4)
( ) ( ) b. y 5 A3x2 1 4BA3 1 x3 B 5
5 A3x2 1 4B (5)A3 1 x3 B 4 A3x2 B
dy
c. y
3 dx
2
1 (6x)A3 1 x3 B 5
5 15x2 (3x2 1 4)(3 1 x3 )4 1 6x(3 1 x3 )5
1
x
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
–1
x 2 1, if x $ 1 since Zx 2 1 Z 5 x 2 1
f(x) 5 μ
1 2 x, if 0 # x , 1 since Zx 2 1 Z 5 1 2 x
x 1 1, if 21 , x , 0 since Z2x 2 1 Z 5 x 1 1
2x 2 1, if x # 21 since Z2x21 Z 5 2x 2 1
1, if x . 1 c. y 5 A1 2 x2 B 4 (2x 1 6)3
5 4A1 2 x2 B 3 (22x)(2x 1 6)3
dy
f'(x) 5 μ
21, if 0 , x , 1
1, if 21 , x , 0 dx
21, if x , 21 1 A1 2 x2 B 4 3(2x 1 6)2 (2)
5 28xA1 2 x2 B 3 (2x 1 6)3
d. y 5 Ax2 2 9B 4 (2x 2 1)3
5 Ax2 2 9B 4 (3)(2x 2 1)2 (2)
dx
1. a. h(x) 5 x(x 2 4)
1 4Ax2 2 9B 3 (2x)(2x 2 1)3
hr(x) 5 x(1) 1 (1)(x 2 4)
5 6(x2 2 9)4 (2x 2 1)2
5 2x 2 4
1 8x(x2 2 9)3 (2x 2 1)3
b. h(x) 5 x2 (2x 2 1)
hr(x) 5 x2 (2) 1 (2x)(2x 2 1)
5 6x2 2 2x

c. h(x) 5 (3x 1 2)(2x 2 7)
f(x) 5 e f '(x) 5 e
x2, if x , 3 2x, if x , 3
x 1 6, if x $ 3 1, if x $ 3 hr(x) 5 (3x 1 2)(2) 1 (3)(2x 2 7)
d. h(x) 5 A5x7 1 1B Ax2 2 2xB
y
hr(x) 5 A5x7 1 1B (2x 2 2) 1 A35x6 BAx2 2 2xB
b.
7
5 45x8 2 80x7 1 2x 2 2
e. s(t) 5 At2 1 1B A3 2 2t2 B
6
5 sr(t) 5 At2 1 1B (24t) 1 (2t)A3 2 2t2 B
4 5 28t3 1 2t
3 x23
2 f. f(x) 5
x13
1 f(x) 5 (x 2 3)(x 1 3)21
x
f r(x) 5 (x 2 3)(21)(x 1 3)22 1 (1)(x 1 3)21
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
–1 5 (x 1 3)22 (2x 1 3 1 x 1 3)
6
5
3x2 2 6, if x , 2"2 or x . "2 (x 1 3)2
f(x) 5 e
6 2 3x2, if 2"2 , x , "2 2. a. y 5 (5x 1 1)3 (x 2 4)
dy
6x, if x , 2"2 or x . "2 5 (5x 1 1)3 (1) 1 3(5x 1 1)2 (5)(x 2 4)
f r(x) 5 e dx
26x, if 2"2 # x # "2 5 (5x 1 1)3 1 15(5x 1 1)2 (x 2 4)
( ) ( ) b. y 5 A3x2 1 4BA3 1 x3 B 5
5 A3x2 1 4B (5)A3 1 x3 B 4 A3x2 B
dy
c. y
3 dx
2
1 (6x)A3 1 x3 B 5
5 15x2 (3x2 1 4)(3 1 x3 )4 1 6x(3 1 x3 )5
1
x
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
–1
x 2 1, if x $ 1 since Zx 2 1 Z 5 x 2 1
f(x) 5 μ
1 2 x, if 0 # x , 1 since Zx 2 1 Z 5 1 2 x
x 1 1, if 21 , x , 0 since Z2x 2 1 Z 5 x 1 1
2x 2 1, if x # 21 since Z2x21 Z 5 2x 2 1
1, if x . 1 c. y 5 A1 2 x2 B 4 (2x 1 6)3
5 4A1 2 x2 B 3 (22x)(2x 1 6)3
dy
f'(x) 5 μ
21, if 0 , x , 1
1, if 21 , x , 0 dx
21, if x , 21 1 A1 2 x2 B 4 3(2x 1 6)2 (2)
5 28xA1 2 x2 B 3 (2x 1 6)3
d. y 5 Ax2 2 9B 4 (2x 2 1)3
5 Ax2 2 9B 4 (3)(2x 2 1)2 (2)
dx
1. a. h(x) 5 x(x 2 4)
1 4Ax2 2 9B 3 (2x)(2x 2 1)3
hr(x) 5 x(1) 1 (1)(x 2 4)
5 6(x2 2 9)4 (2x 2 1)2
5 2x 2 4
1 8x(x2 2 9)3 (2x 2 1)3
b. h(x) 5 x2 (2x 2 1)
hr(x) 5 x2 (2) 1 (2x)(2x 2 1)
5 6x2 2 2x

5 5(21)4 (2)(21)4
g(x) 5 (x 1 1) (x 2 1). 5 xA25x2 2 4B
4. F(x) 5 3b(x)43c(x)4 dy
5 x(50x) 1 (25x2 2 4)(1)
5. a. y 5 (2 1 7x)(x 2 3) At x 5 3,
dy dy
5 (2 1 7x)(1) 1 7(x 2 3) 5 3(150) 1 (25 ? 9 2 4)
dx dx
At x 5 2, 5 450 1 221
dy 5 671
5 (2 1 14) 1 7(21)
5 16 2 7 at (1, 22)
59
5 A3x2 2 5B A3x2 2 2xB
dy
b. y 5 (1 2 2x)(1 1 2x) dx
dy
5 (1 2 2x)(2) 1 (22)(1 1 2x) 1 Ax3 2 5x 1 2B (6x 2 2)
dx when x 5 1,
1 dy
At x 5 , 5 (22)(1) 1 (22)(4)
2 dx
dy 5 22 1 28
5 (0)(2) 2 2(2)
dx 5 210
5 A3 2 2x 2 x2 B A2x 1 1B
dy 10x 1 y 2 8 5 0.
dx 7. a. y 5 2(x 2 29)(x 1 1)
1 (22 2 2x)Ax2 1 x 2 2B dy
5 2(x 2 29)(1) 1 2(1)(x 1 1)
At x 5 22, dx
dy 2x 2 58 1 2x 1 2 5 0
5 (3 1 4 2 4)(24 1 1)
dx 4x 2 56 5 0
1 (22 1 4)(4 2 2 2 2) 4x 5 56
5 (3)(23) 1 (2)(0) x 5 14
d. y 5 x3 (3x 1 7)2 b. y 5 Ax2 1 2x 1 1B Ax2 1 2x 1 1B
dy 5 Ax2 1 2x 1 1B 2
5 3x2 (3x 1 7)2 1 x36(3x 1 7)
dx dy
5 2Ax2 1 2x 1 1B (2x 1 2)
At x 5 22, dx
dy Ax2 1 2x 1 1B (2x 1 2) 5 0
5 12(1)2 1 (28)(6)(1)
dx 2(x 1 1)(x 1 1)(x 1 1) 5 0
5 12 2 48 x 5 21
e. y 5 (2x 1 1)5 (3x 1 2)4, x 5 21 8. a. y 5 (x 1 1)3 (x 1 4)(x 2 3)2
dy dy
5 5(2x 1 1)4 (2)(3x 1 2)4 5 3(x 1 1)2 (x 1 4)(x 2 3)2
dx dx
1 (2x 1 1)54(3x 1 2)3 (3) 1 (x 1 1)3 (1)(x 2 3)2
At x 5 21, 1 (x 1 1)3 (x 1 4)32(x 2 3)4

(1 1 nx)
5 2xA3x2 1 4B 2 A3 2 x3 B 4
dy
dx f r(x) 5 1(1 1 2x)(1 1 3x) c(1 1 nx)
1 x2 32A3x2 1 4B (6x)4 A3 2 x3 B 4 1 (1 1 x)(2)(1 1 3x) c(1 1 nx)
1 x2 A3x2 1 4B 2 34A3 2 x3 B 3 A23x2 B4
1 (1 1 x)(1 1 2x)(3) c(1 1 nx)
1 c 1 (1 1 x)(1 1 2x)(1 1 3x)
9. V(t) 5 75a1 2 b , 0 # t # 24
t 2 c (n)
24 f r(0) 5 1(1)(1)(1) c (1)
75 L 3 60% 5 45 L 1 1(2)(1)(1) c (1)
5 a1 2 b
45 t 2 1 1(1)(3)(1) c (1)
Set
75 24 1 c 1 (1)(1)(1) c (n)
3 t 5112131c1n
Å5
6 512 n(n 1 1)
24 f r(0) 5
2
t5a6
3
12. f(x) 5 ax2 1 bx 1 c
Å5
2 1b (224)
f r(x) 5 2ax 1 b (1)
V(t) 5 75a1 2 b
t 2 f r(x) 5 0 at x 5 21
24 22a 1 b 5 0
V(t) 5 75a1 2 b a1 2 b
24 24 4a 1 2b 1 c 5 19 (2)
Vr(t) 5 75 c a1 2 b a2 b
24 24 a 2 b 1 c 5 28 (3)
1 a2 b a1 2 b d
1 t 4a 1 2b 1 c 5 19
24 24 23a 2 3b 5 227
a1b59
5 (75)(2)a1 2 b a2 b
t 1
24 24 22a 1 b 5 0
Vr(5.4097) 5 24.84 L>h 3a 5 9
hr(x) 5 2(x 1 1)3 Ax2 1 2x 1 1B 2 y
13.
1 (2x)(3)(x 1 1)2 Ax2 1 2x 1 1B 2 3
1 2x(x 1 1)3 2Ax2 1 2x 1 1B (2x 1 2) 2
hr(22) 5 2(21)3 (1)2 1
x
1 2(22)(3)(21)2 (1)2 0
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
1 2(22)(21)3 (2)(1)(22) –1
5 22 2 12 2 16 a. x 5 1 or x 5 21
5 230 b. f r(x) 5 2x, x , 21 or x . 1
11. f r(x) 5 22x, 21 , x , 1
1 g1 (x)g2r(x)g3 (x) c gn21 (x)gn (x) 4
2
–2
–4
–6

c. f r(22) 5 2(22) 5 24 h(h 1 2x 2 5)
5 lim
f r(0) 5 22(0) 5 0
˛
hS0 h
f r(3) 5 2(3) 5 6 5 2x 2 5
14. y 5 2 2 1
x the tangents.
dy 32
52 3 x
Slope of Tangent
dx x f 9(x)
32
2 3 54 1 23
x
2 21
4x3 5 232
x3 5 28 3 1
x 5 22 4 3
16
y5 21 5 5
4
53 c. y
4x 2 y 1 11 5 0 2
x
y 5 4x 1 11
–2 0 2 4 6
Substitute, –2
16 –4
4x 1 11 5 2 2 1
x –6
4x3 1 11x2 5 16 2 x2 or 4x3 1 12x2 2 16 5 0.
RS 5 4(22)3 1 12(22)2 2 16 (6(x 1 h) 1 15) 2 (6x 1 15)
50 2. a. f r(x) 5 lim ˛
hS0 h
a solution. 5 lim
hS0 h
When x 5 22, y 5 4(22) 1 11 5 3.
5 lim 6
A2(x 1 h)2 2 4B 2 A2x2 2 4B
hS0 h
1. a. y (x 1 h) 2 2 x2
5 lim2
6 hS0 h
4 ((x 1 h) 2 x)((x 1 h) 1 x)
5 lim2
2 hS0 h
x h(2x 1 h)
–2 0 2 4 6 5 lim2
–2 hS0 h
–4 5 lim2(2x 1 h)
hS0
–6 5 4x
5 5
2x15
((x 1 h)2 2 5(x 1 h)) 2 (x2 2 5x) (x 1 h) 1 5
hS0
˛
h hS0 h
x2 1 2hx 1 h2 2 5x 2 5h 2 x2 1 5x 5(x 1 5) 2 5((x 1 h) 1 5)
5 lim 5 lim
hS0
˛
h hS0 ((x 1 h) 1 5)(x 1 5)h

h2 1 2hx 2 5h 25h
5 lim 5 lim
h S 0 ((x 1 h) 1 5) (x 1 5)h
˛
hS0 h
c. f r(22) 5 2(22) 5 24 h(h 1 2x 2 5)
5 lim
f r(0) 5 22(0) 5 0
˛
hS0 h
f r(3) 5 2(3) 5 6 5 2x 2 5
14. y 5 2 2 1
x the tangents.
dy 32
52 3 x
Slope of Tangent
dx x f 9(x)
32
2 3 54 1 23
x
2 21
4x3 5 232
x3 5 28 3 1
x 5 22 4 3
16
y5 21 5 5
4
53 c. y
4x 2 y 1 11 5 0 2
x
y 5 4x 1 11
–2 0 2 4 6
Substitute, –2
16 –4
4x 1 11 5 2 2 1
x –6
4x3 1 11x2 5 16 2 x2 or 4x3 1 12x2 2 16 5 0.
RS 5 4(22)3 1 12(22)2 2 16 (6(x 1 h) 1 15) 2 (6x 1 15)
50 2. a. f r(x) 5 lim ˛
hS0 h
a solution. 5 lim
hS0 h
When x 5 22, y 5 4(22) 1 11 5 3.
5 lim 6
A2(x 1 h)2 2 4B 2 A2x2 2 4B
hS0 h
1. a. y (x 1 h) 2 2 x2
5 lim2
6 hS0 h
4 ((x 1 h) 2 x)((x 1 h) 1 x)
5 lim2
2 hS0 h
x h(2x 1 h)
–2 0 2 4 6 5 lim2
–2 hS0 h
–4 5 lim2(2x 1 h)
hS0
–6 5 4x
5 5
2x15
((x 1 h)2 2 5(x 1 h)) 2 (x2 2 5x) (x 1 h) 1 5
hS0
˛
h hS0 h
x2 1 2hx 1 h2 2 5x 2 5h 2 x2 1 5x 5(x 1 5) 2 5((x 1 h) 1 5)
5 lim 5 lim
hS0
˛
h hS0 ((x 1 h) 1 5)(x 1 5)h

h2 1 2hx 2 5h 25h
5 lim 5 lim
h S 0 ((x 1 h) 1 5) (x 1 5)h
˛
hS0 h
25 dy
5 lim d. 5 5 2 6x23
h S 0 ((x 1 h) 1 5) (x 1 5) dx
25 6
5 552 3
(x 1 5) 2 x
!(x 1 h) 2 2 2 !x 2 2 dy
d. f r(x) 5 lim e. 5 2(11t 1 1)(11)
hS0 h dt
!(x 1 h) 2 2 2 !x 2 2 5 242t 1 22
5 lim c 1
hS0 h f. y 5 1 2
!(x 1 h) 2 2 1 !x 2 2
x
d 5 1 2 x21
!(x 1 h) 2 2 1 !x 2 2
3
dy
5 x22
((x 1 h) 2 2) 2 (x 2 2) dx
hS0 hA !(x 1 h) 2 2 1 !x 2 2B
5 lim
1
5 2
h x
hS0 hA !(x 1 h) 2 2 1 !x 2 2B
5 lim 5. f r(x) 5 8x3
8x3 5 1
1
hS0 !(x 1 h) 2 2 1 !x 2 2
5 lim 1
x3 5
8
1
2 !x 2 2
5 1
x5
2
3. a. yr 5 2x 2 4
f a b 5 2a b
When x 5 1, 1 1 4
yr 5 2(1) 2 4 2 2
5 22. 1
5
When x 5 1, 8
5 0.
y 2 5 1ax 2 b, or y 5 x 2
1 1 3
y 2 0 5 22(x 2 1), or y 5 22x 1 2
6. a. f r(x) 5 8x 2 7
b. y b. f r(x) 5 26x2 1 8x 1 5
6
c. f(x) 5 5x22 2 3x23
4 f r(x) 5 210x23 1 9x24
2 10 9
x 52 3 1 4
–4 –2 0 2 4 6 x x
–2 1
d. f(x) 5 x2 1 x3
1
–4 1 1 1 2
–6 f r(x) 5 x22 1 x23
2 3
1 1
dy 5 12 1 23
4. a. 5 24x3 2x 3x
1
dx e. f(x) 5 7x22 2 3x2
dy 1 3 1
b. 5 5x22 f r(x) 5 214x23 2 x22
dx 2
5 14 3
!x
5 5 2 3 2 12
x 2x
c. gr(x) 5 26x24 f. f r(x) 5 4x22 1 5
6 4
52 4 5 215
x x

7. a. yr 5 26x 1 6 5 224t2 2 28t 1 6t 1 7 2 12t2 2 28t 1 32
When x 5 1, 5 236t2 2 50t 1 39
yr 5 26(1) 1 6
A3x2 1 4x 2 6B (2x2 2 9)
dy d
5 0. c. 5
dx dx
When x 5 1,
1 A3x2 1 4x 2 6B A2x2 2 9B
d
y 5 23A12 B 1 6(1) 1 4 dx
5 7. 5 (6x 1 4)A2x2 2 9B 1 A3x2 1 4x 2 6B (4x)
y 2 7 5 0(x 2 1), or 1 16x2 2 24x
y57 5 24x3 1 24x2 2 78x 2 36
1
b. y 5 3 2 2x2
A3 2 2x3 B 2 A3 2 2x3 B
1 dy d
yr 5 2x22 d. 5
dx dx
21
!x 1 A3 2 2x3 B 2 A3 2 2x3 B
5 d
dx
When x 5 9,
5 c A3 2 2x3 B A3 2 2x3 B
21 d
!9
yr 5 dx
1 A3 2 2x3 B A3 2 2x3 B d A3 2 2x3 B

1 d
52 . dx
3
When x 5 9, 1 A3 2 2x3 B 2 A26x2 B
y 5 3 2 2 !9 5 S 2A26x2 B A3 2 2x3 B T A3 2 2x3 B
5 23. 1 A3 2 2x3 B 2 A26x2 B
1 1 5 A3 2 2x3 B 2 A218x2 B
y 2 (23) 5 2 (x 2 9), or y 5 2 x
3 3 5 A9 2 12x3 1 4x6 BA218x2 B
c. f r(x) 5 28x3 1 12x2 2 4x 2 8 5 2162x2 1 216x5 2 72x8
9. yr 5 A5x2 1 9x 2 2B A2x2 1 2x 1 3B
f r(3) 5 28(3)3 1 12(3)2 2 4(3) 2 8 d
5 2216 1 108 2 12 2 8 dx
1 A5x2 1 9x 2 2B A2x2 1 2x 1 3B
5 2218 d
f(3) 5 22(3)4 1 4(3)3 2 2(3)2 2 8(3) 1 9 dx
5 2162 1 108 2 18 2 24 1 9 5 (10x 1 9)A2x2 1 2x 1 3B
5 287 1 A5x2 1 9x 2 2B (2 2 2x)
y 2 (287) 5 2128(x 2 3), or 1 (5(1)2 1 9(1) 2 2)(2 2 2(1))
y 5 2128x 1 297 5 (19)(4)
5 76
8. a. f r(x) 5 A4x2 2 9xB A3x2 1 5B
d
y 2 48 5 76(x 2 1), or 76x 2 y 2 28 5 0
1 A4x2 2 9xB A3x2 1 5B
d
dx dy d
10. 5 2 (x 2 1)(5 2 x)
5 (8x 2 9)A3x2 1 5B 1 A4x2 2 9xB (6x) dx dx
5 24x3 2 27x2 1 40x 2 45 d
1 2(x 2 1) (5 2 x)
1 24x3 2 54x2 dx
5 48x3 2 81x2 1 40x 2 45 5 2(5 2 x) 2 2(x 2 1)
5 12 2 4x
b. f r(t) 5 A23t2 2 7t 1 8B (4t 2 1)
d
dy
12 2 4x 5 0
1 A23t2 2 7t 1 8B (4t 2 1)
d
dt 12 5 4x
5 (26t 2 7)(4t 2 1) x53
1 A23t2 2 7t 1 8B (4)

When x 5 3,
500a1 2 90 2 1 1 90 b
t1h t
y 5 2((3) 2 1)(5 2 (3))
5 8. 5 lim
hS0 h
a1 2 90 1 1 2 90 b
t1h t
5 lim c
dy (5(x 1 h)2 2 8(x 1 h) 1 4)
11.
dx hS0 h 3
A5x2 2 8x 1 4B
h
2 d 500a2 b a2 2
h 2t 1 h
b
h 90 90
5(x 1 h)2 2 5x2 2 8h 5 lim
5 lim hS0 h
hS0 h
a2 2 b
500 2t 1 h
5((x 1 h) 2 x)((x 1 h) 1 x) 2 8h 5 lim 2
5 lim hS0 90 90
hS0 h
a2 2 b
250 2t
5h(2x 1 h) 2 8h 5
5 lim 9 90
hS0 h
2900 1 10t
5 lim (5(2x 1 h) 2 8) 5
hS0 81
5 10x 2 8 Then,
12. V(t) 5 500a1 2 b . 0 # t # 90
t 2 2900 1 10(30)
Vr(30) 5
90 81
52 L>min
V(60) 5 500 Q 1 2 6090 R
2
27
4
b
30 2 13. V(r) 5 pr3
5 500a 3
90
4 4
a. V(10) 5 p(10)3 V(15) 5 p(15)3
5 500a b
1 2
3 3
3 4 4
500 5 p(1000) 5 p(3375)
5 L 3 3
9 4000
b. V(0) 5 500(1 2 0)2 5 500 L 5 p 5 4500p
3
V(60) 5 L
500 Dr 15 2 10
DV 2 500 500p Q 9 2 83 R
5 9
Dt 60 2 0 5
28 5
(500)
5 9
5 100pa b
19
60
200 3
p cm3>cm
52 L>min 1900
27 5
3
V(t 1 h) 2 V(t)
hS0 h Vr(r) 5 lim
hS0 h
500a1 2 90 b 2 500a21 1 90 b
2 2
h)3 2 r34
t1h t 4
p3(r 1
5 lim 3
5 lim hS0 h
h
Q 3r2h 1 3rh2 1 h3 2 r3 R
hS0 4 3
3 p r 1
5 lim
hS0 h
3 p Q 3r h 1 3rh 1 h R
4 2 2 3
5 lim
hS0 h
4 Cr(5) Cr(50) Cr(100)
hS0 3 100 100 100
52 2 52 2 52
(5) (50) (100)2
5 pA3r2 1 3r(0) 1 (0)2 B
4
3 100 100 1
52 52 52
5 4pr2 25 2500 100
Then, Vr(8) 5 4p(8)2 5 24 5 20.04 5 20.01
we get xaxb 5 xa1b
and if x9x26 5 x3
f(x) 5 2x3 1 3x2 1 6x 1 2, Also,
x2a13b Ax2 B 3 5 x6
x
xa
y 5 x2a13b2 (a2b) 5 xa14b xb
Then, For example,
yr 5 (a 1 4b)a14b21 x5
5 x2
16. a. f(x) 5 26x3 1 4x 2 5x2 1 10 x3
f r(x) 5 218x2 1 4 2 10x 2.
and Simplify,
x2 1 3x
f(x) 5 x 1 3 f r(x) 5 1
x
17. a. P(t) 5 100 1 120t 1 10t2 1 2t3 5
3x3 1
P(t) 5 100 1 120t 1 10t2 1 2t3 gr(x) 5 2x23

2
g(x) 5 ,x20 g(x) 5 3x3
x
P(0) 5 100 1 120(0) 1 10(0)2 1 2(0)3
1
10x5
,
h(x) 5
1 25
x hr(x) 5
21 26
x
x20
P(5) 5 100 1 120(5) 1 10(5)2 1 2(5)3 8x3 1 6x
2x y 5 4x2 1 3 5 8x
dx
c. Pr(t) 5 120 1 20t 1 6t2 x20
Pr(5) 5 120 1 20(5) 1 6(5)2 s5 ,t23 s5t13 51
t23 dt
5 370 bacteria> h
100
18. C(t) 5 ,t.2
t
100
Then, Cr(t) 5 2100t22 5 2 2 .
t

4 Cr(5) Cr(50) Cr(100)
hS0 3 100 100 100
52 2 52 2 52
(5) (50) (100)2
5 pA3r2 1 3r(0) 1 (0)2 B
4
3 100 100 1
52 52 52
5 4pr2 25 2500 100
Then, Vr(8) 5 4p(8)2 5 24 5 20.04 5 20.01
we get xaxb 5 xa1b
and if x9x26 5 x3
f(x) 5 2x3 1 3x2 1 6x 1 2, Also,
x2a13b Ax2 B 3 5 x6
x
xa
y 5 x2a13b2 (a2b) 5 xa14b xb
Then, For example,
yr 5 (a 1 4b)a14b21 x5
5 x2
16. a. f(x) 5 26x3 1 4x 2 5x2 1 10 x3
f r(x) 5 218x2 1 4 2 10x 2.
and Simplify,
x2 1 3x
f(x) 5 x 1 3 f r(x) 5 1
x
17. a. P(t) 5 100 1 120t 1 10t2 1 2t3 5
3x3 1
P(t) 5 100 1 120t 1 10t2 1 2t3 gr(x) 5 2x23

2
g(x) 5 ,x20 g(x) 5 3x3
x
P(0) 5 100 1 120(0) 1 10(0)2 1 2(0)3
1
10x5
,
h(x) 5
1 25
x hr(x) 5
21 26
x
x20
P(5) 5 100 1 120(5) 1 10(5)2 1 2(5)3 8x3 1 6x
2x y 5 4x2 1 3 5 8x
dx
c. Pr(t) 5 120 1 20t 1 6t2 x20
Pr(5) 5 120 1 20(5) 1 6(5)2 s5 ,t23 s5t13 51
t23 dt
5 370 bacteria> h
100
18. C(t) 5 ,t.2
t
100
Then, Cr(t) 5 2100t22 5 2 2 .
t

x15
dx (x 1 5)2
example At x 5 23:
f(x) dy (2)(3) 2 (27)(1)
h(x) 5
A2B 2
g(x) 5
dx
h(x) 5 f(x)(g(x))21, 5
4
x 19
Ax2 1 9B A3x2 B 2 Ax3 B (2x)
hr(x).
dy
Ax2 1 9B 2
(x 1 1)(1) 2 x(1) At x 5 1:
Ax 1 1B 2
4. a. hr(x) 5 dy (10)(3) 2 (1)(2)
A10B 2
5
1 dx
Ax 1 1B 2
5 28
5
(t 1 5)(2) 2 (2t 2 3)(1) 100
At 1 5B 2
b. hr(t) 5 7
5
13 25
At 1 5B 2
5 x2 2 25
c. y 5 2 ,x52
A2x2 2 1B A3x2 B 2 x3 A4xB x 1 25
2xAx2 1 25B 2 Ax2 2 25B (2x)
A2x2 2 1B 2
c. hr(x) 5 dy
Ax2 1 25B 2
5
2x 2 3x2
4 dx
A2x2 2 1B 2
5 At x 5 2:
Ax2 1 3B (0) 2 1(2x)
dy 4(29) 2 (221)(4)
A29B 2
5
Ax2 1 3B 2
d. hr(x) 5 dx
116 1 84
22x 5
Ax 1 3B 2
5 2 292
200
x(3x 1 5) 3x2 1 5x 5
A1 2 x B
e. y 5 2 5 841
1 2 x2
(6x 1 5)A1 2 x2 B 2 A3x2 1 5xB (22x)
(x 1 1)(x 1 2)
dy d. y 5 ,x54
A1 2 x2 B 2
5 (x 2 1)(x 2 2)
dx
x2 1 3x 1 2
6x 1 5 2 6x3 2 5x2 1 6x3 1 10x2 5 2
A1 2 x2 B 2
5 x 2 3x 1 2
dy (2x 1 3)Ax2 2 3x 1 2B
5x2 1 6x 1 5
Ax 2 1B 2 Ax 2 2B 2
5
A1 2 x2 B 2
5 dx
Ax2 1 3x 1 2B (2x 2 3)
Ax2 1 3B A2x 2 1B 2 Ax2 2 x 1 1B (2x)
Ax 2 1B 2 Ax 2 2B 2
dy 2
Ax2 1 3B 2
f. 5
dx
At x 5 4:
2x3 1 6x 2 x2 2 3 2 2x3 1 2x2 2 2x
(11)(6) 2 (30)(5)
Ax2 1 3B 2
5 dy
5
dx (9)(4)
x2 1 4x 2 3 84
Ax2 1 3B 2
5 52
36
7
52
3

x3 2(8)2
6. y 5 y5
x2 2 6 4
dy 3x2 Ax2 2 6B 2 x3 A2xB 5 32
Ax2 2 6B 2
5
At (3, 9): (0, 0) and (8, 32).
dy 3(9)(3) 2 (27)(6) x2 2 1
b. y 5 2
A3B 2
5
dx x 1x22
5 9 2 18 (x 2 1)(x 1 1)
5
5 29 (x 1 2)(x 2 1)
3x 5 ,x21
7. y 5 x12
x24 dy (x 1 2) 2 (x 1 1)
Ax 1 2B 2
dy 3(x 2 4) 2 3x 12 5
dx
Ax 2 4B Ax 2 4B 2
5 2 52
dx 1
Ax 1 2B 2
12
12 12 dy
(x 2 4)
b
4t
10. p(t) 5 1000a1 1 2
5x 1 2 t 1 50
8. f(x) 5
b
x12 4At 2 1 50B 2 4t(2t)
At 2 1 50B 2
pr(t) 5 1000a
(x 1 2)(5) 2 (5x 1 2)(1)
Ax 1 2B 2
f r(x) 5
1000A200 2 4t 2 B
At 2 1 50B 2
8 5
Ax 1 2B 2
f r(x) 5
1000(196)
A51B 2
5 75.36
8 1000(184)
A54B 2
(x 1 2)2 pr(2) 5 5 63.10
5x 1 2
2x2 x2 2 1
9. a. y 5 ,x24 11. y 5
x24 3x
dy (x 2 4)(4x) 2 A2x2 B (1) 1 1
5 x 2 x21
Ax 2 4B 2
5
dx 3 3
4x 2 16x 2 2x2
2
dy 1 1 22
5 5 1 x
(x 2 4)2 dx 3 3
2
2x 2 16x 1 1
5 5 1 2
(x 2 4)2 3 3x
2x(x 2 8) At x 5 2:
A2B 2 2 1
5
(x 2 4)2
dy y5
when x 5 0 or 8. At x 5 0: 1
5
0 2
y5 and
24
50 dy 1 1
5 1
At x 5 8: dx 3 3A2B 2

1 1 ax 1 b
5 1 14. f(x) 5
3 12 (x 2 1)(x 2 4)
5 (x 2 1)(x 2 4)(a)
Ax 2 1B 2 Ax 2 4B 2
5 f r(x) 5
12
(ax 1 b) 3(x 2 1)(x 2 4)4
1 5 dx
y 2 5 (x 2 2), or 5x 2 12y 2 4 5 0.
Ax 2 1B 2 Ax 2 4B 2
2
2 12
10(6 2 t) (x 2 1)(x 2 4)(a)
12. a. s(t) 5 , 0 # t # 6, t 5 0,
Ax 2 1B 2 Ax 2 4B 2
5
t13
s(0) 5 20 (ax 1 b)3(x 2 1) 1 (x 2 4)4
Ax 2 1B 2 Ax 2 4B 2
b. v(t) 5 sr(t) 5 10 c d
(t 1 3)(21) 2 (6 2 t)(1) 2
(x 2 5x 1 4)(a) 2 (ax 1 b)(2x 2 5)
At 1 3B 2
5
(x 2 1)2 (x 2 4)2
290 2
2ax 2 2bx 1 4a 1 5b
At 1 3B 2
v(t) 5 5
(x 2 1)2 (x 2 4)2
10(6 2 t) 2a 1 b
5 0, t 5 6. 5
t13 (1)(22)
290 10 2 5 2a 1 b
v(6) 5 2 5 2
9 9 b 5 2 2 2a
13. a. i. t 5 0 0 5 f r(2)
1 1 2(0) 2aA2B 2 2 2b(2) 1 4a 1 5b
r(0) 5
A1B 2 A22B 2
110 5
5 1 cm b50
1 1 2t 0 5 2 2 2a
ii. 5 1.5
11t a51
1 1 2t 5 1.5(1 1 t) So we get
1 1 2t 5 1.5 1 1.5t x
f(x) 5
0.5t 5 0.5 (x 2 1)(x 2 4)
A1 1 tB 2
iii. rr(t) 5
y 2 (21) 5 0(x 2 2), or y 5 21
A1 1 tB 2
5
tangent line:
1 x
f (x) =
(x – 1) (x –4)
A1 1 tB 2
5
y
1 8
A1 1 1B 2
rr(1.5) 5
6
1 4
5
4 2
5 0.25 cm> s x
–2 y =–1
–4
–6
equals 2 cm.
A2t 2 1 7B 2
15. cr(t) 5
10t 2 1 35 2 20t 2
5
A2t 2 1 7B 2 1. f(x) 5 !x, g(x) 5 x2 2 1
210t 2 1 35 a. f(g(1)) 5 f(1 2 1)
A2t 2 1 7B 2
5 5 f(0)
50
b. g(f(1)) 5 g(1)
210t 2 1 35
50 50
(2t 2 1 7)2 c. g(f(0)) 5 g(0)
210t 2 1 35 5 0 5021
10t 2 5 35 5 21
t 2 5 3.5 d. f(g(24)) 5 f(16 2 1)
t 5 6"3.5 5 f(15)
t 8 61.87 5 !15
At 2 1 8B (1) 2 t(2t) (f + g)(x) 5 f(g(x))
At 2 1 8B 2
sr(t) 5
5 f A !xB
t 1 8 2 2t 2
2
5 5 A !xB 2
(t 2 1 8)2
5x
Domain 5 5x $ 06
2t 2 1 8
5 2
(t 1 8)2 (g + f)(x) 5 g(f(x))
5 gAx2 B
2t 2 1 8
At 2 1 8B 2
50 5 "x2
2t 2 1 8 5 0 5 Zx Z
b. f(x) 5 , g(x) 5 x2 1 1
ax 1 b d 5 f Ax2 1 1B
17. f(x) 5 ,x22 1
cx 1 d c 5 2
(cx 1 d)(a) 2 (ax 1 b)(c) x 11
f r(x) 5
ad 2 bc (g + f)(x) 5 g(f(x))
Acx 1 dB 2
f r(x) 5
5 ga b
1
5a b 11
1 2
a positive slope.

A2t 2 1 7B 2
15. cr(t) 5
10t 2 1 35 2 20t 2
5
A2t 2 1 7B 2 1. f(x) 5 !x, g(x) 5 x2 2 1
210t 2 1 35 a. f(g(1)) 5 f(1 2 1)
A2t 2 1 7B 2
5 5 f(0)
50
b. g(f(1)) 5 g(1)
210t 2 1 35
50 50
(2t 2 1 7)2 c. g(f(0)) 5 g(0)
210t 2 1 35 5 0 5021
10t 2 5 35 5 21
t 2 5 3.5 d. f(g(24)) 5 f(16 2 1)
t 5 6"3.5 5 f(15)
t 8 61.87 5 !15
At 2 1 8B (1) 2 t(2t) (f + g)(x) 5 f(g(x))
At 2 1 8B 2
sr(t) 5
5 f A !xB
t 1 8 2 2t 2
2
5 5 A !xB 2
(t 2 1 8)2
5x
Domain 5 5x $ 06
2t 2 1 8
5 2
(t 1 8)2 (g + f)(x) 5 g(f(x))
5 gAx2 B
2t 2 1 8
At 2 1 8B 2
50 5 "x2
2t 2 1 8 5 0 5 Zx Z
b. f(x) 5 , g(x) 5 x2 1 1
ax 1 b d 5 f Ax2 1 1B
17. f(x) 5 ,x22 1
cx 1 d c 5 2
(cx 1 d)(a) 2 (ax 1 b)(c) x 11
f r(x) 5
ad 2 bc (g + f)(x) 5 g(f(x))
Acx 1 dB 2
f r(x) 5
5 ga b
1
5a b 11
1 2
a positive slope.

5
1
11
c. h(x) 5 A2x2 1 3x 2 5B 4
x2 hr(x) 5 4A2x2 1 3x 2 5B 3 (4x 1 3)
Domain 5 5x 2 06 d. f(x) 5 Ap2 2 x2 B 3
c. f(x) 5 , g(x) 5 !x 1 2
1 e. y 5 "x2 2 3
5 Ax2 2 3B 2
1
x
( f + g)(x) 5 f(g(x))
yr 5 Ax2 2 3B 2 (2x)
1 1
5 f( !x 1 2) 2
1 x
5
5
!x 1 2 "x 2 3
2
Domain 5 5x . 226 1
Ax 2 16B 5
f. f(x) 5 2
(g + f)(x) 5 g(f(x))
5 Ax2 2 16B 25
5 ga b
1
x f r(x) 5 25Ax2 2 16B 26 (2x)
210x
Ax 2 16B 6
1 5 2
Åx
5 12
2
1 x
x
Domain 5 5x # 2 12 or x . 06 dy
5 (22)(23)x24
6
of x, and 1
b. y 5
h(x) 5 (f + g)(x) x11
5 f(g(x)) 5 (x 1 1)21
5 (21)(x 1 1)22 (1)
Ax 1 1B 2
g(x) 5 x2 1 3x 1 5, then h(x) 5 Ax2 1 3x 1 5B 10, 1
and so c. y 5 2
x 24
hr(x) 5 f r(g(x)) ? gr(x) 5 Ax2 2 4B 21
5 10Ax2 1 3x 1 5B 9 (2x 1 3) dy
5 (21)Ax2 2 4B 22 (2x)
2
g(x) 5 x2 1 1, then h(x) 5 Ax2 1 1B 3,
2 dx
22x
Ax 2 4B 2
and so 5 2
hr(x) 5 Ax2 1 1B 23 (2x)
2 1
5 3A9 2 x2 B 21
3
3 d. y 5
9 2 x2
4. a. f(x) 5 (2x 1 3)4
dy 6x
f r(x) 5 4A2x 1 3B 3 (2)
A9 2 x2 B 2
5
5 8A2x 1 3B 3 dx
b. g(x) 5 Ax2 2 4B 3
gr(x) 5 3Ax2 2 4B 2 (2x)
5 6xAx2 2 4B 2

e. y 5
1 b. y 5 Ax2 1 3B 3 Ax3 1 3B 2
2
5x 1 x
3Ax 1 3B 34 ? Ax3 1 3B 2
dy d 2
5 A5x2 1 xB 21
5
dx dx
dy
1 Ax2 1 3B 3 ? 3Ax 1 3B 24
5 (21)A5x2 1 xB 22 (10x 1 1) d 3
dx dx
10x 1 1 5 3Ax2 1 3B 2 (2x)Ax3 1 3B 2
A5x 1 xB 2
52 2
1 Ax2 1 3B 3 (2)Ax3 1 3BA3x2 B
1 5 6xAx2 1 3B 2 Ax3 1 3B 3Ax3 1 3B 1 xAx2 1 3B4
Ax 1 x 1 1B 4
f. y 5 2
5 6xAx2 1 3B 2 Ax3 1 3B A2x3 1 3x 1 3B
5 Ax2 1 x 1 1B 24 3x2 1 2x
dy c. y 5 2
5 (24)Ax2 1 x 1 1B 25 (2x 1 1) x 11
dx
Ax2 1 1B 2
5
Ax 1 x 1 1B 5
52 2 dx
h5g+f 6x 1 2x 1 6x 1 2 2 6x3 2 4x2
3 2
6.
Ax2 1 1B 2
5
5 g(f(x)) 2
h(21) 5 g(f(21)) 22x 1 6x 1 2
Ax2 1 1B 2
5
5 g(1)
5 24 d. h(x) 5 x3 A3x 2 5B 2
3x 4 ? A3x 2 5B 2 1 x3 3A3x 2 5B 24
h(x) 5 g(f(x)) d 3 d
hr(x) 5
hr(21) 5 gr(f(21))f r(21) 5 3x2 A3x 2 5B 2 1 x3 (2)(3x 2 5)(3)
5 gr(1)(25) 5 3x2 (3x 2 5)3(3x 2 5) 1 2x4
5 (27)(25) 5 3x2 (3x 2 5)(5x 2 5)
5 35 5 15x2 (3x 2 5)(x 2 1)
1 e. y 5 x A1 2 4x2 B 3
4
7. f(x) 5 (x 2 3)2, g(x) 5 , h(x) 5 f(g(x)),
3x 4A1 2 4x2 B 3 1 x4 ? 3A1 2 4x2 B 34
x dy d 4 d
1 5
f r(x) 5 2(x 2 3), gr(x) 5 2 2 dx dx dx
x 5 4x3 A1 2 4x2 B 3 1 x4 (3)A1 2 4x2 B 2 A28xB
5 4x3 A1 2 4x2 B 2 3A1 2 4x2 B 2 6x24
5 f ra b a2 2 b 5 4x3 A1 2 4x2 B 2 A1 2 10x2 B

1 1
x x
f. y 5 a 2 b
x2 2 3 4
5 2a 2 3b a2 2 b
1 1
x 13
x x
b c d
dy x2 2 3 3 d x2 2 3
5 2 2 a 2 3b
2 1 5 4a 2
x x dx x 1 2 dx x2 1 3
b ?
Ax2 1 3B 2
5 4a 2
x 13
3Ax 1 4B 34 ? Ax 2 3B 6
d
f r(x) 5
b ? 2
dx x2 2 3 3 12x
Ax 1 3B 2
5 4a 2
1 Ax 1 4B 3 3Ax 2 3B 64
d
x 13
dx
5 3Ax 1 4B 2 Ax 2 3B 6
48xAx2 2 3B 3
Ax2 1 3B 5
5
1 Ax 1 4B 3 (6)Ax 2 3B 5
5 Ax 1 4B 2 Ax 2 3B 5
1 2
9. a. s(t) 5 t3 (4t 2 5)3
3 33(x 2 3) 1 6(x 1 4)4 5 t3 3(4t 2 5)24 3
1 1
5 Ax 1 4B 2 Ax 2 3B 5 (9x 1 15) 5 3t(4t 2 5)24 3

1
5 3t A16t2 2 40t 1 25B4 3

1
5 A16t3 2 40t2 1 25tB 3, t 5 8

1

y 5 Ax3 2 7B 5 at x 5 2
sr(t) 5 A16t3 2 40t2 1 25tB 23
1 2 12.
5 5Ax3 2 7B 4 A3x2 B
3 dy
3 A48t2 2 80t 1 25B dx
A48t2 2 80t 1 25B When x 5 2,
5 2
dy
3A16t3 2 40t2 1 25tB 3 5 5(1)4 (12)
(48(8)2 2 80(8) 1 25) 5 60
sr(8) 5 2
5 y 2 1 5 60(x 2 2)
972
91 60x 2 y 2 119 5 0.
5 13. a. y 5 3u2 2 5u 1 2
36
1 u 5 x2 2 1, x 5 2
b. s(t) 5 a b , t 5 2p
t2p 3
u53
t 2 6p
dy du
5 6u 2 5, 5 2x
2
1 t 2 p 23 d t 2 p
2
5 3
5 a b ?
1 t 2 6p 3 (t 2 6p) 2 (t 2 p) dx du dx
3 t2p (t 2 6p)2 5 (6u 2 5)(2x)
2
5 (18 2 5)(4)
5 a b ?
1 t 2 6p 3 25p
3 t2p (t 2 6p)2 5 13(4)
1
1 2 25p b. y 5 2u3 1 3u2, u 5 x 1 x2, x 5 1

sr(2p) 5 (24)3 ? dy dy du
3 16p2 5 ?
3 dx du dx
5"2
52
b
24p 1
5 (6u2 1 6u)a1 1
10. y 5 A1 1 x3 B 2 y 5 2x6 2!x
At x 5 1:
5 2A1 1 x3 B (3x2 )
dy dy
5 12x5 u 5 1 1 12
1
dx dx
6x2 A1 1 x3 B 5 12x5 dy 1
b
2 !1
5 (6(2)2 1 6(2))a1 1
6x2 1 6x5 5 12x5 dx
6x2 2 6x5 5 0 3
5 36 3
6x2 Ax3 2 1B 5 0 2
x 5 0 or x 5 1. 5 54
11. y 5 A3x 2 x2 B 22 dy
5 Au2 1 3B 3 1 6u2 Au2 1 3B 2,
du
5 2(x 1 3)
5 22A3x 2 x2 B 23 (3 2 2x)
dy du dx
5 373 1 6(4)2432(1)4
dx dy dy du
5
At x 5 2, dx du dx
dy 5 439 3 2
5 2236 2 44 23 (3 2 4) 5 878
dx
5 2(2)23 d. y 5 u3 2 5Au3 2 7uB 2,
1 u 5 "x
5 1
4 5 x2, x 5 4
5 ?
dx du dx

b. h(x) 5 x(2x 1 7)4 (x 2 1)2
5 333u2 2 10Au3 2 7uB A3u2 2 7B4 ? a x2 b
1 1
hr(x) 5 (1)(2x 1 7)4 (x 2 1)2
5 33u2 2 10Au3 2 7uB A3u2 2 7B4 ?
1
1 x34(2x 1 7)3 (2)4 (x 2 1)2
1 x(2x 1 7)4 32(x 2 1)4
2"x
At x 5 4:
u 5 "4 hr(23) 5 1(16) 1 (23)34(1)(2)4 (16)
52 1 (23)(1)32(24)4
5 16 2 384 1 24
5 33(2)2 2 10( (2)3 2 7(2))(3(2)2 2 7)4
dy 1
5 2344
18. y 5 Ax2 1 x 2 2B 3 1 3
dx 2(2)
5 78
dy
hr(2) 5 6(21) Ax2 1 x 2 2B 3 1 3 5 3
5 26. (x 1 2)3 (x 2 1)3 5 0
x 5 22 or x 5 1
15. V(t) 5 50 000a1 2 b
t 2
Vr(t) 5 50 000 c2a1 2 b a2 b d
30 30 at (22, 3).
x2 (1 2 x)3
Vr(10) 5 50 000 c2a1 2 b a2 b d
10 1
19. y 5
30 30 (1 1 x)3
5 x2 c a bd
12x 3
5 50 000 c2a b a2 b d
2 1
3 30 11x
b 1 3x2 a b
8 2222 dy 12x 3 12x 2
dx 11x 11x
3 c d
2 (1 1 x) 2 (1 2 x)(1)
(1 1 x)2
position function.
s(t) 5 At 3 1 t 2 B 2 12x 3
b 1 3x2 a
12x 2
b c
22
d
1
5 2xa
11x 11x (1 1 x)2
v(t) 5 sr(t) 5 At 3 1 t 2 B 22 A3t 2 1 2tB
1 1
b c d
2 12x 2 12x 3x
5 2xa 2
3t 2 1 2t 11x 11x (1 1 x)2
5
b c d
2"t 3 1 t 2 1 2 x 2 1 2 x2 2 3x
5 2xa
3(3)2 1 2(3) 11x (1 1 x)2
v(3) 5
2"33 1 32 2xAx2 1 3x 2 1B (1 2 x)2
52
27 1 6 (1 1 x)4
5
2"36
5
5 2.75 f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
hS0 h
17. a. h(x) 5 p(x)q(x)r(x)
1 p(x)q(x)rr(x)

b. h(x) 5 x(2x 1 7)4 (x 2 1)2
5 333u2 2 10Au3 2 7uB A3u2 2 7B4 ? a x2 b
1 1
hr(x) 5 (1)(2x 1 7)4 (x 2 1)2
5 33u2 2 10Au3 2 7uB A3u2 2 7B4 ?
1
1 x34(2x 1 7)3 (2)4 (x 2 1)2
1 x(2x 1 7)4 32(x 2 1)4
2"x
At x 5 4:
u 5 "4 hr(23) 5 1(16) 1 (23)34(1)(2)4 (16)
52 1 (23)(1)32(24)4
5 16 2 384 1 24
5 33(2)2 2 10( (2)3 2 7(2))(3(2)2 2 7)4
dy 1
5 2344
18. y 5 Ax2 1 x 2 2B 3 1 3
dx 2(2)
5 78
dy
hr(2) 5 6(21) Ax2 1 x 2 2B 3 1 3 5 3
5 26. (x 1 2)3 (x 2 1)3 5 0
x 5 22 or x 5 1
15. V(t) 5 50 000a1 2 b
t 2
Vr(t) 5 50 000 c2a1 2 b a2 b d
30 30 at (22, 3).
x2 (1 2 x)3
Vr(10) 5 50 000 c2a1 2 b a2 b d
10 1
19. y 5
30 30 (1 1 x)3
5 x2 c a bd
12x 3
5 50 000 c2a b a2 b d
2 1
3 30 11x
b 1 3x2 a b
8 2222 dy 12x 3 12x 2
dx 11x 11x
3 c d
2 (1 1 x) 2 (1 2 x)(1)
(1 1 x)2
position function.
s(t) 5 At 3 1 t 2 B 2 12x 3
b 1 3x2 a
12x 2
b c
22
d
1
5 2xa
11x 11x (1 1 x)2
v(t) 5 sr(t) 5 At 3 1 t 2 B 22 A3t 2 1 2tB
1 1
b c d
2 12x 2 12x 3x
5 2xa 2
3t 2 1 2t 11x 11x (1 1 x)2
5
b c d
2"t 3 1 t 2 1 2 x 2 1 2 x2 2 3x
5 2xa
3(3)2 1 2(3) 11x (1 1 x)2
v(3) 5
2"33 1 32 2xAx2 1 3x 2 1B (1 2 x)2
52
27 1 6 (1 1 x)4
5
2"36
5
5 2.75 f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
hS0 h
17. a. h(x) 5 p(x)q(x)r(x)
1 p(x)q(x)rr(x)

dx
f(z) 2 f(x) 3
f r(x) 5 lim . b. f(x) 5 x4

zSx z2x
3 1
2. a. y 5 2x2 2 5x 3
5 14
dy (2(x 1 h)2 2 5(x 1 h)) 2 A2x2 2 5xB 4x
5 lim 7
dx hS0 h c. y 5 4
2A(x 1 h)2 2 x2 B 2 5h 3x
5 lim 7
hS0 h 5 x24
2((x 1 h) 2 x)((x 1 h) 1 x) 2 5h 3
5 lim dy 228 25
hS0 h 5 x
2h(2x 1 h) 2 5h dx 3
5 lim 28
hS0 h 52 5
5 lim (2(2x 1 h) 2 5) 3x
hS0 1
5 4x 2 5 d. y 5 2
x 15
b. y 5 !x 2 6 5 Ax2 1 5B 21
dy !(x 1 h) 2 6 2 !x 2 6 dy
5 lim 5 (21)Ax2 1 5B 22 ? (2x)
dx hS0 h dx
!(x 1 h) 2 6 2 !x 2 6 2x
5 lim c 52 2
Ax 1 5B 2
hS0 h
!(x 1 h) 2 6 1 !x 2 6
3
d A3 2 x2 B 2
e. y 5
!(x 1 h) 2 6 1 !x 2 6
3
5 3A3 2 x2 B 22
( (x 1 h) 2 6) 2 (x 2 6)
5 (26)A3 2 x2 B 23 ? (22x)
dy
hS0 h( !(x 1 h) 2 6 1 !x 2 6)
5 lim
dx
1 12x
hS0 !(x 1 h) 2 6 1 !x 2 6
5 lim
A3 2 x2 B 3
5
f. y 5 "7x2 1 4x 1 1
1
2 !x 2 6
5
5 A7x2 1 4x 1 1B 2
1
x
5 A7x2 1 4x 1 1B 22 A14x 1 4B
c. y 5 dy 1 1
42x
dx 2
x1h x
2 7x 1 2
5
"7x2 1 4x 1 1
dy 4 2 (x 1 h) 42x
5 lim
dx hS0 h 2x3 2 1
(x 1 h)(4 2 x) 2 x(4 2 (x 1 h)) 4. a. f(x) 5
x2
(4 2 (x 1 h))(4 2 x) 1
5 lim 5 2x 2 2
hS0 h x
4h 5 2x 2 x22
5 lim
hS0 h(4 2 (x 1 h))(4 2 x) f r(x) 5 2 1 2x23
4 2
5 lim 521 3
hS0 (4 2 (x 1 h))(4 2 x) x
4
5
(4 2 x)2

b. g(x) 5 !xAx3 2 xB (2x 2 5)4
c. y 5
5 x2 Ax3 2 xB (x 1 1)3
1
7
5 x2 2 x2
3 (x 1 1)34(2x 2 5)3 (2)
yr 5
7 5 3 1 (x 1 1)6
gr(x) 5 x2 2 x2 3(2x 2 5)4 (x 1 1)2
2 2 2
!x 2 (x 1 1)6
5 A7x 2 3B (x 1 1)2 (2x 2 5)3 38x 1 8 2 6x 1 154
2 5
x (x 1 1)6
c. y 5 3
(2x 2 5) (2x 1 23)
3x 2 5 yr 5
dy (3x 2 5)(1) 2 (x)(3) (x 1 1)4
5
d. y 5 a b 5 (10x 2 1)6 (3x 1 5)26
dx (3x 2 5)2 10x 2 1 6
5 3x 1 5
52
(3x 2 5)2 yr 5 (10x 2 1)6 326(3x 1 5)27 (3)4
1 1 6(10x 2 1)5 (10)(3x 1 5)26
d. y 5 (x 2 1)2 (x 1 1)
5 (10x 2 1)5 (3x 1 5)27 3x 2 18(10x 2 1)4
yr 5 (x 2 1)2 1 (x 1 1)a b (x 2 1)22
1 1 1
1 60(3x 1 5)
2
5 (10x 2 1)5 (3x 1 5)27
5 !x 2 1 1
x11
3 (2180x 1 18 1 180x 1 300)
2!x 2 1 318(10x 2 1)5
2x 2 2 1 x 1 1 5
5 (3x 1 5)7
2!x 2 1 e. y 5 (x 2 2)3 Ax2 1 9B 4
5
3x 2 1 yr 5 (x 2 2)3 C4Ax2 1 9B 3 (2x) D
2!x 2 1 1 3(x 2 2)2 (1)Ax2 1 9B 4
2
5 (x 2 2)2 Ax2 1 9B 3 A11x2 2 16x 1 27B

1 2
5 ( x2 1 2) 23
f r(x) 5
22 12
(
5 1
x 1 2) 23 # x2 2
1
f. y 5 A1 2 x2 B 3 (6 1 2x)23
3 2
5a b
1 2 x2 3
1 6 1 2x
3 !xA !x 1 2B 3
52 5
b
1 2 x2 2
x2 1 5x 1 4 yr 5 3a
f. y 5 6 1 2x
x14
(6 1 2x)(22x) 2 A1 2 x2 B (2)
5
(x 1 4)(x 1 1) 3 c d
x14 (6 1 2x)2
5 x 1 1, x 2 24 3A1 2 x2 B 2 A212x 2 4x2 2 2 1 2x2 B
5
dy (6 1 2x)4
51
dx 3A1 2 x B A2x2 1 12x 1 2B
2 2
52
5. a. y 5 x4 (2x 2 5)6 (6 1 2x)4
yr 5 x4 36(2x 2 5)5 (2)4 1 4x3 (2x 2 5)6 3A1 2 x2 B 2 Ax2 1 6x 1 1B
5 4x3 (2x 2 5)5 33x 1 (2x 2 5)4 52
8(3 2 x)4
5 4x3 (2x 2 5)5 (5x 2 5) 2
5 20x3 (2x 2 5)5 (x 2 1) 6. a. g(x) 5 f(x )
gr(x) 5 f(x2 ) 3 2x
b. y 5 x"x2 1 1
b. h(x) 5 2xf(x)
yr 5 x c Ax2 1 1B 22 (2x)d 1 (1)"x2 1 1
1 1
hr(x) 5 2xf r(x) 1 2f(x)
2
18
1 "x2 1 1
x2 7. a. y 5 5u2 1 3u 2 1, u 5 2
5
"x2 1 1
x 15
x52
u52

dy 4
5 10u 1 3 5 22 ?
du 5
du 36x 8
Ax 1 5B 2
52 2 52
dx 5
8. f(x) 5 A9 2 x2 B 3
2
When x 5 2,
f r(x) 5 A9 2 x2 B 23 (22x)
du 72 8 2 1
52 52
dx 81 9 3
When u 5 2, 24x
5 1
dy 3(9 2 x2 )3
5 20 1 3
du 2
f r(1) 5 2
5 23 3
5 23a2 b
dx 9 9. y 5 2x3 1 6x2
184 yr 5 23x2 1 12x
52
9 23x2 1 12x 5 212 23x2 1 12x 5 215
!x 1 x
2
u14 x 2 4x 2 4 5 0 x2 2 4x 2 5 5 0
4 6 !16 1 16
b. y 5 ,u5 ,
u24 10
x5 (x 2 5)(x 1 1) 5 0
x54 2
3 4 6 4!2
u5 5 x 5 5, x 5 21
5 2
dy (u 2 4) 2 (u 1 4) x 5 2 6 2 !2
5
du (u 2 4)2
5 a x22 1 1b
du 1 1 1
dx 10 2
When x 5 4,
5 a b
8 du 1 5
52
(u 2 4)2 dx 10 4
1
5
8
3
When u 5 ,
5
dy 8
52
du
a 2 b
3 20 2 10. a. i. y 5 Ax2 2 4B 5
5 5 yr 5 5Ax2 2 4B 4 (2x)
52 10xAx2 2 4B 4 5 0
(217)2
When x 5 4, x 5 0, x 5 62
dy 8(25) 1 ii. y 5 Ax3 2 xB 2
5 3 yr 5 2Ax3 2 xB A3x2 2 1B
dx 172 8
25
Horizontal tangent,
5 2x(x2 2 1)(3x2 2 1) 5 0
289
!3
c. y 5 f("x2 1 9), f r(5) 5 22, x 5 4 x 5 0, x 5 61, x 5 6 .
3
5 f r("x2 1 9) 3 Ax2 1 9B 22 (2x)
dy 1 1
dx 2
dy 1 1
5 f r(5) ? ? ? 8
dx 2 5

b. i. Slope of x 1 5y 2 10 5 0 is 2 15.
x52
y 5 3(4) 2 14 1 5
5 3.
y 2 3 5 5(x 2 2)
5x 2 y 2 7 5 0.
dy
5 4x
dx
Therefore, 8 5 16 1 b, b 5 28.
Or 8x 1 b 5 2x2
2x2 2 8x 2 b 5 0
8 6 !64 1 8b
x5 .
2(2)
64 1 8b 5 0, b 5 28.
14. a.
b.
11. a. y 5 Ax2 1 5x 1 2B 4 at (0, 16)
yr 5 4Ax2 1 5x 1 2B 3 (2x 1 5)
At x 5 0,
yr 5 4(2)3 (5)
5 160
y 2 16 5 160(x 2 0)
y 5 160x 1 16
or 160x 2 y 1 16 5 0
b. y 5 A3x22 2 2x3 B 5 at (1, 1)
yr 5 5A3x22 2 2x3 B 4 A26x23 2 6x2 B
At x 5 1,
5 260
y 2 1 5 260(x 2 1)
60x 1 y 2 61 5 0.
12. y 5 3x2 2 7x 1 5
dy
dx

Ax2 2 6B A3x2 B 2 x3 (2x) 30x 5 30
Ax2 2 6B 2
c. f r(x) 5 x51
Therefore a 5 1.
x4 2 18x2
Ax 2 6B 2
5 2 16. M 5 0.1t2 2 0.001t3
a. When t 5 10,
x4 2 18x2
M 5 0.1(100) 2 0.001(1000)
Ax2 2 6B 2
50
59
x2 Ax2 2 18B 5 0 When t 5 15,
x2 5 0 or x2 2 18 5 0 M 5 0.1(225) 2 0.001(3375)
x50 x 5 63 !2 5 19.125
are (0, 0), Q 3 !2, 9 !2 9 !2
2 R , and Q 23!2, 2 2 R .
b. Mr 5 0.2t 2 0.003t2
When t 5 10,
part b.
Mr 5 0.2(10) 2 0.003(100)
16 2 72
f r(2) 5 5 1.7
(22)2
1.7 words> min.
256
5
4 When t 5 15,
5 214 Mr 5 0.2(15) 2 0.003(225)
5 2.325
2.325 words> min.
30
17. a. N(t) 5 20 2
"9 1 t2
5 2
15. a. f(x) 5 2x3 2 5x3 30t
A9 1 t2 B 2
5 2 2 1 Nr(t) 5 3
f r(x) 5 2 3 x3 2 5 3 x3
5 x 2 13
f(x) 5 0 6 x3 32x 2 54 5 0
2
2
18. C(x) 5 x3 1 40x 1 700
3
f r(x) 5 a 13 b
10 x 2 1
a. Cr(x) 5 x2 1 40
3 x
b. Cr(x) 5 76
f ra b 5
5 10 3 1
3 3 5 13 x2 1 40 5 76
2 3 2 Q2 R
x2 5 36
!
3
2 2 1 x56
553 3 5 53 3 23
5 (25 3 2)3
1
x2 2
19. R(x) 5 750x 2 2 x3
5! 3 6 3
50
x
10 23 10 Rr(x) 5 750 2 2 2x2
x 2 13 5 0 3
3 3x

b. Rr(10) 5 750 2
10
2 2(100) c. h(x) 5 " 3
(x 2 2)2
5 $546.67 at x 5 1.
20 d. m(x) 5 Z3x 2 3 Z 2 1.
!p 2 1
20. D(p) 5 ,p.1
Dr(p) 5 20a2 b (p 2 1)22
2 3
23. a. f(x) 5 2
10 4x 2 x
52 3
(p 2 1)2 3
5
10 10 x(4x 2 1)
Dr(5) 5 52
4
21. B(x) 5 20.2x2 1 500, 0 # x # 40 x2 2 x 2 6
b. f(x) 5
a. B(0) 5 20.2(0)2 1 500 5 500 x2 2 9
B(30) 5 20.2(30)2 1 500 5 320 (x 2 3)(x 1 2)
5
b. Br(x) 5 20.4x (x 2 3)(x 1 3)
Br(0) 5 20.4(0) 5 0 (x 1 2)
5 for x 2 3
Br(30) 5 20.4(30) 5 212 (x 1 3)
5 !(x 2 6)(x 2 1)
d. Br(50) 5 20.4(50) 5 220
B(50) 5 20.2(50)2 1 500 5 0
(t 1 1)(25) 2 (25t)(t)
5
5
22. a. f(x) 5 f(x) 5 2x 1 3
1 2 x2
3x 1
5 y5
(1 2 x)(1 1 x) 2x 1 3
yr 5
x21 2
b. g(x) 5 2 52
x 1 5x 2 6 (2x 1 3)2
x21 f(x) 5 5x 1 10
5
(x 1 6)(x 2 1) 1
y5
1 5x 1 10
5 for x 2 1
(x 1 6) (5x 1 10)(0) 2 (1)(5)
yr 5
5 28. a. f(x) 5 (2x 2 5)3 (3x2 1 4)5
52
(5x 1 10)2 f r(x) 5 (2x 2 5)3 (5)A3x2 1 4B 4 (6x)
1
5 30x(2x 2 5)3 A3x2 1 4B 4
2a 1 6(3x2 1 4)5 (2x 2 5)2
yr 5
(ax 1 b)2 5 6(2x 2 5)2 A3x2 1 4B 4
3 C5x(2x 2 5) 1 A3x2 1 4B D
yr 5 lim c d
1 1 1
5 6(2x 2 5)2 A3x2 1 4B 4
2
1 ax 1 b 2 3a(x 1 h)b4 3 A10x2 2 25x 1 3x2 1 4B
5 lim c d
hS0 h 3a(x 1 h) 1 b4 (ax 1 h) 5 6(2x 2 5)2 (3x2 1 4)4
3 (13x2 2 25x 1 4)
5 lim c d
1 ax 1 b 2 ax 2 ah 2 b
b. g(x) 5 (8x )(4x2 1 2x 2 3)5
3
hS0 h 3a(x 1 h) 1 b4 (ax 1 b)
gr(x) 5 (8x3 )(5)(4x2 1 2x 2 3)4 (8x 1 2)
5 lim c d
1 2ah 1 (4x2 1 2x 2 3)5 (24x2 )
hS0 h 3a(x 1 h) 1 b4 (ax 1 b) 5 40x3 (4x2 1 2x 2 3)4 (8x 1 2)
2a 1 24x2 (4x2 1 2x 2 3)5
hS0 3a(x 1 h) 1 b4 (ax 1 b)
5 lim 5 8x2 (4x2 1 2x 2 3)4 35x(8x 1 2)
2a 1 3(4x2 1 2x 2 3)4
5 5 8x2 (4x2 1 2x 2 3)4
(ax 1 b)2
26. a. Let y 5 f(x) (40x2 1 10x 1 12x2 1 6x 2 9)
(2x 2 3)2 1 5 5 8x2 (4x2 1 2x 2 3)4 (52x2 1 16x 2 9)
y5 c. y 5 (5 1 x)2 (4 2 7x3 )6
2x 2 3
yr 5 (5 1 x)2 (6)(4 2 7x3 )5 (221x2 )
Let u 5 2x 2 3.
1 (4 2 7x3 )6 (2)(5 1 x)
u2 1 5
Then y 5 . 5 2126x2 (5 1 x)2 (4 2 7x3 )5
u
1 2(5 1 x)(4 2 7x3 )6
y 5 u 1 5u21 5 2(5 1 x)(4 2 7x3 )5 3263x2 (5 1 x)
b. f r(x) 5
dy 1 4 2 7x34
dx 5 2(5 1 x)(4 2 7x3 )5 (4 2 315x2 2 70x3 )
dy dy du 6x 2 1
5 3 d. h(x) 5
dx du dx (3x 1 5)4
5 (1 2 5u22 )(2) (3x 1 5)4 (6) 2 (6x 2 1)(4)(3x 1 5)3 (3)
5 2(1 2 5(2x 2 3)22 ) hr(x) 5
((3x 1 5)4 )2
27. g(x) 5 !2x 2 3 1 5(2x 2 3) 6(3x 1 5) 3(3x 1 5) 2 2(6x 2 1)4
3
5
(3x 1 5)8
a. Let y 5 g(x). 6(29x 1 7)
y 5 !2x 2 3 1 5(2x 2 3) 5
(3x 1 5)5
Let u 5 2x 2 3. (2x2 2 5)3
e. y 5
Then y 5 !u 1 5u. (x 1 8)2
dy dy du dy (x 1 8)2 (3)(2x2 2 5)2 (4x)
A(x 1 8)2 B 2
b. gr(x) 5 5 3 5
dx du dx dx
(2x2 2 5)3 (2)(x 1 8)
5 a u 1 5b (2)
1 212
A(x 1 8)2 B 2
2
2
212
5 u 1 10 2(x 1 8)(2x2 2 5)2 36x(x 1 8) 2 (2x2 2 5)4
1
5 (2x 2 3)22 1 10 5
(x 1 8)4
2(2x2 2 5)2 (4x2 1 48x 1 5)
5
(x 1 8)3

23x4 In (1),
f. f(x) 5
"4x 2 8 4a 2 8a 5 16
23x4 24a 5 16
5 1
a 5 24
(4x 2 8)2
1
Using (1),
(4x 2 8)2 (212x3 ) b 5 28(24) 5 32
A(4x 2 8)2 B 2
f r(x) 5 1
a 5 24, b 5 32, c 5 0, f(x) 5 24x2 1 32x
30. a. A(t) 5 2t3 1 5t 1 750
(23x4 )a b (4x 2 8) 2 2 (4)
1 1
2 Ar(t) 5 23t2 1 5
A(4x 2 8)2 B 2
2 1 b. Ar(5) 5 23(25) 1 5
5 270
26x3 (4x 2 8)22 32(4x 2 8) 2 x4
1

5 3
5 3
g. g(x) 5 a b
2x 1 5 4
b
2x 1 5 3
gr(x) 5 4a
6 2 x2
3a b
(6 2 x2 )(2) 2 (2x 1 5)(22x)
(6 2 x2 )2
b a b
2x 1 5 3 2(6 1 x2 1 5x)
5 4a
b a b
2x 1 5 3 (x 1 2)(x 1 3)
5 8a
6 2 x2 (6 2 x2 )2 Chapter 2 Test, p. 114
h. y 5 c 2 3d
3
dx
0 5 a(0)2 1 b(0) 1 c f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
3. f(x) 5 lim
c50 hS0 h
5 lim
0 5 a(8)2 1 b(8) 1 c hS0 h
0 5 64a 1 8b 1 0 x 1 h 2 (x2 1 2hx 1 h2 ) 2 x 1 x2
5 lim
8a 1 b 5 0 (2) hS0 h
Solve (1) and (2): h 2 2hx 2 h2
From (2), b 5 28a (1) 5 lim
hS0 h

23x4 In (1),
f. f(x) 5
"4x 2 8 4a 2 8a 5 16
23x4 24a 5 16
5 1
a 5 24
(4x 2 8)2
1
Using (1),
(4x 2 8)2 (212x3 ) b 5 28(24) 5 32
A(4x 2 8)2 B 2
f r(x) 5 1
a 5 24, b 5 32, c 5 0, f(x) 5 24x2 1 32x
30. a. A(t) 5 2t3 1 5t 1 750
(23x4 )a b (4x 2 8) 2 2 (4)
1 1
2 Ar(t) 5 23t2 1 5
A(4x 2 8)2 B 2
2 1 b. Ar(5) 5 23(25) 1 5
5 270
26x3 (4x 2 8)22 32(4x 2 8) 2 x4
1

5 3
5 3
g. g(x) 5 a b
2x 1 5 4
b
2x 1 5 3
gr(x) 5 4a
6 2 x2
3a b
(6 2 x2 )(2) 2 (2x 1 5)(22x)
(6 2 x2 )2
b a b
2x 1 5 3 2(6 1 x2 1 5x)
5 4a
b a b
2x 1 5 3 (x 1 2)(x 1 3)
5 8a
6 2 x2 (6 2 x2 )2 Chapter 2 Test, p. 114
h. y 5 c 2 3d
3
dx
0 5 a(0)2 1 b(0) 1 c f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
3. f(x) 5 lim
c50 hS0 h
5 lim
0 5 a(8)2 1 b(8) 1 c hS0 h
0 5 64a 1 8b 1 0 x 1 h 2 (x2 1 2hx 1 h2 ) 2 x 1 x2
5 lim
8a 1 b 5 0 (2) hS0 h
Solve (1) and (2): h 2 2hx 2 h2
From (2), b 5 28a (1) 5 lim
hS0 h

h(1 2 2x 2 h) 6. y 5 3u2 1 2u
5 lim
hS0 h dy
5 6u 1 2
5 lim (1 2 2x 2 h) du
u 5 "x2 1 5
hS0
5 1 2 2x
d du 1 1
Therefore, (x 2 x2 ) 5 1 2 2x. 5 (x2 1 5)22 2x

dx dy 2
b
1 dy x
5 (6u 1 2)a
4. a. y 5 x3 2 3x25 1 4p
3 dx "x 1 5
2
dy At x 5 22, u 5 3.
5 x2 1 15x26
dx
5 (20)a2 b
b. y 5 6(2x 2 9)5 dy 2
dy dx 3
5 30(2x 2 9)4 (2) 40
dx 52
5 60(2x 2 9)4 3
2 x 3
7. y 5 (3x22 2 2x3 )5
c. y 5 1 1 6"
"x "3
x dy
5 5(3x22 2 2x3 )4 (26x23 2 6x2 )
1 1 1
dx
5 2x22 1 x 1 6x3
"3
At (1, 1),
dy
dy 3 1 2 5 5(1)4 (26 2 6)
5 2x22 1 1 2x23
"3
dx
dx
5 260.
d. y 5 a b
x2 1 6 5
b
dy x2 1 6 4 2x(3x 1 4) 2 (x2 1 6)3 y 2 1 5 260x 1 60
5 5a
dx 3x 1 4 (3x 1 4)2 60x 1 y 2 61 5 0.
5(x2 1 6)4 (3x2 1 8x 2 18)
5 1
(3x 1 4)6 8. P(t) 5 (t 4 1 3)3
e. y 5 x2 "3
6x2 2 7 Pr(t) 5 3(t 4 1 3)2 a t24 b
1 1 3
dy 1 1 2
4
5 2x(6x2 2 7)3 1 x2 (6x2 2 7)23 (12x)
Pr(16) 5 3(16 4 1 3)2 a 3 1624 b
dx 3 1 1 3
2
5 2x(6x2 2 7)23 ( (6x2 2 7) 1 2x2 ) 4
5 3(2 1 3)2 a 3 b
2
5 2x(6x2 2 7)23 (8x2 2 7) 1 1
4x5 2 5x4 1 6x 2 2 4 8
f. y 5 75
x4 5
5 4x 2 5 1 6x23 2 2x24 32
5 4 2 18x24 1 8x25 75
dx 32 ppm>year.
4x5 2 18x 1 8 9. y 5 x4
5
x5 dy
5 4x3
5. y 5 (x2 1 3x 2 2)(7 2 3x) dx
dy 1
5 (2x 1 3)(7 2 3x) 1 (x2 1 3x 2 2)(23) 2 5 4x3
dx 16
At (1, 8),
dy
5 (5)(4) 1 (2)(23) dy 1
dx 52 .
dx 16
5 14.
1
y 5 (x2 1 3x 2 2)(7 2 3x) at (1, 8) is 14. 64

1 11. y 5 x2 1 ax 1 b
x52
4 dy
5 2x 1 a
1 dx
y5
256 y 5 x3
5 3x2
16 at Q 2 14, 256
1
R. dx
dy (1, 1), then 2x 1 a 5 3x2.
5 3x2 2 2x 2 1 At (1, 1) 2(1) 1 a 5 3(1)2
dx
dy a 5 1.
3x2 2 2x 2 1 5 0
y 5 x2 1 x 1 b, 1 5 12 1 1 1 b
(3x 1 1)(x 2 1) 5 0
b 5 21.
1
3 respectively.
1 1 1
y52 2 1 11 y51212111
27 9 3
50
21 2 3 1 9 1 27
5
27
32
5
27
27 ), (1, 0 R .

CHAPTER 3
Derivatives and Their Applications
e. y
pp. 116–117 8
1. a. y 4
x
3
2 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–4
1 –8
x
–12
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
–1
–2 f. y
12
b. y 8
6 4
x
4
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
2 –4
x
–8
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 –12
–2
–4
–6 2. a. 3(x 2 2) 1 2(x 2 1) 2 6 5 0
3x 2 6 1 2x 2 2 2 6 5 0
5x 5 14
c. y
14
6 x5
5
4
1 2 x25
2 b. (x 2 2) 1 (x 1 3) 5
x 3 5 2
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 10(x 2 2) 1 12(x 1 3) 5 15(x 2 5)
–2
10x 2 20 1 12x 1 36 5 15x 2 75
–4
22x 1 16 5 15x 2 75
–6 7x 5 291
x 5 213
d. y c. t 2 2 4t 1 3 5 0
6 (t 2 3)(t 2 1) 5 0
4 t 5 3 or t 5 1
2 d. 2t 2 2 5t 2 3 5 0
x
(2t 1 1)(t 2 3) 5 0
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2 1
t 5 2 or t 5 3
–4 2
–6 6 t
e. 1 54
t 2
12 1 t 2 5 8t
t 2 2 8t 1 12 5 0
(t 2 6)(t 2 2) 5 0
6 t 5 2 or t 5 6
f. x 3 1 2x 2 2 3x 5 0 5. a. SA 5 2prh 1 2pr 2
x(x 2 1 2x 2 3) 5 0 5 2p(4)(3) 1 2p(4)2
x(x 1 3)(x 2 1) 5 0 5 24p 1 32p
x 5 0 or x 5 23 or x 5 1 5 56p cm 2
g. x 3 2 8x 2 1 16x 5 0 V 5 pr 2h
x(x 2 2 8x 1 16) 5 0 5 p(4)2 (3)
x(x 2 4)2 5 0 5 48p cm 3
x 5 0 or x 5 4 b. V 5 pr 2h
h. 4t 3 1 12t 2 2 t 2 3 5 0 96p 5 p(4)2h
4t 2 (t 1 3) 2 1(t 1 3) 5 0 h 5 6 cm
(t 1 3)(4t 2 2 1) 5 0 SA 5 2prh 1 2pr 2
(t 1 3)(2t 2 1)(2t 1 1) 5 0 5 2p(4)(6) 1 2p(4)2
1 1 5 48p 1 32p
t 5 23 or t 5 or t 5 2
2 2 5 80p cm 2
i. 4t 4 2 13t 2 1 9 5 0 c. V 5 pr 2h
(4t 2 2 9)(t 2 2 1) 5 0 216p 5 pr 2 (6)
9 r 5 6 cm
t 5 6 or t 5 61 SA 5 2prh 1 2pr 2
4
3. a. 3x 2 2 . 7 5 2p(6)(6) 1 2p(6)2
3x . 9 5 72p 1 72p
x.3 5 144p cm 2
b. x(x 2 3) . 0 d. SA 5 2prh 1 2pr 2
120p 5 2p(5)h 1 2p(5)2
1 2 1
120p 5 10ph 1 50p
0 3
70p 5 10ph
x , 0 or x . 3 h 5 7 cm
c. 2x 2 1 4x . 0 V 5 pr 2h
2 1 2 5 p(5)2 (7)
0 4 5 175p cm 3
6. For a cube, SA 5 6s 2 and V 5 s 3, where s is the
x(x 2 4) , 0
length of any edge of the cube.
0,x,4
a. SA 5 6(3)2
4. a. P 5 4s
5 54 cm 2
20 5 4s
V 5 33
55s
5 27 cm 3
A 5 s2
b. SA 5 6 ("5 )
2
5 52
5 25 cm 2 5 30 cm 2
V 5 ("5 )3
b. A 5 lw
5 8(6) 5 48 cm 2
c. A 5 pr 2 5 5"5 cm 3
5 p(7)2 c. SA 5 6 (2"3 )2
5 49p cm 2 5 72 cm 2
d. C 5 2pr
V 5 (2"3 )3
12p 5 2pr
65r 5 24"3 cm 3
A 5 pr 2 d. SA 5 6(2k)2
5 p(6)2
5 24k 2 cm 2
5 36p cm 2
V 5 (2k)3
5 8k3 cm3
3-2 Chapter 3: Derivatives and Their Applications

7. a. (3, `)
b. (2 `, 224
c. (2 `, 0)
d. 325, `)
e. (22, 84
f. (24, 4)
8. a. 5xPR0 x . 56 The function has a maximum value of 5.
b. 5xPR0 x # 216 f.
c. 5xPR6
d. 5xPR0 210 # x # 126
e. 5xPR0 21 , x , 36
f. 5xPR0 2 # x , 206
9. a.
The function has a minimum value of 27.
The function has a minimum value of 25 and no

maximum value.
The function has a maximum value of 23.
b.
3.1 Higher-Order Derivatives, Velocity,

and Acceleration, pp. 127–129
1. v(1) 5 2 2 1 5 1
The function has a maximum value of 25 and no v(5) 5 10 2 25 5 215
minimum value. At t 5 1, the velocity is positive; this means that
c. the object is moving in whatever is the positive
direction for the scenario. At t 5 5, the velocity is
negative; this means that the object is moving in
whatever is the negative direction for the scenario.
2. a. y 5 x 10 1 3x 6
yr 5 10x 9 1 18x 5
The function has a minimum value of 7 and no ys 5 90x 8 1 90x 4
maximum value. b. f(x) 5 #x 5 x2
1
d. 1 1
f r(x) 5 x 22
2
1 3
f s (x) 5 2 x 22
4
c. y 5 (1 2 x)2
The function has a minimum value of 21 and no yr 5 2(1 2 x)(21)
maximum value. 5 22 1 2x
e. ys 5 2
d. h(x) 5 3x 4 2 4x 3 2 3x 2 2 5
hr(x) 5 12x 3 2 12x 2 2 6x
hs (x) 5 36x 2 2 24x 2 6
3
e. y 5 4x2 2 x 22
1
The function has a minimum value of 21. yr 5 6x2 1 2x 23

1
ys 5 3x 22 2 6x 24 c. s(t) 5 t 2 8 1
6
3 6 t
5 2 4
"x x 5 t 2 8 1 6t 21
2x v(t) 5 1 2 6t 22
f. f(x) 5 a(t) 5 12t 23
x11
(x 1 1)(2) 2 (2x)(1) d. s(t) 5 (t 2 3)2
f r(x) 5 v(t) 5 2(t 2 3)
(x 1 1)2
a(t) 5 2
2x 1 2 2 2x
5
(x 1 1)2 e. s(t) 5 "t 1 1
1 1
2 v(t) 5 (t 1 1)22
5 2
(x 1 1)2
1 3
(x 1 1)2 (0) 2 (2)(2(x 1 1)) a(t) 5 2 (t 1 1)22
f s (x) 5 4
(x 1 1)4 9t
24x 2 4 f. s(t) 5
5 t13
(x 1 1)4 9(t 1 3) 2 9t
g. y 5 x 2 1 x 22 v(t) 5
(t 1 3)2
yr 5 2x 2 2x 23 27
5
ys 5 2 1 6x 24 (t 1 3)2
6 a(t) 5 254(t 1 3)23
521 4
x 4. a. i. t 5 3
1
h. g(x) 5 (3x 2 6)2 ii. 1 , t , 3
3 1 iii. 3 , t , 5
gr(x) 5 (3x 2 6)22 b. i. t 5 3, t 5 7
2
9 3 ii. 1 , t , 3, 7 , t , 9
gs (x) 5 2 (3x 2 6)22 iii. 3 , t , 7
4
9 1
52 3 5. a. s 5 t 3 2 2t 2 1 3t
4(3x 2 6)2 3
i. y 5 (2x 1 4)3 v 5 t 2 2 4t 1 3
a 5 2t 2 4
yr 5 6(2x 1 4)2
b. For v 5 0,
ys 5 24(2x 1 4)
(t 2 3)(t 2 1) 5 0
5 48x 1 96 t 5 3 or t 5 1.
5
j. h(x) 5 x3 1 2 1
5 2 0 1 3
hr(x) 5 x3
3
10 1 The direction of the motion of the object changes at
hs (x) 5 x 23 t 5 1 and t 5 3.
9
10 c. Initial position is s(0) 5 0.
5 31 Solving,
9x
1
3. a. s(t) 5 5t 2 2 3t 1 15 0 5 t 3 2 2t 2 1 3t
v(t) 5 10t 2 3 3
a(t) 5 10 5 t 3 2 6t 2 1 9t
b. s(t) 5 2t 3 1 36t 2 10 5 t(t 2 2 6t 1 9)
v(t) 5 6t 2 1 36 5 t(t 2 3)2
a(t) 5 12t t 5 0 or t 5 3
s 5 0 or s 5 0.
The object returns to its initial position after 3 s.

5
1 10. s(t) 5 t 2 (7 2 t)
6. a. s 5 2 t 2 1 t 1 4
3 5 3 5
2 a. v(t) 5 t 2 (7 2 t) 2 t 2
v52 t11 2
3 35 23 5 5 5
2 5 t 2 t2 2 t2
v(1) 5 2 1 1 2 2
3 35 23 7 5
1 5 t 2 t2
5 2 2
3 105 21 35 23
2 a(t) 5 t 2 t
v(4) 5 2 (4) 1 1 2 4
3 b. The object stops when its velocity is 0.
5 35 3 7 5
52 v(t) 5 t 2 2 t 2
3 2 2
For t 5 1, moving in a positive direction. 7 23
For t 5 4, moving in a negative direction. 5 t (5 2 t)
2
b. s(t) 5 t(t 2 3)2 v(t) 5 0 for t 5 0 (when it starts moving) and
v(t) 5 (t 2 3)2 1 2t(t 2 3) t 5 5.
5 (t 2 3)(t 2 3 1 2t) So the object stops after 5 s.
5 (t 2 3)(3t 2 3) c. The direction of the motion changes when its
5 3(t 2 1)(t 2 3) velocity changes from a positive to a negative value
v(1) 5 0 or visa versa.
v(4) 5 9
For t 5 1, the object is stationary. t 0"t*5 t55 t+5
t 5 4, the object is moving in a positive direction. v(t) (1)(1) 5 1 0 (1)(2 ) 5 2
c. s(t) 5 t 3 2 7t 2 1 10t
v(t) 5 3t 2 2 14t 1 10 7 23
v(t) 5 t (5 2 t) v(t) 5 0 for t 5 5
v(1) 5 21 2
v(4) 5 2 Therefore, the object changes direction at 5 s.
For t 5 1, the object is moving in a negative direction. 35 1
For t 5 4, the object is moving in a positive direction. d. a(t) 5 0 for t 2 (6 2 t) 5 0.
4
7. a. s(t) 5 t 2 2 6t 1 8 t 5 0 or t 5 6 s.
v(t) 5 2t 2 6
b. 2t 2 6 5 0 t 0*t*6 t56 t+6
t53s a(t) (1)(1) 5 1 0 (1)(2 ) 5 2
8. s(t) 5 40t 2 5t 2
v(t) 5 40 2 10t Therefore, the acceleration is positive for
a. When v 5 0, the object stops rising. 0 , t , 6 s.
t54s Note: t 5 0 yields a 5 0.
b. Since s(t) represents a quadratic function that e. At t 5 0, s(0) 5 0. Therefore, the object’s
opens down because a 5 25 , 0, a maximum original position is at 0, the origin.
height is attained. It occurs when v 5 0. Height is When s(t) 5 0,
a maximum for 5
t 2 (7 2 t) 5 0
s(4) 5 160 2 5(16) t 5 0 or t 5 7.
5 80 m. Therefore, the object is back to its original position
9. s(t) 5 8 2 7t 1 t 2 after 7 s.
v(t) 5 27 1 2t 11. a. h(t) 5 25t 2 1 25t
a(t) 5 2 v(t) 5 210t 1 25
a. v(5) 5 27 1 10 v(0) 5 25 m>s
5 3 m>s
b. a(5) 5 2 m>s 2

b. The maximum height occurs when v(t) 5 0. The object begins at 9 m to the left of the origin, 0,
210t 1 25 5 0 and slows down to a stop after 2 s when it is 25 m
t 5 2.5 s to the left of the origin. Then, the object moves to
h(2.5) 5 25(2.5)2 1 25(2.5) the right accelerating at faster rates as time increases.
5 31.25 m It passes the origin just before 4 s (approximately
c. The ball strikes the ground when h(t) 5 0. 3.7915) and continues to accelerate as time goes by
25t 2 1 25t 5 0 on its journey into space.
25t(t 2 5) 5 0
t 5 0 or t 5 5 t=2 t=0
The ball strikes the ground at t 5 5 s. S
–30 –25 –20 –15 –10 –5 0 5 10
v(5) 5 250 1 25
5 225 m>s 14. s(t) 5 t 5 2 10t 2
12. s(t) 5 6t 2 1 2t v(t) 5 5t 4 2 20t
v(t) 5 12t 1 2 a(t) 5 20t 3 2 20
a(t) 5 12 For a(t) 5 0,
a. v(8) 5 96 1 2 5 98 m>s 20t 3 2 20 5 0
Thus, as the dragster crosses the finish line at 20(t 3 2 1) 5 0
t 5 8 s, the velocity is 98 m> s. Its acceleration is t 5 1.
constant throughout the run and equals 12 m> s2. Therefore, the acceleration will be zero at 1 s.
b. s 5 60 s(1) 5 1 2 10
6t 2 1 2t 2 60 5 0 5 29
2(3t 2 1 t 2 30) 5 0 ,0
2(3t 1 10)(t 2 3) 5 0 v(1) 5 5 2 20
210 5 215
t5 or t53
3 ,0
inadmissible v(3) 5 36 1 2 Since the signs of both s and v are the same at
0#t#8 5 38 t 5 1, the object is moving away from the origin at
Therefore, the dragster was moving at 38 m> s when that time.
it was 60 m down the strip. 15. a. s(t) 5 kt 2 1 (6k 2 2 10k)t 1 2k
13. a. s 5 10 1 6t 2 t 2 v(t) 5 2kt 1 (6k 2 2 10k)
v 5 6 2 2t a(t) 5 2k 1 0
5 2(3 2 t) 5 2k
a 5 22 Since k 2 0 and kPR, then a(t) 5 2k 2 0 and an
The object moves to the right from its initial element of the Real numbers. Therefore, the
position of 10 m from the origin, 0, to the 19 m acceleration is constant.
mark, slowing down at a rate of 2 m> s2. It stops at b. For v(t) 5 0
the 19 m mark then moves to the left accelerating at 2kt 1 6k 2 2 10k 5 0
2 m> s2 as it goes on its journey into the universe. It 2kt 5 10k 2 6k 2
passes the origin after ( 3 1 "19 ) s. t 5 5 2 3k
k20
t=6
t=0 s(5 2 3k)
t=3
5 k(5 2 3k)2 1 (6k 2 2 10k)(5 2 3k) 1 2k
S
–10 –5 0 5 10 15 20 25 5 k(25 2 30k 1 9k 2 ) 1 30k 2 2 18k 3
b. s 5 t 3 2 12t 2 9 2 50k 1 30k 2 1 2k
v 5 3t 2 2 12 5 25k 2 30k 2 1 9k 3 1 30k 2 2 18k 3 2 50k
5 3(t 2 2 4) 1 30k 2 1 2k
5 3(t 2 2)(t 1 2) 5 29k 3 1 30k 2 2 23k
a 5 6t Therefore, the velocity is 0 at t 5 5 2 3k, and its
position at that time is 29k 3 1 30k 2 2 23k.

16. a. The acceleration is continuous at t 5 0 if 0
5
lim a(t) 5 a(0). 1
tS0
50
For t $ 0,
t3 17. v 5 #b 2 1 2gs
s(t) 5 2 v 5 (b 2 1 2gs)2
1
t 11
5 (b 2 1 2gs)22 ? a0 1 2g b
3t 2 (t 2 1 1) 2 2t(t 3 ) dv 1 1 ds
and v(t) 5
(t 2 1 1)2 dt 2 dt
t 1 3t 2
4 1
5 2 a5 ? 2gv
(t 1 1)2 2v
a5g
(4t 3 1 6t)(t 2 1 1)2
and a(t) 5 Since g is a constant, a is a constant, as required.
(t 2 1 1)2
ds
2(t2 1 1)(2t)(t 4 1 3t 2 ) Note: 5v
2 dt
(t 2 1 1)2 dv
(4t 3 1 6t)(t 2 1 1) 2 4t(t 4 1 3t 2 ) 5a
5 dt
(t 2 1 1)3
a b
d v
18. F 5 m0
dt !1 2 ( vc )2
4t 5 1 6t 3 1 4t 3 1 6t 2 4t 5 2 12t 3
5
(t 2 1 1)3
Using the quotient rule,
22t 3 1 6t
5 2 dv
(1 2 2 )2 2 (1 2 2 )22 a2 2dt b ? v
(t 1 1)3 dv v2 1 1 v2 1 2v
m0
0, if t , 0 dt c 2 c c
5
Therefore, a(t) 5 •
3 v2
22t 1 6t 12 2
, if t $ 0 c
(t2 1 1)3 dv
0, if t , 0 Since 5 a,
dt
and n(t) 5 • t 1 3t )2 Sa(1 2 vc ) 1 vc a T
4 2
(t 1 1)2
2 , if t $ 0 (
m0 1 2 c 2
v2 1
2
2
2
2
2
5 v2
0 1 2 c2
lim2 a(t) 5 0, lim1 a(t) 5
m0 S 1 c2 T
tS0 tS0 1 ac2 2 av2 v2 a
5 0. 5 c2
v2 3
Thus, lim a(t) 5 0.
tS0
( 1 2 c2 2 )
2
0 m0 ac
Also, a(0) 5 5 3
v2
1
5 0.
(
c2 1 2 c2 ) 2
Therefore, lim a(t) 5 a(0). m0 a

tS0 5 3 , as required.
v2
Thus, the acceleration is continuous at t 5 0. (
c2 1 2 c2 ) 2
t 4 1 3t 2
b. lim v(t) 5 lim 4 2 3.2 Maximum and Minimum on an
tS1` tS1` t 1 2t 1 1
11
3 Interval (Extreme Values), pp. 135–138
t2
5 lim 2 1 1. a. The algorithm can be used; the function is
tS1`
11 1 4 continuous.
t2 t
51 b. The algorithm cannot be used; the function is
discontinuous at x 5 2.
22 6
1 4 c. The algorithm cannot be used; the function is
t3 t
lim a(t) 5 lim 3 3 1
tS1` tS`
11 21 41 6
t t t

d. The algorithm can be used; the function is f(0) 5 0
continuous on the given domain. f(2) 5 8 2 12
2. a. max 8; min 212 5 24
b. max 30; min 25 f(3) 5 27 2 27
c. max 100; min 2100 50
d. max 30; min 220 min is 24 at x 5 21, 2
3. a. f(x) 5 x 2 2 4x 1 3, 0 # x # 3 max is 0 at x 5 0, 3
f r(x) 5 2x 2 4 y
Let 2x 2 4 5 0 for max or min 4
x52
f(0) 5 3 2
f(2) 5 4 2 8 1 3 5 21
f(3) 5 9 2 12 1 3 5 0 x
max is 3 at x 5 0 –2 0 2 4 6
min is 21 at x 5 2
–2
y
3 (0, 3)
2 –4
1
(3, 0) x d. f(x) 5 x3 2 3x2, xP322, 14
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 f r(x) 5 3x2 2 6x
–1 Let f r(x) 5 0 for max or min
(2, –1)
–2 3x2 2 6x 5 0
3x(x 2 2) 5 0
b. f(x) 5 (x 2 2)2, 0 # x # 2 x 5 0 or x 5 2
f r(x) 5 2x 2 4 x 5 2 is outside the given interval.
Let f r(x) 5 0 for max or min f(22) 5 220
2x 2 4 5 0 f(0) 5 0
x52 f(1) 5 22
f(0) 5 4 max is 0 at x 5 0
f(2) 5 0 min is 220 at x 5 22
max is 4 at x 5 0 y
min is 2 at x 5 2 8
y
x
6
(0, 4) –4 –2 0 2 4
4
2 –8
(2, 0) x
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2 –16
–4
–6 –24
c. f(x) 5 x 3 2 3x 2, 21 # x # 3 e. f(x) 5 2x 3 2 3x 2 2 12x 1 1, xP322, 04

f r(x) 5 3x 2 2 6x f r(x) 5 6x 2 2 6x 2 12
Let f r(x) 5 0 for max or min Let f r(x) 5 0 for max or min
3x 2 2 6x 5 0 6x 2 2 6x 2 12 5 0
3x(x 2 2) 5 0 x2 2 x 2 2 5 0
x 5 0 or x 5 2 (x 2 2)(x 1 1) 5 0
f(21) 5 21 2 3 x 5 2 or x 5 21
5 24

f(22) 5 216 2 12 1 24 1 1 Set f r(x) 5 0 to solve for the critical values.
5 23 x2 2 4
50
f(21) 5 8 x2
f(0) 5 1 x2 2 4 5 0
f(2) 5 not in region (x 2 2)(x 1 2) 5 0
max of 8 at x 5 21 x 5 2, x 5 22
min of 23 at x 5 22 Now, evaluate the function, f(x), at the critical
8 y values and the endpoints. Note, however, that 22
is not in the domain of the function.
4 4
f(1) 5 1 1 5 1 1 4 5 5
1
x 4
0 f(2) 5 2 1 5 2 1 2 5 4
–4 –2 2 2
–4 4 50 2 52
f(10) 5 10 1 5 1 5 5 10.4
10 5 5 5
1 5 So, the minimum value in the interval is 4 when
f. f(x) 5 x3 2 x2 1 6x, xP30, 44
3 2 x 5 2 and the maximum value is 10.4 when x 5 10.
f r(x) 5 x2 2 5x 1 6 b. f(x) 5 4 !x 2 x, 2 # x # 9
Let f r(x) 5 0 for max or min 1
f r(x) 5 2x 22 2 1
x2 2 5x 1 6 5 0
Let f r(x) 5 0 for max or min
(x 2 2)(x 2 3) 5 0
2
!x
x 5 2 or x 5 3 2150
f(0) 5 0
14 !x 5 2
f(2) 5 x54
3
9 f(2) 5 4 !2 2 2 8 3.6
f(3) 5
2 f(4) 5 4 !4 2 4 5 4
f(9) 5 4 !9 2 9 5 3
16
f(4) 5
3 min value of 3 when x 5 9
16
max is 3 at x 5 4 max value of 4 when x 5 4
min is 0 at x 5 0 1
c. f(x) 5 2 ,0#x#2
y x 2 2x 1 2
6 f r(x) 5 2 (x 2 2 2x 1 2)22 (2x 2 2)
2x 2 2
4 52 2
(x 2 2x 1 2)2
Let f r(x) 5 0 for max or min.
2 2x 2 2
2 2 50
x (x 2 2x 1 2)
0 2x 2 2 5 0
–2 2 4 6
x51
–2 1 1
f(0) 5 , f(1) 5 1, f(2) 5
2 2
4 max value of 1 when x 5 1
4. a. f(x) 5 x 1
x min value of 12 when x 5 0, 2
4 d. f(x) 5 3x 4 2 4x 3 2 36x 2 1 20
f r(x) 5 1 2 2 fr(x) 5 12x 3 2 12x 2 2 72x
x
x2 2 4 Set f r(x) 5 0 to solve for the critical values.
5 12x 3 2 12x 2 2 72x 5 0
x2
12x(x 2 2 x 2 6) 5 0

12x(x 2 3)(x 1 2) 5 0 4t 2
x 5 0, x 5 3, x 5 22 5. a. v(t) 5 ,t$0
4 1 t3
Now, evaluate the function, f(x), at the critical Interval 1 # t # 4
values and the endpoints. 4
f(23) 5 3(23)4 2 4(23)3 2 36(23)2 1 20 5 47 v(1) 5
5
f(22) 5 3(22)4 2 4(22)3 2 36(22)2 1 20 5 244 16
f(0) 5 3(0)4 2 4(0)3 2 36(0)2 1 20 5 20 v(4) 5
17
f(3) 5 3(3)4 2 4(3)3 2 36(3)2 1 20 5 2169 (4 1 t 3 )(8t) 2 4t 2 (3t 2 )
f(4) 5 3(4)4 2 4(4)3 2 36(4)2 1 20 5 244 vr(t) 5 50
(4 1 t 3 )2
So, the minimum value in the interval is 2169 32t 1 8t 4 2 12t 4 5 0
when x 5 3 and the maximum value is 47 when 24t(t 3 2 8) 5 0
x 5 23. t 5 0, t 5 2
4x 16 4
e. f(x) 5 2 , 22 # x # 4 v(2) 5 5
x 11 12 3
4(x 2 1 1) 2 2x(4x) max velocity is 43 m>s
f r(x) 5
(x 2 1 1)2
2 min velocity is 45 m>s
24x 1 4
5 4t 2
x2 1 1 b. v(t) 5
1 1 t2
Let f r(x) 5 0 for max or min:
(1 1 t 2 )(8t) 2 (4t 2 )(2t)
24x 2 1 4 5 0 vr(t) 5
x2 5 1 (1 1 t 2 )2
x 5 61 8t 1 8t 2 8t 3
3
5
28 (1 1 t 2 )2
f(22) 5 8t
5 5
24 (1 1 t 2 )2
f(21) 5 8t
2 50
5 22 (1 1 t 2 )2
4 8t 5 0
f(1) 5 t50
2
52 f(0) 5 0 is the minimum value that occurs at x 5 0.
16 There is no maximum value on the interval. As x
f(4) 5 approaches infinity, f(x) approaches the horizontal
17
max value of 2 when x 5 1 asymptote y 5 4.
min value of 22 when x 5 21 6. N(t) 5 30t 2 2 240t 1 500
f. Note that part e. is the same function but restricted Nr(t) 5 60t 2 240
to a different domain. So, from e. it is seen that the 60t 2 240 5 0
t54
critical points are x 5 1 and x 5 21.
Now, evaluate the function, f(x), at the critical values N(0) 5 500
and the endpoints. Note, however, that 21 and 1 are N(4) 5 30(16) 2 240(4) 1 500 5 20
N(7) 5 30(49) 2 240(7) 1 500 5 290
The lowest number is 20 bacteria> cm3.
not in the domain of the function. Therefore, the only
points that need to be checked are the endpoints.
4(2) 8 1600v
f(2) 5 5 5 1.6 7. a. E(v) 5 2 0 # v # 100
2
(2) 1 1 5 v 1 6400
4(4) 16 1600(v 2 1 6400) 2 1600v(2v)
f(4) 5 5 8 0.94 Er(v) 5
2
(4) 1 1 17 (v 2 1 6400)2
So, the minimum value in the interval is 0.94 when Let Er(N) 5 0 for max or min
x 5 4 and the maximum value is 1.6 when x 5 2. 1600v 2 1 6400 3 1600 2 3200v 2 5 0
1600v 2 5 6400 3 1600
v 5 680

E(0) 5 0 C(1) 8 0.006 25
E(80) 5 10 C(3) 5 0.0083, C(6) 8 0.0074
E(100) 5 9.756 The min concentration is at t 5 1 and the max
The legal speed that maximizes fuel efficiency is concentration is at t 5 3.
80 km> h. 1
9. P(t) 5 2t 1 ,0#t#1
1600v 162t 1 1
b. E(v) 5 2 0 # v # 50
v 1 6400 Pr(t) 5 2 2 (162t 1 1)22 (162) 5 0
1600(v 2 1 6400) 2 1600v(2v) 162
Er(v) 5 52
(v 2 1 6400)2 (162t 1 1)2
Let Er(N) 5 0 for max or min 81 5 1622 1 t 2 1 324t 1 1
1600v 2 1 6400 3 1600 2 3200v 2 5 0 2 2
162 t 1 324t 2 80 5 0
1600v 2 5 6400 3 1600 812t 2 1 81t 2 20 5 0
v 5 680 (81t 1 5)(81t 2 4) 5 0
E(0) 5 0 4
E(50) 5 9 t.0 t5
81
The legal speed that maximizes fuel efficiency is 5 0.05
50 km> h. P(0) 5 1
c. The fuel efficiency will be increasing when P(0.05) 5 0.21
Er(v) . 0. This will show when the slopes of the P(1) 5 2.01
values of E(v) are positive, and hence increasing. Pollution is at its lowest level in 0.05 years or
From part a. it is seen that there is one critical value approximately 18 days.
for v . 0. This is v 5 80.
a
1 4900
10. r(x) 5 1 xb
v slope of E(v) 400 x
a
0 # v , 80 1 1 24900
rr(x) 5 1 1b 5 0
80 , v # 100 2 400 x2
Let rr(x) 5 0
Therefore, within the legal speed limit of 100 km> h, x 2 5 4900,
the fuel efficiency E is increasing in the speed inter- x 5 70, x . 0
val 0 # v , 80. r(30) 5 0.4833
d. The fuel efficiency will be decreasing when r(70) 5 0.35
Er(v) , 0. This will show when the slopes of the r(120) 5 0.402
values of E(v) are negative, and hence decreasing. A speed of 70 km> h uses fuel at a rate of 0.35 L> km.
From part a. it is seen that there is one critical value Cost of trip is 0.35 3 200 3 0.45 5 $31.50.
for v . 0. This is v 5 80. 11. f(x) 5 0.001x 3 2 0.12x 2 1 3.6x 1 10,
v slope of E(v)
0 # x # 75
f r(x) 5 0.003x 2 2 0.24x 1 3.6
0 # v , 80 1 Set 0 5 0.003x 2 2 0.24x 1 3.6
2 0.24 6 "(20.24)2 2 4(0.003)(3.6)
80 , v # 100 x5
2(0.003)
Therefore, within the legal speed limit of 100 km> h, 0.24 6 0.12
x5
the fuel efficiency E is decreasing in the speed 0.006
interval 80 , v # 100. x 5 60 or x 5 20
0.1t f(0) 5 10
8. C(t) 5 ,1#t#6
(t 1 3)2 f(20) 5 42
0.1(t 1 3)2 2 0.2t(t 1 3) f(60) 5 10
Cr(t) 5 50 f(75) 5 26.875
(t 1 3)4
(t 1 3)(0.1t 1 0.3 2 0.2t) 5 0 Absolute max. value 5 42 at (20, 42) and absolute
t53 min. value 5 10 at (0, 10) and (60, 10).

12. a. y 6000
5 1 9 1 0.05x
16 x
12 6000
Ur(x) 5 2 2 1 0.05
8 x
4 Set Ur(x) 5 0 and solve for x.
x
6000
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 2 2 1 0.05 5 0
–4 x
–8 6000
0.05 5 2
–12 x
–16 0.05x 2 5 6000
x 2 5 120 000
b. D: 22 # x # 4 x 8 346.41
c. increasing: 22 # x , 0 However, 346.41 is not in the given domain of
2,x#4 1 # x # 300.
decreasing: 0 , x , 2 Therefore, the only points that need to be checked are
13. Absolute max.: Compare all local maxima and the endpoints.
values of f(a) and f(b) when domain of f(x) is f(1) 5 6009.05
a # x # b. The one with highest value is the f(300) 5 44
absolute maximum. Therefore, a production level of 300 units will mini-
Absolute min.: We need to consider all local minima mize the unit cost to $44.
and the value of f(a) and f(b) when the domain of
f(x) is a # x # b. Compare them and the one with Mid-Chapter Review, pp. 139–140
the lowest value is the absolute minimum.
You need to check the endpoints because they are not 1. a. h(x) 5 3x 4 2 4x 3 2 3x 2 2 5
necessarily critical points. hr(x) 5 12x 3 2 12x 2 2 6x
14. C(x) 5 3000 1 9x 1 0.05x 2, 1 # x # 300 hs (x) 5 36x 2 2 24x 2 6
C(x) b. f(x) 5 (2x 2 5)3
Unit cost u(x) 5
x f r(x) 5 6(2x 2 5)2
3000 1 9x 1 0.05x 2
5 f s (x) 5 24(2x 2 5)
x
5 48x 2 120
3000
5 1 9 1 0.05x c. y 5 15(x 1 3)21
x
23000 yr 5 215(x 1 3)22
Ur(x) 5 1 0.05 ys 5 30(x 1 3)23
x2
For max or min, let Ur(x) 5 0: 30
5
0.05x 2 5 3000 (x 1 3)3
x 2 5 60 000 d. g(x) 5 (x 2 1 1)2
1
x 8 244.9 1
gr(x) 5 x(x 2 1 1)22
U(1) 5 3009.05 3 1
U(244) 5 33.4950 gs (x) 5 2x 2 (x 2 1 1)22 1 (x 2 1 1)22

U(245) 5 33.4948 x2 1
52 2 3 1
U(300) 5 34. 2 1
(x 1 1) 2 (x 1 1)2
Production level of 245 units will minimize the unit 2. a. s(3) 5 (3)3 2 21(3)2 1 90(3)
cost to $33.49. 5 27 2 189 1 270
15. C(x) 5 6000 1 9x 1 0.05x 2 5 108
C(x)
U(x) 5 b. v(t) 5 sr(t) 5 3t 2 2 42t 1 90
x
v(5) 5 3(5)2 2 42(5) 1 90
6000 1 9x 1 0.05x 2
5
x

5 75 2 210 1 90 b. The object is stationary when v(t) 5 0.
5 245 v(t) 5 0 5 4 2 14t 1 6t 2
c. a(t) 5 vr(t) 5 6t 2 42 0 5 (6t 2 2)(t 2 2)
a(4) 5 6(4) 2 42 1
5 24 2 42 t5 ,t52
3
5 218 Therefore, the object is stationary at time
3. a. v(t) 5 hr(t) 5 29.8t 1 6 t 5 13 s and t 5 2 s.
The initial velocity occurs when time t 5 0. Before t 5 13, v(t) is positive and therefore the
v(0) 5 29.8(0) 1 6 object is moving to the right.
56 Between t 5 13 and t 5 2, v(t) is negative and
So, the initial velocity is 6 m> s. therefore the object is moving to the left.
b. The ball reaches its maximum height when
After t 5 2, v(t) is positive and therefore the object
v(t) 5 0. So set v(t) 5 0 and solve for t.
is moving to the right.
v(t) 5 0 5 29.8t 1 6
c. Set a(t) 5 0 and solve for t.
9.8t 5 6
a(t) 5 0 5 214 1 12t
t 8 0.61
14 5 12t
Therefore, the ball reaches its maximum height at
7
time t 8 0.61 s. 5t
6
c. The ball hits the ground when the height, h, is 0.
t 8 1.2
h(t) 5 0 5 24.9t 2 1 6t 1 2 So, at time t 8 1.2 s the acceleration is equal to 0.
26 6 "36 1 39.2 At that time, the object is neither accelerating nor
t5
29.8 decelerating.
Taking the negative square root because the value t 5. a. f(x) 5 x 3 1 3x 2 1 1
needs to be positive, f r(x) 5 3x 2 1 6x
26 2 8.67 Set f r(x) 5 0 to solve for the critical values.
t5
29.8
3x 2 1 6x 5 0
t 8 1.50
3x(x 1 2) 5 0
So, the ball hits the ground at time t 5 1.50 s.
d. The question asks for the velocity, v(t), when x 5 0, x 5 22
t 5 1.50.
Now, evaluate the function, f(x), at the critical
v(1.50) 5 29.8(1.50) 1 6 values and the endpoints.
8 28.67 f(22) 5 (22)3 1 3(22)2 1 1 5 5
Therefore, when the ball hits the ground, the velocity f(0) 5 (0)3 1 3(0)2 1 1 5 1
is 28.67 m> s. f(2) 5 (2)3 1 3(2)2 1 1 5 21
e. The acceleration, a(t), is the derivative of the So, the minimum value in the interval is 1 when
velocity. x 5 0 and the maximum value is 21 when x 5 2.
a(t) 5 vr(t) 5 29.8 b. f(x) 5 (x 1 2)2
This is a constant function. So, the acceleration of f r(x) 5 2(x 1 2)
the ball at any point in time is 29.8 m> s2. 5 2x 1 4
4. a. v(t) 5 sr(t) 5 4 2 14t 1 6t 2 Set f r(x) 5 0 to solve for the critical values.
v(2) 5 4 2 14(2) 1 6(2)2 2x 1 4 5 0
5 4 2 28 1 24 2x 5 24
50 x 5 22
So, the velocity at time t 5 2 is 0 m> s. Now, evaluate the function, f(x), at the critical
a(t) 5 vr(t) 5 214 1 12t values and the endpoints.
a(2) 5 214 1 12(2) f(23) 5 (23 1 2)2 5 (21)2 5 1
5 10 f(22) 5 (22 1 2)2 5 0
So, the acceleration at time t 5 2 is 10 m> s. f(3) 5 (3 1 2)2 5 (5)2 5 25
So, the minimum value in the interval is 0 when Therefore, at a temperature of t 5 3.96 °C the
x 5 22 and the maximum value is 25 when x 5 3. volume of water is the greatest in the interval.
1 1 7. a. f(x) 5 x 4 2 3x
c. f(x) 5 2 3
x x f r(x) 5 4x 3 2 3
1 3
f r(x) 5 2 2 1 4 f r(3) 5 4(3)3 2 3
x x
5 105
2x 4 1 3x 2
5 b. f(x) 5 2x 3 1 4x 2 2 5x 1 8
x6
Set f r(x) 5 0 to solve for the critical values. f r(x) 5 6x 2 1 8x 2 5
2x 4 1 3x 2 f r(22) 5 6(22)2 1 8(22) 2 5
50 53
x6
2x 4 1 3x 2 5 0 c. f(x) 5 23x 2 2 5x 1 7
x 2 (2x 2 1 3) 5 0 f r(x) 5 26x 2 5
x50 f s (x) 5 26
x2 5 3 f s (1) 5 26
x 5 6 "3 d. f(x) 5 4x 3 2 3x 2 1 2x 2 6
Note, however, that 2"3 and 0 are not in the given f r(x) 5 12x 2 2 6x 1 2
domain of the function. f s (x) 5 24x 2 6
Now, evaluate the function, f(x), at the critical f s (23) 5 24(23) 2 6
values and the endpoints. 5 278
1 1 e. f(x) 5 14x 2 1 3x 2 6
f(1) 5 2 512150 f r(x) 5 28x 1 3
1 (1)3
1 1 f r(0) 5 28(0) 1 3
f("3) 5 2
"3
8 0.38 53
("3)3
1 1 24 f. f(x) 5 x 4 1 x 5 2 x 3
f(5) 5 2 5 f r(x) 5 4x 3 1 5x 4 2 3x 2
5 (5)3 125
So, the minimum value in the interval is 0 when f s (x) 5 12x 2 1 20x 3 2 6x
x 5 1 and the maximum value is 0.38 when f s (4) 5 12(4)2 1 20(4)3 2 6(4)
x 5 "3. 5 1448
6. The question asks for the maximum temperature g. f(x) 5 22x 5 1 2x 2 6 2 3x 3
of V. f r(x) 5 210x 4 1 2 2 9x 2
V(t) 5 20.000 067t 3 1 0.008 504 3t 2 f s (x) 5 240x 3 2 18x
2 0.064 26t 1 999.87
f s a b 5 240a b 2 18a b
1 1 3 1
Vr(t) 5 20.000 201t 2 1 0.017 008 6t 2 0.064 26 3 3 3
Set Vr(t) 5 0 to solve for the critical values. 40
20.000 201t 2 1 0.017 008 6t 2 0.064 26 5 0 52 26
27
t 2 2 84.619 900 5t 1 319.701 492 5 5 0 202
52
Using the quadratic formula, 27
t 8 3.96 and t 8 80.66. h. f(x) 5 23x 3 2 7x 2 1 4x 2 11
However, 80.66 is not in the domain of the function. f r(x) 5 29x 2 2 14x 1 4
Now, evaluate the function, V(t), at the critical
f ra b 5 29a b 2 14a b 1 4
3 3 2 3
values and the endpoints. 4 4 4
V(0) 5 999.87 81 21
V(3.96) 8 999.74 52 2 14
16 2
V(30) 5 1003.79 185
So, the minimum value in the interval is 999.74 52
16
when temperature t 5 3.96.
5 11. a. h(t) 5 24.9t 2 1 21t 1 0.45
8. s(t) 5 ta2 t 1 1b
6 0 5 24.9t 2 1 21t 1 0.45
5
5 2 t2 1 t 221 6 "(21)2 2 4(24.9)(0.45)
6 t5
2(24.9)
5
sr(t) 5 2 t 1 1
3 221 6 "449.82
t5
5 29.8
ss (t) 5 2 t 8 4.31 or t 8 20.021 (rejected since t $ 0)
3
8 21.7 m> s2 Note that h(0) 5 0.45 . 0 because the football is
7 punted from that height. The function is only valid
9. s(t) 5 189t 2 t 3
after this point.
7 4
a. sr(t) 5 189 2 t 3 Domain: 0 # t # 4.31
3
7 4
b. h(t) 5 24.9t 2 1 21t 1 0.45
sr(0) 5 189 2 (0)3 To determine the domain, find when hr(t) 5 0.
3
5 189 m> s hr(t) 5 29.8t 1 21
b. sr(t) 5 0 Set hr(t) 5 0
7 4 0 5 29.8t 1 21
189 2 t 3 5 0
3 t 8 2.14
7 43 For 0 , t , 2.14, the height is increasing.
t 5 189
3 For 2.14 , t , 4.31, the height is decreasing.
4
t 3 5 81 The football will reach its maximum height at 2.14 s.
3
t 5 ( 814) c. h(2.14) 5 24.9(2.14)2 1 21(2.14) 1 0.45
t 5 33 h(2.14) 8 222.44 1 44.94 1 0.45
t 5 27 s h(2.14) 8 22.95
c. s(27) 5 189(27) 2 (27)3
7 The football will reach a maximum height of 22.95 m.
5 5103 2 2187
5 2916 m 3.3 Optimization Problems, pp. 145–147
28 1 1. L
d. ss (t) 5 2 t 3
9
28 1
ss (8) 5 2 (8)3 W
9
56
52
9
8 26.2 m> s2
Let the length be L cm and the width be W cm.
It is decelerating at 6.2 m> s2.
2(L 1 W) 5 100
3 L 1 W 5 50
10. s(t) 5 12t 2 4t 2
1
L 5 50 2 W
sr(t) 5 12t 2 6t 2 A5L?W
To find when the stone stops, set sr(t) 5 0: 5 (50 2 W)(W)
A(W) 5 2W 2 1 50W for 0 # W # 50
1
12 2 6t 2 5 0
1
6t 2 5 12 Ar(W) 5 22W 1 50
1 Let Ar(W) 5 0:
t2 5 2
22W 1 50 5 0
t 5 (2)2 W 5 25
54 A(0) 5 0
3
s(4) 5 12(4) 2 4(4)2 A(25) 5 25 3 25
5 48 2 32 5 625
5 16 m A(50) 5 0.
The stone travels 16 m before its stops after 4 s.
The largest area is 625 cm2 and occurs when When x 5 0, V 5 0
W 5 25 cm and L 5 25 cm. x 5 8.8, V 5 28 850 cm 2
2. If the perimeter is fixed, then the figure will be x 5 20, V 5 0.
a square. Therefore, the box has a height of 8.8 cm, a length
3. L of 100 2 2 3 8.8 5 82.4 cm, and a width of
40 2 3 3 8.8 5 22.4 cm.
5. 220 – x
W W
x
Let the length of L m and the width W m.
2W 1 L 5 600 A(x) 5 x(220 2 x)
L 5 600 2 2W A(x) 5 220x 2 x 2
A5L?W Ar(x) 5 220 2 2x
5 W(600 2 2W) Set Ar(x) 5 0.
A(W) 5 22w 2 1 600W, 0 # W # 300 0 5 220 2 2x
Ar(W) 5 24w 1 600 x 5 110
dA 220 2 110 5 110
For max or min, let 5 0:
dW Ar(220) 5 2220 , 0
W 5 50
A(0) 5 0 Ar(0) 5 220 . 0
A(150) 5 22(150)2 1 600 3 150 maximum: The dimensions that will maximize the
5 45 000 rectangles’ area are 110 cm by 110 cm.
A(300) 5 0 6. a
The largest area of 45 000 m2 occurs when
W 5 150 m and L 5 300 m. b 64
4. Let dimensions of cut be x cm by x cm. Therefore,
the height is x cm. ab 5 64
100 P 5 2a 1 2b
100 – 2x x
x
b
64
40 – 2x 40 P 5 2a 1 2a
a
128
P 5 2a 1
Length of the box is 100 2 2x. a
Width of the box is 40 2 2x. P 5 2a 1 128a 21
V 5 (100 2 2x)(40 2 2x)(x) for domain 128
Pr 5 2 2 2
0 # x # 20 a
Using Algorithm for Extreme Value, Set Pr 5 0
dV 128
5 (100 2 2x)(40 2 4x) 1 (40x 2 2x 2 )(22) 0522 2
dx a
5 4000 2 480x 1 8x 2 2 80x 1 4x 2 128
25 2
5 12x 2 2 560x 1 4000 a
dV a 2 5 64
Set 50 a 5 8 (28 is inadmissible)
dx
3x 2 2 140x 1 1000 5 0 64
b5
140 6 "7600 8
x5 b58
6
Pr(1) 5 2126 , 0
140 6 128.8
x5 Pr(9) 8 1.65 . 0
6
maximum: The rectangle should have dimensions 8 m
x 5 8.8 or x 5 37.9
by 8 m.
Reject x 5 37.9 since 0 # x # 20
7. Set Ar 5 0
y 0 5 2x 2 432x 22
2x 5 432x 22
x x
x 3 5 216
Given:
x56
4x 1 3y 5 1000
144
1000 2 4x y5 2
y5 6
3 y54
A 5 2xy
Ar(4) 5 219 , 0
b
1000 2 4x
A 5 2xa Ar(8) 5 9.25 . 0
3 minimum: The enclosure should have dimensions
2000 8 4 m 3 6 m 3 6 m.
A5 x 2 x2
3 3 9.
2000 16
Ar 5 2 x
3 3
Set Ar 5 0
2000 16
05 2 x
3 3
16 2000 h
x5
3 3 x
x 5 125
1000 2 4(125) x
y5
3 Let the base be x by x and the height be h
y 8 166.67 x 2h 5 1000
2000 1000
Ar(250) 5 2 ,0 h5 2 1
3 x
2000 Surface area 5 2x 2 1 4xh
Ar(0) 5 .0
3 A 5 2x 2 1 4xh 2
maximum: The ranger should build the corrals with
5 2x 2 1 4xa 2 b
1000
the dimensions 125 m by 166.67 m to maximize the
x
enclosed area.
4000
8. Netting refers to the area of the rectangular 5 2x 2 1 for domain 0 # x # 10"2
x
prism. Minimize area while holding the volume
Using the max min Algorithm,
constant.
dA 4000
V 5 lwh 5 4x 2 2 5 0
dx x
V 5 x 2y 3
x 2 0, 4x 5 4000
144 5 x 2y x 3 5 1000
144 x 5 10
y5 2
x A 5 200 1 400 5 600 cm 2
ATotal 5 ASide 1 ATop 1 ASide 1 AEnd Step 2: At x S 0, A S `
A 5 xy 1 xy 1 xy 1 x 2 Step 3: At x 5 10"10,
A 5 3xy 1 x 2 4000 !10
10 !10 !10
A 5 2000 1 3
A 5 3xa 2 b 1 x 2
144
x
5 2000 1 40"10
432
A5 1 x2 Minimum area is 600 cm2 when the base of the box
x is 10 cm by 10 cm and height is 10 cm.
A 5 x 2 1 432x 21
Ar 5 2x 2 432x 22

10. When r 5 0, A S `
L = 2x r 5 5.42 A 8 660.8
r S `, A S `
10 y The minimum surface area is approximately
661 cm3 when r 5 5.42.
x 1000
10 10 b. r 5 5.42, h 5 8 10.84
p(5.42)2
Let the length be 2x and the height be y. We know h 10.84 1
x 2 1 y2 5 100. 5 5
d 2 3 5.42 1
y 5 6"100 2 x 2 Yes, the can has dimensions that are larger than the
Omit negative area 5 2xy smallest that the market will accept.
5 2x"100 2 x 2 12. a.
for domain 0 # x # 10 L
Using the max min Algorithm, 5 cm
W
dA 1 21
5 2"100 2 x2 1 2y ? (100 2 x2 ) 2 (22x). (12 – L)
dx 2
dA 12 cm
Let 5 0. Let the rectangle have length L cm on the 12 cm leg
dx
2x2
and width W cm on the 5 cm leg.
2"100 2 x2 2 50 A 5 LW
"100 2 x2
2(100 2 x 2 ) 2 2x 2 5 0 12 2 L W
By similar triangles, 5
100 5 2x 2 12 5
x 2 5 50 60 2 5L 5 12W
60 2 12W
x 5 5"2, x . 0. Thus, y 5 5"2, L 5 10"2 L5
Part 2: If x 5 0, A 5 0 5
(60 2 12W)W
Part 3: If x 5 10, A 5 0 A5 for domain 0 # W # 5
5
The largest area occurs when x 5 5"2 and Using the max min Algorithm,
5 360 2 24W4 5 0, W 5
the area is 10"2"100 2 50 dA 1 60
5 2.5 cm.
5 10"2"50 dW 5 24
(60 2 30) 3 2.5
5 100 square units. When W 5 2.5 cm, A 5 5 15 cm 2.
5
11. a. Let the radius be r cm and the height be h cm.
Then pr 2h 5 1000 Step 2: If W 5 0, A 5 0
1000 Step 3: If W 5 5, A 5 0
h5 The largest possible area is 15 cm2 and occurs when
pr 2
Surface Area: A 5 2pr 2 1 2prh W 5 2.5 cm and L 5 6 cm.
b.
b
1000
5 2pr 2 1 2pra
pr 2 L
8 cm
2000
5 2pr 2 1 ,0#r#` W
4
dA 2000 (15 – L)
5 4pr 2 2 15 cm
dr r
Let the rectangle have length L cm on the 15 cm leg
dA
For max or min, let 5 0. and width W cm on the 8 cm leg.
dr
2000 A 5 LW 1
4pr 2 50
r2 15 2 L W
500 15 8
r3 5
p 120 2 8L 5 15W
3500 120 2 15W
Å p
r5 8 5.42 L5 2
8
(120 2 15W)W Divide by !3:
A5 for domain 0 # W # 8
8 x
Using the max min Algorithm, 30 2 2x 1 5 0
2
5 3120 2 30W 4 5 0, W 5
dA 1 120
5 4 cm. x 5 20.
dW 8 30
To find the largest area, substitute x 5 0, 20, and 30.
(120 2 60) 3 4 A(0) 5 0
When W 5 4 cm, A 5 5 30 cm 2.
"3
8
Step 2: If W 5 0, A 5 0 A(20) 5 30 !3(20) 2 !3(20)2 1 (20)2
Step 3: If W 5 8, A 5 0 4
The largest possible area is 30 cm2 and occurs when 5 520
W 5 4 cm and L 5 7.5 cm. "3
c. The largest area occurs when the length and width A(30) 5 30 !3(30) 2 !3(30)2 1 (30)2
4
are each equal to one-half of the sides adjacent to 8 390
the right angle. The maximum area is 520 cm2 when the base is
13. a. Let the base be y cm, each side x cm and the 20 cm and each side is 20 cm.
height h cm. b. Multiply the cross-sectional area by the length of
2x 1 y 5 60 the gutter, 500 cm. The maximum volume that can
y 5 60 2 2x be held by this gutter is approximately 500(520) or
1 260 000 cm3.
A 5 yh 1 2 3 (wh)
2 14. a. A
5 yh 1 wh
w B w C x
x h 30° x B C
120°
y A h
From ^ ABC x
h 4x 1 2h 5 6
5 cos 30°
x 2x 1 h 5 3 or h 5 3 2 2x
h 5 x cos 30° 1 "3
"3 Area 5 xh 1
2
3x3
2
x
5 x
2 "3 x 2
w 5 x(3 2 2x) 1
5 sin 30° 4
"3 2
x
w 5 x sin 30° A(x) 5 3x 2 2x 2 1 x
1 4
5 x
2 "3
Ar(x) 5 3 2 4x 1 x, 0 # x # 1.5
"3 "3
2
x
Therefore, A 5 (60 2 2x)a xb 1 3 x For max or min, let Ar(x) 5 0, x 8 1.04.
2 2 2
A(0) 5 0, A(1.04) 8 1.43, A(1.5) 8 1.42
"3 2 The maximum area is approximately 1.43 cm2 and
A(x) 5 30!3x 2 !3x 2 1 x , 0 # x # 30
4 occurs when x 5 0.96 cm and h 5 1.09 cm.
Apply the Algorithm for Extreme Values, b. Yes. All the wood would be used for the outer
"3 frame.
Ar(x) 5 30!3 2 2 !3x 1 x
2
Now, set Ar(x) 5 0
"3
30!3 2 2 !3 1 x 5 0.
2
15. x There is a critical number at t 5 .04 hours
N
v t , .04 .04 t . .04
W E
y 2 0 1
S z d9(t)
Graph Dec. Local Min Inc.
Let z represent the distance between the two trains. There is a local minimum at t 5 .04, so the two
After t hours, y 5 60t, x 5 45(1 2 t) vehicles are closest together .04 hours after 1:00, or
1:02. The distance between them at that time is 3 km.
z 2 5 3600t 2 1 452 (1 2 t)2, 0 # t # 1 17. 2
a +b2
dz L
2z 5 7200t 2 4050(1 2 t) 2 ab
dt w
a2 – b2 – L
dz 7200t 2 4050(1 2 t)
5 a2 – b2
dt 2z
a2 2 b2 2 L W
dz 5
For max or min, let 5 0. a2 2 b2 2ab
dt
7200t 2 4050(1 2 t) 5 0 2ab
W5 2 (a 2 2 b 2 2 L)
t 5 0.36 a 2 b2
3a 2L 2 b 2L 2 L 24
When t 5 0, z 2 5 452, z 5 45 2ab
A 5 LW 5 2
t 5 0.36, z 2 5 3600(0.36)2 1 452 (1 2 0.36)2 a 2 b2
z 2 5 129 dA
Let 5 a 2 2 b 2 2 2L 5 0,
z 5 36 dL
t 5 1, z 2 5 !3600 5 60 a2 2 b2
The closest distance between the trains is 36 km and L5
2
occurs at 0.36 h after the first train left the station.
ca d
2ab 2 2 a2 2 b2
16. Vehicle 2 and W 5 2 2 b 2 2
a 2 b2 2
d
P Vehicle 1 5 ab.
At any time after 1:00 p.m., the distance between The hypothesis is proven.
the first vehicle and the second vehicle is the 18. Let the height be h and the radius r.
hypotenuse of a right triangle, where one side of the k
Then, pr 2h 5 k, h 5 2.
triangle is the distance from the first vehicle to P pr
Let M represent the amount of material,
and the other side is the distance from the second
M 5 2pr 2 1 2prh
vehicle to P. The distance between them is therefore
5 2pr 2 1 2prha 2 b
k
d 5 "(60t)2 1 (5 2 80t)2 where t is the time in pr
hours after 1:00. To find the time when they are 2k
closest together, d must be minimized. 5 2pr 2 1 , 0 # r # `
r
d 5 "(60t)2 1 (5 2 80t)2 Using the max min Algorithm,
d 5 "3600t 2 1 25 2 800t 1 6400t 2 dM
5 4pr 2 2
2k
d 5 "10 000t 2 1 25 2 800t dr r
1
, r 2 0 or r 5 a b .
20 000t 2 800 dM k k 3
dr 5 Let 5 0, r 3 5
dr 2p 2p
2"10 000t 2 1 25 2 800t
Let dr 5 0: When r S 0, M S `
20 000t 2 800 r S `, M S `
50 1
r5a b
2"10 000t 2 1 25 2 800t k 3
Therefore 20 000t 2 800 5 0 2p
20 000t 5 800
t 5 .04 hours

1
a. The maximum area is 796 cm2 and occurs when
d 5 2a b
k 3
2p all of the wire is used to form a circle.
2 1 b. The minimum area is 350 cm2 when a piece of
k k (2p)3 k3
h5
2
2 5 ? 5 ? 23 wire of approximately 44 cm is bent into a circle.
b
k 3 p
pa 20. y
2p 2
10 (a, (a – 3) )
Min amount of material is 8
2 1
6
b 1 2ka b .
k 3 2p 3
M 5 2pa 4
2p k
1
(–3, 3) 2 x
a b ? 23
1
a b ? 23
k 3
2
k 3 2
h p p 1 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
Ratio 5 1 5 5 –2
2a b
d 1
2a b
k 3 k 3 1
2
3 –4
2p p –6
A x P 100 2 x B
19. Any point on the curve can be represented by
Cut the wire at P and label diagram as shown. Let (a, (a 2 3)2 ).
AP form the circle and PB the square. The distance from (23, 3) to a point on the curve is
Then, 2pr 5 x d 5 "(a 1 3)2 1 ((a 2 3)2 2 3)2.
x To minimize the distance, we consider the function
r5
2p d(a) 5 (a 1 3)2 1 (a 2 2 6a 1 6)2.
100 2 x
And the length of each side of the square is . in minimizing d(a), we minimize d since d . 1
4
always.
Area of circle 5 pa b
x 2
2p For critical points, set dr(a) 5 0.
2 dr(a) 5 2(a 1 3) 1 2(a 2 2 6a 1 6)(2a 2 6)
x
5 if dr(a) 5 0,
4p a 1 3 1 (a 2 2 6a 1 6)(2a 2 6) 5 0
Area of square 5 a b
100 2 x 2
2a 3 2 18a 2 1 49a 2 33 5 0
4 (a 2 1)(2a 2 2 16a 1 33) 5 0
16 6 "28
The total area is
1a b , where 0 # x # 100.
x2 100 2 x 2 a 5 1, or a 5
A(x) 5 4
4p 4
There is only one critical value, a 5 1.
b a2 b
2x 100 2 x 1
Ar(x) 5 1 2a To determine whether a 5 1 gives a minimal value,
4p 4 4 we use the second derivative test:
x 100 2 x dr(a) 5 6a 2 2 36a 1 49
5 2
2p 8 ds (1) 5 6 2 36 1 49
For max or min, let Ar(x) 5 0. $ 0.
x 100 2 x Then, d(1) 5 42 1 12
2 50
2p 8 5 17.
100p The minimal distance is d 5 "17, and the point on
x5 1 p 8 44
r the curve giving this result is (1, 4).
A(0) 5 625
1a b 8 350
442 100 2 44 2
A(44) 5
4p 4
1002
A(100) 5 8 796
4p

21. y For max or min, let Ar(y) 5 0 or 10 2 4y 5 0,
8 y 5 2.5,
6 A(a2, 2a)
A(0) 5 0
4 A(2.5) 5 (10 2 5)(2.5) 5 12.5
2 A(5) 5 0.
D C x
The largest area is 12.5 units squared and occurs
–4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 when P is at the point (5, 2.5).
–2
B(b2, 2b)
–4 23. y
–6 (0, k)
–8 A B
(k, 0)
Let the point A have coordinates (a 2, 2a). (Note that x
D C
the x-coordinate of any point on the curve is positive,
but that the y-coordinate can be positive or negative. A is (2x, y) and B(x, y)
By letting the x-coordinate be a 2, we eliminate this Area 5 2xy where y 5 k 2 2 x 2
concern.) Similarly, let B have coordinates (b 2, 2b). A(x) 5 2x(k 2 2 x 2 )
The slope of AB is
5 2k 2x 2 2x 3, 2k # x # k
2a 2 2b 2
5 . Ar(x) 5 2k 2 2 6x 2
a2 2 b2 a1b For max or min, let Ar(x) 5 0,
Using the mid-point property, C has coordinates 6x 2 5 2k 2
a
a2 1 b2 k
, a 1 bb.
!3
2 x56
, y 5 k2 2 a b 5 k2
2
Since CD is parallel to the x-axis, the y-coordinate k k 2
When x 5 6
of D is also a 1 b. The slope of the tangent at D is !3 !3 3
dy
given by for the expression y 2 5 4x. 2k 2 4k 3 !3
Max area is A 5 3 k2 5 3
!3 3 !3
dx !3
Differentiating. 3
dy 4k 3
2y 54 5 square units.
dx 9
dy 2
5
dx y 3.4 Optimization Problems in
And since at point D, y 5 a 1 b,
Economics and Science, pp. 151–154
dy 2
dx
5
a1b
. 1. a. C(625) 5 75( !625 2 10)
But this is the same as the slope of AB. Then, the 5 1125
tangent at D is parallel to the chord AB. Average cost is 1125
625 5 $1.80.
22. y b. C(x) 5 75( !x 2 10)

5 75 !x 2 750
5 75
Cr(x) 5
2!x
B P(x, y)
75
x Cr(1225) 5 5 $1.07
2!1225
0 2 A 10 c. For a marginal cost of $0.50/L,
Let the point P(x, y) be on the line x 1 2y 2 10 5 0. 75
2 !x
5 0.5
Area of ÂPB 5 xy
x 1 2y 5 10 or x 5 10 2 2y 75 5 !x
A(y) 5 (10 2 2y)y x 5 5625
5 10y 2 2y 2, 0 # y # 5 The amount of product is 5625 L.
Ar(y) 5 10.4y
2. N(t) 5 20t 2 t 2 5. x
a. N(3) 5 60 2 9
5 51 y
N(2) 5 40 2 4
5 36
Label diagram as shown and let the side of length x
cost $6> m and the side of length y be $9> m.
51 2 36 5 15 terms
b. Nr(t) 5 20 2 2t
Therefore, (2x)(6) 1 (2y)(9) 5 9000
Nr(2) 5 20 2 4
5 16 terms> h
2x 1 3y 5 1500.
Area A 5 xy
c. t . 0, so the maximum rate (maximum value of
Nr(t)) is 20. 20 terms> h
1500 2 2x
But y 5 .
6t 3
3. L(t) 5 2
b
1500 2 2x
t 1 2t 1 1 A(x) 5 xa
6(t 2 1 2t 1 1) 2 6t(2t 1 2) 3
a. Lr(t) 5 2
(t 2 1 2t 1 1)2 5 500x 2 x 2 for domain 0 # x # 500
2
26t 1 6 3
5 2 4
(t 1 2t 1 1)2 Ar(x) 5 500 2 x
Let Lr(t) 5 0, then 26t 2 1 6 5 0, 3
t2 5 1 Let Ar(x) 5 0, x 5 375.
t 2 5 61. Using max min Algorithm, 0 # x # 500,
6 6 2
b. L(1) 5 5 5 1.5 A(0) 5 0, A(375) 5 500(375) 2 (375)2
11211 4 3
c. 5 93 750
A(500) 5 0.
The largest area is 93 750 m2 when the width is
250 m by 375 m.
6. Let x be the number of $25 increases in rent.
P(x) 5 (900 1 25x)(50 2 x) 2 (50 2 x)(75)
d. The level will be a maximum. P(x) 5 (50 2 x)(825 1 25x)
e. The level is decreasing. P(x) 5 41 250 1 1250x 2 825x 2 25x 2
h 15 000 000 P(x) 5 41 250 1 425x 2 25x 2
4. C 5 4000 1 1 , 1000 # h # 20 000
Pr(x) 5 425 2 50x
15 h
dC 1 15 000 000 Set Pr(x) 5 0
5 2
dh 15 h2 0 5 425 2 50x
dC 1 15 000 000 50x 5 425
Set 5 0, therefore, 2 5 0,
dh 15 h2 x 5 8.5
h 2 5 225 000 000 x 5 8 or x 5 9
h 5 15 000, h . 0. Pr(0) 5 425 . 0
Using the max min Algorithm, 1000 # h # 20 000. Pr(10) 5 275 , 0
1000 15 000 000 maximum: The real estate office should charge
When h 5 1000, C 5 4000 1 1 ,
15 1000 $900 1 $25(8) 5 $1100 or $900 1 $25(9) 5 $1125
8 19 067. rent to maximize profits. Both prices yield the same
15 000 15 000 000 profit margin.
When h 5 15 000, C 5 4000 1 1 7. Let the number of fare changes be x. Now, ticket
15 15 000
5 6000. price is $20 1 $0.5x. The number of passengers is
When h 5 20 000, C 8 6083. 10 000 2 200x.
The minimum operating cost of $6000> h occurs The revenue R(x) 5 (10 000 2 200x)(20 1 0.5x),
when the plane is flying at 15 000 m. R(x) 5 2200(20 1 0.5x) 1 0.5(1000 2 200x)
5 24000 2 100x 1 5000 2 100x.

Let Rr(x) 5 0: Apply max min Algorithm,
200x 5 1000 as h S 0 C(0) S `
x 5 5. 6 800 000
C(20.4) 5 1 400(20.4)2
The new fare is $20 1 $0.5(5) 5 $22.50 and the 20.4
maximum revenue is $202 500. 5 499 800
8. Cost C 2 a 1 216b 3 t
v3 C(100) 5 4 063 000.
2 Therefore, the dimensions that will keep the cost to
500 a minimum are 20.4 m by 40.8 m by 24.0 m.
Where vt 5 500 or t 5 .
10. Let the height of the cylinder be h cm, the
v
radius r cm. Let the cost for the walls be $k and for
C(v) 5 a 1 216b a b
v3 500
2 v the top $2k.
108 000 1000
5 250v 2 1 , where v $ 0. V 5 1000 5 pr 2h or h 5
v pr 2
2
108 000 The cost C 5 (2pr )(2k) 1 (2prh)k
Cr(v) 5 500v 2
or C 5 4pkr 2 1 2pkr a 2 b
v2 1000
108 000 pr
Let Cr(v) 5 0, then 500v 5 2000k
v2 C(r) 5 4pkr 2 1 ,r$0
108 000 r
v3 5 2000k
500 Cr(r) 5 8pkr 2
v 3 5 216 r2
v 5 6. 2000k
Let Cr(r) 5 0, then 8pkr 5
The most economical speed is 6 nautical miles> h. r2
9. 2000
or r 3 5
8p
r 8 4.3
h
x 1000
h5 5 17.2.
2h p(4.3)2
Label diagram as shown. Since r $ 0, minimum cost occurs when r 5 4.3 cm
We know that (x)(2h)(h) 5 20 000 and h 5 17.2 cm.
or h 2x 5 10 000 11. a. Let the number of $0.50 increase be n.
10 000 New price 5 10 1 0.5n.
x5 Number sold 5 200 2 7n.
h2
Cost C 5 40(2hx) 1 2xh(200) Revenue R(n) 5 (10 1 0.5n)(200 2 7n)
1 100(2)(2h 2 1 xh) 5 2000 1 30n 2 3.5n 2
5 80xh 1 400xh 1 400h 2 1 200xh Profit P(n) 5 R(n) 2 C(n)
5 680xh 1 400h 2 5 2000 1 30n 1 3.5n 2 2 6(200 2 7n)
10 000 5 800 1 72n 2 3.5n 2
Since x 5 , Pr(n) 5 72 2 7n
h2
Let Pr(n) 5 0,
b 1 400h 2, 0 # h # 100
10 000
C(h) 5 680ha 72 2 7n 5 0, n 8 10.
h2
Price per cake 5 10 1 5 5 $15
6 800 000
C(h) 5 1 400h 2 Number sold 5 200 2 70 5 130
h b. Since 200 2 165 5 35, it takes 5 price increases
6 800 000 to reduce sales to 165 cakes.
Cr(h) 5 1 800h.
h2 New price is 10 1 0.5 3 5 5 $12.50.
Let Cr(h) 5 0, The profit is 165 3 5 5 $825.
800h 3 5 6 800 000
h 3 5 8500
h 8 20.4.

c. If you increase the price, the number sold will Rr(0) 5 400 . 0
decrease. Profit in situation like this will increase Rr(100) 5 2600 , 0
for several price increases and then it will decrease maximum: The price of the CD player should
because too many customers stop buying. be $50.
12. Let x be the base length and y be the height. 14. Let x be the number of price changes and R be
Top/bottom: $20> m2 the revenue.
Sides: $30> m2 R 5 (75 2 5x)(14 000 1 800x), x # 7.5
Rr 5 800(75 2 5x) 1 (25)(14 000 1 800x)
4000 cm3 a b 5 0.004 m3
1m 3
100 cm Set Rr 5 0
0.004 5 x 2y 0 5 60 000 2 4000x 2 70 000 2 4000x
0.004 10 000 5 28000x
y5 x 5 21.25
x2
ATop 1 ABottom 5 x 1 x 2
2 Price 5 $75 2 $5(21.25)
5 2x 2 Price 5 $81.25
4ASide 5 4xy Rr(22) 5 6000 . 0
Rr(2) 5 226 000 , 0
C 5 20(2x 2 ) 1 30(4xy)
maximum: The price of a ticket should be $81.25.
C 5 40x 2 1 120xa 2 b
0.004
15. P(x) 5 (2000 2 5x)(1000x)
x
2 21
2 (15 000 000 1 1 800 000x 1 75x 2 )
C 5 40x 1 0.48x
P(x) 5 2 000 000x 2 5000x 2 2 15 000 000
Cr 5 80x 2 0.48x 22
2 1 800 000x 2 75x 2
Set Cr 5 0
P(x) 5 25075x 2 1 200 000x 2 15 000 000
0 5 80x 2 0.48x 22
Pr(x) 5 210 150x 1 200 000
80x 3 5 0.48
Set Pr(x) 5 0
x 3 5 0.006
0 5 210 150x 1 200 000
x 8 0.182
10 150x 5 200 000
0.004
y5 x 8 19.704
0.1822
y 8 0.121 Pr(0) 5 200 000 . 0
Cr(1) 5 79.52 . 0 Pr(20) 5 23000 , 0
Cr(21) 5 280.48 , 0 maximum: The computer manufacturer should sell
19 704 units to maximize profit.
maximum
16. P(x) 5 R(x) 2 C(x)
The jewellery box should be
Marginal Revenue 5 Rr(x).
12.1 cm 3 18.2 cm 3 18.2 cm to minimize the cost
Marginal Cost 5 Cr(x).
of materials.
Now Pr(x) 5 Rr(x) 2 Cr(x).
13. Let x be the number of price changes and R be
The critical point occurs when Pr(x) 5 0.
the revenue.
If Rr(x) 5 Cr(x), then Pr(x) 5 Rr(x) 2 Rr(x)
R 5 (90 2 x)(50 1 5x)
5 0.
Rr 5 5(90 2 x) 2 1(50 1 5x) Therefore, the instantaneous rate of change in profit
Set Rr 5 0 is 0 when the marginal revenue equals the marginal
0 5 5(90 2 x) 2 1(50 1 5x) cost.
0 5 450 2 5x 2 50 2 5x 17. h
0 5 400 2 10x
10x 5 400
x 5 40 r
Price 5 $90 2 $40
Price 5 $50

Label diagram as shown, Let cost of cylinder be 21755(19s 2 .1s 2 )
$k> m3. Cr 5
(19s 2 .1s 2 )2
V 5 200 (431 775 2 1755s)(19 2 .2s)
4 2
5 pr 2h 1 pr 3 (19s 2 .1s 2 )2
3
(233 345s 1 175.5s 2 )
Note: Surface Area 5 Total cost C Cr 5
Cost C 5 (2prh)k 1 (4pr 2 )2k (19s 2 .1s 2 )2
4 (8 203 725 2 119 700s 1 351s 2 )
But, 200 5 pr 2h 1 pr 3 or 600 5 3pr 2h 1 4pr 2 2
8 (19s 2 .1s 2 )2
600 2 4pr 3 2175.5s 2 1 86 355s 2 8 203 725
Therefore, h 5 . Cr 5
3pr 2 (19s 2 .1s 2 )2
b1 1 8kpr 2
600 2 4pr 3 Let Cr 5 0:
C(r) 5 2kpra
3pr 2 2175.5s 2 1 86 355s 2 8 203 725
50
b 1 8kpr 2
600 2 4pr 3 (19s 2 .1s 2 )2
5 2ka
3r s 5 128.4
There is a critical number at s 5 128.4 km> h
1
Since h # 16, r # a b or 0 # r # 3.6

600 3
4p
s s , 128.4 128.4 s . 128.4
400k 8kpr 2
C(r) 5 2 1 3kpr 2 C9(s) 2 0 1
r 3
400k 16kpr 2 Graph Dec. Local Min Inc.
5 1
r 3
400k 32kpr There is a local minimum for s 5 128.4, so the cost
Cr(r) 5 2 2 1
r 3 is minimized for a speed of 128.4 km> h.
Let C r(r) 5 0
19. v(r) 5 Ar 2 (r0 2 r), 0 # r # r0
400k 32kpr
2 5 v(r) 5 Ar0r 2 2 Ar 3
r 3 vr(r) 5 2Ar0r 2 3Ar 2
50 4pr Let vr(r) 5 0:
5
r2 3 2Ar0r 2 3Ar 2 5 0
4pr 3 5 150 2r0r 2 3r 2 5 0
150 r(2r0 2 3r) 5 0
r3 5
4p 2r
r 5 2.29 r 5 0 or r 5 0 .
3
h 8 8.97 m v(0) 5 0
Note: C(0) S `
va 0 b 5 Aa r02b ar0 2 0 b
2r 4 2r
C(2.3) 8 262.5k
3 9 3
C(3.6) 8 330.6k
4
The minimum cost occurs when r 5 230 cm and 5 rA
h is about 900 cm. 27 0
450 450 A(r0 ) 5 0
18. C 5 1.15 3 1 (35 1 15.5) The maximum velocity of air occurs when radius
8 2 .1(s 2 110) s
2r0
517.5 22 725 is .
C5 1 3
2.1s 1 19 s
517.5s 2 2272.5s 1 431 775 Review Exercise, pp. 156–159
C5
19s 2 .1s 2
431 775 2 1755s 1
C5 1. f(x) 5 x 4 2
19s 2 .1s 2 x4
To find the value of s that minimizes C, we need to 5 x 4 2 x 24
calculate the derivative of C. f r(x) 5 4x 3 1 4x 25
f s (x) 5 12x 2 2 20x 26

2. y 5 x 9 2 7x 3 1 2 x f (x) 5 2x3 2 9x2
dy
5 9x 8 2 21x 2 22 2 52 min
dx
d 2y 0 0 max
5 72x 7 2 42x
dx 2 3 2 27
1
3. s(t) 5 t 2 1 2(2t 2 3)2 4 2 16
1 1
v 5 sr(t) 5 2t 1 (2t 2 3)2 2 (2)
2 The minimum value is 252.
1
5 2t 1 (2t 2 3)2 2 The maximum value is 0.
1 3 b. f(x) 5 12x 2 x 3
a 5 ss (t) 5 2 2 (2t 2 3)22 (2) f r(x) 5 12 2 3x 2
2
5 2 2 (2t 2 3)2 2
3
For max min, f r(x) 5 0:
5 3(4 2 x 2 ) 5 0
4. s(t) 5 t 2 7 1 x 5 22 or x 5 2
t
5 t 2 7 1 5t 21 x f (x) 5 12x 2 x3
v(t) 5 1 2 5t 22
23 29
a(t) 5 10t 23
5. s(t) 5 45t 2 5t 2 22 216
v(t) 5 45 2 10t 2 16 max

For v(t) 5 0, t 5 4.5. 5 265 min
t 0 " t * 4.5 4.5 t + 4.5 18

c. f(x) 5 2x 1
v(t) 1 0 2 x
f r(x) 5 2 2 18x 22
Therefore, the upward velocity is positive for
0 # t , 4.5 s, zero for t 5 4.5 s, negative for
18
t . 4.5 s. 52
x2
x2 5 9
45 x 5 63.
30 f (x) 5 2x 1
18
v(t) metres/second
x
x
15 1 20
0 3 12
2 4 6 8 10 18
–15 5 10 1
5
5 13.6
–30 The minimum value is 12.

–45
The maximum value is 20.
7. a. s(t) 5 62 2 16t 1 t 2
t (seconds) v(t) 5 216 1 2t
s(0) 5 62
6. a. f(x) 5 2x 3 2 9x 2 Therefore, the front of the car was 62 m from the
f r(x) 5 6x 2 2 18x stop sign.
For max min, fr(x) 5 0: b. When v 5 0, t 5 8,
6x(x 2 3) 5 0 s(8) 5 62 2 16(8) 1 (8)2
x 5 0 or x 5 3. 5 62 2 128 1 64
5 22
Yes, the car goes 2 m beyond the stop sign before
stopping.

c. Stop signs are located two are more metres from b. C(x) 5 0.004x 2 1 40x 1 8000
an intersection. Since the car only went 2 m beyond i. C(400) 5 640 1 16 000 1 8000
the stop sign, it is unlikely the car would hit another 5 24 640
vehicle travelling perpendicular. 24 640
8 ii. 5 $61.60
8. s(t) 5 1 1 2t 2 2 400
t 11 iii. Cr(x) 5 0.008x 1 40
16t Cr(400) 5 0.008(400) 1 40
v(t) 5 2 1 8(t 2 1 1)22 (2t) 5 2 1 2
(t 1 1)2 5 43.20
a(t) 5 16(t 2 1 1)22 1 16t(22)(t 2 1 1)23 2t Cr(401) 5 0.008(401) 1 40
5 16(t 2 1 1)22 2 64t 2 (t 2 1 1)23 5 $43.21
5 16(t 2 1 1)23 3t 2 1 1 2 4t 24
The marginal cost when x 5 400 is $43.20, and the
cost of producing the 401st item is $43.21.
c. C(x) 5 !x 1 5000
For max min velocities, a(t) 5 0:
3t 2 5 1
i. C(400) 5 20 1 5000
1
t56 5 $5020
"6
.
5020
ii. C(400) 5
t v (t) 5 2 1
16t 400
(t 2 1 1)2 5 $12.55
0 2 min 1 1
iii. C r(x) 5 x 22
16 16 !3 2
1 !3 3
!3
21 521 5 2 1 3!3 max 1
( 13 1 1)2 16
9 5
2!x
32
2 21 5 3.28 1
25 Cr(400) 5
40
The minimum value is 2. 5 $0.025
The maximum value is 2 1 3!3. 8 $0.03
9. u(x) 5 625x 21 1 15 1 0.01x 1
2 !401
Cr(401) 5
ur(x) 5 2625x 2 1 0.01
For a minimum, ur(x) 5 0 5 $0.025
x 2 5 62 500 8 $0.03
x 5 250 The cost to produce the 401st item is $0.03.
1
625
d. C(x) 5 100x2 1 5x 1 700
x u (x) 5 1 0.01x
x 100
i. C(400) 5 1 2000 1 700
1 625.01 20
250 2.5 1 2.5 5 5 min
5 $2705
2750
500
625
1 5 5 6.25 ii. C(400) 5
500 400
5 $6.875
Therefore, 250 items should be manufactured to 5 $6.88
ensure unit waste is minimized. 3
iii. Cr(x) 5 250x2 2 1 5
10. a. C(x) 5 3x 1 1000 250
i. C(400) 5 1200 1 1000 Cr(400) 5 15
(20)3
5 2200 5 5.00625
2200 5 $5.01
ii. 5 $5.50
400 Cr(401) 5 $5.01
iii. Cr(x) 5 3 The cost to produce the 401st item is $5.01.
The marginal cost when x 5 400 and the cost of 11. C(x) 5 0.004x 2 1 40x 1 16 000
producing the 401st item are $3.00. Average cost of producing x items is

C(x) dv 32
C(x) 5 b. a 5 5 162t 1 3
x dt t
16 000 2 2 32
C(x) 5 0.004x 1 40 1 At t 5 , a 5 162 3 1 2
x 3 3 3
To find the minimum average cost, we solve 5 216
C r(x) 5 0 Since a . 0, the particle is accelerating.
16 000 14. Let the base be x cm by x cm and the height h cm.
0.004 2 50 Therefore, x 2h 5 10 000.
x2
4x 2 2 16 000 000 5 0 A 5 x 2 1 4xh
x 2 5 4 000 000 10 000
But h 5 ,
x 5 2000, x . 0 x2
b
From the graph, it can be seen that x 5 2000 is a 10 000
A(x) 5 x 2 1 4xa
minimum. Therefore, a production level of 2000 x2
items minimizes the average cost. 400 000
12. a. s(t) 5 3t 2 2 10 5 x2 1 , for x $ 5
x
v(t) 5 6t
400 000
v(3) 5 18 Ar(x) 5 2x 2 ,
x2
v(3) . 0, so the object is moving to the right.
400 000
s(3) 5 27 2 10 5 17. The object is to the right of Let Ar(x) 5 0, then 2x 5
the starting point and moving to the right, so it is x2
3
moving away from its starting point. x 5 200 000
b. s(t) 5 2t 3 1 4t 2 2 10 x 5 27.14.
s(0) 5 210 Using the max min Algorithm,
Therefore, its starting position is at 210. A(5) 5 25 1 80 000 5 80 025
s(3) 5 227 1 36 2 10 A(27.14) 8 15 475
5 21 The dimensions of a box of minimum area is
v(t) 5 23t 2 1 8t 27.14 cm for the base and height 13.57 cm.
v(3) 5 227 1 24 15. Let the length be x and the width y.
5 23
Since s(3) and v(3) are both negative, the object y y y y y y
is moving away from the origin and towards its
starting position.
16 x
13. s 5 27t 3 1 1 10, t . 0
t 12 000
P 5 2x 1 6y and xy 5 12 000 or y 5
16 x
a. v 5 81t 2 2 2
t 12 000
P(x) 5 2x 1 6 3
16 x
81t 2 2 2 5 0
t 72 000
P(x) 5 2x 1 , 10 # x # 1200(5 3 240)
81t 4 5 16 x
16 72 000
t4 5 Ar(x) 5 2 2
81 x2
2 Let Ar(x) 5 0,
t56
3 2x 2 5 72 000
t.0 x 2 5 36 000
2 x 8 190.
Therefore, t 5 .
3 Using max min Algorithm,
A(10) 5 20 1 7200 5 7220 m 2
A(190) 8 759 m 2
A(1200) 5 1 440 060

The dimensions for the minimum amount of fencing is Using max min Algorithm,
a length of 190 m by a width of approximately 63 m. A(2) 8 550
16. x A(4.3) 8 349
x A(5) 8 357
40–2x
For a minimum amount of material, the can should
20–2x be constructed with a radius of 4.3 cm and a height
of 8.6 cm.
18. R
Let the width be w and the length 2w. 1 km 1 + x2

Then, 2w 2 5 800
8–x
w 2 5 400
A C x B
w 5 20, w . 0.
Let the corner cuts be x cm by x cm. The dimensions 8
of the box are shown. The volume is Let x be the distance CB, and 8 2 x the distance AC.
V(x) 5 x(40 2 2x)(20 2 2x) Let the cost on land be $k and under water $1.6k.
5 4x 3 2 120x 2 2 800x, 0 # x # 10 The cost C(x) 5 k(8 2 x) 1 1.6k"1 1 x 2,
Vr(x) 5 12x 2 2 240x 2 800 0 # x # 8.
Let Vr(x) 5 0: 1 1
12x 2 2 240x 2 800 5 0 Cr(x) 5 2k 1 1.6k 3 (1 1 x 2 )22 (2x)
2
3x 2 2 60x 2 200 5 0
1.6kx
60 6 "3600 2 2400 5 2k 1
x5 "1 1 x 2
6 Let C r(x) 5 0,
x 8 15.8 or x 5 4.2, but x # 10. 1.6kx
2k 1 50
"1 1 k 2
Using max min Algorithm,
V(0) 5 0
1.6x
V(4.2) 5 1540 cm 2 51
V(10) 5 0. "1 1 k 2
Therefore, the base is 1.6x 5 !1 1 x 2
40 2 2 3 4.2 5 31.6 2.56x 2 5 1 1 x 2
by 20 2 2 3 4.2 5 11.6 1.56x 2 5 1
The dimensions are 31.6 cm by 11.6 cm by x 2 8 0.64
4.2 cm. x 5 0.8, x . 0
17. Let the radius be r cm and the height h cm. Using max min Algorithm,
V 5 pr 2h 5 500 A(0) 5 9.6k
A 5 2pr 2 1 2prh A(0.8) 5 k(8 2 0.8) 1 1.6k"1 1 (0.8)2 5 9.25k
500 A(8) 5 12.9k
Since h 5 2 , 6 # h # 15 The best way to cross the river is to run the pipe
pr
8 2 0.8 or 7.2 km along the river shore and then
A(r) 5 2pr 2 1 2pra 2 b
500
pr cross diagonally to the refinery.
1000 19. S y B
5 2pr 2 1 for 2 # r # 5
r
1000 x
Ar(r) 5 4pr 2 2 . z
r
Let Ar(r) 5 0, then 4pr 3 5 1000,
A
1000
r3 5 Let y represent the distance the westbound train
4p
r 8 4.3. is from the station and x the distance of the

northbound train from the station S. Let t Then, RC 5 20 2 x and 4.
represent time after 10:00. PC 5 "25 1 x 2
Then x 5 100t, y 5 (120 2 120t) The cost:
Let the distance AB be z. C(x) 5 100 000"25 1 x 2 1 75 000(20 2 x),
z 5 "(100t)2 1 (120 2 120t)2, 0 # t # 1 0 # x # 20
5 3(100t)2 1 (120 2 120t)24 22
dz 1 1 1 1
Cr(x) 5 100 000 3 (25 1 x 2 )22 (2x) 2 75 000.
dt 2 2
3 32 3 100 3 100t 2 2 3 120 3 (120(1 2 t))4 Let C r(x) 5 0,
dz 100 000x
Let 5 0, that is
!25 1 x 2
dt 2 75 000 5 0
4x 5 3 !25 1 x2
2 3 100 3 100t 2 2 3 120 3 120(1 2 t)
50
2" (100t)2 1 (120 2 120t)2 16x 2 5 9(25 1 x 2 )
or 20 000t 5 28 800(1 2 t) 7x 2 5 225
48 800t 5 288 000 x 2 8 32
288 x 8 5.7.
t5 8 0.59 h or 35.4 min.
When t 5 0, z 5 120. A(0) 5 100 000!25 1 75 000(20) 5 2 000 000
t 5 0.59
A(5.7) 5 100 000!25 1 5.72 1 75 000(20 2 5.7)
z 5 "(100 3 0.59)2 1 (120 2 120 3 0.59)2 5 1 830 721.60
5 76.8 km A(20) 5 2 061 552.81.
t 5 1, z 5 100 The minimum cost is $1 830 722 and occurs when
The closest distance between trains is 76.8 km and the pipeline meets the shore at a point C, 5.7 km
occurs at 10:35. from point A, directly across from P.
20. Let the number of price increases be n. 22.
New selling price 5 100 1 2n. 3 cm
Number sold 5 120 2 n.
Profit 5 Revenue 2 Cost
P(n) 5 (100 1 2n)(120 2 n) 2 70(120 2 n),
2 cm
0 # n # 120
5 3600 1 210n 2 2n 2 h
Pr(n) 5 210 2 4n
Let Pr(n) 5 0
210 2 4n 5 0
n 5 52.5.
Therefore, n 5 52 or 53.
Using max min Algorithm, w
P(0) 5 3600 A 5 hw
P(52) 5 9112 81 5 (h 2 6)(w 2 4)
P(53) 5 9112 81
P(120) 5 0 5w24
h26
The maximum profit occurs when the portable MP3 are 81
sold at $204 for 68 and at $206 for 67 portable MP3. 145w
h26
21. p
81 1 4(h 2 6)
5 km 5w
20 – x x h26
R
C A 4h 1 57
5w
20 km h26
Let x represent the distance AC. Substitute for w in the area equation and differentiate:

4h 1 57 2240 000
A 5 (h) Cr 5 1 284
h26 y2
4h 2 1 57h 284y 2 2 240 000
A5 Cr 5
h26 y2
(8h 1 57)(h 2 6) 2 (4h 2 1 57h) Let Cr 5 0:
Ar 5
(h 2 6)2 284y 2 2 240 000
50
8h 1 9h 2 342 2 4h 2 2 57h
2
y2
Ar 5
(h 2 6)2 Therefore 284y 2 2 240 000 5 0
2
4h 2 48h 2 342 284y 2 5 240 000
Ar 5 y 5 29.1 m
(h 2 6)2
Let Ar 5 0: y y , 29.1 y . 29.1
29.1
4h 2 2 48h 2 342
50 2
(h 2 6)2 C9(y) 0 1
Therefore, 4h 2 2 48h 2 342 5 0 Graph Dec. Local Min Inc.
Using the quadratic formula, h 5 17.02 cm
There is a local minimum at y 5 29.1 m, so that is the
h t , 17.02 17.02 t . 17.02
minimizing value. To find x, use the equation
A9(h) 2 0 1 1000
5x
y
1000
5x
There is a local minimum at h 5 17.02 cm, so that is 29.1
the minimizing height. x 5 34.4 m
81 5 (h 2 6)(w 2 4) The fence and the side opposite it should be 34.4 m,
81 5 11.02(w 2 4) and the other two sides should be 29.1 m.
7.35 5 w 2 4 24. Boat 2
w 5 11.35 cm
The dimensions of the page should be d
11.35 cm 3 17.02 cm.
23.
Boat 1 Dock
y The distance between the boats is the hypotenuse of a
right triangle. One side of the triangle is the distance
from the first boat to the dock and the other side is
x the distance from the second boat to the dock. The
= Brick = Fence distance is given by the equation
C 5 (192 1 48)x 1 192(2y) d(t) 5 "(15t)2 1 (12 2 12t)2 where t is hours
C 5 240x 1 284y after 2:00
1000 5 xy d(t) 5 "369t 2 2 288t 1 144
1000 To find the time that minimizes the distance, calculate
5x
y the derivative and find the critical numbers:
1000 738t 2 288
Substitute
y
for y in the cost equation and differen- dr(t) 5
2"81t 2 2 48t 1 144
tiate to find the minimizing value for x: Let dr(t) 5 0:
1000 738t 2 288
C 5 240 1 284y 50
y
2"81t 2 2 48t 1 144
240 000 Therefore, 738t 2 288 5 0
C5 1 284y
y 738t 5 288
t 5 .39 hours
t t , .39 .39 t . .39 L(0) 5 "16 1 02 1 "100 2 16(0) 1 02 5 14
d9(t) 2 0 1 L(3.2) 5 "16 1 3.22 1 "100 2 16(3.2) 1 3.22
8 12.8
L(8) 5 "16 1 82 1 "100 2 16(8) 1 82 8 14.9
There is a local minimum at t 5 .39 hours, so the So the rest stop should be built 3.2 km from point C.
ships were closest together at 2:23. 26. a. f(x) 5 x 2 2 2x 1 6, 21 # x # 7
25. Dundas f r(x) 5 2x 2 2
Set f r(x) 5 0
Ancaster
0 5 2x 2 2
rest 6
4 stop x51
x 8–x f(21) 5 (21)2 2 2(21) 1 6
C 8 D f(21) 5 1 1 2 1 6
Let the distance from C to the rest stop be x and so f(21) 5 9
the distance from the rest stop to D is 8 2 x, as f(7) 5 (7)2 2 2(7) 1 6
shown. The distance from Ancaster to the rest stop f(7) 5 49 2 14 1 6
is therefore f(7) 5 41
"42 1 x 2 5 "16 1 x 2, and the distance from the
f(1) 5 12 2 2(1) 1 6
f(1) 5 1 2 2 1 6
rest stop to Dundas is
f(1) 5 5
"62 1 (8 2 x)2 5 "36 1 64 2 16x 1 x 2 Absolute Maximum: f(7) 5 41
5 "100 2 16x 1 x 2 Absolute Minimum: f(1) 5 5
So the total length of the trails is b. f(x) 5 x 3 1 x 2, 23 # x # 3
L 5 "16 1 x 2 1 "100 2 16x 1 x 2 f r(x) 5 3x 2 1 2x
The minimum cost can be found by expressing L as Set f r(x) 5 0
a function of x and examining its derivative to find 0 5 3x 2 1 2x
critical points. 0 5 x(3x 1 2)
L(x) 5 "16 1 x 2 1 "100 2 16x 1 x 2, which is 2
x 5 2 or x 5 0
defined for 0 # x # 8 3
2x 2x 2 16 f(23) 5 (23)3 1 (23)2
Lr(x) 5 1
2"16 1 x 2
2"100 2 16x 1 x 2 f(23) 5 227 1 9
f(23) 5 218
x"100 2 16x 1 x 2 1 (x 2 8)"16 1 x 2
5
"(16 1 x 2 )(100 2 16x 1 x 2 ) f a2 b 5 a2 b 1 a2 b
2 2 3 2 2
The critical points of A(r) can be found by setting 3 3 3
f a2 b 5 2 1
Lr(x) 5 0: 2 8 4
3 27 9
x"100 2 16x 1 x 2 1 (x 2 8)"16 1 x 2 5 0
f a2 b 5
2 4
x 2 (100 2 16x 1 x 2 ) 5 (x 2 2 16x 1 64)(16 1 x 2 )
3 27
100x 2 2 16x 3 1 x 4 5 x 4 2 16x 3 1 64x 2
1 16x 2 2 256x 1 1024 f(0) 5 (0)3 1 (0)2
2
20x 1 256x 2 1024 5 0 f(0) 5 0
4(5x 2 16)(x 1 16) 5 0 f(3) 5 (3)3 1 (3)2
So x 5 3.2 and x 5 216 are the critical points of f(3) 5 27 1 9
the function. Only the positive root is within the f(3) 5 36
interval of interest, however. The minimum total Absolute Maximum: f(3) 5 36
length therefore occurs at this point or at one of the Absolute Minimum: f(23) 5 218
endpoints of the interval: c. f(x) 5 x 3 2 12x 1 2, 25 # x # 5
f r(x) 5 3x 2 2 12

Set f r(x) 5 0 20
Å 0.9
0 5 3x 2 2 12 t5
x2 5 4 t 8 4.714
x 5 22 or x 5 2 (24.714 is inadmissible)
f(25) 5 (25)3 2 12(25) 1 2 s(4.714) 5 20(4.714) 2 0.3(4.714)3
f(25) 5 2125 1 60 1 2 8 62.9 m
f(25) 5 263 b. From the solution to a., the stopping time is
f(2) 5 (2)3 2 12(2) 1 2 about 4.7 s.
f(2) 5 8 2 24 1 2 c. ss (t) 5 21.8t
f(2) 5 214 ss (2) 5 21.8(2)
f(22) 5 (22)3 2 12(22) 1 2 5 23.6 m> s2
f(22) 5 28 1 24 1 2 The deceleration is 3.6 m> s2.
f(22) 5 18 d
28. a. f r (x) 5 (5x 3 2 x)
f(5) 5 (5)3 2 12(5) 1 2 dx
f(5) 5 125 2 60 1 2 5 15x 2 2 1
d
f(5) 5 67 f s (x) 5 (15x 2 2 1)
dx
Absolute Maximum: f(5) 5 67
5 30x
Absolute Minimum: f(25) 5 263
So f s (2) 5 30(2) 5 60
d. f(x) 5 3x 5 2 5x 3, 22 # x # 4 d
f r(x) 5 15x 4 2 15x 2 b. f r(x) 5 (22x 23 1 x 2 )
dx
Set f r(x) 5 0 5 6x 24 1 2x
0 5 15x 4 2 15x 2 d
0 5 15x 2 (x 2 2 1) f s (x) 5 (6x 24 1 2x)
dx
0 5 15x 2 (x 2 1)(x 1 1) 5 224x 25 1 2
x 5 21 or x 5 0 or x 5 1 So f s (21) 5 224(21)25 1 2 5 26
f(22) 5 3(22)5 2 5(22)3 d
f(22) 5 296 1 40 c. f r (x) 5 (4x 2 1)4
dx
f(22) 5 256 5 4(4x 2 1)3 (4)
f(0) 5 3(0)5 1 5(0)3
5 16(4x 2 1)3
f(0) 5 0
d
Note: (0, 0) is not a maximum or a minimum f s (x) 5 (16(4x 2 1)3 )
f(4) 5 3(4)5 2 5(4)3 dx
5 16(3)(4x 2 1)2 (4)
f(4) 5 3072 2 320
5 192(4x 2 1)2
f(4) 5 2752
So f s (0) 5 192(4(0) 2 1)2 5 192
f(21) 5 3(21)5 2 5(21)3
d. f r (x) 5 a b
f(21) 5 23 1 5 d 2x
f(21) 5 2 dx x 2 5
(x 2 5)(2) 2 (2x)(1)
f(1) 5 3(1)5 2 5(1)3 5
(x 2 5)2
f(1) 5 3 2 5
210
f(1) 5 22 5
(x 2 5)2
a b
Absolute Minimum: f(22) 5 256 d 210
f s (x) 5
27. a. s(t) 5 20t 2 0.3t 3 dx (x 2 5)2
sr (t) 5 20 2 0.9t 2 (x 2 5)2 (0) 2 (210)(2(x 2 5))
5
The car stops when sr (t) 5 0. (x 2 5)4
20 2 0.9t 2 5 0
0.9t 2 5 20

20 212
5 5
(x 2 5)3 (t 1 3)3
20 5 2(3)
So f s (1) 5 52 s(3) 5
(1 2 5)3 16 313
1
e. f(x) can be rewritten as f(x) 5 (x 1 5)2. Then 6
5
d 1 6
f r(x) 5
dx
(
(x 1 5) 2 ) 51
1 1
6
5 (x 1 5)22 sr(3) 5
2 (3 1 3)2
a (x 1 5)22 b
d 1 1
6
f s (x) 5 5
dx 2 36
5 a b a2 b (x 1 5)22
1 1 3 1
5
2 2 6
1 3 212
5 2 (x 1 5)22 ss (3) 5
4 (3 1 3)3
1 1 212
3
So f s (4) 5 2 (4 1 5)22 5 2 5
4 108 216
2
f. f(x) can be rewritten as f(x) 5 x 3. Then 1
52
d 23 18
f r(x) 5
dx
x( ) At t 5 3, position is 1, velocity is 16, acceleration is
2 181 , and speed is 16.
5 a bx 23
2 1
3 5
b. s(t) 5 t 1
t12
aa bx b
d 2 213
f s (x) 5 (t 1 2)(0) 2 5(1)
dx 3 sr(t) 5 1 1
(t 1 2)2
5 a b a2 bx 23
2 1 4
3 3 5
512
(t 1 2)2
5 2 a bx 23
2 4
9 (t 1 2)2 (0) 2 532(t 1 2)(1)4

ss (t) 5 0 2
(t 1 2)4
So f s (8) 5 2 a b (8)23 5 2
2 4 1
9 72 10(t 1 2)
5
(t 1 2)4
2t
29. a. s(t) 5 10
t13 5
(t 1 3)(2) 2 2t(1) (t 1 2)3
sr(t) 5 5
(t 1 3)2 s(1) 5 1 1
2t 1 6 2 2t 112
5 5
(t 1 3)2 511
6 3
5 8
(t 1 3)2 5
3
(t 1 3)2 (0) 2 6(2(t 1 3) 1 1)
ss (t) 5 5
(t 1 3)4 sr(1) 5 1 2
(1 1 2)2
26(2t 1 6)
5 5
(t 1 3)4 512
9
212(t 1 3)
5 4
(t 1 3)4 5
9

10 b. f(x) 5 29x 5 2 4x 3 1 6x 2 12
ss (1) 5
(1 1 2)3 f r(x) 5 245x 4 2 12x 2 1 6
10 f s (x) 5 2180x 3 2 24x
5 c. y 5 5x 23 1 10x 3
27
At t 5 3, position is 83, velocity is 49, acceleration is yr 5 215x 24 1 30x 2
10 4 ys 5 60x 25 1 60x
27 , and speed is 9 .
2 d. f(x) 5 (4x 2 8)3
30. a. s(t) 5 (t 2 1 t)3, t $ 0 f r(x) 5 3(4x 2 8)2 (4)
2 1
5 12(4x 2 8)2
v(t) 5 (t 2 1 t)23 (2t 1 1)
3 f s (x) 5 24(4x 2 8)(4)
a(t) 5 96(4x 2 8)
c 2 (t 2 1 t)23 (2t 1 1)(2t 1 1) 1 2(t 2 1 1)23 d
2 1 4 1 2. a. s(t) 5 23t 3 1 5t 2 2 6t
5
3 3 v(t) 5 29t 2 1 10t 2 6
v(3) 5 29(9) 1 30 2 6
5 a2 b (t 2 1 t)23 3(2t 1 1)2 2 6(t 2 1 1)4
2 1 4
3 3 5 257
a(t) 5 218t 1 10
2 2 4
5 2 (t 1 t)23 (4t 2 1 4t 1 1 2 6t 2 2 6t) a(3) 5 218(3) 1 10
9
5 244
2 4
5 (t 2 1 t)23 (2t 2 1 2t 2 1) b. s(t) 5 (2t 2 5)3
9 v(t) 5 3(2t 2 5)2 (2)
s(5) 2 s(0) 5 6(2t 2 5)2
b. vavg 5
520 v(2) 5 6(4 2 5)2
2 2
(52 1 5)3 2 (02 1 0)3 56
5
2
5 a(t) 5 12(2t 2 5)(2)
30 3 2 0 5 24(2t 2 5)
5
5 a(2) 5 24(4 2 5)
8 1.931 5 224
The average velocity is approximately 1.931 m> s. 3. a. s(t) 5 t 2 2 3t 1 2
2 1 v(t) 5 2t 2 3
c. v(5) 5 (52 1 5)23 (2(5) 1 1) a(t) 5 2
3
2 1
b. 2t 2 3 5 0
5 (30)23 (11) t 5 1.5 s
3
8 2.360 s(1.5) 5 1.52 2 3
The velocity at 5 s is approximately 2.36 m> s. (1.5) 1 2 5 20.25
v(5) 2 v(0) c. t2 2 3t 1 2 5 0
d. Average acceleration 5 which is (t 2 1)(t 2 2) 5 0
520
undefined because v(0) is undefined. t 5 1 or t 5 2
2 4 0 v(1) 0 5 0 21 0
e. a(5) 5 (52 1 5)23 (2(5)2 1 2(5) 6 1)
9 5 1
2 4 0 v(2) 0 5 0 1 0
5 ( 3023) (59) 51
9
8 0.141 The speed is 1 m> s when the position is 0.
The acceleration at 5 s is approximately 0.141 m> s2. d. The object moves to the left when v(t) , 0.
2t 2 3 , 0
t , 1.5
Chapter 3 Test, p. 160 The object moves to the left between t 5 0 s and
1. a. y 5 7x 2 2 9x 1 22 t 5 1.5 s.
yr 5 14x 2 9
ys 5 14

e. v(5) 5 10 2 3 5 7 m>s Let x represent the width of the field in m, x . 0.
v(2) 5 4 2 3 5 1 m>s Let y represent the length of the field in m.
721 4x 1 2y 5 2000 1
average velocity 5
522 A 5 xy 2
5 2 m>s2 From 1 : y 5 1000 2 2x. Restriction 0 , x , 500

3
4. a. f(x) 5 x 2 12x 1 2 Substitute into 2 :
f r(x) 5 3x 2 2 12x A(x) 5 x(1000 2 2x)
2
3x 2 12x 5 0 5 1000x 2 2x 2
3x(x 2 4) 5 0 Ar(x) 5 1000 2 4x.
x 5 0 or x 5 4 For a max min, Ar(x) 5 0, x 5 250
Test the endpoints and the values that make the x A (x) 5 x(1000 2 2x)
derivative 0.
0 lim 1 A(x) 5 0
f(25) 5 2125 1 60 1 2 5 263 min xS0
f(0) 5 2
250 A(250) 5 125 000 max
f(4) 5 64 2 48 1 2 5 18
f(5) 5 125 2 60 1 2 5 67 max 1000 lim
xS1000
A(x) 5 0
9
b. f(x) 5 x 1
x x 5 250 and y 5 500.
5 x 1 9x 21 Therefore, each paddock is 250 m in width and
f r(x) 5 1 2 9x 22 500
3 m in length.
1 2 9x 22 5 0 7.
9
12 250
x
x2 2 9
50
x2 y
x2 2 9 5 0 x
x 5 63
x 5 23 is not in the given interval. 2x
f(1) 5 1 1 9 5 10 max Let x represent the height.
f(3) 5 3 1 3 5 6 min Let 2x represent the width.
f(6) 5 6 1 1.5 5 7.5 Let y represent the length.
5. a. h(t) 5 24.9t 2 1 21t 1 0.45 Volume 10 000 5 2x 2y
hr(t) 5 29.8t 1 21 Cost:
Set hr(t) 5 0 and solve for t. C 5 0.02(2x)y 1 2(0.05)(2x 2 )
29.8t 1 21 5 0 1 2(0.05)(xy) 1 0.1(2xy)
9.8t 5 21 5 0.04xy 1 0.2x 2 1 0.1xy 1 0.2xy
t 8 2.1 s 5 0.34xy 1 0.2x 2
The graph has a max or min at t 5 2.1 s. Since the 10 000 5000
But y 5 2 5 2 .
equation represents a parabola, and the lead coeffi- 2x x
Therefore, C(x) 5 0.34xa 2 b 1 0.2x 2
cient is negative, the value must be a maximum. 5000
b. h(2.1) 5 24.9(2.1)2 1 21(2.1) 1 0.45 x
8 22.9 1700
5 1 0.2x 2, x $ 0
The maximum height is about 22.9 m. x
6. 21700
C r(x) 5 1 0.4x.
x2
x

Let C r(x) 5 0: 8. Let x = the number of $100 increases, x $ 0.
21700 The number of units rented will be 50 2 10x.
1 0.4x 5 0
x2 The rent per unit will be 850 1 100x.
0.4x 3 5 1700 R(x) 5 (850 1 100x)(50 2 10x)
x 3 5 4250 Rr(x) 5 (850 1 100x)(210) 1 (50 2 10x)(100)
x 8 16.2. 5 28500 2 1000x 1 5000 2 1000x
Using max min Algorithm, 5 22000x 2 3500
C(0) S ` Set Rr(x) 5 0
1700 0 5 23500 2 2000x
C(16.2) 5 1 0.2(16.2)2 5 157.4. 2000x 5 23500
16.2
Minimum when x 5 16.2, 2x 5 32.4 and y 5 19.0. x 5 21.75 but x $ 0
The required dimensions are 162 mm by 324 mm To maximize revenue the landlord should not
by 190 mm. increase rent. The residents should continue to pay
$850> month.

CHAPTER 3
Derivatives and Their Applications
e. y
pp. 116–117 8
1. a. y 4
x
3
2 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–4
1 –8
x
–12
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
–1
–2 f. y
12
b. y 8
6 4
x
4
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
2 –4
x
–8
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 –12
–2
–4
–6 2. a. 3(x 2 2) 1 2(x 2 1) 2 6 5 0
3x 2 6 1 2x 2 2 2 6 5 0
5x 5 14
c. y
14
6 x5
5
4
1 2 x25
2 b. (x 2 2) 1 (x 1 3) 5
x 3 5 2
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 10(x 2 2) 1 12(x 1 3) 5 15(x 2 5)
–2
10x 2 20 1 12x 1 36 5 15x 2 75
–4
22x 1 16 5 15x 2 75
–6 7x 5 291
x 5 213
d. y c. t 2 2 4t 1 3 5 0
6 (t 2 3)(t 2 1) 5 0
4 t 5 3 or t 5 1
2 d. 2t 2 2 5t 2 3 5 0
x
(2t 1 1)(t 2 3) 5 0
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2 1
t 5 2 or t 5 3
–4 2
–6 6 t
e. 1 54
t 2
12 1 t 2 5 8t
t 2 2 8t 1 12 5 0
(t 2 6)(t 2 2) 5 0
6 t 5 2 or t 5 6
f. x 3 1 2x 2 2 3x 5 0 5. a. SA 5 2prh 1 2pr 2
x(x 2 1 2x 2 3) 5 0 5 2p(4)(3) 1 2p(4)2
x(x 1 3)(x 2 1) 5 0 5 24p 1 32p
x 5 0 or x 5 23 or x 5 1 5 56p cm 2
g. x 3 2 8x 2 1 16x 5 0 V 5 pr 2h
x(x 2 2 8x 1 16) 5 0 5 p(4)2 (3)
x(x 2 4)2 5 0 5 48p cm 3
x 5 0 or x 5 4 b. V 5 pr 2h
h. 4t 3 1 12t 2 2 t 2 3 5 0 96p 5 p(4)2h
4t 2 (t 1 3) 2 1(t 1 3) 5 0 h 5 6 cm
(t 1 3)(4t 2 2 1) 5 0 SA 5 2prh 1 2pr 2
(t 1 3)(2t 2 1)(2t 1 1) 5 0 5 2p(4)(6) 1 2p(4)2
1 1 5 48p 1 32p
t 5 23 or t 5 or t 5 2
2 2 5 80p cm 2
i. 4t 4 2 13t 2 1 9 5 0 c. V 5 pr 2h
(4t 2 2 9)(t 2 2 1) 5 0 216p 5 pr 2 (6)
9 r 5 6 cm
t 5 6 or t 5 61 SA 5 2prh 1 2pr 2
4
3. a. 3x 2 2 . 7 5 2p(6)(6) 1 2p(6)2
3x . 9 5 72p 1 72p
x.3 5 144p cm 2
b. x(x 2 3) . 0 d. SA 5 2prh 1 2pr 2
120p 5 2p(5)h 1 2p(5)2
1 2 1
120p 5 10ph 1 50p
0 3
70p 5 10ph
x , 0 or x . 3 h 5 7 cm
c. 2x 2 1 4x . 0 V 5 pr 2h
2 1 2 5 p(5)2 (7)
0 4 5 175p cm 3
6. For a cube, SA 5 6s 2 and V 5 s 3, where s is the
x(x 2 4) , 0
length of any edge of the cube.
0,x,4
a. SA 5 6(3)2
4. a. P 5 4s
5 54 cm 2
20 5 4s
V 5 33
55s
5 27 cm 3
A 5 s2
b. SA 5 6 ("5 )
2
5 52
5 25 cm 2 5 30 cm 2
V 5 ("5 )3
b. A 5 lw
5 8(6) 5 48 cm 2
c. A 5 pr 2 5 5"5 cm 3
5 p(7)2 c. SA 5 6 (2"3 )2
5 49p cm 2 5 72 cm 2
d. C 5 2pr
V 5 (2"3 )3
12p 5 2pr
65r 5 24"3 cm 3
A 5 pr 2 d. SA 5 6(2k)2
5 p(6)2
5 24k 2 cm 2
5 36p cm 2
V 5 (2k)3
5 8k3 cm3

7. a. (3, `)
b. (2 `, 224
c. (2 `, 0)
d. 325, `)
e. (22, 84
f. (24, 4)
b. 5xPR0 x # 216 f.
c. 5xPR6
d. 5xPR0 210 # x # 126
e. 5xPR0 21 , x , 36
f. 5xPR0 2 # x , 206
9. a.

maximum value.
b.

1. v(1) 5 2 2 1 5 1
2. a. y 5 x 10 1 3x 6
yr 5 10x 9 1 18x 5
1
d. 1 1
f r(x) 5 x 22
2
1 3
f s (x) 5 2 x 22
4
c. y 5 (1 2 x)2
e. ys 5 2
d. h(x) 5 3x 4 2 4x 3 2 3x 2 2 5
hr(x) 5 12x 3 2 12x 2 2 6x
hs (x) 5 36x 2 2 24x 2 6
3
e. y 5 4x2 2 x 22
1

7. a. (3, `)
b. (2 `, 224
c. (2 `, 0)
d. 325, `)
e. (22, 84
f. (24, 4)
b. 5xPR0 x # 216 f.
c. 5xPR6
d. 5xPR0 210 # x # 126
e. 5xPR0 21 , x , 36
f. 5xPR0 2 # x , 206
9. a.

maximum value.
b.

1. v(1) 5 2 2 1 5 1
2. a. y 5 x 10 1 3x 6
yr 5 10x 9 1 18x 5
1
d. 1 1
f r(x) 5 x 22
2
1 3
f s (x) 5 2 x 22
4
c. y 5 (1 2 x)2
e. ys 5 2
d. h(x) 5 3x 4 2 4x 3 2 3x 2 2 5
hr(x) 5 12x 3 2 12x 2 2 6x
hs (x) 5 36x 2 2 24x 2 6
3
e. y 5 4x2 2 x 22
1

1
ys 5 3x 22 2 6x 24 c. s(t) 5 t 2 8 1
6
3 6 t
5 2 4
"x x 5 t 2 8 1 6t 21
2x v(t) 5 1 2 6t 22
f. f(x) 5 a(t) 5 12t 23
x11
(x 1 1)(2) 2 (2x)(1) d. s(t) 5 (t 2 3)2
f r(x) 5 v(t) 5 2(t 2 3)
(x 1 1)2
a(t) 5 2
2x 1 2 2 2x
5
(x 1 1)2 e. s(t) 5 "t 1 1
1 1
2 v(t) 5 (t 1 1)22
5 2
(x 1 1)2
1 3
(x 1 1)2 (0) 2 (2)(2(x 1 1)) a(t) 5 2 (t 1 1)22
f s (x) 5 4
(x 1 1)4 9t
24x 2 4 f. s(t) 5
5 t13
(x 1 1)4 9(t 1 3) 2 9t
g. y 5 x 2 1 x 22 v(t) 5
(t 1 3)2
yr 5 2x 2 2x 23 27
5
ys 5 2 1 6x 24 (t 1 3)2
6 a(t) 5 254(t 1 3)23
521 4
x 4. a. i. t 5 3
1
h. g(x) 5 (3x 2 6)2 ii. 1 , t , 3
3 1 iii. 3 , t , 5
gr(x) 5 (3x 2 6)22 b. i. t 5 3, t 5 7
2
9 3 ii. 1 , t , 3, 7 , t , 9
gs (x) 5 2 (3x 2 6)22 iii. 3 , t , 7
4
9 1
52 3 5. a. s 5 t 3 2 2t 2 1 3t
4(3x 2 6)2 3
i. y 5 (2x 1 4)3 v 5 t 2 2 4t 1 3
a 5 2t 2 4
yr 5 6(2x 1 4)2
b. For v 5 0,
ys 5 24(2x 1 4)
(t 2 3)(t 2 1) 5 0
5 48x 1 96 t 5 3 or t 5 1.
5
j. h(x) 5 x3 1 2 1
5 2 0 1 3
hr(x) 5 x3
3
10 1 The direction of the motion of the object changes at
hs (x) 5 x 23 t 5 1 and t 5 3.
9
10 c. Initial position is s(0) 5 0.
5 31 Solving,
9x
1
3. a. s(t) 5 5t 2 2 3t 1 15 0 5 t 3 2 2t 2 1 3t
v(t) 5 10t 2 3 3
a(t) 5 10 5 t 3 2 6t 2 1 9t
b. s(t) 5 2t 3 1 36t 2 10 5 t(t 2 2 6t 1 9)
v(t) 5 6t 2 1 36 5 t(t 2 3)2
a(t) 5 12t t 5 0 or t 5 3
s 5 0 or s 5 0.
The object returns to its initial position after 3 s.

5
1 10. s(t) 5 t 2 (7 2 t)
6. a. s 5 2 t 2 1 t 1 4
3 5 3 5
2 a. v(t) 5 t 2 (7 2 t) 2 t 2
v52 t11 2
3 35 23 5 5 5
2 5 t 2 t2 2 t2
v(1) 5 2 1 1 2 2
3 35 23 7 5
1 5 t 2 t2
5 2 2
3 105 21 35 23
2 a(t) 5 t 2 t
v(4) 5 2 (4) 1 1 2 4
3 b. The object stops when its velocity is 0.
5 35 3 7 5
52 v(t) 5 t 2 2 t 2
3 2 2
For t 5 1, moving in a positive direction. 7 23
For t 5 4, moving in a negative direction. 5 t (5 2 t)
2
b. s(t) 5 t(t 2 3)2 v(t) 5 0 for t 5 0 (when it starts moving) and
v(t) 5 (t 2 3)2 1 2t(t 2 3) t 5 5.
5 (t 2 3)(t 2 3 1 2t) So the object stops after 5 s.
5 (t 2 3)(3t 2 3) c. The direction of the motion changes when its
5 3(t 2 1)(t 2 3) velocity changes from a positive to a negative value
v(1) 5 0 or visa versa.
v(4) 5 9
For t 5 1, the object is stationary. t 0"t*5 t55 t+5
t 5 4, the object is moving in a positive direction. v(t) (1)(1) 5 1 0 (1)(2 ) 5 2
c. s(t) 5 t 3 2 7t 2 1 10t
v(t) 5 3t 2 2 14t 1 10 7 23
v(t) 5 t (5 2 t) v(t) 5 0 for t 5 5
v(1) 5 21 2
v(4) 5 2 Therefore, the object changes direction at 5 s.
For t 5 1, the object is moving in a negative direction. 35 1
For t 5 4, the object is moving in a positive direction. d. a(t) 5 0 for t 2 (6 2 t) 5 0.
4
7. a. s(t) 5 t 2 2 6t 1 8 t 5 0 or t 5 6 s.
v(t) 5 2t 2 6
b. 2t 2 6 5 0 t 0*t*6 t56 t+6
t53s a(t) (1)(1) 5 1 0 (1)(2 ) 5 2
8. s(t) 5 40t 2 5t 2
v(t) 5 40 2 10t Therefore, the acceleration is positive for
a. When v 5 0, the object stops rising. 0 , t , 6 s.
t54s Note: t 5 0 yields a 5 0.
b. Since s(t) represents a quadratic function that e. At t 5 0, s(0) 5 0. Therefore, the object’s
opens down because a 5 25 , 0, a maximum original position is at 0, the origin.
height is attained. It occurs when v 5 0. Height is When s(t) 5 0,
a maximum for 5
t 2 (7 2 t) 5 0
s(4) 5 160 2 5(16) t 5 0 or t 5 7.
5 80 m. Therefore, the object is back to its original position
9. s(t) 5 8 2 7t 1 t 2 after 7 s.
v(t) 5 27 1 2t 11. a. h(t) 5 25t 2 1 25t
a(t) 5 2 v(t) 5 210t 1 25
a. v(5) 5 27 1 10 v(0) 5 25 m>s
5 3 m>s
b. a(5) 5 2 m>s 2

b. The maximum height occurs when v(t) 5 0. The object begins at 9 m to the left of the origin, 0,
210t 1 25 5 0 and slows down to a stop after 2 s when it is 25 m
t 5 2.5 s to the left of the origin. Then, the object moves to
h(2.5) 5 25(2.5)2 1 25(2.5) the right accelerating at faster rates as time increases.
5 31.25 m It passes the origin just before 4 s (approximately
c. The ball strikes the ground when h(t) 5 0. 3.7915) and continues to accelerate as time goes by
25t 2 1 25t 5 0 on its journey into space.
25t(t 2 5) 5 0
t 5 0 or t 5 5 t=2 t=0
The ball strikes the ground at t 5 5 s. S
–30 –25 –20 –15 –10 –5 0 5 10
v(5) 5 250 1 25
5 225 m>s 14. s(t) 5 t 5 2 10t 2
12. s(t) 5 6t 2 1 2t v(t) 5 5t 4 2 20t
v(t) 5 12t 1 2 a(t) 5 20t 3 2 20
a(t) 5 12 For a(t) 5 0,
a. v(8) 5 96 1 2 5 98 m>s 20t 3 2 20 5 0
Thus, as the dragster crosses the finish line at 20(t 3 2 1) 5 0
t 5 8 s, the velocity is 98 m> s. Its acceleration is t 5 1.
constant throughout the run and equals 12 m> s2. Therefore, the acceleration will be zero at 1 s.
b. s 5 60 s(1) 5 1 2 10
6t 2 1 2t 2 60 5 0 5 29
2(3t 2 1 t 2 30) 5 0 ,0
2(3t 1 10)(t 2 3) 5 0 v(1) 5 5 2 20
210 5 215
t5 or t53
3 ,0
inadmissible v(3) 5 36 1 2 Since the signs of both s and v are the same at
0#t#8 5 38 t 5 1, the object is moving away from the origin at
Therefore, the dragster was moving at 38 m> s when that time.
it was 60 m down the strip. 15. a. s(t) 5 kt 2 1 (6k 2 2 10k)t 1 2k
13. a. s 5 10 1 6t 2 t 2 v(t) 5 2kt 1 (6k 2 2 10k)
v 5 6 2 2t a(t) 5 2k 1 0
5 2(3 2 t) 5 2k
a 5 22 Since k 2 0 and kPR, then a(t) 5 2k 2 0 and an
The object moves to the right from its initial element of the Real numbers. Therefore, the
position of 10 m from the origin, 0, to the 19 m acceleration is constant.
mark, slowing down at a rate of 2 m> s2. It stops at b. For v(t) 5 0
the 19 m mark then moves to the left accelerating at 2kt 1 6k 2 2 10k 5 0
2 m> s2 as it goes on its journey into the universe. It 2kt 5 10k 2 6k 2
passes the origin after ( 3 1 "19 ) s. t 5 5 2 3k
k20
t=6
t=0 s(5 2 3k)
t=3
5 k(5 2 3k)2 1 (6k 2 2 10k)(5 2 3k) 1 2k
S
–10 –5 0 5 10 15 20 25 5 k(25 2 30k 1 9k 2 ) 1 30k 2 2 18k 3
b. s 5 t 3 2 12t 2 9 2 50k 1 30k 2 1 2k
v 5 3t 2 2 12 5 25k 2 30k 2 1 9k 3 1 30k 2 2 18k 3 2 50k
5 3(t 2 2 4) 1 30k 2 1 2k
5 3(t 2 2)(t 1 2) 5 29k 3 1 30k 2 2 23k
a 5 6t Therefore, the velocity is 0 at t 5 5 2 3k, and its
position at that time is 29k 3 1 30k 2 2 23k.

5
lim a(t) 5 a(0). 1
tS0
50
For t $ 0,
t3 17. v 5 #b 2 1 2gs
s(t) 5 2 v 5 (b 2 1 2gs)2
1
t 11
5 (b 2 1 2gs)22 ? a0 1 2g b
3t 2 (t 2 1 1) 2 2t(t 3 ) dv 1 1 ds
and v(t) 5
(t 2 1 1)2 dt 2 dt
t 1 3t 2
4 1
5 2 a5 ? 2gv
(t 1 1)2 2v
a5g
(4t 3 1 6t)(t 2 1 1)2
(t 2 1 1)2
ds
2(t2 1 1)(2t)(t 4 1 3t 2 ) Note: 5v
2 dt
(t 2 1 1)2 dv
(4t 3 1 6t)(t 2 1 1) 2 4t(t 4 1 3t 2 ) 5a
5 dt
(t 2 1 1)3
a b
d v
18. F 5 m0
dt !1 2 ( vc )2
4t 5 1 6t 3 1 4t 3 1 6t 2 4t 5 2 12t 3
5
(t 2 1 1)3
22t 3 1 6t
5 2 dv
(1 2 2 )2 2 (1 2 2 )22 a2 2dt b ? v
(t 1 1)3 dv v2 1 1 v2 1 2v
m0
0, if t , 0 dt c 2 c c
5
3 v2
22t 1 6t 12 2
, if t $ 0 c
(t2 1 1)3 dv
dt
4 2
(t 1 1)2
2 , if t $ 0 (
m0 1 2 c 2
v2 1
2
2
2
2
2
5 v2
0 1 2 c2
lim2 a(t) 5 0, lim1 a(t) 5
m0 S 1 c2 T
5 0. 5 c2
v2 3
Thus, lim a(t) 5 0.
tS0
( 1 2 c2 2 )
2
0 m0 ac
Also, a(0) 5 5 3
v2
1
5 0.
(
c2 1 2 c2 ) 2

v2
c2 1 2 c2 ) 2
t 4 1 3t 2
tS1` tS1` t 1 2t 1 1
11
t2
tS1`
11 1 4 continuous.
t2 t
22 6
t3 t
tS1` tS`
11 21 41 6
t t t

5
lim a(t) 5 a(0). 1
tS0
50
For t $ 0,
t3 17. v 5 #b 2 1 2gs
s(t) 5 2 v 5 (b 2 1 2gs)2
1
t 11
5 (b 2 1 2gs)22 ? a0 1 2g b
3t 2 (t 2 1 1) 2 2t(t 3 ) dv 1 1 ds
and v(t) 5
(t 2 1 1)2 dt 2 dt
t 1 3t 2
4 1
5 2 a5 ? 2gv
(t 1 1)2 2v
a5g
(4t 3 1 6t)(t 2 1 1)2
(t 2 1 1)2
ds
2(t2 1 1)(2t)(t 4 1 3t 2 ) Note: 5v
2 dt
(t 2 1 1)2 dv
(4t 3 1 6t)(t 2 1 1) 2 4t(t 4 1 3t 2 ) 5a
5 dt
(t 2 1 1)3
a b
d v
18. F 5 m0
dt !1 2 ( vc )2
4t 5 1 6t 3 1 4t 3 1 6t 2 4t 5 2 12t 3
5
(t 2 1 1)3
22t 3 1 6t
5 2 dv
(1 2 2 )2 2 (1 2 2 )22 a2 2dt b ? v
(t 1 1)3 dv v2 1 1 v2 1 2v
m0
0, if t , 0 dt c 2 c c
5
3 v2
22t 1 6t 12 2
, if t $ 0 c
(t2 1 1)3 dv
dt
4 2
(t 1 1)2
2 , if t $ 0 (
m0 1 2 c 2
v2 1
2
2
2
2
2
5 v2
0 1 2 c2
lim2 a(t) 5 0, lim1 a(t) 5
m0 S 1 c2 T
5 0. 5 c2
v2 3
Thus, lim a(t) 5 0.
tS0
( 1 2 c2 2 )
2
0 m0 ac
Also, a(0) 5 5 3
v2
1
5 0.
(
c2 1 2 c2 ) 2

v2
c2 1 2 c2 ) 2
t 4 1 3t 2
tS1` tS1` t 1 2t 1 1
11
t2
tS1`
11 1 4 continuous.
t2 t
22 6
t3 t
tS1` tS`
11 21 41 6
t t t

d. The algorithm can be used; the function is f(0) 5 0
continuous on the given domain. f(2) 5 8 2 12
2. a. max 8; min 212 5 24
b. max 30; min 25 f(3) 5 27 2 27
c. max 100; min 2100 50
d. max 30; min 220 min is 24 at x 5 21, 2
3. a. f(x) 5 x 2 2 4x 1 3, 0 # x # 3 max is 0 at x 5 0, 3
f r(x) 5 2x 2 4 y
Let 2x 2 4 5 0 for max or min 4
x52
f(0) 5 3 2
f(2) 5 4 2 8 1 3 5 21
f(3) 5 9 2 12 1 3 5 0 x
max is 3 at x 5 0 –2 0 2 4 6
min is 21 at x 5 2
–2
y
3 (0, 3)
2 –4
1
(3, 0) x d. f(x) 5 x3 2 3x2, xP322, 14
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 f r(x) 5 3x2 2 6x
–1 Let f r(x) 5 0 for max or min
(2, –1)
–2 3x2 2 6x 5 0
3x(x 2 2) 5 0
b. f(x) 5 (x 2 2)2, 0 # x # 2 x 5 0 or x 5 2
f r(x) 5 2x 2 4 x 5 2 is outside the given interval.
Let f r(x) 5 0 for max or min f(22) 5 220
2x 2 4 5 0 f(0) 5 0
x52 f(1) 5 22
f(0) 5 4 max is 0 at x 5 0
f(2) 5 0 min is 220 at x 5 22
max is 4 at x 5 0 y
min is 2 at x 5 2 8
y
x
6
(0, 4) –4 –2 0 2 4
4
2 –8
(2, 0) x
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2 –16
–4
–6 –24
c. f(x) 5 x 3 2 3x 2, 21 # x # 3 e. f(x) 5 2x 3 2 3x 2 2 12x 1 1, xP322, 04

f r(x) 5 3x 2 2 6x f r(x) 5 6x 2 2 6x 2 12
Let f r(x) 5 0 for max or min Let f r(x) 5 0 for max or min
3x 2 2 6x 5 0 6x 2 2 6x 2 12 5 0
3x(x 2 2) 5 0 x2 2 x 2 2 5 0
x 5 0 or x 5 2 (x 2 2)(x 1 1) 5 0
f(21) 5 21 2 3 x 5 2 or x 5 21
5 24

f(22) 5 216 2 12 1 24 1 1 Set f r(x) 5 0 to solve for the critical values.
5 23 x2 2 4
50
f(21) 5 8 x2
f(0) 5 1 x2 2 4 5 0
f(2) 5 not in region (x 2 2)(x 1 2) 5 0
max of 8 at x 5 21 x 5 2, x 5 22
min of 23 at x 5 22 Now, evaluate the function, f(x), at the critical
8 y values and the endpoints. Note, however, that 22
is not in the domain of the function.
4 4
f(1) 5 1 1 5 1 1 4 5 5
1
x 4
0 f(2) 5 2 1 5 2 1 2 5 4
–4 –2 2 2
–4 4 50 2 52
f(10) 5 10 1 5 1 5 5 10.4
10 5 5 5
1 5 So, the minimum value in the interval is 4 when
f. f(x) 5 x3 2 x2 1 6x, xP30, 44
3 2 x 5 2 and the maximum value is 10.4 when x 5 10.
f r(x) 5 x2 2 5x 1 6 b. f(x) 5 4 !x 2 x, 2 # x # 9
Let f r(x) 5 0 for max or min 1
f r(x) 5 2x 22 2 1
x2 2 5x 1 6 5 0
Let f r(x) 5 0 for max or min
(x 2 2)(x 2 3) 5 0
2
!x
x 5 2 or x 5 3 2150
f(0) 5 0
14 !x 5 2
f(2) 5 x54
3
9 f(2) 5 4 !2 2 2 8 3.6
f(3) 5
2 f(4) 5 4 !4 2 4 5 4
f(9) 5 4 !9 2 9 5 3
16
f(4) 5
3 min value of 3 when x 5 9
16
max is 3 at x 5 4 max value of 4 when x 5 4
min is 0 at x 5 0 1
c. f(x) 5 2 ,0#x#2
y x 2 2x 1 2
6 f r(x) 5 2 (x 2 2 2x 1 2)22 (2x 2 2)
2x 2 2
4 52 2
(x 2 2x 1 2)2
Let f r(x) 5 0 for max or min.
2 2x 2 2
2 2 50
x (x 2 2x 1 2)
0 2x 2 2 5 0
–2 2 4 6
x51
–2 1 1
f(0) 5 , f(1) 5 1, f(2) 5
2 2
4 max value of 1 when x 5 1
4. a. f(x) 5 x 1
x min value of 12 when x 5 0, 2
4 d. f(x) 5 3x 4 2 4x 3 2 36x 2 1 20
f r(x) 5 1 2 2 fr(x) 5 12x 3 2 12x 2 2 72x
x
x2 2 4 Set f r(x) 5 0 to solve for the critical values.
5 12x 3 2 12x 2 2 72x 5 0
x2
12x(x 2 2 x 2 6) 5 0

12x(x 2 3)(x 1 2) 5 0 4t 2
x 5 0, x 5 3, x 5 22 5. a. v(t) 5 ,t$0
4 1 t3
Now, evaluate the function, f(x), at the critical Interval 1 # t # 4
values and the endpoints. 4
f(23) 5 3(23)4 2 4(23)3 2 36(23)2 1 20 5 47 v(1) 5
5
f(22) 5 3(22)4 2 4(22)3 2 36(22)2 1 20 5 244 16
f(0) 5 3(0)4 2 4(0)3 2 36(0)2 1 20 5 20 v(4) 5
17
f(3) 5 3(3)4 2 4(3)3 2 36(3)2 1 20 5 2169 (4 1 t 3 )(8t) 2 4t 2 (3t 2 )
f(4) 5 3(4)4 2 4(4)3 2 36(4)2 1 20 5 244 vr(t) 5 50
(4 1 t 3 )2
So, the minimum value in the interval is 2169 32t 1 8t 4 2 12t 4 5 0
when x 5 3 and the maximum value is 47 when 24t(t 3 2 8) 5 0
x 5 23. t 5 0, t 5 2
4x 16 4
e. f(x) 5 2 , 22 # x # 4 v(2) 5 5
x 11 12 3
4(x 2 1 1) 2 2x(4x) max velocity is 43 m>s
f r(x) 5
(x 2 1 1)2
2 min velocity is 45 m>s
24x 1 4
5 4t 2
x2 1 1 b. v(t) 5
1 1 t2
Let f r(x) 5 0 for max or min:
(1 1 t 2 )(8t) 2 (4t 2 )(2t)
24x 2 1 4 5 0 vr(t) 5
x2 5 1 (1 1 t 2 )2
x 5 61 8t 1 8t 2 8t 3
3
5
28 (1 1 t 2 )2
f(22) 5 8t
5 5
24 (1 1 t 2 )2
f(21) 5 8t
2 50
5 22 (1 1 t 2 )2
4 8t 5 0
f(1) 5 t50
2
52 f(0) 5 0 is the minimum value that occurs at x 5 0.
16 There is no maximum value on the interval. As x
f(4) 5 approaches infinity, f(x) approaches the horizontal
17
max value of 2 when x 5 1 asymptote y 5 4.
min value of 22 when x 5 21 6. N(t) 5 30t 2 2 240t 1 500
f. Note that part e. is the same function but restricted Nr(t) 5 60t 2 240
to a different domain. So, from e. it is seen that the 60t 2 240 5 0
t54
critical points are x 5 1 and x 5 21.
Now, evaluate the function, f(x), at the critical values N(0) 5 500
and the endpoints. Note, however, that 21 and 1 are N(4) 5 30(16) 2 240(4) 1 500 5 20
N(7) 5 30(49) 2 240(7) 1 500 5 290
The lowest number is 20 bacteria> cm3.
not in the domain of the function. Therefore, the only
points that need to be checked are the endpoints.
4(2) 8 1600v
f(2) 5 5 5 1.6 7. a. E(v) 5 2 0 # v # 100
2
(2) 1 1 5 v 1 6400
4(4) 16 1600(v 2 1 6400) 2 1600v(2v)
f(4) 5 5 8 0.94 Er(v) 5
2
(4) 1 1 17 (v 2 1 6400)2
So, the minimum value in the interval is 0.94 when Let Er(N) 5 0 for max or min
x 5 4 and the maximum value is 1.6 when x 5 2. 1600v 2 1 6400 3 1600 2 3200v 2 5 0
1600v 2 5 6400 3 1600
v 5 680

E(0) 5 0 C(1) 8 0.006 25
E(80) 5 10 C(3) 5 0.0083, C(6) 8 0.0074
E(100) 5 9.756 The min concentration is at t 5 1 and the max
The legal speed that maximizes fuel efficiency is concentration is at t 5 3.
80 km> h. 1
9. P(t) 5 2t 1 ,0#t#1
1600v 162t 1 1
b. E(v) 5 2 0 # v # 50
v 1 6400 Pr(t) 5 2 2 (162t 1 1)22 (162) 5 0
1600(v 2 1 6400) 2 1600v(2v) 162
Er(v) 5 52
(v 2 1 6400)2 (162t 1 1)2
Let Er(N) 5 0 for max or min 81 5 1622 1 t 2 1 324t 1 1
1600v 2 1 6400 3 1600 2 3200v 2 5 0 2 2
162 t 1 324t 2 80 5 0
1600v 2 5 6400 3 1600 812t 2 1 81t 2 20 5 0
v 5 680 (81t 1 5)(81t 2 4) 5 0
E(0) 5 0 4
E(50) 5 9 t.0 t5
81
The legal speed that maximizes fuel efficiency is 5 0.05
50 km> h. P(0) 5 1
c. The fuel efficiency will be increasing when P(0.05) 5 0.21
Er(v) . 0. This will show when the slopes of the P(1) 5 2.01
values of E(v) are positive, and hence increasing. Pollution is at its lowest level in 0.05 years or
From part a. it is seen that there is one critical value approximately 18 days.
for v . 0. This is v 5 80.
a
1 4900
10. r(x) 5 1 xb
v slope of E(v) 400 x
a
0 # v , 80 1 1 24900
rr(x) 5 1 1b 5 0
80 , v # 100 2 400 x2
Let rr(x) 5 0
Therefore, within the legal speed limit of 100 km> h, x 2 5 4900,
the fuel efficiency E is increasing in the speed inter- x 5 70, x . 0
val 0 # v , 80. r(30) 5 0.4833
d. The fuel efficiency will be decreasing when r(70) 5 0.35
Er(v) , 0. This will show when the slopes of the r(120) 5 0.402
values of E(v) are negative, and hence decreasing. A speed of 70 km> h uses fuel at a rate of 0.35 L> km.
From part a. it is seen that there is one critical value Cost of trip is 0.35 3 200 3 0.45 5 $31.50.
for v . 0. This is v 5 80. 11. f(x) 5 0.001x 3 2 0.12x 2 1 3.6x 1 10,
v slope of E(v)
0 # x # 75
f r(x) 5 0.003x 2 2 0.24x 1 3.6
0 # v , 80 1 Set 0 5 0.003x 2 2 0.24x 1 3.6
2 0.24 6 "(20.24)2 2 4(0.003)(3.6)
80 , v # 100 x5
2(0.003)
Therefore, within the legal speed limit of 100 km> h, 0.24 6 0.12
x5
the fuel efficiency E is decreasing in the speed 0.006
interval 80 , v # 100. x 5 60 or x 5 20
0.1t f(0) 5 10
8. C(t) 5 ,1#t#6
(t 1 3)2 f(20) 5 42
0.1(t 1 3)2 2 0.2t(t 1 3) f(60) 5 10
Cr(t) 5 50 f(75) 5 26.875
(t 1 3)4
(t 1 3)(0.1t 1 0.3 2 0.2t) 5 0 Absolute max. value 5 42 at (20, 42) and absolute
t53 min. value 5 10 at (0, 10) and (60, 10).

12. a. y 6000
5 1 9 1 0.05x
16 x
12 6000
Ur(x) 5 2 2 1 0.05
8 x
x
6000
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 2 2 1 0.05 5 0
–4 x
–8 6000
0.05 5 2
–12 x
–16 0.05x 2 5 6000
x 2 5 120 000
b. D: 22 # x # 4 x 8 346.41
2,x#4 1 # x # 300.
14. C(x) 5 3000 1 9x 1 0.05x 2, 1 # x # 300 hs (x) 5 36x 2 2 24x 2 6
C(x) b. f(x) 5 (2x 2 5)3
Unit cost u(x) 5
x f r(x) 5 6(2x 2 5)2
3000 1 9x 1 0.05x 2
5 f s (x) 5 24(2x 2 5)
x
5 48x 2 120
3000
5 1 9 1 0.05x c. y 5 15(x 1 3)21
x
23000 yr 5 215(x 1 3)22
Ur(x) 5 1 0.05 ys 5 30(x 1 3)23
x2
5
0.05x 2 5 3000 (x 1 3)3
x 2 5 60 000 d. g(x) 5 (x 2 1 1)2
1
x 8 244.9 1
gr(x) 5 x(x 2 1 1)22
U(1) 5 3009.05 3 1
U(244) 5 33.4950 gs (x) 5 2x 2 (x 2 1 1)22 1 (x 2 1 1)22

U(245) 5 33.4948 x2 1
52 2 3 1
U(300) 5 34. 2 1
(x 1 1) 2 (x 1 1)2
cost to $33.49. 5 27 2 189 1 270
15. C(x) 5 6000 1 9x 1 0.05x 2 5 108
C(x)
U(x) 5 b. v(t) 5 sr(t) 5 3t 2 2 42t 1 90
x
v(5) 5 3(5)2 2 42(5) 1 90
6000 1 9x 1 0.05x 2
5
x

12. a. y 6000
5 1 9 1 0.05x
16 x
12 6000
Ur(x) 5 2 2 1 0.05
8 x
x
6000
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 2 2 1 0.05 5 0
–4 x
–8 6000
0.05 5 2
–12 x
–16 0.05x 2 5 6000
x 2 5 120 000
b. D: 22 # x # 4 x 8 346.41
2,x#4 1 # x # 300.
14. C(x) 5 3000 1 9x 1 0.05x 2, 1 # x # 300 hs (x) 5 36x 2 2 24x 2 6
C(x) b. f(x) 5 (2x 2 5)3
Unit cost u(x) 5
x f r(x) 5 6(2x 2 5)2
3000 1 9x 1 0.05x 2
5 f s (x) 5 24(2x 2 5)
x
5 48x 2 120
3000
5 1 9 1 0.05x c. y 5 15(x 1 3)21
x
23000 yr 5 215(x 1 3)22
Ur(x) 5 1 0.05 ys 5 30(x 1 3)23
x2
5
0.05x 2 5 3000 (x 1 3)3
x 2 5 60 000 d. g(x) 5 (x 2 1 1)2
1
x 8 244.9 1
gr(x) 5 x(x 2 1 1)22
U(1) 5 3009.05 3 1
U(244) 5 33.4950 gs (x) 5 2x 2 (x 2 1 1)22 1 (x 2 1 1)22

U(245) 5 33.4948 x2 1
52 2 3 1
U(300) 5 34. 2 1
(x 1 1) 2 (x 1 1)2
cost to $33.49. 5 27 2 189 1 270
15. C(x) 5 6000 1 9x 1 0.05x 2 5 108
C(x)
U(x) 5 b. v(t) 5 sr(t) 5 3t 2 2 42t 1 90
x
v(5) 5 3(5)2 2 42(5) 1 90
6000 1 9x 1 0.05x 2
5
x

5 75 2 210 1 90 b. The object is stationary when v(t) 5 0.
5 245 v(t) 5 0 5 4 2 14t 1 6t 2
c. a(t) 5 vr(t) 5 6t 2 42 0 5 (6t 2 2)(t 2 2)
a(4) 5 6(4) 2 42 1
5 24 2 42 t5 ,t52
3
5 218 Therefore, the object is stationary at time
3. a. v(t) 5 hr(t) 5 29.8t 1 6 t 5 13 s and t 5 2 s.
The initial velocity occurs when time t 5 0. Before t 5 13, v(t) is positive and therefore the
v(0) 5 29.8(0) 1 6 object is moving to the right.
56 Between t 5 13 and t 5 2, v(t) is negative and
So, the initial velocity is 6 m> s. therefore the object is moving to the left.
b. The ball reaches its maximum height when
After t 5 2, v(t) is positive and therefore the object
v(t) 5 0. So set v(t) 5 0 and solve for t.
is moving to the right.
v(t) 5 0 5 29.8t 1 6
c. Set a(t) 5 0 and solve for t.
9.8t 5 6
a(t) 5 0 5 214 1 12t
t 8 0.61
14 5 12t
Therefore, the ball reaches its maximum height at
7
time t 8 0.61 s. 5t
6
c. The ball hits the ground when the height, h, is 0.
t 8 1.2
h(t) 5 0 5 24.9t 2 1 6t 1 2 So, at time t 8 1.2 s the acceleration is equal to 0.
26 6 "36 1 39.2 At that time, the object is neither accelerating nor
t5
29.8 decelerating.
Taking the negative square root because the value t 5. a. f(x) 5 x 3 1 3x 2 1 1
needs to be positive, f r(x) 5 3x 2 1 6x
26 2 8.67 Set f r(x) 5 0 to solve for the critical values.
t5
29.8
3x 2 1 6x 5 0
t 8 1.50
3x(x 1 2) 5 0
So, the ball hits the ground at time t 5 1.50 s.
d. The question asks for the velocity, v(t), when x 5 0, x 5 22
t 5 1.50.
Now, evaluate the function, f(x), at the critical
v(1.50) 5 29.8(1.50) 1 6 values and the endpoints.
8 28.67 f(22) 5 (22)3 1 3(22)2 1 1 5 5
Therefore, when the ball hits the ground, the velocity f(0) 5 (0)3 1 3(0)2 1 1 5 1
is 28.67 m> s. f(2) 5 (2)3 1 3(2)2 1 1 5 21
e. The acceleration, a(t), is the derivative of the So, the minimum value in the interval is 1 when
velocity. x 5 0 and the maximum value is 21 when x 5 2.
a(t) 5 vr(t) 5 29.8 b. f(x) 5 (x 1 2)2
This is a constant function. So, the acceleration of f r(x) 5 2(x 1 2)
the ball at any point in time is 29.8 m> s2. 5 2x 1 4
4. a. v(t) 5 sr(t) 5 4 2 14t 1 6t 2 Set f r(x) 5 0 to solve for the critical values.
v(2) 5 4 2 14(2) 1 6(2)2 2x 1 4 5 0
5 4 2 28 1 24 2x 5 24
50 x 5 22
So, the velocity at time t 5 2 is 0 m> s. Now, evaluate the function, f(x), at the critical
a(t) 5 vr(t) 5 214 1 12t values and the endpoints.
a(2) 5 214 1 12(2) f(23) 5 (23 1 2)2 5 (21)2 5 1
5 10 f(22) 5 (22 1 2)2 5 0
So, the acceleration at time t 5 2 is 10 m> s. f(3) 5 (3 1 2)2 5 (5)2 5 25
So, the minimum value in the interval is 0 when Therefore, at a temperature of t 5 3.96 °C the
x 5 22 and the maximum value is 25 when x 5 3. volume of water is the greatest in the interval.
1 1 7. a. f(x) 5 x 4 2 3x
c. f(x) 5 2 3
x x f r(x) 5 4x 3 2 3
1 3
f r(x) 5 2 2 1 4 f r(3) 5 4(3)3 2 3
x x
5 105
2x 4 1 3x 2
5 b. f(x) 5 2x 3 1 4x 2 2 5x 1 8
x6
Set f r(x) 5 0 to solve for the critical values. f r(x) 5 6x 2 1 8x 2 5
2x 4 1 3x 2 f r(22) 5 6(22)2 1 8(22) 2 5
50 53
x6
2x 4 1 3x 2 5 0 c. f(x) 5 23x 2 2 5x 1 7
x 2 (2x 2 1 3) 5 0 f r(x) 5 26x 2 5
x50 f s (x) 5 26
x2 5 3 f s (1) 5 26
x 5 6 "3 d. f(x) 5 4x 3 2 3x 2 1 2x 2 6
Note, however, that 2"3 and 0 are not in the given f r(x) 5 12x 2 2 6x 1 2
domain of the function. f s (x) 5 24x 2 6
Now, evaluate the function, f(x), at the critical f s (23) 5 24(23) 2 6
values and the endpoints. 5 278
1 1 e. f(x) 5 14x 2 1 3x 2 6
f(1) 5 2 512150 f r(x) 5 28x 1 3
1 (1)3
1 1 f r(0) 5 28(0) 1 3
f("3) 5 2
"3
8 0.38 53
("3)3
1 1 24 f. f(x) 5 x 4 1 x 5 2 x 3
f(5) 5 2 5 f r(x) 5 4x 3 1 5x 4 2 3x 2
5 (5)3 125
So, the minimum value in the interval is 0 when f s (x) 5 12x 2 1 20x 3 2 6x
x 5 1 and the maximum value is 0.38 when f s (4) 5 12(4)2 1 20(4)3 2 6(4)
x 5 "3. 5 1448
6. The question asks for the maximum temperature g. f(x) 5 22x 5 1 2x 2 6 2 3x 3
of V. f r(x) 5 210x 4 1 2 2 9x 2
V(t) 5 20.000 067t 3 1 0.008 504 3t 2 f s (x) 5 240x 3 2 18x
2 0.064 26t 1 999.87
f s a b 5 240a b 2 18a b
1 1 3 1
Vr(t) 5 20.000 201t 2 1 0.017 008 6t 2 0.064 26 3 3 3
Set Vr(t) 5 0 to solve for the critical values. 40
20.000 201t 2 1 0.017 008 6t 2 0.064 26 5 0 52 26
27
t 2 2 84.619 900 5t 1 319.701 492 5 5 0 202
52
Using the quadratic formula, 27
t 8 3.96 and t 8 80.66. h. f(x) 5 23x 3 2 7x 2 1 4x 2 11
However, 80.66 is not in the domain of the function. f r(x) 5 29x 2 2 14x 1 4
Now, evaluate the function, V(t), at the critical
f ra b 5 29a b 2 14a b 1 4
3 3 2 3
values and the endpoints. 4 4 4
V(0) 5 999.87 81 21
V(3.96) 8 999.74 52 2 14
16 2
V(30) 5 1003.79 185
So, the minimum value in the interval is 999.74 52
16
when temperature t 5 3.96.
5 11. a. h(t) 5 24.9t 2 1 21t 1 0.45
8. s(t) 5 ta2 t 1 1b
6 0 5 24.9t 2 1 21t 1 0.45
5
5 2 t2 1 t 221 6 "(21)2 2 4(24.9)(0.45)
6 t5
2(24.9)
5
sr(t) 5 2 t 1 1
3 221 6 "449.82
t5
5 29.8
3
9. s(t) 5 189t 2 t 3
after this point.
7 4
a. sr(t) 5 189 2 t 3 Domain: 0 # t # 4.31
3
7 4
b. h(t) 5 24.9t 2 1 21t 1 0.45
3
5 189 m> s hr(t) 5 29.8t 1 21
b. sr(t) 5 0 Set hr(t) 5 0
7 4 0 5 29.8t 1 21
189 2 t 3 5 0
3 t 8 2.14
t 5 189
4
3
t 5 ( 814) c. h(2.14) 5 24.9(2.14)2 1 21(2.14) 1 0.45
t 5 33 h(2.14) 8 222.44 1 44.94 1 0.45
t 5 27 s h(2.14) 8 22.95
c. s(27) 5 189(27) 2 (27)3
5 5103 2 2187
28 1 1. L
d. ss (t) 5 2 t 3
9
28 1
ss (8) 5 2 (8)3 W
9
56
52
9
8 26.2 m> s2
2(L 1 W) 5 100
3 L 1 W 5 50
10. s(t) 5 12t 2 4t 2
1
L 5 50 2 W
sr(t) 5 12t 2 6t 2 A5L?W
A(W) 5 2W 2 1 50W for 0 # W # 50
1
12 2 6t 2 5 0
1
6t 2 5 12 Ar(W) 5 22W 1 50
1 Let Ar(W) 5 0:
t2 5 2
22W 1 50 5 0
t 5 (2)2 W 5 25
54 A(0) 5 0
3
s(4) 5 12(4) 2 4(4)2 A(25) 5 25 3 25
5 48 2 32 5 625
5 16 m A(50) 5 0.
5 11. a. h(t) 5 24.9t 2 1 21t 1 0.45
8. s(t) 5 ta2 t 1 1b
6 0 5 24.9t 2 1 21t 1 0.45
5
5 2 t2 1 t 221 6 "(21)2 2 4(24.9)(0.45)
6 t5
2(24.9)
5
sr(t) 5 2 t 1 1
3 221 6 "449.82
t5
5 29.8
3
9. s(t) 5 189t 2 t 3
after this point.
7 4
a. sr(t) 5 189 2 t 3 Domain: 0 # t # 4.31
3
7 4
b. h(t) 5 24.9t 2 1 21t 1 0.45
3
5 189 m> s hr(t) 5 29.8t 1 21
b. sr(t) 5 0 Set hr(t) 5 0
7 4 0 5 29.8t 1 21
189 2 t 3 5 0
3 t 8 2.14
t 5 189
4
3
t 5 ( 814) c. h(2.14) 5 24.9(2.14)2 1 21(2.14) 1 0.45
t 5 33 h(2.14) 8 222.44 1 44.94 1 0.45
t 5 27 s h(2.14) 8 22.95
c. s(27) 5 189(27) 2 (27)3
5 5103 2 2187
28 1 1. L
d. ss (t) 5 2 t 3
9
28 1
ss (8) 5 2 (8)3 W
9
56
52
9
8 26.2 m> s2
2(L 1 W) 5 100
3 L 1 W 5 50
10. s(t) 5 12t 2 4t 2
1
L 5 50 2 W
sr(t) 5 12t 2 6t 2 A5L?W
A(W) 5 2W 2 1 50W for 0 # W # 50
1
12 2 6t 2 5 0
1
6t 2 5 12 Ar(W) 5 22W 1 50
1 Let Ar(W) 5 0:
t2 5 2
22W 1 50 5 0
t 5 (2)2 W 5 25
54 A(0) 5 0
3
s(4) 5 12(4) 2 4(4)2 A(25) 5 25 3 25
5 48 2 32 5 625
5 16 m A(50) 5 0.
The largest area is 625 cm2 and occurs when When x 5 0, V 5 0
W 5 25 cm and L 5 25 cm. x 5 8.8, V 5 28 850 cm 2
2. If the perimeter is fixed, then the figure will be x 5 20, V 5 0.
a square. Therefore, the box has a height of 8.8 cm, a length
3. L of 100 2 2 3 8.8 5 82.4 cm, and a width of
40 2 3 3 8.8 5 22.4 cm.
5. 220 – x
W W
x
Let the length of L m and the width W m.
2W 1 L 5 600 A(x) 5 x(220 2 x)
L 5 600 2 2W A(x) 5 220x 2 x 2
A5L?W Ar(x) 5 220 2 2x
5 W(600 2 2W) Set Ar(x) 5 0.
A(W) 5 22w 2 1 600W, 0 # W # 300 0 5 220 2 2x
Ar(W) 5 24w 1 600 x 5 110
dA 220 2 110 5 110
For max or min, let 5 0:
dW Ar(220) 5 2220 , 0
W 5 50
A(0) 5 0 Ar(0) 5 220 . 0
A(150) 5 22(150)2 1 600 3 150 maximum: The dimensions that will maximize the
5 45 000 rectangles’ area are 110 cm by 110 cm.
A(300) 5 0 6. a
The largest area of 45 000 m2 occurs when
W 5 150 m and L 5 300 m. b 64
4. Let dimensions of cut be x cm by x cm. Therefore,
the height is x cm. ab 5 64
100 P 5 2a 1 2b
100 – 2x x
x
b
64
40 – 2x 40 P 5 2a 1 2a
a
128
P 5 2a 1
Length of the box is 100 2 2x. a
Width of the box is 40 2 2x. P 5 2a 1 128a 21
V 5 (100 2 2x)(40 2 2x)(x) for domain 128
Pr 5 2 2 2
0 # x # 20 a
Using Algorithm for Extreme Value, Set Pr 5 0
dV 128
5 (100 2 2x)(40 2 4x) 1 (40x 2 2x 2 )(22) 0522 2
dx a
5 4000 2 480x 1 8x 2 2 80x 1 4x 2 128
25 2
5 12x 2 2 560x 1 4000 a
dV a 2 5 64
Set 50 a 5 8 (28 is inadmissible)
dx
3x 2 2 140x 1 1000 5 0 64
b5
140 6 "7600 8
x5 b58
6
Pr(1) 5 2126 , 0
140 6 128.8
x5 Pr(9) 8 1.65 . 0
6
maximum: The rectangle should have dimensions 8 m
x 5 8.8 or x 5 37.9
by 8 m.
Reject x 5 37.9 since 0 # x # 20
7. Set Ar 5 0
y 0 5 2x 2 432x 22
2x 5 432x 22
x x
x 3 5 216
Given:
x56
4x 1 3y 5 1000
144
1000 2 4x y5 2
y5 6
3 y54
A 5 2xy
Ar(4) 5 219 , 0
b
1000 2 4x
A 5 2xa Ar(8) 5 9.25 . 0
3 minimum: The enclosure should have dimensions
2000 8 4 m 3 6 m 3 6 m.
A5 x 2 x2
3 3 9.
2000 16
Ar 5 2 x
3 3
Set Ar 5 0
2000 16
05 2 x
3 3
16 2000 h
x5
3 3 x
x 5 125
1000 2 4(125) x
y5
3 Let the base be x by x and the height be h
y 8 166.67 x 2h 5 1000
2000 1000
Ar(250) 5 2 ,0 h5 2 1
3 x
2000 Surface area 5 2x 2 1 4xh
Ar(0) 5 .0
3 A 5 2x 2 1 4xh 2
maximum: The ranger should build the corrals with
5 2x 2 1 4xa 2 b
1000
the dimensions 125 m by 166.67 m to maximize the
x
enclosed area.
4000
8. Netting refers to the area of the rectangular 5 2x 2 1 for domain 0 # x # 10"2
x
prism. Minimize area while holding the volume
Using the max min Algorithm,
constant.
dA 4000
V 5 lwh 5 4x 2 2 5 0
dx x
V 5 x 2y 3
x 2 0, 4x 5 4000
144 5 x 2y x 3 5 1000
144 x 5 10
y5 2
x A 5 200 1 400 5 600 cm 2
ATotal 5 ASide 1 ATop 1 ASide 1 AEnd Step 2: At x S 0, A S `
A 5 xy 1 xy 1 xy 1 x 2 Step 3: At x 5 10"10,
A 5 3xy 1 x 2 4000 !10
10 !10 !10
A 5 2000 1 3
A 5 3xa 2 b 1 x 2
144
x
5 2000 1 40"10
432
A5 1 x2 Minimum area is 600 cm2 when the base of the box
x is 10 cm by 10 cm and height is 10 cm.
A 5 x 2 1 432x 21
Ar 5 2x 2 432x 22

10. When r 5 0, A S `
L = 2x r 5 5.42 A 8 660.8
r S `, A S `
10 y The minimum surface area is approximately
661 cm3 when r 5 5.42.
x 1000
10 10 b. r 5 5.42, h 5 8 10.84
p(5.42)2
Let the length be 2x and the height be y. We know h 10.84 1
x 2 1 y2 5 100. 5 5
d 2 3 5.42 1
y 5 6"100 2 x 2 Yes, the can has dimensions that are larger than the
Omit negative area 5 2xy smallest that the market will accept.
5 2x"100 2 x 2 12. a.
for domain 0 # x # 10 L
Using the max min Algorithm, 5 cm
W
dA 1 21
5 2"100 2 x2 1 2y ? (100 2 x2 ) 2 (22x). (12 – L)
dx 2
dA 12 cm
Let 5 0. Let the rectangle have length L cm on the 12 cm leg
dx
2x2
and width W cm on the 5 cm leg.
2"100 2 x2 2 50 A 5 LW
"100 2 x2
2(100 2 x 2 ) 2 2x 2 5 0 12 2 L W
100 5 2x 2 12 5
x 2 5 50 60 2 5L 5 12W
60 2 12W
x 5 5"2, x . 0. Thus, y 5 5"2, L 5 10"2 L5
Part 2: If x 5 0, A 5 0 5
(60 2 12W)W
Part 3: If x 5 10, A 5 0 A5 for domain 0 # W # 5
5
The largest area occurs when x 5 5"2 and Using the max min Algorithm,
5 360 2 24W4 5 0, W 5
the area is 10"2"100 2 50 dA 1 60
5 2.5 cm.
5 10"2"50 dW 5 24
(60 2 30) 3 2.5
5 100 square units. When W 5 2.5 cm, A 5 5 15 cm 2.
5
11. a. Let the radius be r cm and the height be h cm.
Then pr 2h 5 1000 Step 2: If W 5 0, A 5 0
1000 Step 3: If W 5 5, A 5 0
h5 The largest possible area is 15 cm2 and occurs when
pr 2
Surface Area: A 5 2pr 2 1 2prh W 5 2.5 cm and L 5 6 cm.
b.
b
1000
5 2pr 2 1 2pra
pr 2 L
8 cm
2000
5 2pr 2 1 ,0#r#` W
4
dA 2000 (15 – L)
5 4pr 2 2 15 cm
dr r
Let the rectangle have length L cm on the 15 cm leg
dA
For max or min, let 5 0. and width W cm on the 8 cm leg.
dr
2000 A 5 LW 1
4pr 2 50
r2 15 2 L W
500 15 8
r3 5
p 120 2 8L 5 15W
3500 120 2 15W
Å p
r5 8 5.42 L5 2
8
(120 2 15W)W Divide by !3:
A5 for domain 0 # W # 8
8 x
Using the max min Algorithm, 30 2 2x 1 5 0
2
5 3120 2 30W 4 5 0, W 5
dA 1 120
5 4 cm. x 5 20.
dW 8 30
To find the largest area, substitute x 5 0, 20, and 30.
(120 2 60) 3 4 A(0) 5 0
When W 5 4 cm, A 5 5 30 cm 2.
"3
8
Step 2: If W 5 0, A 5 0 A(20) 5 30 !3(20) 2 !3(20)2 1 (20)2
Step 3: If W 5 8, A 5 0 4
The largest possible area is 30 cm2 and occurs when 5 520
W 5 4 cm and L 5 7.5 cm. "3
c. The largest area occurs when the length and width A(30) 5 30 !3(30) 2 !3(30)2 1 (30)2
4
are each equal to one-half of the sides adjacent to 8 390
the right angle. The maximum area is 520 cm2 when the base is
13. a. Let the base be y cm, each side x cm and the 20 cm and each side is 20 cm.
height h cm. b. Multiply the cross-sectional area by the length of
2x 1 y 5 60 the gutter, 500 cm. The maximum volume that can
y 5 60 2 2x be held by this gutter is approximately 500(520) or
1 260 000 cm3.
A 5 yh 1 2 3 (wh)
2 14. a. A
5 yh 1 wh
w B w C x
x h 30° x B C
120°
y A h
From ^ ABC x
h 4x 1 2h 5 6
5 cos 30°
x 2x 1 h 5 3 or h 5 3 2 2x
h 5 x cos 30° 1 "3
"3 Area 5 xh 1
2
3x3
2
x
5 x
2 "3 x 2
w 5 x(3 2 2x) 1
5 sin 30° 4
"3 2
x
w 5 x sin 30° A(x) 5 3x 2 2x 2 1 x
1 4
5 x
2 "3
Ar(x) 5 3 2 4x 1 x, 0 # x # 1.5
"3 "3
2
x
Therefore, A 5 (60 2 2x)a xb 1 3 x For max or min, let Ar(x) 5 0, x 8 1.04.
2 2 2
A(0) 5 0, A(1.04) 8 1.43, A(1.5) 8 1.42
"3 2 The maximum area is approximately 1.43 cm2 and
A(x) 5 30!3x 2 !3x 2 1 x , 0 # x # 30
4 occurs when x 5 0.96 cm and h 5 1.09 cm.
Apply the Algorithm for Extreme Values, b. Yes. All the wood would be used for the outer
"3 frame.
Ar(x) 5 30!3 2 2 !3x 1 x
2
Now, set Ar(x) 5 0
"3
30!3 2 2 !3 1 x 5 0.
2
15. x There is a critical number at t 5 .04 hours
N
v t , .04 .04 t . .04
W E
y 2 0 1
S z d9(t)
Let z represent the distance between the two trains. There is a local minimum at t 5 .04, so the two
After t hours, y 5 60t, x 5 45(1 2 t) vehicles are closest together .04 hours after 1:00, or
1:02. The distance between them at that time is 3 km.
z 2 5 3600t 2 1 452 (1 2 t)2, 0 # t # 1 17. 2
a +b2
dz L
2z 5 7200t 2 4050(1 2 t) 2 ab
dt w
a2 – b2 – L
dz 7200t 2 4050(1 2 t)
5 a2 – b2
dt 2z
a2 2 b2 2 L W
dz 5
For max or min, let 5 0. a2 2 b2 2ab
dt
7200t 2 4050(1 2 t) 5 0 2ab
W5 2 (a 2 2 b 2 2 L)
t 5 0.36 a 2 b2
3a 2L 2 b 2L 2 L 24
When t 5 0, z 2 5 452, z 5 45 2ab
A 5 LW 5 2
t 5 0.36, z 2 5 3600(0.36)2 1 452 (1 2 0.36)2 a 2 b2
z 2 5 129 dA
Let 5 a 2 2 b 2 2 2L 5 0,
z 5 36 dL
t 5 1, z 2 5 !3600 5 60 a2 2 b2
The closest distance between the trains is 36 km and L5
2
occurs at 0.36 h after the first train left the station.
ca d
2ab 2 2 a2 2 b2
16. Vehicle 2 and W 5 2 2 b 2 2
a 2 b2 2
d
P Vehicle 1 5 ab.
At any time after 1:00 p.m., the distance between The hypothesis is proven.
the first vehicle and the second vehicle is the 18. Let the height be h and the radius r.
hypotenuse of a right triangle, where one side of the k
Then, pr 2h 5 k, h 5 2.
triangle is the distance from the first vehicle to P pr
Let M represent the amount of material,
and the other side is the distance from the second
M 5 2pr 2 1 2prh
vehicle to P. The distance between them is therefore
5 2pr 2 1 2prha 2 b
k
d 5 "(60t)2 1 (5 2 80t)2 where t is the time in pr
hours after 1:00. To find the time when they are 2k
closest together, d must be minimized. 5 2pr 2 1 , 0 # r # `
r
d 5 "(60t)2 1 (5 2 80t)2 Using the max min Algorithm,
d 5 "3600t 2 1 25 2 800t 1 6400t 2 dM
5 4pr 2 2
2k
d 5 "10 000t 2 1 25 2 800t dr r
1
, r 2 0 or r 5 a b .
20 000t 2 800 dM k k 3
dr 5 Let 5 0, r 3 5
dr 2p 2p
2"10 000t 2 1 25 2 800t
Let dr 5 0: When r S 0, M S `
20 000t 2 800 r S `, M S `
50 1
r5a b
2"10 000t 2 1 25 2 800t k 3
Therefore 20 000t 2 800 5 0 2p
20 000t 5 800
t 5 .04 hours

1
a. The maximum area is 796 cm2 and occurs when
d 5 2a b
k 3
2p all of the wire is used to form a circle.
2 1 b. The minimum area is 350 cm2 when a piece of
k k (2p)3 k3
h5
2
2 5 ? 5 ? 23 wire of approximately 44 cm is bent into a circle.
b
k 3 p
pa 20. y
2p 2
10 (a, (a – 3) )
Min amount of material is 8
2 1
6
b 1 2ka b .
k 3 2p 3
M 5 2pa 4
2p k
1
(–3, 3) 2 x
a b ? 23
1
a b ? 23
k 3
2
k 3 2
h p p 1 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
Ratio 5 1 5 5 –2
2a b
d 1
2a b
k 3 k 3 1
2
3 –4
2p p –6
A x P 100 2 x B
19. Any point on the curve can be represented by
Cut the wire at P and label diagram as shown. Let (a, (a 2 3)2 ).
AP form the circle and PB the square. The distance from (23, 3) to a point on the curve is
Then, 2pr 5 x d 5 "(a 1 3)2 1 ((a 2 3)2 2 3)2.
x To minimize the distance, we consider the function
r5
2p d(a) 5 (a 1 3)2 1 (a 2 2 6a 1 6)2.
100 2 x
And the length of each side of the square is . in minimizing d(a), we minimize d since d . 1
4
always.
Area of circle 5 pa b
x 2
2p For critical points, set dr(a) 5 0.
2 dr(a) 5 2(a 1 3) 1 2(a 2 2 6a 1 6)(2a 2 6)
x
5 if dr(a) 5 0,
4p a 1 3 1 (a 2 2 6a 1 6)(2a 2 6) 5 0
Area of square 5 a b
100 2 x 2
2a 3 2 18a 2 1 49a 2 33 5 0
4 (a 2 1)(2a 2 2 16a 1 33) 5 0
16 6 "28
The total area is
1a b , where 0 # x # 100.
x2 100 2 x 2 a 5 1, or a 5
A(x) 5 4
4p 4
There is only one critical value, a 5 1.
b a2 b
2x 100 2 x 1
Ar(x) 5 1 2a To determine whether a 5 1 gives a minimal value,
4p 4 4 we use the second derivative test:
x 100 2 x dr(a) 5 6a 2 2 36a 1 49
5 2
2p 8 ds (1) 5 6 2 36 1 49
For max or min, let Ar(x) 5 0. $ 0.
x 100 2 x Then, d(1) 5 42 1 12
2 50
2p 8 5 17.
100p The minimal distance is d 5 "17, and the point on
x5 1 p 8 44
r the curve giving this result is (1, 4).
A(0) 5 625
1a b 8 350
442 100 2 44 2
A(44) 5
4p 4
1002
A(100) 5 8 796
4p

8 y 5 2.5,
6 A(a2, 2a)
A(0) 5 0
4 A(2.5) 5 (10 2 5)(2.5) 5 12.5
2 A(5) 5 0.
D C x
–2
B(b2, 2b)
–4 23. y
–6 (0, k)
–8 A B
(k, 0)
D C
The slope of AB is
5 2k 2x 2 2x 3, 2k # x # k
2a 2 2b 2
5 . Ar(x) 5 2k 2 2 6x 2
a
a2 1 b2 k
, a 1 bb.
!3
2 x56
, y 5 k2 2 a b 5 k2
2
When x 5 6
dy
!3 3 !3
dx !3
Differentiating. 3
dy 4k 3
dx 9
dy 2
5
dy 2
dx
5
a1b
. 1. a. C(625) 5 75( !625 2 10)
625 5 $1.80.
22. y b. C(x) 5 75( !x 2 10)

5 75 !x 2 750
5 75
Cr(x) 5
2!x
B P(x, y)
75
x Cr(1225) 5 5 $1.07
2!1225
2 !x
5 0.5
Area of ÂPB 5 xy
x 1 2y 5 10 or x 5 10 2 2y 75 5 !x
A(y) 5 (10 2 2y)y x 5 5625
Ar(y) 5 10.4y
8 y 5 2.5,
6 A(a2, 2a)
A(0) 5 0
4 A(2.5) 5 (10 2 5)(2.5) 5 12.5
2 A(5) 5 0.
D C x
–2
B(b2, 2b)
–4 23. y
–6 (0, k)
–8 A B
(k, 0)
D C
The slope of AB is
5 2k 2x 2 2x 3, 2k # x # k
2a 2 2b 2
5 . Ar(x) 5 2k 2 2 6x 2
a
a2 1 b2 k
, a 1 bb.
!3
2 x56
, y 5 k2 2 a b 5 k2
2
When x 5 6
dy
!3 3 !3
dx !3
Differentiating. 3
dy 4k 3
dx 9
dy 2
5
dy 2
dx
5
a1b
. 1. a. C(625) 5 75( !625 2 10)
625 5 $1.80.
22. y b. C(x) 5 75( !x 2 10)

5 75 !x 2 750
5 75
Cr(x) 5
2!x
B P(x, y)
75
x Cr(1225) 5 5 $1.07
2!1225
2 !x
5 0.5
Area of ÂPB 5 xy
x 1 2y 5 10 or x 5 10 2 2y 75 5 !x
A(y) 5 (10 2 2y)y x 5 5625
Ar(y) 5 10.4y
2. N(t) 5 20t 2 t 2 5. x
a. N(3) 5 60 2 9
5 51 y
N(2) 5 40 2 4
5 36
Label diagram as shown and let the side of length x
cost $6> m and the side of length y be $9> m.
51 2 36 5 15 terms
b. Nr(t) 5 20 2 2t
Therefore, (2x)(6) 1 (2y)(9) 5 9000
Nr(2) 5 20 2 4
5 16 terms> h
2x 1 3y 5 1500.
Area A 5 xy
c. t . 0, so the maximum rate (maximum value of
Nr(t)) is 20. 20 terms> h
1500 2 2x
But y 5 .
6t 3
3. L(t) 5 2
b
1500 2 2x
t 1 2t 1 1 A(x) 5 xa
6(t 2 1 2t 1 1) 2 6t(2t 1 2) 3
a. Lr(t) 5 2
(t 2 1 2t 1 1)2 5 500x 2 x 2 for domain 0 # x # 500
2
26t 1 6 3
5 2 4
(t 1 2t 1 1)2 Ar(x) 5 500 2 x
Let Lr(t) 5 0, then 26t 2 1 6 5 0, 3
t2 5 1 Let Ar(x) 5 0, x 5 375.
t 2 5 61. Using max min Algorithm, 0 # x # 500,
6 6 2
b. L(1) 5 5 5 1.5 A(0) 5 0, A(375) 5 500(375) 2 (375)2
11211 4 3
c. 5 93 750
A(500) 5 0.
The largest area is 93 750 m2 when the width is
250 m by 375 m.
6. Let x be the number of $25 increases in rent.
P(x) 5 (900 1 25x)(50 2 x) 2 (50 2 x)(75)
d. The level will be a maximum. P(x) 5 (50 2 x)(825 1 25x)
e. The level is decreasing. P(x) 5 41 250 1 1250x 2 825x 2 25x 2
h 15 000 000 P(x) 5 41 250 1 425x 2 25x 2
4. C 5 4000 1 1 , 1000 # h # 20 000
Pr(x) 5 425 2 50x
15 h
dC 1 15 000 000 Set Pr(x) 5 0
5 2
dh 15 h2 0 5 425 2 50x
dC 1 15 000 000 50x 5 425
Set 5 0, therefore, 2 5 0,
dh 15 h2 x 5 8.5
h 2 5 225 000 000 x 5 8 or x 5 9
h 5 15 000, h . 0. Pr(0) 5 425 . 0
Using the max min Algorithm, 1000 # h # 20 000. Pr(10) 5 275 , 0
1000 15 000 000 maximum: The real estate office should charge
When h 5 1000, C 5 4000 1 1 ,
15 1000 $900 1 $25(8) 5 $1100 or $900 1 $25(9) 5 $1125
8 19 067. rent to maximize profits. Both prices yield the same
15 000 15 000 000 profit margin.
When h 5 15 000, C 5 4000 1 1 7. Let the number of fare changes be x. Now, ticket
15 15 000
5 6000. price is $20 1 $0.5x. The number of passengers is
When h 5 20 000, C 8 6083. 10 000 2 200x.
The minimum operating cost of $6000> h occurs The revenue R(x) 5 (10 000 2 200x)(20 1 0.5x),
when the plane is flying at 15 000 m. R(x) 5 2200(20 1 0.5x) 1 0.5(1000 2 200x)
5 24000 2 100x 1 5000 2 100x.

Let Rr(x) 5 0: Apply max min Algorithm,
200x 5 1000 as h S 0 C(0) S `
x 5 5. 6 800 000
C(20.4) 5 1 400(20.4)2
The new fare is $20 1 $0.5(5) 5 $22.50 and the 20.4
maximum revenue is $202 500. 5 499 800
8. Cost C 2 a 1 216b 3 t
v3 C(100) 5 4 063 000.
2 Therefore, the dimensions that will keep the cost to
500 a minimum are 20.4 m by 40.8 m by 24.0 m.
Where vt 5 500 or t 5 .
10. Let the height of the cylinder be h cm, the
v
radius r cm. Let the cost for the walls be $k and for
C(v) 5 a 1 216b a b
v3 500
2 v the top $2k.
108 000 1000
5 250v 2 1 , where v $ 0. V 5 1000 5 pr 2h or h 5
v pr 2
2
108 000 The cost C 5 (2pr )(2k) 1 (2prh)k
Cr(v) 5 500v 2
or C 5 4pkr 2 1 2pkr a 2 b
v2 1000
108 000 pr
Let Cr(v) 5 0, then 500v 5 2000k
v2 C(r) 5 4pkr 2 1 ,r$0
108 000 r
v3 5 2000k
500 Cr(r) 5 8pkr 2
v 3 5 216 r2
v 5 6. 2000k
Let Cr(r) 5 0, then 8pkr 5
The most economical speed is 6 nautical miles> h. r2
9. 2000
or r 3 5
8p
r 8 4.3
h
x 1000
h5 5 17.2.
2h p(4.3)2
Label diagram as shown. Since r $ 0, minimum cost occurs when r 5 4.3 cm
We know that (x)(2h)(h) 5 20 000 and h 5 17.2 cm.
or h 2x 5 10 000 11. a. Let the number of $0.50 increase be n.
10 000 New price 5 10 1 0.5n.
x5 Number sold 5 200 2 7n.
h2
Cost C 5 40(2hx) 1 2xh(200) Revenue R(n) 5 (10 1 0.5n)(200 2 7n)
1 100(2)(2h 2 1 xh) 5 2000 1 30n 2 3.5n 2
5 80xh 1 400xh 1 400h 2 1 200xh Profit P(n) 5 R(n) 2 C(n)
5 680xh 1 400h 2 5 2000 1 30n 1 3.5n 2 2 6(200 2 7n)
10 000 5 800 1 72n 2 3.5n 2
Since x 5 , Pr(n) 5 72 2 7n
h2
Let Pr(n) 5 0,
b 1 400h 2, 0 # h # 100
10 000
C(h) 5 680ha 72 2 7n 5 0, n 8 10.
h2
Price per cake 5 10 1 5 5 $15
6 800 000
C(h) 5 1 400h 2 Number sold 5 200 2 70 5 130
h b. Since 200 2 165 5 35, it takes 5 price increases
6 800 000 to reduce sales to 165 cakes.
Cr(h) 5 1 800h.
h2 New price is 10 1 0.5 3 5 5 $12.50.
Let Cr(h) 5 0, The profit is 165 3 5 5 $825.
800h 3 5 6 800 000
h 3 5 8500
h 8 20.4.

c. If you increase the price, the number sold will Rr(0) 5 400 . 0
decrease. Profit in situation like this will increase Rr(100) 5 2600 , 0
for several price increases and then it will decrease maximum: The price of the CD player should
because too many customers stop buying. be $50.
12. Let x be the base length and y be the height. 14. Let x be the number of price changes and R be
Top/bottom: $20> m2 the revenue.
Sides: $30> m2 R 5 (75 2 5x)(14 000 1 800x), x # 7.5
Rr 5 800(75 2 5x) 1 (25)(14 000 1 800x)
4000 cm3 a b 5 0.004 m3
1m 3
100 cm Set Rr 5 0
0.004 5 x 2y 0 5 60 000 2 4000x 2 70 000 2 4000x
0.004 10 000 5 28000x
y5 x 5 21.25
x2
ATop 1 ABottom 5 x 1 x 2
2 Price 5 $75 2 $5(21.25)
5 2x 2 Price 5 $81.25
4ASide 5 4xy Rr(22) 5 6000 . 0
Rr(2) 5 226 000 , 0
C 5 20(2x 2 ) 1 30(4xy)
maximum: The price of a ticket should be $81.25.
C 5 40x 2 1 120xa 2 b
0.004
15. P(x) 5 (2000 2 5x)(1000x)
x
2 21
2 (15 000 000 1 1 800 000x 1 75x 2 )
C 5 40x 1 0.48x
P(x) 5 2 000 000x 2 5000x 2 2 15 000 000
Cr 5 80x 2 0.48x 22
2 1 800 000x 2 75x 2
Set Cr 5 0
P(x) 5 25075x 2 1 200 000x 2 15 000 000
0 5 80x 2 0.48x 22
Pr(x) 5 210 150x 1 200 000
80x 3 5 0.48
Set Pr(x) 5 0
x 3 5 0.006
0 5 210 150x 1 200 000
x 8 0.182
10 150x 5 200 000
0.004
y5 x 8 19.704
0.1822
y 8 0.121 Pr(0) 5 200 000 . 0
Cr(1) 5 79.52 . 0 Pr(20) 5 23000 , 0
Cr(21) 5 280.48 , 0 maximum: The computer manufacturer should sell
19 704 units to maximize profit.
maximum
16. P(x) 5 R(x) 2 C(x)
The jewellery box should be
Marginal Revenue 5 Rr(x).
12.1 cm 3 18.2 cm 3 18.2 cm to minimize the cost
Marginal Cost 5 Cr(x).
of materials.
Now Pr(x) 5 Rr(x) 2 Cr(x).
13. Let x be the number of price changes and R be
The critical point occurs when Pr(x) 5 0.
the revenue.
If Rr(x) 5 Cr(x), then Pr(x) 5 Rr(x) 2 Rr(x)
R 5 (90 2 x)(50 1 5x)
5 0.
Rr 5 5(90 2 x) 2 1(50 1 5x) Therefore, the instantaneous rate of change in profit
Set Rr 5 0 is 0 when the marginal revenue equals the marginal
0 5 5(90 2 x) 2 1(50 1 5x) cost.
0 5 450 2 5x 2 50 2 5x 17. h
0 5 400 2 10x
10x 5 400
x 5 40 r
Price 5 $90 2 $40
Price 5 $50

$k> m3. Cr 5
(19s 2 .1s 2 )2
V 5 200 (431 775 2 1755s)(19 2 .2s)
4 2
5 pr 2h 1 pr 3 (19s 2 .1s 2 )2
3
(233 345s 1 175.5s 2 )
Cost C 5 (2prh)k 1 (4pr 2 )2k (19s 2 .1s 2 )2
4 (8 203 725 2 119 700s 1 351s 2 )
8 (19s 2 .1s 2 )2
600 2 4pr 3 2175.5s 2 1 86 355s 2 8 203 725
3pr 2 (19s 2 .1s 2 )2
b1 1 8kpr 2
600 2 4pr 3 Let Cr 5 0:
C(r) 5 2kpra
3pr 2 2175.5s 2 1 86 355s 2 8 203 725
50
b 1 8kpr 2
600 2 4pr 3 (19s 2 .1s 2 )2
5 2ka
3r s 5 128.4
1
Since h # 16, r # a b or 0 # r # 3.6

600 3
4p
s s , 128.4 128.4 s . 128.4
400k 8kpr 2
C(r) 5 2 1 3kpr 2 C9(s) 2 0 1
r 3
5 1
r 3
Cr(r) 5 2 2 1
Let C r(r) 5 0
19. v(r) 5 Ar 2 (r0 2 r), 0 # r # r0
400k 32kpr
2 5 v(r) 5 Ar0r 2 2 Ar 3
r 3 vr(r) 5 2Ar0r 2 3Ar 2
50 4pr Let vr(r) 5 0:
5
r2 3 2Ar0r 2 3Ar 2 5 0
4pr 3 5 150 2r0r 2 3r 2 5 0
150 r(2r0 2 3r) 5 0
r3 5
4p 2r
r 5 2.29 r 5 0 or r 5 0 .
3
h 8 8.97 m v(0) 5 0
Note: C(0) S `
va 0 b 5 Aa r02b ar0 2 0 b
2r 4 2r
C(2.3) 8 262.5k
3 9 3
C(3.6) 8 330.6k
4
450 450 A(r0 ) 5 0
8 2 .1(s 2 110) s
2r0
517.5 22 725 is .
C5 1 3
2.1s 1 19 s
C5
19s 2 .1s 2
431 775 2 1755s 1
C5 1. f(x) 5 x 4 2
19s 2 .1s 2 x4
f s (x) 5 12x 2 2 20x 26

$k> m3. Cr 5
(19s 2 .1s 2 )2
V 5 200 (431 775 2 1755s)(19 2 .2s)
4 2
5 pr 2h 1 pr 3 (19s 2 .1s 2 )2
3
(233 345s 1 175.5s 2 )
Cost C 5 (2prh)k 1 (4pr 2 )2k (19s 2 .1s 2 )2
4 (8 203 725 2 119 700s 1 351s 2 )
8 (19s 2 .1s 2 )2
600 2 4pr 3 2175.5s 2 1 86 355s 2 8 203 725
3pr 2 (19s 2 .1s 2 )2
b1 1 8kpr 2
600 2 4pr 3 Let Cr 5 0:
C(r) 5 2kpra
3pr 2 2175.5s 2 1 86 355s 2 8 203 725
50
b 1 8kpr 2
600 2 4pr 3 (19s 2 .1s 2 )2
5 2ka
3r s 5 128.4
1
Since h # 16, r # a b or 0 # r # 3.6

600 3
4p
s s , 128.4 128.4 s . 128.4
400k 8kpr 2
C(r) 5 2 1 3kpr 2 C9(s) 2 0 1
r 3
5 1
r 3
Cr(r) 5 2 2 1
Let C r(r) 5 0
19. v(r) 5 Ar 2 (r0 2 r), 0 # r # r0
400k 32kpr
2 5 v(r) 5 Ar0r 2 2 Ar 3
r 3 vr(r) 5 2Ar0r 2 3Ar 2
50 4pr Let vr(r) 5 0:
5
r2 3 2Ar0r 2 3Ar 2 5 0
4pr 3 5 150 2r0r 2 3r 2 5 0
150 r(2r0 2 3r) 5 0
r3 5
4p 2r
r 5 2.29 r 5 0 or r 5 0 .
3
h 8 8.97 m v(0) 5 0
Note: C(0) S `
va 0 b 5 Aa r02b ar0 2 0 b
2r 4 2r
C(2.3) 8 262.5k
3 9 3
C(3.6) 8 330.6k
4
450 450 A(r0 ) 5 0
8 2 .1(s 2 110) s
2r0
517.5 22 725 is .
C5 1 3
2.1s 1 19 s
C5
19s 2 .1s 2
431 775 2 1755s 1
C5 1. f(x) 5 x 4 2
19s 2 .1s 2 x4
f s (x) 5 12x 2 2 20x 26

2. y 5 x 9 2 7x 3 1 2 x f (x) 5 2x3 2 9x2
dy
5 9x 8 2 21x 2 22 2 52 min
dx
d 2y 0 0 max
5 72x 7 2 42x
dx 2 3 2 27
1
3. s(t) 5 t 2 1 2(2t 2 3)2 4 2 16
1 1
v 5 sr(t) 5 2t 1 (2t 2 3)2 2 (2)
2 The minimum value is 252.
1
5 2t 1 (2t 2 3)2 2 The maximum value is 0.
1 3 b. f(x) 5 12x 2 x 3
a 5 ss (t) 5 2 2 (2t 2 3)22 (2) f r(x) 5 12 2 3x 2
2
5 2 2 (2t 2 3)2 2
3
5 3(4 2 x 2 ) 5 0
4. s(t) 5 t 2 7 1 x 5 22 or x 5 2
t
5 t 2 7 1 5t 21 x f (x) 5 12x 2 x3
v(t) 5 1 2 5t 22
23 29
a(t) 5 10t 23
5. s(t) 5 45t 2 5t 2 22 216
v(t) 5 45 2 10t 2 16 max

For v(t) 5 0, t 5 4.5. 5 265 min
t 0 " t * 4.5 4.5 t + 4.5 18

c. f(x) 5 2x 1
v(t) 1 0 2 x
f r(x) 5 2 2 18x 22
Therefore, the upward velocity is positive for
0 # t , 4.5 s, zero for t 5 4.5 s, negative for
18
t . 4.5 s. 52
x2
x2 5 9
45 x 5 63.
30 f (x) 5 2x 1
18
v(t) metres/second
x
x
15 1 20
0 3 12
2 4 6 8 10 18
–15 5 10 1
5
5 13.6
–30 The minimum value is 12.

–45
The maximum value is 20.
7. a. s(t) 5 62 2 16t 1 t 2
t (seconds) v(t) 5 216 1 2t
s(0) 5 62
6. a. f(x) 5 2x 3 2 9x 2 Therefore, the front of the car was 62 m from the
f r(x) 5 6x 2 2 18x stop sign.
For max min, fr(x) 5 0: b. When v 5 0, t 5 8,
6x(x 2 3) 5 0 s(8) 5 62 2 16(8) 1 (8)2
x 5 0 or x 5 3. 5 62 2 128 1 64
5 22
Yes, the car goes 2 m beyond the stop sign before
stopping.

c. Stop signs are located two are more metres from b. C(x) 5 0.004x 2 1 40x 1 8000
an intersection. Since the car only went 2 m beyond i. C(400) 5 640 1 16 000 1 8000
the stop sign, it is unlikely the car would hit another 5 24 640
vehicle travelling perpendicular. 24 640
8 ii. 5 $61.60
8. s(t) 5 1 1 2t 2 2 400
t 11 iii. Cr(x) 5 0.008x 1 40
16t Cr(400) 5 0.008(400) 1 40
v(t) 5 2 1 8(t 2 1 1)22 (2t) 5 2 1 2
(t 1 1)2 5 43.20
a(t) 5 16(t 2 1 1)22 1 16t(22)(t 2 1 1)23 2t Cr(401) 5 0.008(401) 1 40
5 16(t 2 1 1)22 2 64t 2 (t 2 1 1)23 5 $43.21
5 16(t 2 1 1)23 3t 2 1 1 2 4t 24
The marginal cost when x 5 400 is $43.20, and the
cost of producing the 401st item is $43.21.
c. C(x) 5 !x 1 5000
For max min velocities, a(t) 5 0:
3t 2 5 1
i. C(400) 5 20 1 5000
1
t56 5 $5020
"6
.
5020
ii. C(400) 5
t v (t) 5 2 1
16t 400
(t 2 1 1)2 5 $12.55
0 2 min 1 1
iii. C r(x) 5 x 22
16 16 !3 2
1 !3 3
!3
21 521 5 2 1 3!3 max 1
( 13 1 1)2 16
9 5
2!x
32
2 21 5 3.28 1
25 Cr(400) 5
40
The minimum value is 2. 5 $0.025
The maximum value is 2 1 3!3. 8 $0.03
9. u(x) 5 625x 21 1 15 1 0.01x 1
2 !401
Cr(401) 5
ur(x) 5 2625x 2 1 0.01
For a minimum, ur(x) 5 0 5 $0.025
x 2 5 62 500 8 $0.03
x 5 250 The cost to produce the 401st item is $0.03.
1
625
d. C(x) 5 100x2 1 5x 1 700
x u (x) 5 1 0.01x
x 100
i. C(400) 5 1 2000 1 700
1 625.01 20
250 2.5 1 2.5 5 5 min
5 $2705
2750
500
625
1 5 5 6.25 ii. C(400) 5
500 400
5 $6.875
Therefore, 250 items should be manufactured to 5 $6.88
ensure unit waste is minimized. 3
iii. Cr(x) 5 250x2 2 1 5
10. a. C(x) 5 3x 1 1000 250
i. C(400) 5 1200 1 1000 Cr(400) 5 15
(20)3
5 2200 5 5.00625
2200 5 $5.01
ii. 5 $5.50
400 Cr(401) 5 $5.01
iii. Cr(x) 5 3 The cost to produce the 401st item is $5.01.
The marginal cost when x 5 400 and the cost of 11. C(x) 5 0.004x 2 1 40x 1 16 000
producing the 401st item are $3.00. Average cost of producing x items is

C(x) dv 32
C(x) 5 b. a 5 5 162t 1 3
x dt t
16 000 2 2 32
C(x) 5 0.004x 1 40 1 At t 5 , a 5 162 3 1 2
x 3 3 3
To find the minimum average cost, we solve 5 216
C r(x) 5 0 Since a . 0, the particle is accelerating.
16 000 14. Let the base be x cm by x cm and the height h cm.
0.004 2 50 Therefore, x 2h 5 10 000.
x2
4x 2 2 16 000 000 5 0 A 5 x 2 1 4xh
x 2 5 4 000 000 10 000
But h 5 ,
x 5 2000, x . 0 x2
b
From the graph, it can be seen that x 5 2000 is a 10 000
A(x) 5 x 2 1 4xa
minimum. Therefore, a production level of 2000 x2
items minimizes the average cost. 400 000
12. a. s(t) 5 3t 2 2 10 5 x2 1 , for x $ 5
x
v(t) 5 6t
400 000
v(3) 5 18 Ar(x) 5 2x 2 ,
x2
v(3) . 0, so the object is moving to the right.
400 000
s(3) 5 27 2 10 5 17. The object is to the right of Let Ar(x) 5 0, then 2x 5
the starting point and moving to the right, so it is x2
3
moving away from its starting point. x 5 200 000
b. s(t) 5 2t 3 1 4t 2 2 10 x 5 27.14.
s(0) 5 210 Using the max min Algorithm,
Therefore, its starting position is at 210. A(5) 5 25 1 80 000 5 80 025
s(3) 5 227 1 36 2 10 A(27.14) 8 15 475
5 21 The dimensions of a box of minimum area is
v(t) 5 23t 2 1 8t 27.14 cm for the base and height 13.57 cm.
v(3) 5 227 1 24 15. Let the length be x and the width y.
5 23
Since s(3) and v(3) are both negative, the object y y y y y y
is moving away from the origin and towards its
starting position.
16 x
13. s 5 27t 3 1 1 10, t . 0
t 12 000
P 5 2x 1 6y and xy 5 12 000 or y 5
16 x
a. v 5 81t 2 2 2
t 12 000
P(x) 5 2x 1 6 3
16 x
81t 2 2 2 5 0
t 72 000
P(x) 5 2x 1 , 10 # x # 1200(5 3 240)
81t 4 5 16 x
16 72 000
t4 5 Ar(x) 5 2 2
81 x2
2 Let Ar(x) 5 0,
t56
3 2x 2 5 72 000
t.0 x 2 5 36 000
2 x 8 190.
Therefore, t 5 .
A(10) 5 20 1 7200 5 7220 m 2
A(190) 8 759 m 2
A(1200) 5 1 440 060

The dimensions for the minimum amount of fencing is Using max min Algorithm,
a length of 190 m by a width of approximately 63 m. A(2) 8 550
16. x A(4.3) 8 349
x A(5) 8 357
40–2x
For a minimum amount of material, the can should
20–2x be constructed with a radius of 4.3 cm and a height
of 8.6 cm.
18. R
Let the width be w and the length 2w. 1 km 1 + x2

Then, 2w 2 5 800
8–x
w 2 5 400
A C x B
w 5 20, w . 0.
Let the corner cuts be x cm by x cm. The dimensions 8
of the box are shown. The volume is Let x be the distance CB, and 8 2 x the distance AC.
V(x) 5 x(40 2 2x)(20 2 2x) Let the cost on land be $k and under water $1.6k.
5 4x 3 2 120x 2 2 800x, 0 # x # 10 The cost C(x) 5 k(8 2 x) 1 1.6k"1 1 x 2,
Vr(x) 5 12x 2 2 240x 2 800 0 # x # 8.
Let Vr(x) 5 0: 1 1
12x 2 2 240x 2 800 5 0 Cr(x) 5 2k 1 1.6k 3 (1 1 x 2 )22 (2x)
2
3x 2 2 60x 2 200 5 0
1.6kx
60 6 "3600 2 2400 5 2k 1
x5 "1 1 x 2
6 Let C r(x) 5 0,
x 8 15.8 or x 5 4.2, but x # 10. 1.6kx
2k 1 50
"1 1 k 2
Using max min Algorithm,
V(0) 5 0
1.6x
V(4.2) 5 1540 cm 2 51
V(10) 5 0. "1 1 k 2
Therefore, the base is 1.6x 5 !1 1 x 2
40 2 2 3 4.2 5 31.6 2.56x 2 5 1 1 x 2
by 20 2 2 3 4.2 5 11.6 1.56x 2 5 1
The dimensions are 31.6 cm by 11.6 cm by x 2 8 0.64
4.2 cm. x 5 0.8, x . 0
17. Let the radius be r cm and the height h cm. Using max min Algorithm,
V 5 pr 2h 5 500 A(0) 5 9.6k
A 5 2pr 2 1 2prh A(0.8) 5 k(8 2 0.8) 1 1.6k"1 1 (0.8)2 5 9.25k
500 A(8) 5 12.9k
Since h 5 2 , 6 # h # 15 The best way to cross the river is to run the pipe
pr
8 2 0.8 or 7.2 km along the river shore and then
A(r) 5 2pr 2 1 2pra 2 b
500
pr cross diagonally to the refinery.
1000 19. S y B
5 2pr 2 1 for 2 # r # 5
r
1000 x
Ar(r) 5 4pr 2 2 . z
r
Let Ar(r) 5 0, then 4pr 3 5 1000,
A
1000
r3 5 Let y represent the distance the westbound train
4p
r 8 4.3. is from the station and x the distance of the

northbound train from the station S. Let t Then, RC 5 20 2 x and 4.
represent time after 10:00. PC 5 "25 1 x 2
Then x 5 100t, y 5 (120 2 120t) The cost:
Let the distance AB be z. C(x) 5 100 000"25 1 x 2 1 75 000(20 2 x),
z 5 "(100t)2 1 (120 2 120t)2, 0 # t # 1 0 # x # 20
5 3(100t)2 1 (120 2 120t)24 22
dz 1 1 1 1
Cr(x) 5 100 000 3 (25 1 x 2 )22 (2x) 2 75 000.
dt 2 2
3 32 3 100 3 100t 2 2 3 120 3 (120(1 2 t))4 Let C r(x) 5 0,
dz 100 000x
Let 5 0, that is
!25 1 x 2
dt 2 75 000 5 0
4x 5 3 !25 1 x2
2 3 100 3 100t 2 2 3 120 3 120(1 2 t)
50
2" (100t)2 1 (120 2 120t)2 16x 2 5 9(25 1 x 2 )
or 20 000t 5 28 800(1 2 t) 7x 2 5 225
48 800t 5 288 000 x 2 8 32
288 x 8 5.7.
t5 8 0.59 h or 35.4 min.
When t 5 0, z 5 120. A(0) 5 100 000!25 1 75 000(20) 5 2 000 000
t 5 0.59
A(5.7) 5 100 000!25 1 5.72 1 75 000(20 2 5.7)
z 5 "(100 3 0.59)2 1 (120 2 120 3 0.59)2 5 1 830 721.60
5 76.8 km A(20) 5 2 061 552.81.
t 5 1, z 5 100 The minimum cost is $1 830 722 and occurs when
The closest distance between trains is 76.8 km and the pipeline meets the shore at a point C, 5.7 km
occurs at 10:35. from point A, directly across from P.
20. Let the number of price increases be n. 22.
New selling price 5 100 1 2n. 3 cm
Number sold 5 120 2 n.
Profit 5 Revenue 2 Cost
P(n) 5 (100 1 2n)(120 2 n) 2 70(120 2 n),
2 cm
0 # n # 120
5 3600 1 210n 2 2n 2 h
Pr(n) 5 210 2 4n
Let Pr(n) 5 0
210 2 4n 5 0
n 5 52.5.
Therefore, n 5 52 or 53.
Using max min Algorithm, w
P(0) 5 3600 A 5 hw
P(52) 5 9112 81 5 (h 2 6)(w 2 4)
P(53) 5 9112 81
P(120) 5 0 5w24
h26
The maximum profit occurs when the portable MP3 are 81
sold at $204 for 68 and at $206 for 67 portable MP3. 145w
h26
21. p
81 1 4(h 2 6)
5 km 5w
20 – x x h26
R
C A 4h 1 57
5w
20 km h26
Let x represent the distance AC. Substitute for w in the area equation and differentiate:

4h 1 57 2240 000
A 5 (h) Cr 5 1 284
h26 y2
4h 2 1 57h 284y 2 2 240 000
A5 Cr 5
h26 y2
(8h 1 57)(h 2 6) 2 (4h 2 1 57h) Let Cr 5 0:
Ar 5
(h 2 6)2 284y 2 2 240 000
50
8h 1 9h 2 342 2 4h 2 2 57h
2
y2
Ar 5
(h 2 6)2 Therefore 284y 2 2 240 000 5 0
2
4h 2 48h 2 342 284y 2 5 240 000
Ar 5 y 5 29.1 m
(h 2 6)2
Let Ar 5 0: y y , 29.1 y . 29.1
29.1
4h 2 2 48h 2 342
50 2
(h 2 6)2 C9(y) 0 1
Therefore, 4h 2 2 48h 2 342 5 0 Graph Dec. Local Min Inc.
Using the quadratic formula, h 5 17.02 cm
There is a local minimum at y 5 29.1 m, so that is the
h t , 17.02 17.02 t . 17.02
minimizing value. To find x, use the equation
A9(h) 2 0 1 1000
5x
y
1000
5x
There is a local minimum at h 5 17.02 cm, so that is 29.1
the minimizing height. x 5 34.4 m
81 5 (h 2 6)(w 2 4) The fence and the side opposite it should be 34.4 m,
81 5 11.02(w 2 4) and the other two sides should be 29.1 m.
7.35 5 w 2 4 24. Boat 2
w 5 11.35 cm
The dimensions of the page should be d
11.35 cm 3 17.02 cm.
23.
Boat 1 Dock
y The distance between the boats is the hypotenuse of a
right triangle. One side of the triangle is the distance
from the first boat to the dock and the other side is
x the distance from the second boat to the dock. The
= Brick = Fence distance is given by the equation
C 5 (192 1 48)x 1 192(2y) d(t) 5 "(15t)2 1 (12 2 12t)2 where t is hours
C 5 240x 1 284y after 2:00
1000 5 xy d(t) 5 "369t 2 2 288t 1 144
1000 To find the time that minimizes the distance, calculate
5x
y the derivative and find the critical numbers:
1000 738t 2 288
Substitute
y
for y in the cost equation and differen- dr(t) 5
2"81t 2 2 48t 1 144
tiate to find the minimizing value for x: Let dr(t) 5 0:
1000 738t 2 288
C 5 240 1 284y 50
y
2"81t 2 2 48t 1 144
240 000 Therefore, 738t 2 288 5 0
C5 1 284y
y 738t 5 288
t 5 .39 hours
t t , .39 .39 t . .39 L(0) 5 "16 1 02 1 "100 2 16(0) 1 02 5 14
d9(t) 2 0 1 L(3.2) 5 "16 1 3.22 1 "100 2 16(3.2) 1 3.22
8 12.8
L(8) 5 "16 1 82 1 "100 2 16(8) 1 82 8 14.9
There is a local minimum at t 5 .39 hours, so the So the rest stop should be built 3.2 km from point C.
ships were closest together at 2:23. 26. a. f(x) 5 x 2 2 2x 1 6, 21 # x # 7
25. Dundas f r(x) 5 2x 2 2
Set f r(x) 5 0
Ancaster
0 5 2x 2 2
rest 6
4 stop x51
x 8–x f(21) 5 (21)2 2 2(21) 1 6
C 8 D f(21) 5 1 1 2 1 6
Let the distance from C to the rest stop be x and so f(21) 5 9
the distance from the rest stop to D is 8 2 x, as f(7) 5 (7)2 2 2(7) 1 6
shown. The distance from Ancaster to the rest stop f(7) 5 49 2 14 1 6
is therefore f(7) 5 41
"42 1 x 2 5 "16 1 x 2, and the distance from the
f(1) 5 12 2 2(1) 1 6
f(1) 5 1 2 2 1 6
rest stop to Dundas is
f(1) 5 5
"62 1 (8 2 x)2 5 "36 1 64 2 16x 1 x 2 Absolute Maximum: f(7) 5 41
5 "100 2 16x 1 x 2 Absolute Minimum: f(1) 5 5
So the total length of the trails is b. f(x) 5 x 3 1 x 2, 23 # x # 3
L 5 "16 1 x 2 1 "100 2 16x 1 x 2 f r(x) 5 3x 2 1 2x
The minimum cost can be found by expressing L as Set f r(x) 5 0
a function of x and examining its derivative to find 0 5 3x 2 1 2x
critical points. 0 5 x(3x 1 2)
L(x) 5 "16 1 x 2 1 "100 2 16x 1 x 2, which is 2
x 5 2 or x 5 0
defined for 0 # x # 8 3
2x 2x 2 16 f(23) 5 (23)3 1 (23)2
Lr(x) 5 1
2"16 1 x 2
2"100 2 16x 1 x 2 f(23) 5 227 1 9
f(23) 5 218
x"100 2 16x 1 x 2 1 (x 2 8)"16 1 x 2
5
"(16 1 x 2 )(100 2 16x 1 x 2 ) f a2 b 5 a2 b 1 a2 b
2 2 3 2 2
The critical points of A(r) can be found by setting 3 3 3
f a2 b 5 2 1
Lr(x) 5 0: 2 8 4
3 27 9
x"100 2 16x 1 x 2 1 (x 2 8)"16 1 x 2 5 0
f a2 b 5
2 4
x 2 (100 2 16x 1 x 2 ) 5 (x 2 2 16x 1 64)(16 1 x 2 )
3 27
100x 2 2 16x 3 1 x 4 5 x 4 2 16x 3 1 64x 2
1 16x 2 2 256x 1 1024 f(0) 5 (0)3 1 (0)2
2
20x 1 256x 2 1024 5 0 f(0) 5 0
4(5x 2 16)(x 1 16) 5 0 f(3) 5 (3)3 1 (3)2
So x 5 3.2 and x 5 216 are the critical points of f(3) 5 27 1 9
the function. Only the positive root is within the f(3) 5 36
interval of interest, however. The minimum total Absolute Maximum: f(3) 5 36
length therefore occurs at this point or at one of the Absolute Minimum: f(23) 5 218
endpoints of the interval: c. f(x) 5 x 3 2 12x 1 2, 25 # x # 5
f r(x) 5 3x 2 2 12

Set f r(x) 5 0 20
Å 0.9
0 5 3x 2 2 12 t5
x2 5 4 t 8 4.714
x 5 22 or x 5 2 (24.714 is inadmissible)
f(25) 5 (25)3 2 12(25) 1 2 s(4.714) 5 20(4.714) 2 0.3(4.714)3
f(25) 5 2125 1 60 1 2 8 62.9 m
f(25) 5 263 b. From the solution to a., the stopping time is
f(2) 5 (2)3 2 12(2) 1 2 about 4.7 s.
f(2) 5 8 2 24 1 2 c. ss (t) 5 21.8t
f(2) 5 214 ss (2) 5 21.8(2)
f(22) 5 (22)3 2 12(22) 1 2 5 23.6 m> s2
f(22) 5 28 1 24 1 2 The deceleration is 3.6 m> s2.
f(22) 5 18 d
28. a. f r (x) 5 (5x 3 2 x)
f(5) 5 (5)3 2 12(5) 1 2 dx
f(5) 5 125 2 60 1 2 5 15x 2 2 1
d
f(5) 5 67 f s (x) 5 (15x 2 2 1)
dx
5 30x
Absolute Minimum: f(25) 5 263
So f s (2) 5 30(2) 5 60
d. f(x) 5 3x 5 2 5x 3, 22 # x # 4 d
f r(x) 5 15x 4 2 15x 2 b. f r(x) 5 (22x 23 1 x 2 )
dx
Set f r(x) 5 0 5 6x 24 1 2x
0 5 15x 4 2 15x 2 d
0 5 15x 2 (x 2 2 1) f s (x) 5 (6x 24 1 2x)
dx
0 5 15x 2 (x 2 1)(x 1 1) 5 224x 25 1 2
x 5 21 or x 5 0 or x 5 1 So f s (21) 5 224(21)25 1 2 5 26
f(22) 5 3(22)5 2 5(22)3 d
f(22) 5 296 1 40 c. f r (x) 5 (4x 2 1)4
dx
f(22) 5 256 5 4(4x 2 1)3 (4)
f(0) 5 3(0)5 1 5(0)3
5 16(4x 2 1)3
f(0) 5 0
d
Note: (0, 0) is not a maximum or a minimum f s (x) 5 (16(4x 2 1)3 )
f(4) 5 3(4)5 2 5(4)3 dx
5 16(3)(4x 2 1)2 (4)
f(4) 5 3072 2 320
5 192(4x 2 1)2
f(4) 5 2752
So f s (0) 5 192(4(0) 2 1)2 5 192
f(21) 5 3(21)5 2 5(21)3
d. f r (x) 5 a b
f(21) 5 23 1 5 d 2x
f(21) 5 2 dx x 2 5
(x 2 5)(2) 2 (2x)(1)
f(1) 5 3(1)5 2 5(1)3 5
(x 2 5)2
f(1) 5 3 2 5
210
f(1) 5 22 5
(x 2 5)2
a b
Absolute Minimum: f(22) 5 256 d 210
f s (x) 5
27. a. s(t) 5 20t 2 0.3t 3 dx (x 2 5)2
sr (t) 5 20 2 0.9t 2 (x 2 5)2 (0) 2 (210)(2(x 2 5))
5
The car stops when sr (t) 5 0. (x 2 5)4
20 2 0.9t 2 5 0
0.9t 2 5 20

20 212
5 5
(x 2 5)3 (t 1 3)3
20 5 2(3)
So f s (1) 5 52 s(3) 5
(1 2 5)3 16 313
1
e. f(x) can be rewritten as f(x) 5 (x 1 5)2. Then 6
5
d 1 6
f r(x) 5
dx
(
(x 1 5) 2 ) 51
1 1
6
5 (x 1 5)22 sr(3) 5
2 (3 1 3)2
a (x 1 5)22 b
d 1 1
6
f s (x) 5 5
dx 2 36
5 a b a2 b (x 1 5)22
1 1 3 1
5
2 2 6
1 3 212
5 2 (x 1 5)22 ss (3) 5
4 (3 1 3)3
1 1 212
3
So f s (4) 5 2 (4 1 5)22 5 2 5
4 108 216
2
f. f(x) can be rewritten as f(x) 5 x 3. Then 1
52
d 23 18
f r(x) 5
dx
x( ) At t 5 3, position is 1, velocity is 16, acceleration is
2 181 , and speed is 16.
5 a bx 23
2 1
3 5
b. s(t) 5 t 1
t12
aa bx b
d 2 213
f s (x) 5 (t 1 2)(0) 2 5(1)
dx 3 sr(t) 5 1 1
(t 1 2)2
5 a b a2 bx 23
2 1 4
3 3 5
512
(t 1 2)2
5 2 a bx 23
2 4
9 (t 1 2)2 (0) 2 532(t 1 2)(1)4

ss (t) 5 0 2
(t 1 2)4
So f s (8) 5 2 a b (8)23 5 2
2 4 1
9 72 10(t 1 2)
5
(t 1 2)4
2t
29. a. s(t) 5 10
t13 5
(t 1 3)(2) 2 2t(1) (t 1 2)3
sr(t) 5 5
(t 1 3)2 s(1) 5 1 1
2t 1 6 2 2t 112
5 5
(t 1 3)2 511
6 3
5 8
(t 1 3)2 5
3
(t 1 3)2 (0) 2 6(2(t 1 3) 1 1)
ss (t) 5 5
(t 1 3)4 sr(1) 5 1 2
(1 1 2)2
26(2t 1 6)
5 5
(t 1 3)4 512
9
212(t 1 3)
5 4
(t 1 3)4 5
9

10 b. f(x) 5 29x 5 2 4x 3 1 6x 2 12
ss (1) 5
(1 1 2)3 f r(x) 5 245x 4 2 12x 2 1 6
10 f s (x) 5 2180x 3 2 24x
5 c. y 5 5x 23 1 10x 3
27
10 4 ys 5 60x 25 1 60x
2 d. f(x) 5 (4x 2 8)3
30. a. s(t) 5 (t 2 1 t)3, t $ 0 f r(x) 5 3(4x 2 8)2 (4)
2 1
5 12(4x 2 8)2
v(t) 5 (t 2 1 t)23 (2t 1 1)
3 f s (x) 5 24(4x 2 8)(4)
a(t) 5 96(4x 2 8)
c 2 (t 2 1 t)23 (2t 1 1)(2t 1 1) 1 2(t 2 1 1)23 d
2 1 4 1 2. a. s(t) 5 23t 3 1 5t 2 2 6t
5
3 3 v(t) 5 29t 2 1 10t 2 6
v(3) 5 29(9) 1 30 2 6
5 a2 b (t 2 1 t)23 3(2t 1 1)2 2 6(t 2 1 1)4
2 1 4
3 3 5 257
a(t) 5 218t 1 10
2 2 4
5 2 (t 1 t)23 (4t 2 1 4t 1 1 2 6t 2 2 6t) a(3) 5 218(3) 1 10
9
5 244
2 4
5 (t 2 1 t)23 (2t 2 1 2t 2 1) b. s(t) 5 (2t 2 5)3
9 v(t) 5 3(2t 2 5)2 (2)
s(5) 2 s(0) 5 6(2t 2 5)2
b. vavg 5
520 v(2) 5 6(4 2 5)2
2 2
(52 1 5)3 2 (02 1 0)3 56
5
2
5 a(t) 5 12(2t 2 5)(2)
30 3 2 0 5 24(2t 2 5)
5
5 a(2) 5 24(4 2 5)
8 1.931 5 224
2 1 v(t) 5 2t 2 3
c. v(5) 5 (52 1 5)23 (2(5) 1 1) a(t) 5 2
3
2 1
b. 2t 2 3 5 0
5 (30)23 (11) t 5 1.5 s
3
8 2.360 s(1.5) 5 1.52 2 3
v(5) 2 v(0) c. t2 2 3t 1 2 5 0
520
2 4 0 v(1) 0 5 0 21 0
e. a(5) 5 (52 1 5)23 (2(5)2 1 2(5) 6 1)
9 5 1
2 4 0 v(2) 0 5 0 1 0
5 ( 3023) (59) 51
9
2t 2 3 , 0
t , 1.5
1. a. y 5 7x 2 2 9x 1 22 t 5 1.5 s.
yr 5 14x 2 9
ys 5 14

10 b. f(x) 5 29x 5 2 4x 3 1 6x 2 12
ss (1) 5
(1 1 2)3 f r(x) 5 245x 4 2 12x 2 1 6
10 f s (x) 5 2180x 3 2 24x
5 c. y 5 5x 23 1 10x 3
27
10 4 ys 5 60x 25 1 60x
2 d. f(x) 5 (4x 2 8)3
30. a. s(t) 5 (t 2 1 t)3, t $ 0 f r(x) 5 3(4x 2 8)2 (4)
2 1
5 12(4x 2 8)2
v(t) 5 (t 2 1 t)23 (2t 1 1)
3 f s (x) 5 24(4x 2 8)(4)
a(t) 5 96(4x 2 8)
c 2 (t 2 1 t)23 (2t 1 1)(2t 1 1) 1 2(t 2 1 1)23 d
2 1 4 1 2. a. s(t) 5 23t 3 1 5t 2 2 6t
5
3 3 v(t) 5 29t 2 1 10t 2 6
v(3) 5 29(9) 1 30 2 6
5 a2 b (t 2 1 t)23 3(2t 1 1)2 2 6(t 2 1 1)4
2 1 4
3 3 5 257
a(t) 5 218t 1 10
2 2 4
5 2 (t 1 t)23 (4t 2 1 4t 1 1 2 6t 2 2 6t) a(3) 5 218(3) 1 10
9
5 244
2 4
5 (t 2 1 t)23 (2t 2 1 2t 2 1) b. s(t) 5 (2t 2 5)3
9 v(t) 5 3(2t 2 5)2 (2)
s(5) 2 s(0) 5 6(2t 2 5)2
b. vavg 5
520 v(2) 5 6(4 2 5)2
2 2
(52 1 5)3 2 (02 1 0)3 56
5
2
5 a(t) 5 12(2t 2 5)(2)
30 3 2 0 5 24(2t 2 5)
5
5 a(2) 5 24(4 2 5)
8 1.931 5 224
2 1 v(t) 5 2t 2 3
c. v(5) 5 (52 1 5)23 (2(5) 1 1) a(t) 5 2
3
2 1
b. 2t 2 3 5 0
5 (30)23 (11) t 5 1.5 s
3
8 2.360 s(1.5) 5 1.52 2 3
v(5) 2 v(0) c. t2 2 3t 1 2 5 0
520
2 4 0 v(1) 0 5 0 21 0
e. a(5) 5 (52 1 5)23 (2(5)2 1 2(5) 6 1)
9 5 1
2 4 0 v(2) 0 5 0 1 0
5 ( 3023) (59) 51
9
2t 2 3 , 0
t , 1.5
1. a. y 5 7x 2 2 9x 1 22 t 5 1.5 s.
yr 5 14x 2 9
ys 5 14

e. v(5) 5 10 2 3 5 7 m>s Let x represent the width of the field in m, x . 0.
v(2) 5 4 2 3 5 1 m>s Let y represent the length of the field in m.
721 4x 1 2y 5 2000 1
average velocity 5
522 A 5 xy 2
5 2 m>s2 From 1 : y 5 1000 2 2x. Restriction 0 , x , 500

3
4. a. f(x) 5 x 2 12x 1 2 Substitute into 2 :
f r(x) 5 3x 2 2 12x A(x) 5 x(1000 2 2x)
2
3x 2 12x 5 0 5 1000x 2 2x 2
3x(x 2 4) 5 0 Ar(x) 5 1000 2 4x.
x 5 0 or x 5 4 For a max min, Ar(x) 5 0, x 5 250
Test the endpoints and the values that make the x A (x) 5 x(1000 2 2x)
derivative 0.
0 lim 1 A(x) 5 0
f(25) 5 2125 1 60 1 2 5 263 min xS0
f(0) 5 2
250 A(250) 5 125 000 max
f(4) 5 64 2 48 1 2 5 18
f(5) 5 125 2 60 1 2 5 67 max 1000 lim
xS1000
A(x) 5 0
9
b. f(x) 5 x 1
x x 5 250 and y 5 500.
5 x 1 9x 21 Therefore, each paddock is 250 m in width and
f r(x) 5 1 2 9x 22 500
3 m in length.
1 2 9x 22 5 0 7.
9
12 250
x
x2 2 9
50
x2 y
x2 2 9 5 0 x
x 5 63
x 5 23 is not in the given interval. 2x
f(1) 5 1 1 9 5 10 max Let x represent the height.
f(3) 5 3 1 3 5 6 min Let 2x represent the width.
f(6) 5 6 1 1.5 5 7.5 Let y represent the length.
5. a. h(t) 5 24.9t 2 1 21t 1 0.45 Volume 10 000 5 2x 2y
hr(t) 5 29.8t 1 21 Cost:
Set hr(t) 5 0 and solve for t. C 5 0.02(2x)y 1 2(0.05)(2x 2 )
29.8t 1 21 5 0 1 2(0.05)(xy) 1 0.1(2xy)
9.8t 5 21 5 0.04xy 1 0.2x 2 1 0.1xy 1 0.2xy
t 8 2.1 s 5 0.34xy 1 0.2x 2
The graph has a max or min at t 5 2.1 s. Since the 10 000 5000
But y 5 2 5 2 .
equation represents a parabola, and the lead coeffi- 2x x
Therefore, C(x) 5 0.34xa 2 b 1 0.2x 2
cient is negative, the value must be a maximum. 5000
b. h(2.1) 5 24.9(2.1)2 1 21(2.1) 1 0.45 x
8 22.9 1700
5 1 0.2x 2, x $ 0
The maximum height is about 22.9 m. x
6. 21700
C r(x) 5 1 0.4x.
x2
x

Let C r(x) 5 0: 8. Let x = the number of $100 increases, x $ 0.
21700 The number of units rented will be 50 2 10x.
1 0.4x 5 0
x2 The rent per unit will be 850 1 100x.
0.4x 3 5 1700 R(x) 5 (850 1 100x)(50 2 10x)
x 3 5 4250 Rr(x) 5 (850 1 100x)(210) 1 (50 2 10x)(100)
x 8 16.2. 5 28500 2 1000x 1 5000 2 1000x
Using max min Algorithm, 5 22000x 2 3500
C(0) S ` Set Rr(x) 5 0
1700 0 5 23500 2 2000x
C(16.2) 5 1 0.2(16.2)2 5 157.4. 2000x 5 23500
16.2
Minimum when x 5 16.2, 2x 5 32.4 and y 5 19.0. x 5 21.75 but x $ 0
The required dimensions are 162 mm by 324 mm To maximize revenue the landlord should not
by 190 mm. increase rent. The residents should continue to pay
$850> month.

CHAPTER 4
Curve Sketching
Review of Prerequisite Skills, pp.162–163 x values x * 24 24 * x * 1 x+1
1. a. 2y 2 1 y 2 3 5 0 (x 1 4) 2 1 1
(2y 1 3)(y 2 1) 5 0 2 2
(x 2 1) 1
3
y 5 2 or y 5 1 (x 1 4)(x 2 1) 1 2 1
2
b. x 2 2 5x 1 3 5 17
The solution is x , 24 or x . 1.
x 2 2 5x 2 14 5 0
(x 2 7)(x 1 2) 5 0
3. a. y
3
x 5 7 or x 5 22
c. 4x 2 1 20x 1 25 5 0 2
(2x 1 5)(2x 1 5) 5 0 1
x
5
x52 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
2 –1
d. y 3 1 4y 2 1 y 2 6 5 0 –2
y 5 1 is a zero, so y 2 1 is a factor. After –3
synthetic division, the polynomial factors to
(y 2 1)(y 2 1 5y 1 6). b. y
So (y 2 1)(y 1 3)(y 1 2) 5 0. 8
y 5 1 or y 5 23 or y 5 22 6
2. a. 3x 1 9 , 2 4
3x , 27
2
7 x
x,2
3 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2
b. 5(3 2 x) $ 3x 2 1
–4
15 2 5x $ 3x 2 1
–6
16 $ 8x
8x # 16 –8
x#2 –10
c. t 2 2 2t , 3 –12
t 2 2 2t 2 3 , 0
(t 2 3)(t 1 1) , 0 c. y
Consider t 5 3 and t 5 21. 6
t values t * 21 21 * t * 3 t+3 4
2
(t 1 1) 2 1 1 x
2 2 1 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
(t 2 3) –2
(t 2 3)(t 1 1) 1 2 1 –4
–6
The solution is 21 , t , 3.
d. x 2 1 3x 2 4 . 0
(x 1 4)(x 2 1) . 0
Consider x 5 24 and x 5 1.

d. y 2t
!t 2 4
6
d. f(t) 5
4 2t
2 !t 2 4
2"t 2 4 2
2
x f r(t) 5
t24
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2 4(t 2 4) 2t
2 !t 2 4 2 !t 2 4
2
–4
–6 f r(t) 5
t24
4(t 2 4) 2 2t
f r(t) 5 3
4. a. lim2 (x 2 2 4) 5 22 2 4 2(t 2 4)2
xS2
50 2t 2 16
5 3
2
x 1 3x 2 10 2(t 2 4)2
b. lim t28
xS2 x22 5 3
(x 1 5)(x 2 2) (t 2 4)2
5 lim x28
xS2 x22
5 lim (x 1 5) 6. a. x 1 3qx2 2 5x 1 4
xS2
x2 1 3x
57
28x 1 4
x 3 2 27
c. lim 28x 2 24
xS3 x 2 3
(x 2 3)(x 2 1 3x 1 9) 28
5 lim 28
xS3 x23 (x 2 2 5x 2 4) 4 (x 1 3) 5 x 2 8 1
x13
5 lim (x 2 1 3x 1 9) x17
xS3
2
53 133319 b. x 2 1qx2 1 6x 2 9
5 27 x2 2 x
d. lim1 "2x 1 1 7x 2 9
xS4
7x 2 7
5 "2 3 4 1 1 22
53 2
1 1 (x 2 2 6x 2 9) 4 (x 2 1) 5 x 1 7 2
5. a. f(x) 5 x 4 1 2x 3 2 x21
4 x
7. f(x) 5 x 3 1 0.5x 2 2 2x 1 3
1 4
5 x 1 2x 3 2 x 21 f r(x) 5 3x 2 1 x 2 2
4
Let f r(x) 5 0:
f r(x) 5 x 3 1 6x2 1 x 22 2
3x 1 x 2 2 5 0
x11
b. f(x) 5 2 (3x 2 2)(x 1 1) 5 0
x 23 2
(x 2 2 3)(1) 2 (x 1 1)(2x) x 5 or x 5 21
f r(x) 5 3
(x 2 2 3)2 The points are ( 23, 2.19) and (21, 4.5).
x 2 3 2 2x 2 2 2x
2
8. a. If f(x) 5 x n, where n is a real number,
5
(x 2 2 3)2 then f r(x) 5 nx n21.
2
2x 2 2x 2 3 b. If f(x) 5 k, where k is a constant, then f r(x) 5 0.
5
(x 2 2 3)2 c. If k(x) 5 f(x)g(x), then
x 2 1 2x 1 3 kr(x) 5 f r(x)g(x) 2 f(x)gr(x)
52
(x 2 2 3)2 f(x)
d. If h(x) 5 g(x), then hr(x)
c. f(x) 5 (3x 2 6x)2
2
f r(x) 5 2(3x 2 2 6x)(6x 2 6) f r(x)g(x) 2 f(x)gr(x)

3g(x)4 2
5 , g(x) 2 0.
4-2 Chapter 4: Curve Sketching

e. If f and g are functions that have derivatives, There is no solution, so there is no x-intercept.
then the composite function h(x) 5 f(g(x)) has a 5
The y-intercept is y 5 0 1 1 5 5.
derivative given by hr(x) 5 f r(g(x))gr(x).
f. If u is a function of x, and n is a positive integer, 4x
ii. y 5
d du x22
then dx (u n ) 5 nu n21dx To find the x-intercept, let y 5 0.
9. a. lim 2x 2 2 3x 1 4 5 ` 4x
50
xS` x22
lim 2x 2 2 3x 1 4 5 ` x50
xS2`
b. lim 2x 3 1 4x 2 1 5 `
xS` 3x 2 5
iii. y 5
lim 2x 3 1 4x 2 1 5 2 ` 6x 2 3
xS2`
To find the x-intercept, let y 5 0:
c. lim 25x 4 1 2x 3 2 6x 2 1 7x 2 1 5 2 `
xS` 3x 2 5
50
lim 25x 4 1 2x 3 2 6x 2 1 7x 2 1 5 2 ` 6x 2 3
xS2`
Therefore, 3x 2 5 5 0
1 1
10. a. 5 5
f(x) 2x x5
3
Let 2x 5 0
The y-intercept is y 5 00 2 5 5
2 3 5 3.
x 5 0, so the graph has a vertical asymptote at x 5 0.
10x 2 4
1 1 iv. y 5
b. 5 5x
f(x) 2x 1 3
To find the x-intercept, let y 5 0.
Let 2x 1 3 5 0
10x 2 4
x 5 3, so the graph has a vertical asymptote at x 5 3. 50
1 1 5x
c. 5 Therefore, 10x 2 4 5 0
f(x) (x 1 4)2 1 1
2
Let (x 1 4)2 1 1 5 0 x5
5
There is no solution, so the graph has no vertical
The y-intercept is y 5 0 20 4, which is undefined, so
asymptotes.
there is no y-intercept.
1 1
d. 5 5
f(x) (x 1 3)2 b. i. y 5
x11
Let (x 1 3)2 5 0 Domain: 5xPR0 x 2 216
x 5 23, so the graph has a vertical asymptote at Range: 5yPR0 y 2 06
x 5 23. 4x
5 ii. y 5
11. a. lim x 1 1 5 0, so the horizontal asymptote x22
xS`
Domain: 5xPR0 x 2 26
Range: 5yPR0 y 2 46
is y 5 0.
4x
b. lim x 2 2 5 4, so the horizontal asymptote is y 5 4. 3x 2 5
xS` iii. y 5
3x 2 5 6x 2 3
c. lim 6x 2 3 5 12, so the horizontal asymptote is y 5 12.
Domain: e xPRZx 2 f
xS` 1
10x 2 4 2
d. lim 5 2, so the horizontal asymptote
5x
Range: e yPRZy 2 f
xS` 1
is y 5 2.
2
5
12. a. i. y 5 x 1 1 10x 2 4
iv. y 5
To find the x-intercept, let y 5 0. 5x
5 Domain: 5xPR0 x 2 06
50
x11 Range: 5yPR0 y 2 26

4.1 Increasing and Decreasing b. i. 21 , x , 1
ii. x , 21, x . 1
Functions, pp. 169–171 iii. (21, 2), (2, 4)
1. a. f(x) 5 x 3 1 6x 2 1 1 c. i. x , 22
f r(x) 5 3x 2 1 12x ii. 22 , x , 2, 2 , x
Let f r(x) 5 0: 3x(x 1 4) 5 0 iii. none
x 5 0 or x 5 24 d. i. 21 , x , 2, 3 , x
The points are (0, 1) and (24, 33). ii. x , 21, 2 , x , 3
b. f(x) 5 "x 2 1 4 iii. (2, 3)
1 4.
5 (x 2 1 4)2
1 1
f r(x) 5 (x 2 1 4)22 (2x)
2
x
!x 1 4
5 2
Let f r(x) 5 0: a. f(x) 5 x3 1 3x2 1 1

x f r(x) 5 3x2 1 6x
!x 1 42
50
Let f r(x) 5 0
So x 5 0. 3x2 1 6x 5 0
The point is (0, 2). 3x(x 1 2) 5 0
c. f(x) 5 (2x 2 1)2 (x 2 2 9) x 5 0 or x 5 22
f r(x) 5 2(2x 2 1)(2)(x 2 2 9) 1 2x(2x 2 1)2
Let f r(x) 5 0: x x , 22 22 22 , x , 0 0 x.0
2(2x 2 1)(2(x 2 2 9) 1 x(2x 2 1)) 5 0
f9(x) 1 0 2 0 1
2(2x 2 1)(4x 2 2 x 2 18) 5 0
2(2x 2 1)(4x 2 9)(x 1 2) 5 0
Graph Increasing Decreasing Increasing
1 9
x 5 or x 5 or x 5 22.
2 4 b.
This points are ( 12, 0) , (2.25, 248.2) and
(22, 2125).
5x
d. f(x) 5 2
x 11
5(x 2 1 1) 2 5x(2x) 5(1 2 x 2 )
f r(x) 5 5 f(x) 5 x 5 2 5x 4 1 100
(x 2 1 1)2 (x 2 1 1)2
Let f r(x) 5 0: f r(x) 5 5x 4 2 20x3
5(1 2 x 2 ) Let f r(x) 5 0:
50 5x 4 2 20x 3 5 0
(x 2 1 1)2
5x 3 (x 2 4) 5 0
Therefore, 5(1 2 x 2 ) 5 0 x 5 0 or x 5 4.
(1 2 x)(1 1 x) 5 0
x5 61 x x,0 0 0,x,4 4 x.4
The points are ( 1, 52) and ( 21, 2 52) . f9(x) 1 0 2 0 1

2. A function is increasing when f r(x) . 0 and is
decreasing when f r(x) , 0. Graph Increasing Decreasing Increasing
3. a. i. x , 21, x . 2
ii. 21 , x , 2
iii. (21, 4), (2, 21)

c. e.
1 y 5 3x 4 1 4x 3 2 12x 2
f(x) 5 x 1
x yr 5 12x 3 1 12x 2 2 24x
1 Intervals of increasing: Intervals of decreasing:
f r(x) 5 1 2 2
x 12x 3 1 12x 2 2 24x . 0 12x 3 1 12x 2 2 24x , 0
Let f r(x) 5 0 x(x 2 1 x 2 2) . 0 x(x 2 1 x 2 2) , 0
1 x(x 2 1)(x 1 2) . 0 x(x 2 1)(x 1 2) , 0
12 250
x
x * 22 22 * x * 0 0*x*1 x*1
x2 2 1 5 0
x 5 21 or x 5 1 x 2 2 1 1
Also note that f(x) is undefined for x 5 0. x21 1 2 2 1
x x , 21 21 21 , x , 0 0 0,x,1 1 x.1 x12 2 1 1 1
y9 1 1 2 1
f9(x) 1 0 2 undefined 2 0 1
Intervals of increasing: 22 , x , 0, x . 1
Graph Increasing Decreasing Decreasing Increasing Intervals of decreasing: x , 22, 0 , x , 1
f.
d.
y 5 x4 1 x2 2 1
x21 yr 5 4x 3 1 2x
f(x) 5
x2 1 3 Interval of increasing: Interval of decreasing:
x 2 1 3 2 2x(x 2 1) 4x 3 1 2x . 0 4x 3 1 2x , 0
f r(x) 5 2
(x 2 1 3)2 x(2x 1 1) . 0 x(2x 2 1 1) , 0
2
Let f r(x) 5 0, therefore, 2x 2 1 2x 1 3 5 0. But 2x 1 1 is always positive.
Or x 2 2 2x 2 3 5 0 Interval of increasing: x . 0
(x 2 3)(x 1 1) 5 0 Interval of decreasing: x , 0
x 5 3 or x 5 21 5. f r(x) 5 (x 2 1)(x 1 2)(x 1 3)
Let f r(x) 5 0:
x x , 21 21 21 , x , 3 3 x.3 Then (x 2 1)(x 1 2)(x 1 3) 5 0
x 5 1 or x 5 22 or x 5 23.
f9(x) 2 0 1 0 2
23 , x
x x , 23 23 22 22 , x , 1 1 x.1
, 23
Graph Decreasing Increasing Decreasing
f9(x) 2 0 1 0 2 0 1
Graph Decreasing Increasing Decreasing Increasing

6. y y
5 3
4 (2, 5) 2
3 1
x
2
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
1 –1
x
–2
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
(–1, 0) –1 –3
–2
c. i. 22 , x , 3
7. f(x) 5 x 3 1 ax 2 1 bx 1 c ii. x , 22, x . 3
f r(x) 5 3x 2 1 2ax 1 b iii. x 5 22, x 5 3
Since f(x) increases to (23, 18) and then y
decreases, f r(3) 5 0. 5
Therefore, 27 2 6a 1 b 5 0 or 6a 2 b 5 27. (1) 4
Since f(x) decreases to the point (1, 214) and then 3
increases f r(1) 5 0. 2
Therefore, 3 1 2ab 1 b 5 0 or 2a 1 b 5 23. (2) 1
Add (1) to (2) 8a 5 24 and a 5 3. x
When a 5 3, b 5 6 1 b 5 23 or b 5 29. –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
–1
Since (1, 214) is on the curve and a 5 3, b 5 29,
then 214 5 1 1 3 2 9 1 c
d. i. x . 2
c 5 29.
ii. x , 2
The function is f(x) 5 x 3 1 3x 2 2 9x 2 9.
iii. x 5 2
8. y
8 y
(–5, 6) 5
4
4
3
(1, 2)
x 2
–4 0 4 1
x
–4 0 1 2 3 4 5
9. a. i. x , 4 10. f(x) 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 c
ii. x . 4 f r(x) 5 2ax 1 b
iii. x 5 4 2b
Let f r(x) 5 0, then x 5 2a .
y 2b
3 If x , 2a , f r(x) , 0, therefore the function is
2 decreasing.
1 2b
x If x . 2a , f r (x) . 0, therefore the function is
˛
–1 0 1 2 3 4 5 increasing.
–1
–2 11. f(x) 5 x 4 2 32x 1 4
–3 fr(x) 5 4x 3 2 32
Let fr(x) 5 0:
b. i. x , 21, x . 1 4x 3 2 32 5 0
ii. 21 , x , 1 4x 3 5 32
iii. x 5 21, x 5 1

x3 5 8 Therefore, f(x2 ) ? g(x2 ) , f(x1 ) ? g(x1 ).
x52 But LS . 0 and RS . 0.
Therefore, the function fg is strictly decreasing.
x x,2 2 x.2
f (x) 2 0 1
4.2 Critical Points, Relative Maxima,
Graph Dec. Local Min Inc and Relative Minima, pp. 178–180
Therefore the function is decreasing for x , 2 1. Finding the critical points means determining the
and increasing for x . 2. The function has a local points on the graph of the function for which the
minimum at the point (2, 244). derivative of the function at the x-coordinate is 0.
2. a. Take the derivative of the function. Set the
derivative equal to 0. Solve for x. Evaluate the
original function for the values of x. The (x, y)
pairs are the critical points.
b. y 5 x 3 2 6x 2
dy
5 3x 2 2 12x
12. y dx
4 5 3x(x 2 4)
dy
x Let 5 0.
dx
–2 0 2 4 3x(x 2 4) 5 0
x 5 0, 4
–4
The critical points are (0, 0) and (4, 232).
y
13. Let y 5 f(x) and u 5 g(x).
20
Let x1 and x2 be any two values in the interval
a # x # b so that x1 , x2.
x
Since x1 , x2, both functions are increasing:
–4 0 4 8
f(x2 ) . f(x1 ) (1)
g(x2 ) . g(x1 ) (2)
yu 5 f(x) ? g(x). –20
(1) 3 (2) results in f(x2 ) ? g(x2 ) . f(x1 )g(x1 ).
The function yu or f(x) ? g(x) is strictly increasing.
–40
y
f(x)
3. a. y 5 x 4 2 8x 2
dy
g(x) 5 4x 3 2 16x 5 4x(x 2 2 4)
dx
x 5 4x(x 1 2)(x 2 2)
dy
a x1 x1 b Let 50
dx
4x(x 1 2)(x 2 2) 5 0
x 5 0, 6 2.
The critical points are (0, 0), (22, 16), and
(2, 216).
14. Let x1, x2 be in the interval a # x # b, such that
x1 , x2. Therefore, f(x2 ) . f(x1 ), and g(x2 ) . g(x1 ). x x , 2 2 2 2 22 , x , 0 0 0,x,2 2 x,2
In this case, f(x1 ), f(x2 ), g(x1 ), and g(x2 ) , 0. dy

2 0 1 0 2 0 1
dx
Multiplying an inequality by a negative will reverse Local Local Local
its sign. Graph Dec. Inc. Dec. Inc.
Min Max Min

Local minima at (22, 216) and (2, 216) y
Local maximum at (0, 0) 20
2x
b. f(x) 5 2
x 19
10
2(x 2 1 9) 2 2x(2x)
f r(x) 5
(x 2 1 9)2
x
18 2 2x 2
5 2 –4 –2 0 2 4
(x 1 9)2
Let f r(x) 5 0
–10
Therefore, 18 2 2x 2 5 0
x2 5 9
x 5 63. –20
23 , 3
x x , 23 23 x.3
x,3 2x
f9(x) 2 0 1 0 2 b. f(x) 5 2
x 19
Local To find the x-intercepts, let y 5 0.
Graph Decreasing Local Min Increasing Decreasing
Max 2x
2 50
x 19
Local minimum at (23, 20.3) and local maximum
Therefore, 2x 5 0
at (3, 0.3).
x50
c. y 5 x 3 1 3x 2 1 1
To find the y-intercepts, let x 5 0.
dy
5 3x 2 1 6x 5 3x(x 1 2) 0
dx y5 50
9
dy
Let 50 y
dx 0.5
3x(x 1 2) 5 0
x 5 0, 22
x
–4 –2 0 2 4
x x , 22 22 22 , x , 0 0 x,0
–0.5
dy
1 0 2 0 1
dx
c. y 5 x 3 1 3x 2 1 1
Local Local
Graph Inc.
Min Max
Inc. To find the x-intercepts, let y 5 0.
0 5 x 3 1 3x 2 1 1
Local maximum at (22, 5) The x-intercept cannot be easily obtained algebraically.
Local minimum at (0, 1) Since the function has a local maximum when
4. a. y 5 x 4 2 8x 2 x 5 22, it must have an x-intercept prior to this
To find the x-intercepts, let y 5 0. x-value. Since f(23) 5 1 and f(24) 5 215, an
x 4 2 8x 2 5 0 estimate for the x-intercept is about 23.1.
x (x 2 2 8) 5 0
2
x 5 0, 6 "8 y51
y50

y The critical point is at (5, 0), but is neither a
6 maximum or minimum. The tangent is not parallel
5 to the x-axis. 1
4 d. f(x) 5 (x 2 2 1)3
3 1 2
fr(x) 5 (x 2 2 1)23 (2x)
2 3
Let fr(x) 5 0:
1
x 1 2 2
0
(x 2 1)23 (2x) 5 0
–4 –2 2 4 3
–1 x50
–2 There is a critical point at (0, 21). Since the
derivative is undefined for x 5 61, (1, 0) and
5. a. h(x) 5 26x 3 1 18x 2 1 3 (21, 0) are also critical points.
hr(x) 5 218x 2 1 36x
Let hr(x) 5 0: x x , 21 21 21 , x , 0 0 0,x,1 0 x,1
218x 2 1 36x 5 0 dy
2 2
DNE 0 1 DNE 1
18x(2 2 x) 5 0 dx
x 5 0 or x 5 2 Graph Dec. Dec.

Local
Inc. Inc.
Min
Local minimum at (0, 3) Local minimum at (0, 21)
Local maximum at (2, 27) The tangent is parallel to the horizontal axis at (0, 21)
Since the derivative is 0 at both points, the tangent because the derivative is 0 there. Since the derivative is
is parallel to the horizontal axis for both. undefined at (21, 0) and (1, 0), the tangent is not
b. g(t) 5 t 5 1 t 3 parallel to the horizontal axis at either point.
gr(t) 5 5t 4 1 3t 2 6. a.
Let gr(t) 5 0:
5t 4 1 3t 2 5 0
t (5t 2 1 3) 5 0
2
t50
x x,0 0 0,x,2 0 x.2 b.
dy
1 0 2 0 1
dx
Local Local
Graph Inc. Dec. Inc.
Min Max
The critical point is (0, 0). c.

t t,0 0 t.0
g9(x) 1 0 1
Graph Inc. Local Min Inc.
(0, 0) is neither a maximum nor a minimum d.

Since the derivative at (0, 0) is 0, the tangent is
parallel to the horizontal axis there.
1
c. y 5 (x 2 5)3
dy 1 22
5 (x 2 5) 3
dx 3
1 7. a. f(x) 5 22x 2 1 8x 1 13
5 2 f r(x) 5 24x 1 8
3(x 2 5)3
Let f r(x) 5 0:
dy
20 24x 1 8 5 0
dx x52
The critical point is (2, 21). c. f(x) 5 2x 3 1 9x 2 1 12x
Local maximum at (2, 21) f r(x) 5 6x 2 1 18x 1 12
x x,2 2 x.2 Let f r(x) 5 0:
f9(x) 1 0 2 6x 2 1 18x 1 12 5 0
Graph Inc. Local Max. Dec. 6(x 1 2)(x 1 1) 5 0
x 5 22 or x 5 21
y
20 The critical points are (22, 24) and (21, 25).
x x , 22 22 22 , x , 21 21 x . 21
dy
10 dx
1 0 2 0 1
Local Local
x Max Min
–8 –4 0 4 8 Local maximum at (22, 24)

Local minimum at (21, 25)
–10 y
8
–20
4
1
b. f(x) 5 x 3 2 9x 1 2 x
3
–4 –2 0 2 4
f r(x) 5 x 2 2 9
Let f r(x) 5 0: –4
x2 2 9 5 0
x2 5 9 –8
x5 63
The critical points are (23, 20) and (3, 216)
d. f(x) 5 23x 3 2 5x
Local maximum at (23, 20)
f r(x) 5 29x 2 2 5
Let fr(x) 5 0:
x x , 23 23 23 , x , 3 3 x.3 29x 2 2 5 5 0
dy
1 0 2 0 1 5
dx
Local Local x2 5 2
Graph Inc. Dec. Inc. 9
Max Min
This equation has no solution, so there are no
y critical points.
20 y
8
10
4
x x
–8 –4 0 4 8 –2 –1 0 1 2
–4
–10
–8
–20
e. f(x) 5 "x 2 2 2x 1 2
2x 2 2 x21
!x 2 2x 1 2
fr(x) 5 2
5 2
2!x 2 2x 1 2

Let fr(x) 5 0: x x , 26 26 26 , x , 21 21 21 , x , 2 2 x,2
Therefore, x 2 1 5 0 dy
x51 2 0 1 0 2 0 1
dx
The critical point is (1, 1). Local Local Local
"x 2 2 2x 1 2 is never undefined or equal to zero,
Graph Dec. Inc. Dec. Inc.
Min Max Min
so (1, 1) is the only critical point. Local minima at x 5 26 and x 5 2

x x,1 1 x.1
Local maximum at x 5 21
9. f(x)
f9(x) 2 0 1 (–1, 6)
6
Graph Dec. Local Min Inc. 5
Local minimum at (1, 1) 4
3
y
8 2
1
(3, 1) x
4
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–1
x
–4 –2 0 2 4
10. y 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 c
dy
5 2ax 1 b
f. f(x) 5 3x 4 2 4x 3 dx
fr(x) 5 12x 3 2 12x 2 Since a relative maximum occurs at x 5 3, then
Let fr(x) 5 0: 2ax 1 b 5 0 at x 5 3. Or, 6a 1 b 5 0. Also, at
(0, 1), 1 5 0 1 0 1 c or c 5 1. Therefore,
12x 3 2 12x 2 5 0
y 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 1. Since (3, 12) lies on the curve,
12x 2 (x 2 1) 5 0
12 5 9a 1 3b 1 1
x 5 0 or x 5 1
9a 1 3b 5 11
x x,0 0 0,x,1 1 x.1 6a 1 b 5 0.
dy
2 0 2 0 1 Since b 5 26a,
dx
Then 9a 2 18a 5 11
Graph Dec. Dec. Local Min Inc. 11
or a 5 2
There are critical points at (0, 0) and (1, 21). 9
Neither local minimum nor local maximum at (0, 0) 22
b5 .
y 11
The equation is y 5 2 9 x 2 1 3 x 1 1.
22
8
11. f(x) 5 x 2 1 px 1 q
fr(x) 5 2x 1 p
4
In order for 1 to be an extremum, f r(1) must equal 0.
x 2(1) 1 p 5 0
–4 –2 0 2 4 p 5 22
To find q, substitute the known values for p and x
8. fr(x) 5 (x 1 1)(x 2 2)(x 1 6) into the original equation and set it equal to 5.
Let fr(x) 5 0: x x,1 1 x.1
(x 1 1)(x 2 2)(x 1 6) 5 0 2
f9(x) 0 1
x 5 26 or x 5 21 or x 5 2
The critical numbers are 26, 21, and 2. Graph Dec. Local Min Inc.

(1)2 1 (1)(22) 1 q 5 5 b. f '(x)
q56 6
This extremum is a minimum value. 4
12. a. f(x) 5 x 3 2 kx 2
x
fr(x) 5 3x 2 2 k
In order for f to have no critical numbers, fr(x) 5 0 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2
must have no solutions. Therefore, 3x 2 5 k must –4
have no solutions, so k , 0. –6
b. f(x) 5 x 3 2 kx
fr(x) 5 3x 2 2 k c. f '(x)
In order for f to have one critical numbers, 6
fr(x) 5 0 must have exactly one solution. 4
Therefore, 3x 2 5 k must have one solution, which 2
occurs when k 5 0. x
c. f(x) 5 x 3 2 kx –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2
fr(x) 5 3x 2 2 k
–4
In order for f to have two critical numbers,
–6
fr(x) 5 0 must have two solutions. Therefore,
3x 2 5 k must have two solutions, which occurs
d. f '(x)
when k . 0.
6
13. g(x) 5 ax 3 1 bx 2 1 cx 1 d
4
gr(x) 5 3ax 2 1 2bx 1 c
Since there are local extrema at x 5 0 and x 5 2, 2
x
0a 1 0b 1 c 5 0 and 12a 1 4b 1 c 5 0 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
Therefore, c 5 0 and 12a 1 4b 5 0 –2
Going back to the original equation, we have the –4
points (2, 4) and (0, 0). Substitute these values of x –6
in the original function to get two more equations:
8a 1 4b 1 2c 1 d 5 4 and d 5 0. We now know 15. f(x) 5 3x 4 1 ax 3 1 bx 2 1 cx 1 d
that c 5 0 and d 5 0. We are left with two equa- a. f r(x) 5 12x 3 1 3ax 2 1 2bx 1 c
tions to find a and b: At x 5 0, f r(0) 5 0, then f r(0) 5 0 1 0 1 0 1 c
12a 1 4b 5 0 or c 5 0.
8a 1 4b 5 4 At x 5 22, f r(22) 5 0,
Subtract the second equation from the first to get 296 1 12a 2 4b 5 0. (1)
4a 5 24. Therefore a 5 21, and b 5 3. Since (0, 29) lies on the curve,
14. a. f '(x) 29 5 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 d or d 5 29.
6 Since (22, 273) lies on the curve,
4 273 5 48 2 8a 1 4b 1 0 2 9
2 28a 1 4b 5 2112
x or 2a 2 b 5 28 (2)
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 Also, from (1): 3a 2 b 5 24
–2
–4
2a 2 b 5 228
a 5 24
–6
b 5 236.

The function is f(x) 5 3x 4 2 4x 3 2 36x 2 2 9. (x 2 2 2)(x 2 1 1) 5 0
b. f r(x) 5 12x 3 2 12x 2 2 72x x 2 5 2 or x 2 5 21
Let f r(x) 5 0: x 5 6"2; inadmissible
x 3 2 x 2 2 6x 5 0 dy
x(x 2 3)(x 1 2) 5 0. At x 5 100, dx . 0.
Third point occurs at x 5 3, Therefore, function is increasing into quadrant one,
f(3) 5 2198. local minimum is at (1.41, 239.6) and local
c. maximum is at (21.41, 39.6).
Local minimum is at (22, 273) and (3, 2198). y
22 , 0,
60
x x , 22 22 0 3 x.3
x,0 x,3 40
f9(x) 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 20
x
Decreas- Local Increas- Local Decreas- Local Increas- –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
Graph
ing Min ing Max ing Min ing –20
–40
Local maximum is at (0, 29). –60
16. a. y 5 4 2 3x 2 2 x 4
dy f(x)
5 26x 2 4x 3 17. h(x) 5
dx g(x)
dy Since f(x) has local maximum at x 5 c, then
Let 5 0:
dx f r(x) . 0 for x , c and f r(x) , 0 for x . c.
26x 2 4x 3 5 0 Since g(x) has a local minimum at x 5 c, then
22x(2x 2 1 3) 5 0 gr(x) , 0 for x , c and gr(x) . 0 for x . c.
3 f(x)
x 5 0 or x 2 5 2 2; inadmissible h(x) 5
g(x)
fr(x)g(x) 2 gr(x)f(x)
3g(x)4 2
x x,0 0 x.0 hr(x) 5
dy
1 0 2 If x , c, f r(x) . 0 and gr(x) , 0, then hr(x) . 0.
dx
If x . c, f r(x) , 0 and gr(x) . 0, then hr(x) , 0.
Graph Increasing Local Max Decreasing Since for x , c, hr(x) . 0 and for x . c,
hr(x) , 0.
Local maximum is at (0, 4). Therefore, h(x) has a local maximum at x 5 c.
y
6 4.3 Vertical and Horizontal
4
Asymptotes, pp. 193–195
2
x 1. a. vertical asymptotes at x 5 22 and x 5 2;
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 horizontal asymptote at y 5 1
–2
–4 b. vertical asymptote at x 5 0; horizontal asymptote
–6
at y 5 0
g(x)
2. f(x) 5
b. y 5 3x 5 2 5x 3 2 30x h(x)
dy Conditions for a vertical asymptote: h(x) 5 0 must
5 15x 4 2 15x 2 2 30 have at least one solution s, and lim f(x) 5 `.
dx xS`
dy Conditions for a horizontal
Let 5 0: asymptote: lim f(x) 5 k, where kPR,
dx xS`
15x 4 2 15x 2 2 30 5 0 or lim f(x) 5 k where kPR.
xS2`
x4 2 x2 2 2 5 0
Calculas and Vectors Solutions Manual 4-13

Condition for an oblique asymptote is that the 5
52
highest power of g(x) must be one more than 2
the highest power of h(x). 25x 2 1 3x
Similarly, lim 5 2 52.
2x 1 3 x21x ( 3
)
2
xS2` 2x 2 5
3. a. lim
xS` x 2 1
5 lim
xS` 1
xx2x ( ) 2x 5 2 3x 2 1 5
d. lim 4 5 lim
x5 2 2 x3 1 x5 ( 3 5
)
xS` 3x 1 5x 2 4
1 1 2x
3
xS` 4 5 4
x 3 1 x3 2 x4 ( )
5 lim
xS`
12x
1
5 lim
(
x 2 2 x3 1 x5
3 5
)
5 4
( 3x)
lim 2 1
xS`
xS`
3 1 x3 2 x4
5
lim (1 2 x)
1 ( ( x3 1 x5 ))
lim x 2 2
xS`
3 5
xS` 5
lim (3 1 x 2 x )
5 4
210
5 xS`
3 4
120
lim (x) 3 lim (2 2 x 1 x )
52 3 5
3 5
2x 1 3 xS` xS`
Similarly, lim 5 2. 5
xS2` x 2 1
lim (3 1 x 2 x )
5 4
3 4
b. lim 2
2
5x 2 3
5 lim
x 5 2 x2
3
(
2
) 5 lim (x) 3
xS`
22010
xS` x 1 2 31020
xS` 2
x 1 1 x2
2
( ) 5`
xS`
3 2x 5 2 3x 2 1 5
5 2 x2 Similarly, lim 3x 4 1 5x 2 4 5 lim (x) 5 2 ` .
5 lim 2
xS2` xS`
xS`
1 1 x2 4. a. This function is discontinuous at x 5 25. The
numerator is non-zero at this point, so the function
( )
3
lim 5 2 x 2
xS`
has a vertical asymptote there. The behaviour of the
5 function near the asymptote is:
lim (1 1 )
2
2 x-values x x15 y lim y
xS` x xSc
520 x S 252 ,0 ,0 .0 1`
5
110 x S 25 1 ,0 .0 ,0 2`
55
5x 2 2 3 b. This function is discontinuous at x 5 2. The
Similarly, lim x 2 1 2 5 5.
xS2` numerator is non-zero at this point, so the function
c. lim
25x 2 1 3x
5 lim
x 2 25 1 x ( 3
) function near the asymptote is:
2
xS` 2x 2 5 xS` 2 5
x 2 2 x2 ( ) x-values x12 x22 f(x) lim f(x)
xSc
3 x S 22 ,0 ,0 ,0 2`
25 1 x
5 lim x S 21 .0 .0 .0 1`
5
xS`
2 2 x2
c. This function is discontinuous at t 5 3. The
xS`
( 3
lim 25 1 x ) numerator is non-zero at this point, so the function
5
lim (2 2 x )
2
xS` t-values 1 (t 2 3)2 s lim s
tSc
25 1 0 2
1`
5 xS3 .0 .0 .0
220 1
xS3 .0 .0 .0 1`

d. This function is discontinuous at x 5 3. At a point x, the difference between the function
x
However, the numerator also has value 0 there, y 5 x 1 4 and its asymptote y 5 1 is
since 32 2 3 2 6 5 0, so this function has no x x 2 (x 1 4)
vertical asymptotes. 215
x14 x14
e. The denominator of the function has value 0
4
when 52 .
(x 1 3)(x 2 1) 5 0 x14
When x is large and positive, this difference is
x 5 23 or x 5 1. The numerator is non-zero at these negative, which means that the curve approaches the
points, so the function has vertical asymptotes there. asymptote from below. When x is large and negative,
The behaviour of the function near the asymptotes is: this difference is positive, which means that the
x-values 6 x13 x21 f(x) lim f(x)
xSc
curve approaches the asymptote from above.
x S 232 .0 ,0 ,0 .0 1` 2x 2x
b. lim 2 5 lim
xS` x 2 1
x S 231 .0 .0 ,0 ,0 2`
xS` 2
x 12 2( 1
x )
2
xS1 .0 .0 ,0 ,0 2` 2
5 lim
( )
1
xS1 .0 .0 .0 .0 1` xS` 1
x 1 2 x2
f. This function is discontinuous when lim (2)
x2 2 1 5 0 5 xS`
(x 1 1)(x 2 1) 5 0
x 5 21 or x 5 1. The numerator is non-zero at these
(
lim x 1 2 x 2
xS`
1
)
points, so the function has vertical asymptotes there. lim (2)
xS`
The behaviour of the function near the asymptotes is: 5
x-values x2
x11 x21 y lim y
xSc
lim (x) 3 lim 1 2
xS` xS`
( 1
x2
)
x S 212 .0 ,0 ,0 .0 1`
1 1
5 lim 3
xS` x 120
x S 21 1 .0 .0 ,0 ,0 2`
50
x S 12 .0 .0 ,0 ,0 2` 2x
Similarly, lim x 2 2 1 5 0, so y 5 0 is a horizontal
x S 11 .0 .0 .0 .0 1` xS2`
asymptote of the function.
x x
5. a. lim 5 lim At a point x, the difference between the function
xS` x 1 4 xS` 4
x11x( ) 2x
f(x) 5 x 2 2 1 and its asymptote y 5 0 is x 2 2 1.
2x
1
5 lim 4 When x is large and positive, this difference is
xS`
11 positive, which means that the curve approaches the
x
lim (1) asymptote from above. When x is large and nega-
xS`
5 tive, this difference is negative, which means that
lim 1 1 x
xS`
( 4
) the curve approaches the asymptote from below.
5
1 3t 2 1 4
c. lim 2 5 lim
(
t2 3 1 t2
4
)
110 xS` t 2 1
51
xS` 2
( 1
t 1 2 t2 )
x 4
Similarly, lim x 1 4 5 1, so y 5 1 is a horizontal 3 1 t2
xS2` 5 lim 1
asymptote of the function. xS`
1 2 t2
( 4)
lim 3 1 t 2
xS`
5
lim (1 2 t )
1
2
xS`

310 To check for a horizontal asymptote:
5
120
53 lim
x23
5 lim
x12x ( 3
)
xS` x 1 5
3t 2 1 4
Similarly, lim t 2 2 1 5 3, so y 5 3 is a horizontal
xS2`
xS` 5
x11x ( )
3
asymptote of the function. 12x
5 lim 5
At a point x, the difference between the function xS`
11x
3t 2 14
g(t) 5 t 2 2 1 and its asymptote y 5 3 is
( 3x)
lim 1 2
3t 2 1 4 3t 2 1 4 2 3(t 2 2 1) 5 xS`
2 3 5
lim (1 1 x)
5
t2 2 1 t2 2 1
xS`
7
5 2 . 120
t 21 5
When x is large and positive, this difference is 110
positive, which means that the curve approaches 51
x23
the asymptote from above. When x is large and Similarly, lim x 1 5 5 1, so y 5 1 is a horizontal
xS2`
negative, this difference is positive, which means
that the curve approaches the asymptote from
At a point x, the difference between the function
above. x23
y 5 x 1 5 and its asymptote y 5 1 is
d. lim
3x 2 2 8x 2 7
5 lim
x2 3 2 2 2
x x
( 8 7
) x23
215
x 2 3 2 (x 1 5)
52
8
.
x24 x15 x15 x15
xS` xS`
x12x
4
( ) When x is large and positive, this difference is
5 lim
(8 7
x 3 2 x 2 x2 ) negative, which means that the curve approaches
the asymptote from below. When x is large and
4
xS`
12x negative, this difference is positive, which means
((
lim x 3 2 2 2
xS` x x
8 7
)) above.
y
5
6
)
lim 1 2 x
xS`
( 4
4
2
lim (x) 3 lim (3 2 2 )
8 7
2
x
x x
–10–8 –6 –4 –2 0
xS` xS`
5
–2
lim (1 2 x)
4
xS` –4
32020 –6
5 lim (x) 3
xS` 120
5` b. This function is discontinuous at x 5 22. Since
3x2 2 8x 2 7
Similarly, lim 5 lim (x) 5 2 `, so this the numerator is non-zero there, the function has a
xS` x24 xS`
function has no horizontal asymptotes. vertical asymptote at this point. The behaviour of
6. a. This function is discontinuous at x 5 25. the function near the asymptote is:
Since the numerator is not equal to 0 there, the x-values 5 (x 1 2)2 f(x) lim f(x)
xSc
function has a vertical asymptote at this point. The 2
xS2 .0 .0 .0 1`
behaviour of the function near the asymptote is:
xS2 1
.0 .0 .0 1`
x-values x23 x15 y lim y
xSc
x S 252 ,0 ,0 .0 1`
To check for a horizontal asymptote:
x S 25 1 ,0 .0 ,0 2`

5 5 So g(t) can be written in the form
lim 2 5 lim 2 g(t) 5 t 2 3
xS` (x 1 2) xS` x 1 4x 1 4
5 y
5 lim 8
xS` 2 4 4
x 1 1 x 1 x2 ( ) 6
lim (5) 4
xS`
5 2
x
xS`
( ( 2
lim x 1 1 x 1 x 2
4 4
)) –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2
lim (5)
xS` –4
5
–6
xS`
2
(
lim (x ) 3 lim 1 1 x 1 x 2
xS`
4 4
) –8
1 5
5 lim 2 3
xS` x 11010 d. This function is discontinuous when
50 x 2 2 3x 5 0
5 x(x 2 3) 5 0
Similarly, lim (x 1 2)2 5 0, so y 5 0 is a horizontal
xS2` x 5 0 or x 5 3
asymptote of the function. The numerator is non-zero at these points, so the
At a point x, the difference between the function function has vertical asymptotes at both of them. The
5 behaviour of the function near these asymptotes is:
f(x) 5 (x 1 2)2 and its asymptote y 5 0 is
x-values 21x 3 2 2x x x23 y lim y
5 xSc
(x 1 2)2
. When x is large and positive, this 2
xS0 .0 .0 ,0 ,0 .0 1`
difference is positive, which means that the curve xS0 1
.0 .0 .0 ,0 ,0 2`
approaches the asymptote from above. When x is
x S 32 .0 ,0 .0 ,0 .0 1`
large and negative, this difference is positive, which 1
xS3 .0 ,0 .0 .0 ,0 2`
means that the curve approaches the asymptote
from above. To check for horizontal asymptotes:
y (2 1 x)(3 2 2x) 22x 2 2 x 1 6
10 lim 5 lim
xS` x 2 2 3x xS` x 2 2 3x
8
6
5 lim
(
x 2 22 2 x 1 x 2
1 6
)
4
2
xS`
(
x2 1 2 x
3
)
x 1 6
22 2 x 1 x 2
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 5 lim
–2 3
xS`
12x
c. This function is discontinuous at t 5 5. However,
the numerator is equal to zero there, since
(
lim 22 2 1 2
xS` x x
1 6
)
5
52 2 2(5) 2 15 5 0, so this function has no vertical
asymptote. lim 1 2 x
xS`
( 3
)
To check for an oblique asymptote: 22 2 0 1 0
t23 5
120
t 2 5qt2 2 2t 2 15 5 22
t2 2 5t (2 1 x)(3 2 2x)
Similarly, lim 5 22, so y 5 22 is
x 2 2 3x
0 1 3t 2 15 xS2`
a horizontal asymptote of the function.
0 1 3t 2 15
01010

At a point x, the difference between the function c. x22
22x 2 2 x 1 6 2 3 2
x 1 2xqx 1 0x 1 0x 2 1
y5 and its asymptote y 5 22 is
x 2 2 3x
2 x3 1 2x2
22x 2 x 1 6 22x 2 2 x 1 6 1 2(x 2 2 3x)
1 2 5 2 2x2 1 0x 2 1
x 2 2 3x x 2 2 3x
27x 1 6 2 2x2 2 4x
5 2 . 4x 2 1
x 2 3x
When x is large and positive, this difference is So f(x) can be written in the form
negative, which means that the curve approaches the 4x 2 1
asymptote from below. When x is large and negative, f(x) 5 x 2 2 1 x 2 1 2x. Since
this difference is positive, which means that the curve
approaches the asymptote from above. 4x 2 1
lim 2 5 lim
x42
x
( 1
)
xS` x 1 2x
8
y xS` 2 2
x 11x ( )
6 1
42x
4 5 lim
2
x
xS`
( )
x11x
2
0
–8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 lim (4 2 x)
1
–2
xS`
–4 5
lim (x(1 1 ))
2
–6 x
xS`
–8
lim (4 2 )
1
xS`x
7. a. 3x 2 7 5
lim (x) 3 lim (1 1 x)
2
x 2 3q3x2 2 2x 2 17 xS` xS`
3x2 2 9x
5 lim a b 3
1 420
7x 2 17 xS` x 110
7x 2 21 5 0,
4 4x 2 1
and similarly lim x 2 1 2x 5 0, the line y 5 x 2 2 is
So f(x) can be written in the form xS2`
4 4 an asymptote to the function f(x).
f(x) 5 3x 2 7 1 . Since lim x 2 3 5 0 and
x23 xS`
4
d. x13
lim 5 0, the line y 5 3x 2 7 is an asymptote x2 2 4x 1 3qx3 2 x2 2 9x 1 15
xS` x 2 3
to the function f(x). x3 2 4x2 1 3x
b. x13 3x2 2 12x 1 15
2
2x 1 3q2x 1 9x 1 2 3x2 2 12x 1 9
2x2 1 3x 6
6x 1 2 So f(x) can be written in the form
6 6
6x 1 9 f(x) 5 x 1 3 1 x 2 2 4x 1 3. Since lim x 2 2 4x 1 3
xS`
27 6
and lim x 2 2 4x 1 3 5 0, the line y 5 x 1 3 is an
xS2`
So f(x) can be written in the form
asymptote to the function f(x).
7 7
f(x) 5 x 1 3 2 2x 1 3. Since lim 2x 1 3 5 0 and 8. a. At a point x, the difference between the
xS` 4
7 function f(x) 5 f(x) 5 3x 2 7 1 x 2 3 and its
lim 5 0, the line y 5 x 1 3 is an asymptote
xS2`2x 1 3 oblique asymptote y 5 3x 2 7 is
to the function f(x). 4 4
3x 2 7 1 x 2 3 2 (3x 2 7) 5 x 2 3. When x is

large and positive, this difference is positive, which x 2 1 3x 2 2 x 2 1 3x 2 2
means that the curve approaches the asymptote lim 2 5 lim 2
xS` (x 2 1) xS` x 2 2x 1 1
from above. When x is large and negative, this
difference is negative, which means that the curve
5 lim
( 3
x
2 )
x2 1 1
2
x 2
approaches the asymptote from below.
x (1 2 x 1 x )
xS` 2
2 1
b. At a point x, the difference between the function 2
7
f(x) 5 x 1 3 2 2x 1 3 and its oblique asymptote 3 2
1 1 x 2 x2
7
y 5 x 1 3 is x 1 3 2 2x 1 3 2 (x 1 3) 5 2 2x 1 3.
7 5 lim 2 1
xS`
1 2 x 1 x2
negative, which means that the curve approaches the
asymptote from below. When x is large and
( 3 2)
lim 1 1 2 2
xS` x x
5
lim (1 2 x 1 x )
negative, this difference is positive, which means 2 1
2
that the curve approaches the asymptote from above. xS`
9. a. This function is discontinuous at x 5 25. The 11020
5
numerator is non-zero at this point, so the function 12010
has a vertical asymptote there. The behaviour of the 51
function near the asymptote is: x 2 1 3x 2 2
Similarly, lim (x 2 1)2 5 1, so y 5 1 is a
xS`
x-values 3x 2 1 x15 f(x) lim f(x)
xSc horizontal asymptote of the function.
x S 25 2
,0 ,0 .0 1` c. This function is discontinuous when
x S 25 1
,0 .0 ,0 2` x2 2 4 5 0
x2 5 4
To check for a horizontal asymptote: x 5 6 2.
lim
3x 2 1
5 lim
x32x ( 1
) At x 5 2 the numerator is 0, since
22 1 2 2 6 5 0, so the function has no vertical
xS` x 1 5 xS` 5
x11x ( ) asymptote there. At x 5 22, however, the
numerator is non-zero, so the function has a vertical
1
32x asymptote there. The behaviour of the function
5 lim 5 near the asymptote is:
xS`
11x
lim h(x)
( 1)
lim 3 2 x
xS`
x-values x2 1 x 2 6 x2 2 4 h(x) xSc
5 x S 22 2
,0 .0 ,0 2`
lim (1 1 x)
5
x S 22 1 ,0 ,0 .0 1`
xS`
5
110
51 2
x 1x26
1
(
x2 1 1 2 x2
x
6
)
3x 2 1 lim 5 lim
Similarly, lim x 1 5 5 3, so y 5 3 is a horizontal x2 2 4
xS`
xS` xS` 4
x2 1 2 x2 ( )
asymptote of the function. 1 6
b. This function is discontinuous at x 5 1. The 1 1 x 2 x2
numerator is non-zero at this point, so the function 5 lim 4
xS`
1 2 x2
function near the asymptote is:
To check for a horizontal asymptote: (
lim 1 1 x 2 x 2
xS`
1 6
)
5
x-values
x S 12
x 2 1 3x 2 2 (x 2 1)2 g(x) lim g(x)
xSc
lim 1 2 x 2
xS`
( 4
)
.0 .0 .0 1`
x S 11 .0 .0 .0 1`

11020 Horizontal asymptote is at y 5 2 12.
5
120 2 (2x 1 5) 2 2(3 2 x) 211
51 f r(x) 5 5
(2x 1 5)2 (2x 1 5)2
x2 1 x 2 6 Since f r(x) 2 0, there are no maximum or
Similarly, lim 5 1, so y 5 1 is a
xS2` x 2 4
2
minimum points.
3
horizontal asymptote of the function. y-intercept, let x 5 0, y 5 5 5 0.6
d. This function is discontinuous at x 5 2. The 32x
numerator is non-zero at this point, so the function x-intercept, let y 5 0, 2x 1 5 5 0, x 5 3
has a vertical asymptote there. The behaviour of the f(x)
function near the asymptote is: 4
x-values 5x 2 2 3x 1 2 x22 m(x) lim m(x)

xSc 2
xS2 2
.0 ,0 ,0 2`
x
x S 21 .0 .0 .0 1`
–4 –2 0 2 4
–2
x 2 1 3x 2 2 x 2 1 3x 2 2
lim 2 5 lim 2
xS` (x 2 1) xS` x 2 2x 1 1
–4
5 lim
(
2 3 2
x 1 1 x 2 x2 )
b. This function is a polynomial, so it is continuous
xS` 2
( 2 1
x 1 2 x 1 x2 ) for every real number. It has no horizontal, vertical,
3 2 or oblique asymptotes.
1 1 x 2 x2 The y-intercept can be found by letting t 5 0, which
5 lim 2 1 gives y 5 210.
xS`
1 2 x 1 x2
hr(t) 5 6t 2 2 30t 1 36
Set hr(t) 5 0 and solve for t to determine the critical
( 3x 2 x2 )
lim 1 1
xS`
2 points.
5 6t 2 2 30t 1 36 5 0
lim (1 2 x 1 x )
2 1
xS`
2 t 2 2 5t 1 6 5 0
11020 (t 2 2)(t 2 3) 5 0
5 t 5 2 or t 5 3
12010
51
t t,2 t52 2,t,3 t53 t.3
x 2 1 3x 2 2
xS` h9(t) 1 0 2 0 1
horizontal asymptote of the function.
Graph Inc. Local Max Dec. Local Min Inc.
32x
10. a. f(x) 5
2x 1 5
The x-intercept cannot be easily obtained
Discontinuity is at x 5 22.5. algebraically. Since the polynomial function has a
32x
lim 2 5 2` local maximum when x 5 2, it must have an
xS225 2x 1 5
x-intercept prior to this x-value. Since f(0) 5 210
32x and f(1) 5 13, an estimate for the x-intercept is
lim 1 5 1`
xS225 2x 1 5 about 0.3.
Vertical asymptote is at x 5 22.5.
Horizontal asymptote:
32x 1
lim 52 ,
xS` 2x 1 5 2
32x 1
lim 52 .
xS2` 2x 1 5 2

h(t) y
24
20 4
16
12 2
8
x
4
t –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2 0 2 4 6
–2
c. This function is discontinuous when
x2 1 4 5 0 1
x 2 5 24 d. s(t) 5 t 1
t
This equation has no real solutions, however, Discontinuity is at t 5 0.
so the function is continuous everywhere.
lim at 1 b 5 1`
1
To check for a horizontal asymptote: tS0 1 t
20 20
lim 2 5 lim
lim2 at 1 b 5 2 `
xS` x 1 4
1
xS` 2
x 1 1 x2
4
( ) tS0 t
lim (20) Oblique asymptote is at s(t) 5 t.
5 xS` 1
sr(t) 5 1 2 2
( (
lim x 2 1 1 x 2
xS`
4
)) t
Let sr(t) 5 0, t 2 5 1
lim (20) t 5 61.
xS`
5 Local maximum is at (21, 22) and local minimum
lim (x 2 ) 3 lim 1 1 x 2
xS` xS`
( 4
) is at (1, 2).
1 20 21 , 0,
5 lim 2 3 t t , 21 t 5 21 t51 t.1
xS` x 110 t,0 t,1
50 s9(t) 1 0 2 2 0 1
20
Similarly, lim 2 5 0, so y 5 0 is a horizontal Increas- Local Decreas- Decreas- Local Increas-
xS2` x 1 4 Graph
ing Max ing ing Min ing
The y-intercept of this function can be found by s(t)
20 4
letting x 5 0, which gives y 5 0 2 1 4 5 5.
Since the
numerator of this function is never 0, it has no 2
x-intercept. The derivative can be found by rewriting
the function as y 5 20(x 2 1 4)21, then t
yr 5 220(x 2 1 4)21 (2x) –4 –2 0 2 4
40x –2
52 2
(x 1 4)2
Letting yr 5 0 shows that x 5 0 is a critical point of –4
the function.
x x,0 x50 x.0
y9 1 0 2
Local
Graph Inc. Dec.
Max

2x 2 1 5x 1 2 There is no vertical asymptote. The function is the
e. g(x) 5 straight line s 5 t 1 7, t $ 27.
x13
Discontinuity is at x 5 23. 10 s(t)
2x 2 1 5x 1 2 5 8
5 2x 2 1 1
x13 x13 6
Oblique asymptote is at y 5 2x 2 1. 4
lim 1 g(x) 5 1`, lim 2 g(x) 5 2 ` 2
xS23 xS23 t
(4x 1 5)(x 1 3) 2 (2x 2 1 5x 1 2) –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
gr(x) 5 –2
(x 1 3)2
2x 2 1 12x 1 13 a
5 11. a. The horizontal asymptote occurs at y 5 c .
(x 1 3)2
Let gr(x) 5 0, therefore, 2x 2 1 12x 1 13 5 0: b. The vertical asymptote occurs when cx 1 d 5 0
212 6 "144 2 104
d
or x 5 2 c .
x5
4
x 5 21.4 or x 5 24.6.
24.6 , 23 ,
t x , 24.6 24.6 23 x 5 1.4 x . 21.4
x , 23 x , 21.4
s9(t) 1 0 2 Undefined 2 0 1
Local Vertical Local

Graph Increasing Decreasing Decreasing Increasing
Max Asymptote Min
Local maximum is at (24.6, 210.9) and local

minimum is at (21.4, 20.7). 12. a. Since f is defined for all values of x, f r and f s
are also defined for all values of x. f has a horizontal
g(x)
16 asymptote at y 5 0. So f r and f s will have horizontal
asymptotes there. f has a local maximum at (0, 1) so
8 f r will be 0 when x 5 0. f has a point of inflection at
(20.7, 0.6) and (0.7, 0.6), so f s will be 0 at
x x 5 6 0.7. At x 5 0.7, f changes from concave up
–16 –8 0 8 16 to concave down, so the sign of f s changes from
positive to negative. At x 5 0.7, f changes from
–8 concave down to concave up, so the sign of f s
changes from negative to positive there. f is
–16 increasing for x , 0, so f r will be positive. f is
decreasing for x . 0, so f r will be negative. The
t 2 1 4t 2 21 graph of f is concave up for x , 20.7 and x . 0.7,
f. s(t) 5 , t $ 27 so f s is positive for x , 20.7 and x . 0.7. The
t23
(t 1 7)(t 2 3) graph of f is concave down for 20.7 , x , 0.7, so
5 f s is negative for 20.7 , x , 0.7.
(t 2 3)
Discontinuity is at t 5 3. Also, since f s is 0 at x 5 6 0.7, the graph of f r will
(t 1 7)(t 2 3) have a local minimum or local maximum at these
lim1 5 lim1 (t 1 7) points. Since the sign of f s changes from negative
xS3 (t 2 3) xS3
5 10 to positive at x 5 0.7, it must be a local minimum
lim2 (t 1 7) 5 10 point. Since the sign of f s changes from positive to
xS3 negative at x 5 20.7, it must be a local maximum
point.

y 13. a. If f(x) is increasing, then fr(x) . 0. From the
6 graph of fr, fr(x) . 0 for x , 0. If f(x) is decreas-
4 ing, then fr(x) , 0. From the graph of fr, fr(x) , 0
2 y = f''(x) for x . 0. At a stationary point, fr(x) 5 0. From the
x
graph, the zero of fr(x) occurs at (0, 0). At x 5 0,
–4 –2 0 2 4 The graph changes from positive to negative, so f
–2
–4 has a local maximum there. If the graph of f is con-
–6 cave up, fs (x) is positive. From the slope of fr, the
graph of f is concave up for x , 20.6 and x . 0.6.
If the graph of f is concave down, fs (x) is negative
b. Since f is defined for all values of x, f r and f s are
and concave down for 20.6 , x , 0.6. Graphs will
also defined for all values of x. f has a horizontal
vary slightly.
asymptote at y 5 0 so f r and f s will have a horizon-
tal asymptote there. f has a local maximum at An example showing the shape of the curve is
(1, 3.5) so f r will be 0 when x 5 1. f has a local min- illustrated.
imum at (21, 23.5) so f r will be 0 when x 5 21. y
f has a point of inflection at (21.7, 23), (1.7, 3) and 2
(90, 0) so f s will be 0 at x 5 6 1.7 and x 5 0. At 1
x
x 5 0, f changes from concave up to concave down,
–4 –2 0 2 4
so the sign of f s changes from positive to negative. –1
At x 5 21.7, f changes from concave down to con- –2
cave up, so the sign of f s changes from negative to
positive. At x 5 1.7, f changes from concave down b. If f(x) is increasing, then fr(x) . 0. From the
to concave up, so the sign of f s changes from nega- graph of fr, fs (x) . 0 for x , 1 and x . 5. If f(x)
tive to positive. f is decreasing for x , 21 and is decreasing, then fr(x) , 0. From the graph of fr,
x . 1, so f r will be negative. The graph of f is fr(x) , 0 for 1 , x , 3 and 3 , x , 5. At a sta-
concave up for 21.7 , x , 0 and x . 1.7, so f s is tionary point, fr(x) 5 0. From the graph, the zeros
positive for 21.7 , x , 0 and x . 1.7. The graph of fr(x) occur at x 5 1 and x 5 5. At x 5 1, the
of f is concave down for x , 21.7 and 0 , x , 1.7, graph changes from positive to negative, so f has a
so f s is negative for x , 21.7 and 0 , x , 1.7. local maximum there. At x 5 5, the graph changes
Also, since f s is 0 when x 5 0 and x 5 6 1.7, the from negative to positive, so f has a local minimum
graph of f r will have a local maximum or minimum there. If the graph of f is concave up, fs (x) is posi-
at these points. Since the sign of f s changes from tive. From the slope of fr, the graph is concave up
negative to positive at x 5 21.7, f r has a local mini- for x . 3. If the graph of f is concave down, fs (x)
mum at x 5 21.7. Since the sign of f s changes is negative. From the slope of fr, the graph of f is
from positive to negative at x 5 0, it must be a local concave down for x , 3. There is a vertical asymp-
maximum point. Since the sign of f s changes from tote at x 5 3 since fr is not defined there. Graphs
negative to positive at x 5 1.7, it must be a local will vary slightly. An example showing the shape of
minimum point. the curve is illustrated.
y y
8 4
6
y = f'(x)
4 2
2
x x
–4 –2 0 2 4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2
–2
–4

14. a. f(x) and r(x): lim f(x) and lim r(x) exist. x 2 1 2x 1 1 (x 1 1)(x 1 1)
xS` xS` lim 5 lim
b. h(x): the highest degree of x in the numerator is xS` x11 xS` (x 1 1)
exactly one degree higher than the highest degree of 5 lim (x 1 1)
xS`
x in the denominator. 5`
b. lim c d
c. h(x): the denominator is defined for all xPR. x2 1 1 x 2 1 2x 1 1
2
2x 2 3 xS` x 1 1 x11
f(x) 5 has vertical asymptotes at
(x 2 7)(x 1 2) x 2 1 1 2 x 2 2 2x 2 1
x 5 7 and x 5 22. f(22.001) 5 2110.99 so as 5 lim
xS` x11
x S 222, f(x) S 2 `
22x
f(21.999) 5 111.23 so as x S 22 1 , f(x) S ` 5 lim
xS` x 1 1
f(6.999) 5 111.12 so as x S 72, f(x) S `
f(7.001) 5 2111.10 so as x S 7 1 , f(x) S 2 ` 22
5 lim 1 5 22
f(x) has a horizontal asymptote at y 5 0. xS`
11x
g(x) has a vertical asymptote at x 5 3.
2x 2 2 2x
g(2.999) 5 23 974.009 so as x S 32, g(x) S ` 17. f(x) 5
x2 2 9
g(3.001) 5 224 026.009 so as x S 3 1 , g(x) S 2 `
Discontinuity is at x 2 2 9 5 0 or x 5 63.
By long division, h(x) 5 x 1 a 2 b so y 5 x
24x 2 1 lim1 f(x) 5 1`
x 11 xS3
is an oblique asymptote. lim f(x) 5 2 `

xS32
(x 1 3)(x 2 2) lim f(x) 5 2 `
r(x) 5 has vertical asymptotes at xS23 1
(x 2 4)(x 1 4)
lim f(x) 5 1`
x 5 24 and x 5 4. xS232
r(24.001) 5 750.78 so as x S 242, r(x) S ` Vertical asymptotes are at x 5 3 and x 5 23.
r(23.999) 5 2749.22 so as x S 24 1 , r(x) S 2 ` Horizontal asymptote:
r(3.999) 5 21749.09 so as x S 42, r(x) S 2 ` lim f(x) 5 2 (from below)
xS`
r(4.001) 5 1750.91 so as x S 4 1 , r(x) S `
lim f(x) 5 2 (from above)
r(x) has a horizontal asymptote at y 5 1. xS`
ax 1 5 Horizontal asymptote is at y 5 2.
15. f(x) 5 (4x 2 2)(x 2 2 9) 2 2x(2x 2 2 2x)
3 2 bx f r(x) 5
Vertical asymptote is at x 5 24. (x2 2 9)2
Therefore, 3 2 bx 5 0 at x 5 25. 4x 3 2 2x 2 2 36x 1 18 2 4x 3 1 4x 2
5
That is, 3 2 b(25) 5 0 (x 2 2 9)2
3 2x 2 2 36x 1 18
b5 . 5
5 (x 2 2 9)2
Horizontal asymptote is at y 5 23. Let f r(x) 5 0,
lim a b 5 23
ax 1 5 2x 2 2 36x 1 18 5 0 or x 2 2 18x 1 9 5 0.
18 6 "182 2 36
xS` 3 2 bx
5 x5
a1x 2
lim a b 5 lim ° 3 ¢ 5
ax 1 5 2a
x 5 0.51 or x 5 17.5
xS` 3 2 bx b
xS`
2b y 5 0.057 or y 5 1.83.
x
a Local maximum is at (0.51, 0.057) and local
But 2 b 5 23 or a 5 3b.
minimum is at (17.5, 1.83).
3
But b 5 5, then a 5 95.
23 , 0.51 , 3,
1 t 0.51 17.5 x . 17.5
2 x1x x , 0.51 x,3 x , 17.5
x 11
16. a. lim 5 lim 1 s9(t) 1 0 2 2 0 1
xS` x 1 1 xS`
11x
5` Graph
Increas- Local Decreas- Decreas-
Local Min Increasing
ing Max ing ing

f(x) 2. The slope of a general tangent to the graph
4 g(x) 5 2x 3 2 3x 2 2 12x 1 15 is given by
3 dg
5 6x 2 2 6x 2 12. We first determine values of
2 dx
1 dg
x for which dx 5 0.
x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 So 6x 2 2 6x 2 12 5 0
–1
–2 6(x 2 2 x 2 2) 5 0
–3 6(x 1 1)(x 2 2) 5 0
–4
x 5 21, x 5 2
dg
Since dx is defined for all values of x, and since
dg
50 only at x 5 21 and x 5 2, it must be either
dx
Mid-Chapter Review, pp. 196–197 positive or negative for all other values of x. Consider
1. a. the intervals between x , 21, 21 , x , 2, and
x . 2.
Value of x x , 21 21 , x , 2 x.2
Value of
dg dg dg
The function appears to be decreasing on (2 `, 2) dg
5 6x 2 2 6x 2 12 dx
.0
dx
,0
dx
.0
dx
and increasing on (2, ` ).
b. Slope of Tangents positive negative positive
y-values Increasing or
increasing decreasing increasing
Decreasing
3. y
8
The function appears to be increasing on (2 `, 0) 6 (3, 5)
and (2, ` ) and decreasing on (0, 2). 4
c. 2
(–2, 0) x
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2
–4
–6
–8
The function is increasing on (2 `, 23) and
(23, `). dy
d. 4. The critical numbers can be found when dx 5 0.
dy dy
a. dx 5 24x 1 16. When dx 5 0,
dy
5 24(x 1 4) 5 0
dx
x 5 24
The function appears to be decreasing on (2 `, 0)
and increasing on (0, `).

x*1 1*x*2 x+2
x21 2 1 1
x22 2 2 1
(x 2 1)(x 2 2) (2 )(2 ) 5 1 (1)(2 ) 5 2 (1)(1) 5 1
dy
.0 ,0 .0
dx
g(x) 5 2x 3 2 9x 2 1 12x increasing decreasing increasing
dy dy From the table above, x 5 1 is the local maximum

b. dx 5 x 3 2 27x. When dx 5 0,
and x 5 2 is the local minimum.
dy dg
5 x(x 2 2 27) 5 0 b. 5 3x 2 2 4x 2 4
dx dx
x 5 0, x 5 63"3 dg
dy dy To find the critical numbers, set 5 0.
c. dx 5 4x 3 2 8x. When dx 5 0, dx
dy 3x 2 2 4x 2 4 5 0
5 4x(x 2 2 2) 5 0 (3x 1 2)(x 2 2) 5 0
dx
2
x 5 0, x 5 6"2 x 5 2 or x 5 2
dy dy 3
d. dx 5 15x 4 2 75x 2 1 60. When dx 5 0, 2 2
x* 2 2 *x*2 x+2
dy 3 3
5 15(x 4 2 5x 2 1 4) 5 0
dx 3x 1 2 2 1 1
dy 2 2
5 15(x 2 2 1)(x 2 2 4) 5 0 x22 1
dx dg
1 2 1
x 5 61, x 5 62 dx
dy 2x(x 2 1 1) 2 (x 2 2 1)(2x) dy g(x) increasing decreasing increasing
e. dx 5 2
(x 1 1) 2 . When dx
5 0,
dy 2
the numerator equals 0. So dx 5 2x(x 2 1 1) 2 The function has a local maximum at x 5 2 and a
3
dy local minimum at x 5 2
(x 2 2 1)(2x) 5 0. After simplifying, dx 5 4x 5 0.
x50 df
dy (x 2 1 2) 2 x(2x) dy 6. 5 2x 1 k
f. 5 . When dx 5 0, the dx
dx (x 2 1 2)2
df
numerator equals 0. So after simplifying, To have a local minimum value, dx 5 0. This occurs
dy
dx
5 2x 2 1 2 5 0.
k
when x 5 2 2 . So f 2 2 5 1. ( k)
x 5 6"2 k2 k2
2 1251
dg 4 2
5. a. 5 6x 2 2 18x 1 12
dx k2
dg 2 1251
To find the critical numbers, set dx 5 0. So 4
6x 2 2 18x 1 12 5 0 k2
2 5 21
6(x 2 1)(x 2 2) 5 0 4
x 5 1, x 5 2 k2 5 4
k 5 62

7. fr(x) 5 4x 3 2 32 than 3. So f(x) approaches y 5 3 from below when
To find the critical numbers, set fr(x) 5 0. x is large and positive and approached y 5 3 from
4x 3 2 32 5 0 above when x is large and negative.
4(x 3 2 8) 5 0
x52
b. f(x) 5
x 2 1 3x 2 2
5
x2 1 1 x 2 x2 ( 3 2
)
(x 2 1)2 2 1
x*2 x+2 x2 1 2 x 1 x2 ( )
f9(x) 5 4x 3 2 32 2 1 3 2
f(x) decreasing increasing 5
(11x2x) 2
The function has a local minimum at x 5 2.

(1 2 2x 1 x1 ) 2
8. a. Since x 1 2 5 0 for x 5 22, x 5 22 is a

vertical asymptote. Large and positive to left of lim
(1 1 3x 2 x2 ) 5 (1 1 0 2 0)
2
xS1`
asymptote, large and negative to right of asymptote.
b. Since 9 2 x 2 5 0 for x 5 63, x 5 23 and
(1 2 2x 1 x1 ) (1 2 0 1 0)
2
x 5 3 are vertical asymptotes. For x 5 23: large 51

and negative to left of asymptote, large and positive So the horizontal asymptote is 1. Similarly, we
to right of asymptote. can prove lim f(x) 5 1. If x is large and positive,
c. Since 3x 1 9 5 0 for x 5 23, x 5 23 is a xS2`
10002 1 3 (1000) 2 2
vertical asymptote. Large and negative to left of for example, x 5 1000, f(x) 5 (1000 2 1)2
5
asymptote, large and positive to right of asymptote. 9 96 998
which is greater than 1. If x is large
10 02 001 ,
d. Since 3x 2 2 13x 2 10 5 0 when x 5 2 23 and
and negative, for example, x 5 21000,
x 5 5, x 5 2 23 and x 5 5 are vertical asymptotes. (21000)2 1 3 (21000) 2 2
For x 5 2 23 large and positive to left of asymptote, f(x) 5 2 5 109 9602998
001 , which is less
(21000 2 1)
large and negative to right of asymptote. For x 5 3: than 1. So f(x) approaches y 5 1 from above when x
large and positive to left of asymptote, large and is large and positive and approaches y 5 1 from
negative to right of asymptote. below when x is large and negative.
3xa1 2 3x b
1
10. a. Since (x 2 5)2 5 0 when x 5 5, x 5 5 is a
3x 2 1 vertical asymptote.
9. a. f(x) 5 5
x15
x a1 1 x b
5 x x
f(x) 5 5
(x 2 5)2 10 25
x 2 1 2 x 1 x2( )
3a1 2 b
1
3x 1
5 5
11x
5
( 10 25
x 1 2 x 1 x2 )
lim (1)
3 c lim 1 2 3x d
( 1) lim f(x) 5 xS15
5 1`
lim f(x) 5
xS2` xS15
lim x 1 2 ((
10
x
1
25
x2 ))
lim (1 1 x)
xS1` 5 xS15
xS2` This limit gets larger as it approaches 5 from the

3(1 2 0) right. Similarly, we can prove that the limit goes to
5 1` as it approaches 5 from the left. For example,
(1 1 0)
53 1
if x 5 1000 f(x) 5 25 , which
So the horizontal asymptote is y 5 3. Similarly, we 1000 Q 1 2 1000
10
1 1000 2R
can prove lim f(x) 5 3. If x is large and positive, gets larger as x gets larger. Thus, f(x) approaches
xS2`
for example, if x 5 1000, f(x) 5 2999

which is 1` on both sides of x 5 5.
1005 ,
smaller than 3. If x is large and negative, for exam- b. There are no discontinuities because x 2 1 9
never equals zero.
ple, if x 5 21000, f(x) 5 23001
2995 , which is larger

c. Using the quadratic formula, we find that t * 2.5198 t + 2.5198
x 2 2 12x 1 12 5 0 when x 5 6 6 2"6. So
1
x 5 6 6 2"6 are vertical asymptotes. 4
2 4t23 2 1
f(x) 5 2
x22
5
x12x( 2
) Sign of C9(t) 2 1
x 2 12x 1 12
(
x2 1 2 x 1 x2
12 12
) Behaviour of C(t) decreasing increasing
14. For f(x) the derivative function fr(0) 5 0 and

lim
xS1612"6
x12 ( 2
x ) fr(2) 5 0.
lim f(x) 5 . Therefore, f r(x) passes through (0, 0) and (2, 0).
xS1612"6
lim
xS1612"6
(
x 2 1 2 x 1 x2
12 12
) When x , 0, f(x) is decreasing, therefore,
f r(x) , 0.
This limit gets smaller as it approaches 6 1 2"6
When 0 , x , 2, f(x) is increasing, therefore,
from the right and get larger as it approaches
f r(x) . 0.
6 1 2"6 from the left. Similarly, we can show that
When x . 2, f(x) is decreasing, therefore,
the limit gets smaller as it approaches 6 2 2"6 from
f r(x) , 0.
the left and gets larger as it approaches from the right.
y
11. a. f r(x) . 0 implies that f(x) is increasing.
2
b. f r(x) , 0 implies that f(x) is decreasing.
12. a. h(t) 5 24.9t 2 1 9.5t 1 2.2 x
Note that h(0) 5 2.2 , 3 because when the diver –4 –2 0 2 4
dives, the board is curved down.
hr(t) 5 29.8t 1 9.5 –2
Set hr(t) 5 0
0 5 29.8t 1 9.5 –4
t 8 0.97
–6
0 * t * 0.97 t + 0.97
29.8t 1 9.5 1 2
15. a. f(x) 5 x 2 2 7x 2 18
Sign of h9(t) 1 2 i. f r(x) 5 2x 2 7
Behaviour of h(t) increasing decreasing Set f r(x) 5 0
0 5 2x 2 7
b. hr(t) 5 v(t) 7
x5
v(t) 5 29.8t 1 9.5 2
vr(t) 5 29.8 , 0 ii. 7 7
x* x+
The velocity is decreasing all the time. 2 2
t 2x 2 7 2 1
13. C(t) 5 1 2t 22
4 Sign of f9(x) 2 1
1
Cr(t) 5 2 4t 23 Behaviour of f(x) decreasing increasing
4
Set Cr(t) 5 0
1 7
0 5 2 4t 23 iii. From ii., there is a minimum at x 5 2.
f a b 5 a b 2 7a b 2 18
4 7 7 2 7
1
5 4t 23 2 2 2
4
fa b 5
7 49 49
t 3 5 16 2 2 18
2 4 2
t 8 2.5198
fa b 5 2
7 121
2 4

iv. y 0 5 8x 3 2 8x
10 0 5 8x(x 2 2 1)
5 0 5 8x(x 2 1)(x 1 1)
x
x 5 21 or x 5 0 or x 5 1
–4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
–5 ii.
–10 x * 21 21 * x * 0 0*x*1 x+1
–15
8x 2 2 1 1
–20
–25 x21 2 2 2 1
–30 x11 2 1 1 1
Sign of (2 )(2 )(2 ) (2 )(2 )(1) (1)(2 )(1) (1)(1)(1)

b. f(x) 5 22x 3 1 9x 2 1 3 f9(x) 52 51 52 51
i. f r(x) 5 26x 2 1 18x Behaviour
Set f r(x) 5 0 decreasing increasing decreasing increasing
of f(x)
0 5 26x 2 1 18x
0 5 26x(x 2 3) iii. From ii., there is a maximum at x 5 0 and
x 5 0 or x 5 3 minima at x 5 21 and x 5 1
ii. f(21) 5 2(21)4 2 4(21)2 1 2
x*0 0*x*3 x+3
f(21) 5 2 2 4 1 2
26x 1 2 2 f(21) 5 0
f(0) 5 2(0)4 2 4(0)2 1 2
x23 2 2 1 f(0) 5 2
Sign of f9(x) (1)(2 ) 5 2 (2 )(2 ) 5 1 (2 )(1) 5 2 f(1) 5 2(1)4 2 4(1)2 1 2
f(1) 5 2 2 4 1 2
Behaviour
of f(x)
decreasing increasing decreasing f(1) 5 0
iv. y
iii. From ii., there is a minimum at x 5 0 and a 3
maximum at x 5 3.
f(0) 5 22(0)3 1 9(0)2 1 3 2
f(0) 5 3
f(3) 5 22(3)3 1 9(3)2 1 3 1
f(3) 5 254 1 81 1 3
f(3) 5 30 x
iv. y –2 –1 0 1 2
35
–1
30
25
20 d. f(x) 5 x 5 2 5x
15 i. f r(x) 5 5x 4 2 5
10
Set f r(x) 5 0
0 5 5x 4 2 5
5
x 0 5 5(x 4 2 1)
–2 0 2 4 6 0 5 5(x 2 2 1)(x 2 1 1)
–5
0 5 5(x 2 1)(x 1 1)(x 2 1 1)
x 5 21 or x 5 1
c. f(x) 5 2x 4 2 4x 2 1 2
i. f r(x) 5 8x 3 2 8x
f r(x) 5 0

ii. x * 21 21 * x * 1 x+1
3 2 2x
17. a. lim
xS` 3x
5 1 1 1
3 2x
2 x
x21 2 2 1 x
5 lim 3x
xS`
x11 2 1 1 x
1 1 1
022
x2 1 1 5
3
Sign of (1)(2 )(2 )(1) (1)(2 )(1)(1) (1)(1)(1)(1) 2
f9(x) 51 52 51 52
3
Behaviour
increasing decreasing increasing x 2 2 2x 1 5
of f(x) b. lim 2
xS` 6x 1 2x 2 1
x2 2x 5
iii. From ii., there is a maximum at x 5 21 and a 2 21 2
x2 x x
minimum at x 5 1 5 lim 6x 2 2x 1
f(21) 5 (21)5 2 5(21)
xS`
x2
1 x2 2 x2
f(21) 5 21 1 5 12010
f(21) 5 4 5
61020
f(1) 5 (1)5 2 5(1) 1
f(1) 5 24 5
6
y 7 1 2x 2 2 3x 3
8 c. lim 3 2
xS` x 2 4x 1 3x
6
7 2x 2 3x 3
4 3 1 3 2
x3
2 5 lim xx 3 4xx
2 3x
x xS`
2 x3 1 x3
x3
–2 –1 0 1 2
–2 01023
5
–4 12010
–6 5 23
–8 5 1 2x 3
d. lim 4
xS` x 2 4x
5 2x 3
16. a. vertical asymptote: x 5 2 12, horizontal 4 2
x4
asymptote y 5 12; as x approaches 12 from the left, 5 lim xx 4 4x
xS`
graph approaches infinity; as x approaches 12 from 2 x4
x4
the right, graph approaches negative infinity. 020
b. vertical asymptote: x 5 22, horizontal asymp- 5
120
tote: y 5 1; as x approaches 22 from the left, graph 50
approaches infinity; as x approaches 22 from the
2 4
right, graph decreases to (20.25, 21.28) and then x 3 1 3x 2 1
5 lim ° x 1 4 ¢
2x 5 2 1 2 3
approaches to infinity. e. lim 4 2
xS` 3x 2 x 2 2 xS` 3 3x 2 x 2 2 2
c. vertical asymptote: x 5 23, horizontal asymp-
tote: y 5 21; as x approaches 23 from the left, 2 3
3x 14
3x
graph approaches infinity; as x approaches 23 from 4 1
2 4 4
2 x x x
the right, graph approaches infinity 5 lim x 1 lim 3x 4 x 2 2
xS` 3 xS`
d. vertical asymptote: x 5 24, no horizontal 2 x4 2 x4
x4
asymptote; as x approaches 24 from the left, graph 5`
increases to (27.81, 230.23) and then decreases to
24; as x approaches 24 from the right, graph
decreases to (20.19, 0.23) then approaches infinity.

x 2 1 3x 2 18 The local minimum is (5, 2105) and the local
f. lim maximum is (21, 20)
xS` (x 2 3)2
x 2 1 3x 2 18 25
5 lim 2 b. y 5 2
xS` x 2 6x 1 9 x 1 48
x2 3x 18 dy 50x
1 x2 2 x2 52 2
x2 dx (x 1 48)2
5 lim x 2 6x 9
xS` dy dy
x2
2 x2 1 x2 For critical values, solve dx 5 0 or dx does not exist.
11020 Since x 2 1 48 . 0 for all x, the only critical point is
5 Q 0, 48 R
25
12010
51 d 2y
5 250(x 2 1 48)22 1 100x(x 2 1 48)23 (2x)
x 2 2 4x 2 5 dx 2
g. lim
xS` x2 2 1 50 200x 2
x2
52 2 1
4x 5
2 x2 2 x2 (x 1 48)2 (x 2 1 48)3
x2
5 lim x 2 2
dy 50
xS` 1
2 x2 At x 5 0, dx 2 5 2 482 , 0. The point Q 0, 25
48 R is a
x2
12020
local maximum.
5 lim c. s 5 t 1 t 21
xS` 120
ds 1
51 5 1 2 2, t 2 0
dt t
h. lim a5x 1 4 2 b
7
ds
xS` x13 For critical values, we solve dt 5 0:
7 1
x 12 250
5 lim 5x 1 lim 4 2 lim x 3 t
xS` xS` xS`
1x t2 5 1
x
5` t 5 61.
4.4 Concavity and Points d 2s 2
5 3
dt 2 t
of Inflection, pp. 205–206 ds
2
At t 5 21, dt 5 22 , 0. The point (21, 22) is a

1. a. A: negative; B: negative; C: positive; D: positive
2
b. A: negative; B: negative; C: positive; D: negative ds
2. a. y 5 x 3 2 6x 2 2 15x 1 10 local maximum. At t 5 1, dt 2 5 2 . 0. The point
dy (1, 2) is a local minimum.
5 3x 2 2 12x 2 15 d. y 5 (x 2 3)3 1 8
dx
dy dy
For critical values, we solve dx 5 0: 5 3(x 2 3)2
dx
3x 2 2 12x 2 15 5 0
x 5 3 is a critical value.
x 2 2 4x 2 5 5 0
The critical point is (3, 8)
(x 2 5)(x 1 1) 5 0
d 2y
x 5 5 or x 5 21 5 6(x 2 3)
The critical points are (5, 2105) and (21, 20). dx 2
2 d 2y
dy At x 5 3, dx 2 5 0.
Now, 5 6x 2 12.
dx 2
2
The point (3, 8) is neither a relative (local)
dy maximum or minimum.
At x 5 5, dx 2 5 18 . 0. There is a local minimum
at this point. 3. a. For possible point(s) of inflection, solve
2
dy
d 2y
At x 5 21, dx 2 5 218 , 0. There is a local 5 0:
dx 2
maximum at this point. 6x 2 8 5 0
4
x5 .
Calculas and Vectors Solutions Manual
3
4-31
4 4 4 2
Interval x, x5 x. gs (x) 5 2 2
3 3 3 x3
f 0 (x) ,0 50 .0 gs (21) 5 2 1 2 5 4 . 0
Concave Point of Concave The curve lies above the tangent line at (21, 2).
Graph of f(x)
Down Inflection Up
w
!w 2 1 1
c. p(w) 5 at w 5 3
The point ( 43, 21420
27 ) is point of inflection. 1
b. For possible point(s) of inflection, solve p(w) 5 w(w 2 1 1)2
5 (w 2 1 1)2 1 wa2 b (w 2 1 1)2 (2w)

d 2y dp 1 1 3
5 0:
dx 2 dw 2
1 3
200x 2 2 50x 2 2 2400 5 0 5 (w 2 1 1)2 2 w 2 (w 2 1 1)2
150x 2 5 2400. d 2p 1 2 3
2 3
2 5 2 (w 1 1) (2w) 2 2w(w 1 1)
2 2
Since x 2 1 48 . 0: dw 2
x 5 64.
1 w 2 a b (w 2 1 1)2 (2w)
3 5
Interval x , 24 x 5 24 24 , x , 4 x54 x.4 2

d 2p 3 6 81
f 0 (x) .0 50 ,0 50 .0 At w 5 3, 2 5 2 2 10 !10 1
Graph of Concave Point of Concave Point of Concave
dw 10!10 100!10
f(x) Up Inflection Down Inflection Up 9
52 , 0.
100!10
( 24, 2564) and ( 4, 2564) are points of inflection.
The curve is below the tangent line at (3, 3
!10 ).
2
ds 3
c. 2 5 2 d. The first derivative is
dt t
(t 2 4)(2) 2 (2t)(1)
Interval t,0 t50 t.0 sr(t) 5
(t 2 4)2
f 0 (t) ,0 Undefined .0
Concave Concave 28
Graph of f(t) Undefined 5
Down Up (t 2 4)2
The graph does not have any points of inflection. The second derivative is
d. For possible points of inflection, solve (t 2 4)2 (0) 2 (28)2(t 2 4)1
ss (t) 5
d 2y (t 2 4)4
5 0:
dx 2 16
6(x 2 3) 5 0 5
(t 2 4)3
x 5 3.
16
Interval x,3 x53 x.3 So ss (22) 5
(22 2 4)3
f 0 (x) ,0 50 .0
Concave Point of Concave 16 2
Graph of f(x) 52 52
Down Inflection Up 216 27
(3, 8) is a point of inflection. Since the second derivative is negative at this point,
4. a. f(x) 5 2x 3 2 10x 1 3 at x 5 2 the function lies below the tangent there.
f r(x) 5 6x 2 2 10 5. For the graph on the left: i. f s (x) . 0 for x , 1
f s (x) 5 12x Thus, the graph of f(x) is concave up on x , 1.
f s (2) 5 24 . 0 f s (x) # 0 for x . 1. The graph of f(x) is concave
The curve lies above the tangent at (2, 21). down on x . 1.
1 ii. There is a point of inflection at x 5 1.
b. g(x) 5 x 2 2 at x 5 21
x
1
gr(x) 5 2x 1 2
x

iii. y For possible points of inflection, solve f s (x) 5 0:
12x 2 1 24x 5 0
y = f''(x) 12x(x 1 2) 5 0
x x 5 0 or x 5 22.
–1 0 1 2 3
Interval x , 22 x 5 22 22 , x , 0 x50 x.0
f 0 (x) .0 50 ,0 50 .0
y Graph Concave Point of Concave Point of Concave
4 y = f(x) of f(x) Up Inflection Down Inflection Up
3
The points of inflection are (22, 216) and (0, 0).
2
ii. If x 5 0, y 5 0.
1 For critical points, we solve fr(x) 5 0:
x
–2 –1 0 1 2 4x 3 1 12x 2 5 0
–1 4x 2 (x 1 3) 5 0
x 5 0 and x 5 23.
For the graph on the right: i. f s (x) . 0 for x , 0 or
Interval x , 23 x 5 23 23 , x , 0 x 5 0 x.0
x.2
The graph of f(x) is concave up on x , 0 or x . 2. f 9(x) ,0 50 .0 50 .0
The graph of f(x) is concave down on 0 , x , 2. Graph Decreasing Local Increasing Increasing
ii. There are points of inflection at x 5 0 and x 5 2. of f(x) Min
iii. y
If y 5 0, x 4 1 4x 3 5 0
y = f''(x) x 3 (x 1 4) 5 0
x 5 0 or x 5 24
x
The x-intercepts are 0 and 24.
–1 0 1 2 3
y
20
y 15
4 10
5
y = f(x) x
2
–4 –2 0 2
–5
x
0 –10
–2 2 4
–15
–2 –20
–25
6. For any function y 5 f(x), find the critical points,
i.e., the values of x such that fr(x) 5 0 or fr(x) does 4w 2 2 3
not exist. Evaluate f s (x) for each critical value. b. d. g(w) 5
w3
If the value of the second derivative at a critical 4 3
point is positive, the point is a local minimum. If 5 2 3, w 2 0
3 w
the value of the second derivative at a critical point 4 9
is negative, the point is a local maximum. i. gr(w) 5 2 2 1 4
w w
7. Step 4: Use the first derivative test or the second 9 2 4w 2
derivative test to determine the type of critical 5
w4
points that may be present.
8 36
8. a. f(x) 5 x 4 1 4x 3 gs (w) 5 3 2 3
i. fr(x) 5 4x 3 1 12x 2 w w
f s (x) 5 12x 2 1 24x 8w 2 2 36
5
w5

For possible points of inflection, we solve 9. The graph is increasing when x , 2 and when
gs (w) 5 0: 2 , x , 5.
8w 2 2 36 5 0, since w 5 2 0 The graph is decreasing when x . 5.
9 The graph has a local maximum at x 5 5.
w2 5
2 The graph has a horizontal tangent line at x 5 2.
3 The graph is concave down when x , 2 and when
w56
"2
. 4 , x , 7.
The graph is concave up when 2 , x , 4 and when
3 ,w ,
3 3 2 3 3 x . 7.
!2
, 3 w5
!2 !2 !2 !2
Interval w,2 w52 w.
!2
0 ,
w ,0 The graph has points of inflection at x 5 2, x 5 4,
g9(w) ,0 50 .0 ,0 0 .0 and x 5 7.
Graph Concave Point of Concave Concave Point of Concave The y-intercept of the graph is 24.
of g(w) Down Inflection Up Down Inflection Up
4 y
The points of inflection are (2 !2
3
, 2 8 !2
9 ) and
2
x
( 3
2 8 !2 ). –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
!2 , 9 –2
ii. There is no y-intercept. –4
3
The x-intercept is 6 !2.
For critical values, we solve gr(w) 5 0: 10. f(x) 5 ax 3 1 bx 2 1 c
9 2 4w 2 5 0 since w 4 2 0 f r(x) 5 3ax 2 1 2bx
3 f s (x) 5 6ax 1 2b
w56 . Since (2, 11) is a relative extremum,
2
f(2) 5 12a 1 4b 5 0.
3 ,0,
Interval w,2
3
w52
3 2 , 3 w5
3
w.
3 Since (1, 5) is an inflection point,
2 w,
2 2
w ,0 2
2 2 f s (1) 5 6a 1 2b 5 0.
g9(w) ,0 50 .0 .0 0 ,0 Since the points are on the graph, a 1 b 1 c 5 5 and
Graph Decreasing Local
Increasing Increasing
Local
Decreasing
8a 1 4b 1 c 5 11
of g(w) Down Min Max 7a 1 3b 5 6
4w 2 2 3 4w 2 2 3 9a 1 3b 5 0
lim2 5 `, lim 5 2` 2a 5 26
wS0 w3 wS0 1 w3
a 5 23
lim a 2 3 b 5 0, lim a 2 3 b 5 0
4 3 4 3 b59
wS2` w w wS` w w c 5 21.
Thus, y 5 0 is a horizontal asymptote and x 5 0 is Thus, f(x) 5 23x 3 1 9x 2 2 1.
a vertical asymptote. y (2, 11)
y 10
4 8
3 6
(1, 5)
2 4
1 2
x x
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–1 –2
–2
1
–3 11. f(x) 5 (x 1 1)2 1 bx 21
–4 1 1
fr(x) 5 (x 1 1)2 2 bx 22
2
1 3
f s (x) 5 2 (x 1 1)2 1 2bx 23
4

Since the graph of y 5 f(x) has a point of inflection When x 5 0, y 5 0.
at x 5 3: x(x 2 2 2x 1 4) x3 (x 2 1)2 1 34
1 3 2b Also, y 5 x 24
2 5 x2 2 4
.
2 (4)2 1 50
4 27 Since (x 2 1)2 1 3 . 0, the only x-intercept
1 2b is x 5 0.
2 1 50 8x 2 8
32 27 Since lim x 2 2 4 5 0, the curve approaches the
27 xS`
b5 . value x 2 2 as x S `. This suggests that the line
64
12. f(x) 5 ax 4 1 bx 3 y 5 x 2 2 is an oblique asymptote. It is verified by
fr(x) 5 4ax 3 1 3bx 2 the limit lim 3x 2 2 2 f(x)4 5 0. Similarly, the
xS`
f s (x) 5 12ax 2 1 6bx curve approaches y 5 x 2 2 as x S 2 `.
For possible points of inflection, we solve dy 8(x 2 2 4) 2 8(x 2 1)(2x)
f s (x) 5 0: 511
dx (x2 2 4)2
12ax 2 1 6bx 5 0 2
8(x 2 2x 1 4)
6x(2ax 1 b) 5 0 512
(x 2 2 4)2
b
x 5 0 or x 5 2 . dy
We solve dx 5 0 to find critical values:
2a
The graph of y 5 f s (x) is a parabola with 8x 2 2 16x 1 32 5 x 4 2 8x 2 1 16
b x 4 2 16x 2 2 16 5 0
x-intercepts 0 and 2 2a.
x 2 5 8 1 4"5 ( 8 2 4"5 is
We know the values of f s (x) have opposite signs
inadmissible)
when passing through a root. Thus at x 5 0 and at
x 8 64.12.
b
x 5 2 2a, the concavity changes as the graph goes lim y 5 ` and lim y 5 2 `
xS` xS2`
through these points. Thus, f(x) has points of
b x, x5 24.12 22 , x 2,x x5 x.
inflection at x 5 0 and x 5 2 2a. To find the Interval
24.12 24.12 , x , 2 , 2 24.12 4.12 4.12
x-intercepts, we solve f(x) 5 0
x 3 (ax 1 b) 5 0 dy
.0 50 ,0 ,0 ,0 0 .0
dx
b
x 5 0 or x 5 2 . Graph Increas- Local Decreas- Decreas- Decreas- Local Increas-
a of y
The point midway between the x-intercepts has ing Max ing ing ing Min ing
b
x-coordinate 2 2a.
y
The points of inflection are (0, 0) and 8
4
(22ab , 216ab ).
3 x
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
x 3 2 2x 2 1 4x 8x 2 8 –4
13. a. y 5 x2 2 4
5 x 2 2 1 x2 2 4 (by
–8
division of polynomials). The graph has discontinu-
–12
ities at x 5 62.
–16
lim ax 2 2 1 2 b 5 2`
8x 2 8
∂
xS222 x 24 b. Answers may vary. For example, there is a sec-
lim ax 2 2 1 2 b 5 2`
8x 2 8 tion of the graph that lies between the two sections
xS22 1 x 24 of the graph that approach the asymptote.
14. For the various values of n, f(x) 5 (x 2 c)n
lim ax 2 2 1 b 5 2`
8x 2 8
has the following properties:
∂
xS222 x2 2 4
lim 1 ax 2 2 1 2 b 5 2`
8x 2 8
xS22 x 24

n n51 n52 n53 n54 4. a. y 5 x 3 2 9x 2 1 15x 1 30
f9(x) 1 2(x 2 c) 3(x 2 c)2 4(x 2 c)3 We know the general shape of a cubic
f99(x) 0 2 6(x 2 c) 12(x 2 c)2
polynomial with leading coefficient positive. The
local extrema will help refine the graph.
Infl. Pt. None None x5c x5c
dy
5 3x 2 2 18x 1 15
It appears that the graph of f has an inflection point dx
dy
at x 5 c when n $ 3. Set dx 5 0 to find the critical values:
3x 2 2 18x 1 15 5 0
4.5 An Algorithm for Curve x 2 2 6x 1 5 5 0
Sketching, pp. 212–213 (x 2 1)(x 2 5) 5 0
x 5 1 or x 5 5.
1. A cubic polynomial that has a local minimum The local extrema are (1, 37) and (5, 5).
must also have a local maximum. If the local mini- y (1, 37)
mum is to the left of the local maximum, then 30
(3, 21)
f(x) S 1` as x S 2 ` and f(x) S 2 ` as x S 1` .
15
If the local minimum is to the right of the local
maximum, then f(x) S 2 ` as x S 2 ` and (5, 5) x
–2 0 2 4 6 8 10
f(x) S 1` as x S 1` .
2. Since each local maximum and minimum of a –15
function corresponds to a zero of its derivative, the –30
number of zeroes of the derivative is the maximum
number of local extreme values that the function b. f(x) 5 4x 3 1 18x 2 1 3
can have. For a polynomial of degree n, the deriva- The graph is that of a cubic polynomial with
tive has degree n 2 1, so it has at most n 2 1 leading coefficient negative. The local extrema
zeroes, and thus at most n 2 1 local extremes. A will help refine the graph.
polynomial of degree three has at most 2 local dy
extremes. A polynomial of degree four has at most 5 12x 2 1 36x
dx
3 local extremes. dy
3. a. This function is discontinuous when To find the critical values, we solve dx 5 0:
x 2 1 4x 1 3 5 0 212x(x 2 3) 5 0
(x 1 3)(x 1 1) 5 0 x 5 0 or x 5 3.
x 5 23 or x 5 21. Since the numerator is non-zero The local extrema are (0, 3) and (3, 57).
at both of these points, they are both equations of d 2y
vertical asymptotes. 5 224x 1 36
dx 2
b. This function is discontinuous when The point of inflection is ( 32, 30) .
x 2 2 6x 1 12 y
6 6 "(26)2 2 4(1)(12) 60 (3, 57)
x5
2(1) 45
6 6 "212
5 30
2 ( 3 , 30)
2
This equation has no real solutions, so the function 15
has no vertical asymptotes. x
c. This function is discontinuous when –2 0 2 4 6 8 10
x 2 2 6x 1 9 5 0
(x 2 3)2 5 0
x 5 3. Since the numerator is non-zero at
this point, it is the equation of a vertical asymptote.

1 The critical values are x 5 22, 2, 3.
c. y 5 3 1
(x 1 2)2 f s (x) 5 12x 2 2 24x 2 16
Since f s (22) 5 80 . 0, (22, 280) is a local
1 minimum.
We observe that y 5 3 1 (x 1 2)2 is just a
Since f s (2) 5 216 , 0, (2, 48) is a local maximum.
1 Since f s (3) 5 20 . 0, (3, 45) is a local minimum.
translation of y 5 x 2. The graph has x-intercepts 0 and 23.2
1 The points of inflection can be found by solving
The graph of y 5 x 2 is
1 f s (x) 5 0:
The reference point (0, 0) for y 5 x 2 becomes the 3x 2 2 6x 2 4 5 0
1 6 6 "84
point (22, 3) for y 5 3 1 (x 1 2)2. The vertical x5
6
asymptote is x 5 22, and the horizontal asymptote 1 5
is y 5 3. x 8 2 or .
y 2 2
3 y (2, 48)
2 40 (3, 45)
1
x 20
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
–1
–2 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–20
–3
–40
dy 2
5 2 (x 1 2)3, hence there are no critical points. –60
dx
d 2y 6
5 (x 1 2)4 . 0, hence the graph is always –80
dx 2 (–2, –80)
concave up.
y 2x
e. y 5
8 2
x 2 25
There are discontinuities at x 5 25 and x 5 5.
lim2 a 2 b 5 2 ` and lim1 a 2 b5`
4 2x 2x
xS5 x 2 25 S25 x 2 25
x
lim2 a 2 b 5 2 ` and lim1 a 2 b5`
2x 2x
–4 –2 0 2 4 xS5 x 2 25 S25 x 2 25
–4 x 5 25 and x 5 5 are vertical asymptotes.
dy 2(x 2 2 25) 2 2x(2x) 2x 2 1 50
5 5 2 (x 2 2 25)2 , 0 for
dx (x 2 2 25)2
–8
all x in the domain. The graph is decreasing
throughout the domain.
d. f(x) 5 x 4 2 4x 3 2 8x 2 1 48x
We know the general shape of a fourth degree poly- 2
lim a 2 b 5 lim ° 25 ¢
2x x
nomial with leading coefficient positive. The local
y 5 0 is a
∂
xS` x 2 25
extrema will help refine the graph. xS`
1 2 x2
50 horizontal
f r(x) 5 4x 3 2 12x 2 2 16x 1 48 2 asymptote.
lim ° 25 ¢ 5 0
For critical values, we solve fr(x) 5 0 x
x 3 2 3x 2 2 4x 1 12 5 0. xS2`
1 2 x2
Since f r(2) 5 0, x 2 2 is a factor of fr(x).
The equation factors are
(x 2 2)(x 2 3)(x 1 2) 5 0.

d 2y 4x(x 2 2 25)2 2 (2x 2 1 50)(2)(x2 2 25)(2x) 1
Similarly, lim x 2 2 4x 5 0, so y 5 0 is a horizontal
5 2
dx 2 (x 2 2 25)4 xS`
4x 3 1 300x 4x(x 2 1 75) Since y 5 0 and x 5 0 are both asymptotes of the
5 5
(x 2 2 25)3 (x 2 2 25)3 function, it has no x- or y- intercepts.
There is a possible point of inflection at x 5 0. The derivative is
x , 25 25 , x , 0 x50 0,x,5 x.5
(x 2 2 4x) 2 (1)(2x 2 4)
Interval fr(x) 5
2
(x 2 2 4x)2
dy
,0 .0 50 ,0 .0 4 2 2x
dx2
5 2 , and the second derivative is
Graph Concave Point of Concave Point of Concave (x 2 4x)2
of y Down Up Inflection Down Up
(x 2 2 4x)2 (22) 2 (4 2 2x)(2(x 2 2 4x)(2x 2 4))
f s (x) 5
y (x 2 2 4x)4
3 22x 2 1 8x 1 8x 2 2 32x 1 32
2 5
(x 2 2 4x)3
1
x 6x 2 2 24x 1 32
5
–12 –8 –4 0 4 8 12 (x 2 2 4x)3
–1
Letting f r(x) 5 0 shows that x 5 2 is a critical
–2
point of the function. The inflection points can be
–3
found by letting f s (x) 5 0, so
2(3x 2 2 12x 1 16) 5 0
12 6 "(212)2 2 4(3)(16)
f. This function is discontinuous when
x 2 2 4x 5 0 x5
x(x 2 4) 5 0 2(3)
x 5 0 or x 5 4. The numerator is non-zero at these 12 6 "248
5
points, so the function has vertical asymptotes at 6
both of them. The behaviour of the function near This equation has no real solutions, so the graph of
these asymptotes is: f has no inflection points.
x-values 1 x x24 f(x
x) lim f(x)
xSc
x x*0 0*x*2 x50 2*x*4 x+4
x S 02 .0 ,0 ,0 .0 1`
fr(x) 1 1 0 2 2
xS0 1
.0 .0 ,0 ,0 2`
Graph Inc. Inc. Local Max Dec. Dec.
x S 42 .0 .0 ,0 ,0 2`
fs (x) 1 2 2 2 1
xS4 1
.0 .0 .0 .0 1`
Concavity Up Down Down Down Up
y
1 1 8
lim 2 5 lim
xS` x 2 4x 6
x 124
xS` 2
( )
x
4
lim (1)
xS` 2
5 x
lim x 2 1 2 4
( (
xS` x)) –4 –2 0
–2
2 4 6 8 10 12
lim (1) –4
xS`
5 –6
lim (x ) 3 lim 1 2 4
2
( )
xS` xS` x –8
1 1
5 lim 2 3
xS` x 110
50

6x 2 2 2 The x-axis is a horizontal asymptote.
g. y 5 y
x3
8
6 2
5 2 3 4
x x x
There is a discontinuity at x 5 0. –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
6x 2 2 2 6x 2 2 2 –4
lim2 5 ` and lim 5 2` –8
xS0 x3 xS0 1 x3
The y-axis is a vertical asymptote. There is no –12
y-intercept. The x-intercept is a vertical asymptote. x13
1
There is no y-intercept. The x-intercept is 6 !3 . h. y 5
x2 2 4
dy 6 6 26x 2 1 6 There are discontinuities at x 5 22 and at x 5 2.
52 21 45
lim a 2 b5` and lim2 a 2 b 5 2`
x13 x13
dx x x x4
dy xS222 x 2 4 xS2 x 24
dx
50 when 6x 2 5 6
lim a b 5 2 ` and lim2 a 2 b5`
x13 x13
x 5 61
xS22 x2 2 4 xS2 x 24
Interval x , 21 x 5 21 21 , x , 0 0 , x , 1 x 5 1 x.1 There are vertical asymptotes at x 5 22 and x 5 2.
dy
,0 50 .0 .0 50 ,0 When x 5 0, y 5 2 34. The x-intercept is 23.
dx
dy (1)(x 2 2 4) 2 (x 1 3)(2x)
Graph of Decreas- Local
Local Decreas- 5
y 5 f(x) ing Min Max ing dx (x 2 2 4)2
2x 2 2 6x 2 4
There is a local minimum at (21, 24) and a local 5
(x 2 2 4)2
maximum at (1, 4). dy
d 2y 12 24 12x 2 2 24 For critical values, we solve dx 5 0:
5 5 5 x 2 1 6x 1 4 5 0
dx 2 x3 x3 x3
d 2y
For possible points of inflection, we solve dx 2 5 0 6 6 "36 2 16
x52
(x 3 2 0): 2
12x 2 5 24 5 23 6 "5
8 25.2 or 20.8.
x 5 6"2.
x, x 5 25.2 , 22 , x 5 20.8 ,
x, x, 2 !2 , 0, Interval x.2
x 5 !2 x . !2
2 !2 2 !2 x , !2
Interval 25.2 25.2 x , 22 x , 20.8 20.8 x , 2
x,0
dy
d2y ,0 50 .0 .0 50 ,0 ,0
,0 50 .0 ,0 50 .0 dx
dx2
Graph Decreas- Local Increas- Increas- Local Decreas- Decreas-
Graph of Concave Point of Concave Concave Point of Convave of y ing Min ing ing Max ing ing
y 5 f(x) Down Inflection Up Down Inflection Up
1 3
There are points of inflection at (2"2, 2 !2
5
) 1 x2
lim y 5 lim ° x
4 ¢ 50
and ("2, 5
!2 ). xS` xS`
12 2
x
6 2 1 3
2 3 1 x2
lim ° 4 ¢ 50
6x 2 2 2 x
lim 3 5 lim x x 5 0
xS` x xS` 1 xS`
1 2 x2
6 2
x
2 x3
lim 50
x52` x

The x-axis is a horizontal asymptote. d 2y
For x , 1, dx 2 , 0 and y is always concave down.
y
2.0 d 2y
For, x . 1, dx 2 . 0 and y is always concave up.
1.0 The line y 5 x 2 2 is an oblique asymptote.

y
8
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 6
(3, 3)
4
–1.0
2
x
–2.0 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2
–4
x 2 2 3x 1 6 (–1, –5)
i. y 5 –6
x21 –8
4
5x221
x21 j. This function is continuous everywhere, so it has
x22 no vertical asymptotes. It also has no horizontal
x 2 1qx2 2 3x 1 6 asymptote, because
2 2
x2 2 x lim (x 2 4)3 5 ` and lim (x 2 4)3 5 `.
xS` xS2`
22x 1 6
The x-intercept of the function is found by letting
22x 1 2 f(x) 5 0, which gives
4 2
(x 2 4)3 5 0
There is a discontinuity at x 5 1.
x54
lim2 a b 5 2`
x 2 2 3x 1 6
The y-intercept is found by letting x 5 0, which
xS1 x21 2
gives f(0) 5 (0 2 4)3 8 2.5.
lim1 a b5`
x 2 2 3x 1 6
The derivative of the function is
xS1 x21 1
Thus, x 5 1 is a vertical asymptote. f r(x) 5 ( 23) (x 2 4)23 and the second derivative is
4
The y-intercept is 26. f s (x) 5 ( 2 29) (x 2 4)23. Neither of these derivatives
There are no x-intercepts (x 2 2 3x 1 6 . 0 for all has a zero, but each is undefined for x 5 4, so it is a
x in the domain). critical value and a possible point of inflection.
dy 4
512 x,4 x54 x.4
dx (x 2 1)2 x
dy 2
For critical values, we solve 5 0: f9(x) Undefined 1
dx
4 Dec. Local Min Inc.
12 50 Graph
(x 2 1)2
f99(x) 2 Undefined 2
(x 2 1)2 5 4
x 2 1 5 62 Concavity Down Undefined Down
x 5 21 or x 5 3.
21 , 1, y
Interval x , 21 x 5 21 x53 x.3
x,1 x,3 5
dy 4
.0 50 ,0 ,0 50 .0
dx
3
Graph Increas- Local Decreas- Decreas- Local Increas-
of y ing Max ing ing Min ing
2
1
x
d 2y 8
5 0 2 4 6 8 10
d 2x (x 2 1)3 –1

5. a. j.
b. 6. y 5 ax 3 1 bx 2 1 cx 1 d
Since (0, 0) is on the curve d 5 0:
dy
5 3ax 2 1 2bx 1 c
dx
dy
At x 5 2, 5 0.
dx
c. Thus, 12a 1 4b 1 c 5 0.
Since (2, 4) is on the curve, 8a 1 4b 1 2c 5 4
or 4a 1 2b 1 c 5 2.
d 2y
5 6ax 1 2b
dx 2
d. d 2y
Since (0, 0) is a point of inflection, dx 2 5 0 when
x 5 0.
Thus, 2b 5 0
b 5 0.
Solving for a and c:
e. 12a 1 c 5 0
4a 1 c 5 2
8a 5 22
1
a52
4
c 5 3.
f. 1
The cubic polynomial is y 5 2 x 3 1 3x.
4
The y-intercept is 0. The x-intercepts are found by
setting y 5 0:
1
2 x(x 2 2 12) 5 0
g. 4
x 5 0, or x 5 62"3.
Let y 5 f(x). Since f(2x) 5 14 x 3 2 3x 5 2f(x),
f(x) is an odd function. The graph of y 5 f(x) is
symmetric when reflected in the origin.
y
h. 4
3
2
1
x
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
i. –1
–2
–3
–4

7. a. Answers may vary. For example: k 1
2x
lim a 2 2 b 5 lim ° k2 ¢50
y k2x x2
8 xS` k 1 x xS`
1 1
x2
6
k 1
4 2 2
2 lim ° 2 x ¢ 5 0
x
xS` k
x 11
x2
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 Hence, the x-axis is a horizontal asymptote.
–2
–4 y
3
–6
2
–8
1
x
b. Answers may vary. For example: –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–1
y
8 –2
6 –3
4 1 2
2 9. g(x) 5 x3 (x 1 3)3
x There are no discontinuities.
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
gr(x) 5 x3 (x 1 3)3 1 x3 a b (x 1 3)3 (1)
1 2 2
–2
2 1 1
–4 3 3
x 1 3 1 2x 3(x 1 1)
–6 5 32 1 5 2 1
–8
3x (x 1 3)3 3x3 (x 1 3)3
x11
5 32 1
3x (x 1 3)3
k2x gr(x) 5 0 when x 5 21.
8. f(x) 5
k2 1 x2 gr(x) doesn’t exist when x 5 0 or x 5 23.
There are no discontinuities.
1 Interval x , 23 x 5 23
23 , x 21 , x
The y-intercept is k and the x-intercept is k. x 5 21 x50 x,0
, 21 ,0
(21)(k 2 1 x 2 ) 2 (k 2 x)(2x) Does Does
fr(x) 5 g2 (x) .0 not ,0 50 .0 not .0
(k 2 1 x 2 )2
Exist Exist
x 2 2 2kx 2 k 2
5 Graph Increas- Local Decreas- Local Increas- Increas-
(k 2 1 x 2 )2 of g(x) ing Max ing Min ing ing
For critical points, we solve f r(x) 5 0:
x 2 2 2kx 2 k 2 5 0 There is a local maximum at (23, 0) and a local
x 2 2 2kx 2 k 2 5 2k 2 minimum at (21, 21.6). The second derivative is
(x 2 k)2 5 2k 2 algebraically complicated to find.
x 2 k 5 6"2k 23 ,
x 5 (1 1 "2 )k or x 5 (1 2 "2 )k.

x,0
Does Not Does Not
g0 (x) .0 .0 .0
Exist Exist
x, x5 20.41k , x5 x.
Interval
20.41k 0.41k x , 2.41k 2.41k 2.41k Graph Concave Concave Point of Concave
Cusp
g0 (x) Down Up Inflection Down
f(x) .0 ,0 ,0 50 .0
Graph Local Local
Increasing Decreasing Increasing
of f(x) Max Min

y b. g(t) 5 "t 2 1 4t 2 "t 2 1 t
6
4 ("t 2 1 4t 2 "t 2 1 t)("t 2 1 4t 1 "t 2 1 t)
5
2 "t2 1 4t 1 "t2 1 t
x 3t
–6 –4 –2 0 5
"t 1 4t 1 "t 2 1 t
2 4 6
–2 2
–4 3t
(1, 1.6) 5
0t0 1 1 1 0t0 1 1
–6 4 1
Ä t Ä t
x lim g(t) 5 3 5 32, since 0 t 0 5 t for t . 0
!x 1 1
10. a. f(x) 5 2 xS`
x lim g(t) 5 21 32 1 5 2 32, since 0 t 0 5 2t for t , 0

5 xS2`
0x0 1 1 2
1 y 5 32 and y 5 2 32 are horizontal asymptotes.
Ä x
x 11. y 5 ax 3 1 bx 2 1 cx 1 d
lim f(x) 5 lim , since x . 0 dy
xS` xS` 1 5 3ax 2 1 2bx 1 c
Ä
x 11 2 dx
x
5 6ax 1 2b 5 6aax 1 b
d 2y b
1
5 lim dx 2 3a
xS` 1 d 2y
Ä
11 2 For possible points of inflection, we solve dx 2 5 0:
x
b
51 x52 .
y 5 1 is a horizontal asymptote to the right-hand 3a
branch of the graph. d 2y
The sign of dx 2 changes as x goes from values less
, since 0 x 0 5 2x
x
lim f(x) 5 lim b b
xS2` xS2` 1 than 2 3a to values greater than 2 3a. Thus, there is a
Ä
2x 1 1 2
x b
point of inflection at x 5 2 3a.
for x , 0
5 3aa2 b 1 2ba2 b 1 c
x b dy b 2 b
5 lim At x 5 ,
xS2` 1 3a dx 3a 3a
Ä
2 11 2 b2
x 5c2 .
3a
5 21
y 5 21 is a horizontal asymptote to the left-hand Review Exercise, pp. 216–219
branch of the graph.
y 1. a. i. x , 1
2 ii. x . 1
iii. (1, 20)
1 b. i. x , 23, 23 , x , 1, x . 6.5
ii. 1 , x , 3, 3 , x , 6.5
x iii. (1, 21), (6.5, 21)
–2 –1 0 1 2 2. No. A counter example is sufficient to justify the
conclusion. The function f(x) 5 x 3 is always
–1
increasing yet the graph is concave down for x , 0
and concave up for x . 0.
–2

y (7 2 x)(1 1 x)
5
4 (x 2 1 7)2
2
Since x 1 7 . 0 for all x, the only critical values
2 occur when hr(x) 5 0. The critical values are x 5 7
and x 5 21.
x
0 Interval x , 21 x 5 21 21 , x , 7 x57 x.7
–4 –2 2 4
h9(x) ,0 50 .0 50 ,0
–2 Graph Decreas- Local Increas- Local Decreas-
of h(t) ing Min ing Max ing
–4
There is a local minimum at (21, 2 12 ) and a local
maximum at (7, 141 ). At both points, the tangents are
3. a. f(x) 5 22x 3 1 9x 2 1 20
parallel to the x-axis.
f r(x) 5 26x 2 1 18x 1
d) g(x) 5 (x 2 1)3
For critical values, we solve:
1 22
f r(x) 5 0 gr(x) 5 (x 2 1) 3
3
26x(x 2 3) 5 0
x 5 0 or x 5 3.
Let gr(x) 5 0:
1 22
f s (x) 5 212x 1 18 (x 2 1) 3 5 0
Since f s (0) 5 18 . 0, (0, 20) is a local minimum 3
point. The tangent to the graph of f(x) is horizontal There are no solutions, but gr(x) is undefined for
at (0, 20). Since f s (3) 5 218 , 0, (3, 47) is a local x 5 1, so the point (1, 0) is a critical point.
maximum point. The tangent to the graph of f(x) is
x x,1 1 x.1
horizontal at (3, 47).
b. f(x) 5 x 4 2 8x 3 1 18x 2 1 6 f 9(x) 1 Undefined 1
f(x) 5 4x 3 2 24x 2 1 36x Graph Inc. Inc.
f(x) 5 4x(x 2 2 6x 1 9)
f(x) 5 4x(x 2 3)2 (1, 0) is neither a local maximum nor a local
Let f(x) 5 0: minimum.
4x(x 2 3)2 5 0 The tangent is not parallel to the x-axis because it is
x 5 0 or x 5 3 not defined for x 5 1.
The critical points are (0, 6) and (3, 33). 4. a. a , x , b, x . e
b. b , x , c
x x,0 0 0,x,3 3 x.3 c. x , a, d , x , e
dy
d. c , x , d
2 0 1 0 1
dx 2x
5. a. y 5
x23
Local
Graph Dec
Min
Inc Inc There is a discontinuity at x 5 3.
lim2 a b 5 2 ` and lim1 a b5`
2x 2x
Local minimum at (0, 6) xS3 x23 xS3 x23
(3, 33) is neither a local maximum nor a local Therefore, x 5 3 is a vertical asymptote.
minimum. x25
b. g(x) 5
The tangent is parallel to the x-axis at both points x15
because the derivative is defined at both points. There is a discontinuity at x 5 25.
x23
lim a b 5 ` and lim 1 a b 5 2`
x25 x25
c. h(x) 5 2
x 17 xS252 x 1 5 xS25 x15
(1)(x 2 1 7) 2 (x 2 3)(2x) Therefore, x 5 25 is a vertical asymptote.
h(x) 5
(x 2 1 7)2 x 2 2 2x 2 15
c. f(x) 5
7 1 6x 2 x 2 x13
5
(x 2 1 7)2

(x 1 3)(x 2 5) 8. a. i. Concave up: 21 , x , 3
5
x13 Concave down: x , 21, 3 , x
5 x 2 5, x 2 23 ii. Points of inflection at x 5 21 and x 5 3
There is a discontinuity at x 5 23. iii. y
lim 1 f(x) 5 28 and lim 2 f(x) 5 28 80
xS23 xS23
There is a hole in the graph of y 5 f(x) at 40
(23, 28).
5 x
d. g(x) 5 2 0
x 2 x 2 20 –4 4 8 12
5
g(x) 5 –40
(x 2 5)(x 1 4)
To find vertical asymptotes, set the denominator
–80
equal to 0:
(x 2 5)(x 1 4) 5 0
x 5 24 or x 5 5 b. i. Concave up: 24.5 , x , 1, 5 , x
Vertical asymptotes at x 5 24 and x 5 5 Concave down: x , 24.5, 1 , x , 5
5 ii. Points of inflection at x 5 24.5, x 5 1, and x 5 5
lim 2 5` iii. y
xS24 (x 2 5)(x 1 4)
10
5
lim 1 5 2`
xS24 (x 2 5)(x 1 4)
5
5
lim2 5 2`
xS5 (x 2 5)(x 1 4) x
5 –10 –5 0 5 10
lim1 5`
xS5 (x 2 5)(x 1 4)
–5
6. y 5 x 3 1 5
yr 5 3x 2
ys 5 6x –10
Let ys 5 0
6x 5 0 ax 1 b
9. a. g(x) 5
x50 (x 2 1)(x 2 4)
The point of inflection is (0, 5) ax 1 b
5 2
Since the derivative is 0 at x 5 0, the tangent line is x 2 5x 1 4
parallel to the x-axis at that point. Because the a(x 2 2 5x 1 4) 2 (ax 1 b)(2x 2 5)
gr(x) 5
derivative is always positive, the function is always (x 2 2 5x 1 4)2
increasing and therefore must cross the tangent line Since the tangent at (2, 21) has slope 0, gr(2) 5 0.
instead of just touching it. 22a 1 2a 1 b
Hence, 5 0 and b 5 0.
7. (–2, 10) y 4
10 Since (2, 21) is on the graph of g(x):
2a 1 b
8 21 5
6 22
(3, 4) 2a 1 0 5 2
4
a 5 1.
2 x
x Therefore g(x) 5 (x 2 1)(x 2 4).
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–2
–4
–6 (1, –6)

b. There are discontinuities at x 5 1 and x 5 4. y
lim2 g(x) 5 ` and lim1 g(x) 5 2 ` 8
xS1 xS1
lim2 g(x) 5 2 ` and lim1 g(x) 5 `
xS4 xS4 4
x 5 1 and x 5 4 are vertical asymptotes.
The y-intercept is 0. x
4 2 x2 –4 –2 0 2 4
gr(x) 5 2
(x 2 5x 1 4)2
–4
gr(x) 5 0 when x 5 62.
Interval x , 22 x 5 22 22 , 1, x52 2, x.4 (–2, –9) –8 (2, –9)
x,1 x,2 x,4
g9(x) ,0 0 .0 .0 0 ,0 ,0
Graph Decreas- Local Increas- Increas- Local Decreas- Decreas- 3x 2 1
ing Min ing ing Max ing ing b. f(x) 5
of g(x)
x11
There is a local minimum at (22, 2 19) and a local 4
532
maximum at (2, 21). x11
1
y From experience, we know the graph of y 5 2 x is
3 y
2
1 4
x
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 2
–1
–2
x
–3 0
–4 –2 2 4
10. a. y 5 x 4 2 8x 2 1 7 –2
This is a fourth degree polynomial and is continuous
for all x. The y-intercept is 7. –4
dy
5 4x 3 2 16x
dx
The graph of the given function is just a
5 4x(x 2 2)(x 1 2) 1
The critical values are x 5 0, 22 and 2. transformation of the graph of y 5 2 x. The vertical
Interval x , 22 x 5 22 22 , x50 0,x x52 x.2
asymptote is x 5 21 and the horizontal asymptote
x,0 ,2 is y 5 3. The y-intercept is 21 and there is an
dy
dx
,0 50 .0 50 ,0 50 .0 x-intercept at 13.
Graph Decreas- Local Increas- Local Decreas- Local Increas-
of y ing Min ing Max ing Min ing x2 1 1
c. g(x) 5
4x 2 2 9
There are local minima at (22, 29) and at (2, 29), x2 1 1
5
and a local maximum at (0, 7). (2x 2 3)(2x 1 3)
The function is discontinuous at x 5 2 32 and at
x 5 32.
lim3 2g(x) 5 `
xS2 2

lim g(x) 5 2 `
xS2 32 1 x x,1 1 1,x,4 4 x.4
lim3 2g(x) 5 2 `
xS 2 dy
2 0 1 0 1
lim3 1 g(x) 5 ` dx
xS2 2
Hence, x 5 2 32 and x 5 32 are vertical asymptotes. Graph Dec

Local
Inc Inc
Min
The y-intercept is 2 19.
2x(4x 2 2 9) 2 (x 2 1 1)(8x) 226x Local minimum at (1, 227)
gr(x) 5 5
(4x 2 2 9)2 (4x 2 2 9)2 (4, 0) is not a local extremum
gr(x) 5 0 when x 5 0. ys 5 4(2(x 2 4)(x 2 1) 1 (x 2 4)2 )
bb
x24
3 3 3 3 ys 5 4a2(x 2 4)ax 2 1 1
Interval x,2 2 , x ,0 x50 0,x, x. 2
2 2 2 2
g9(x) .0 .0 50 ,0 ,0 3
ys 5 8(x 2 4)a x 2 3b
Graph 2
Increasing Increasing Local Max Decreasing Decreasing
g(x)
Let ys 5 0:
3
There is a local maximum at Q 0, 2 19 R . 8(x 2 4)a x 2 3b 5 0
2
1
1 1 x2 1 x 5 4 or x 5 2
lim g(x) 5 lim lim g(x) 5 14
9 5 4 and xS` The points of inflection are (2, 216) and (4, 0).
xS` xS`
4 2 x2
x x,2 2 2,x,4 4 x.4
Hence, y 5 14 is a horizontal asymptote.
y dy
1 0 2 0 1
4 dx
point of point of
Graph c. up c. down c. up
2 inflection inflection
x The graph has a local minimum at (1, 227) and

–4 –2 0 2 4 points of inflection at (2, 216) and (4, 0), with
x-intercepts of 0 and 4 and a y-intercept of 0.
–2
y
40
–4
20
3
d) y 5 x(x 2 4)
x
This is a polynomial function, so there are no dis- 0
continuities and no asymptotes. The domain is –2 2 4 6
5xPR6. –20
x-intercepts at x 5 0 and x 5 4
y-intercepts at y 5 0 –40
yr 5 (x 2 4)3 1 3x(x 2 4)2
yr 5 (x 2 4)2 (x 2 4 1 3x)
yr 5 4(x 2 4)2 (x 2 1) x
e. h(x) 5
Let yr 5 0: x 2 2 4x 1 4
4(x 2 4)2 (x 2 1) 5 0 x
5 5 x(x 2 2)22
x 5 4 or x 5 1 (x 2 2)2
The critical numbers are (1, 227) and (4, 0). There is a discontinuity at x 5 2
lim2 h(x) 5 ` 5 lim1 h(x)
xS2 xS2

Thus, x 5 2 is a vertical asymptote. The y-intercept Therefore, x 5 3 is a vertical asymptote.
is 0. The y-intercept is 2 23.
hr(x) 5 (x 2 2)22 1 x(22)(x 2 2)23 (1) The x-intercepts are t 5 1 and t 5 2.
x 2 2 2 2x 2
5 f r(t) 5 1 2
(x 2 2)3 (t 2 3)2
22 2 x 2
5 f r(t) 5 0 when 1 2 50
(x 2 2)3 (t 2 3)2
hr(x) 5 0 when x 5 22. (t 2 3)2 5 2
t 2 3 5 6"2
t 5 3 6 "2.
Interval x , 22 x 5 22 22 , x , 2 x.2
h9(x) ,0 50 .0 ,0
t* t5 3 2 "2 * 3*t* t5 t+
3 2 "2 3 2 "2 3 1 "2 3 1 "2 3 1 "2
Graph of Decreasing Local Min Increasing Decreasing Interval
t*3
h(x)
f9(t) .0 50 ,0 ,0 50 .0
There is a local minimum at Q 22, 2 18 R . Graph
of f(t)
Increas- Local Decreas- Decreas- Local Increas-
1
x (1.6, 0.2) is a local maximum and (4.4, 5.8) is a local
lim h(x) 5 lim 5 50
xS` 1 2 x4 1 x42
xS` minimum.
Similarly, lim h(x) 5 0 y
xS` 8
The x-axis is a horizontal asymptote.
hs (x) 5 22(x 2 2)23 2 2(x 2 2)23 (4.4, 5.8)
1 6x(x 2 2)24 4
5 24(x 2 2)23 1 6x(x 2 2)24 (1.6, 0.3) x
2x 1 8 0
5 –4 4 8
(x 2 2)4
hs (x) 5 0 when x 5 24 –4
The second derivative changes signs on opposite
sides x 5 24, Hence (24, 2 19 ) is a point of 2x 1 4
11. a. f(x) 5
inflection. x2 2 k2
y 2(x 2 2 k 2 ) 2 (2x 1 4)(2x)
4
f r(x) 5
(x 2 2 k 2 )2
2x 1 8x 1 2k 2
2
52
2 (x 2 2 k 2 )2
x
For critical values, f r(x) 5 0 and x 2 6k:
0
x 2 1 4x 1 k 2 5 0
–4 –2 2 4 24 6 "16 2 4k 2
x5 .
–2 2
For real roots, 16 2 4k 2 $ 0
–4 22 # k # 2.
The conditions for critical points to exist are
t 2 2 3t 1 2 22 # k # 2 and x 2 6k.
f. f(t) 5 b. There are three different graphs that results for
t23
2 values of k chosen.
5t1
t23
Thus, f(t) 5 t is an oblique asymptote. There is a
discontinuity at t 5 3.
lim2 f(t) 5 2 ` and lim1 f(t) 5 `
tS3 tS3

k50
lim 3 y 2 f(x)4 5 lim cx 2 3 2 ax 2 3 1 bd
2
y xS` xS` 2x 2 1
4
5 lim c2 d 50
2
xS` 2x 2 1
2
4x 3 2 x 2 2 15x 2 50
b. f(x) 5
x x 2 2 3x
–4 –2 0 2 4 18x 2 50
f(x) 5 4x 1 11 1 2
x 2 3x
–2
4x 1 11
x2 2 3xq4x3 2 x2 2 15x 2 50
–4
4x3 2 12x2
k52 11x2 2 15x
y 11x2 2 33x
4 18x 2 50
lim 3 y 2 f(x)4
xS`
2
5 lim c4x 1 11 2 a4x 1 11 1 bd
18x 2 50
x xS` x 2 2 3x
–4 –2 0 2 4 18 50
2 x2
5 lim £ x
3 §
–2 xS`
12x
–4 50
13. g(x) 5 (x 2 2 4)2
For all other values of k, the graph will be similar to g(x) 5 (x 2 2 4)(x 2 2 4)
that of 1(i) in Exercise 9.5. gr(x) 5 2x(x 2 2 4) 1 2x(x 2 2 4)
y gr(x) 5 4x(x 2 2 4)
4 gr(x) 5 4x(x 2 2)(x 1 2)
Set gr(x) 5 0
2 0 5 4x(x 2 2)(x 1 2)
x 5 22 or x 5 0 or x 5 2
x
–4 –2 0 2 4 x * 22 22 * x * 0 0* x * 2 x+2
4x 2 2 1 1
–2
x22 2 2 2 1
–4 x12 2 1 1 1
Sign of (2 )(2 )(2 ) (2 )(2 )(1) (1)(2 )(1) (1)(1)(1)
2x 2 2 7x 1 5
12. a. f(x) 5 g9(x)
52 51 52 51
2x 2 1 Behaviour
2 decreasing increasing decreasing increasing
of g(x)
f(x) 5 x 2 3 1
2x 2 1
3 2
The equation of the oblique asymptote is 14. f(x) 5 x 3 1 x 2 7x 1 5, 24 # x # 3
2
y 5 x 2 3.
fr(x) 5 3x 2 1 3x 2 7
x23
Set fr(x) 5 0
2x 2 1q2x2 2 7x 1 5
0 5 3x 2 1 3x 2 7
2x2 2 x 23 6 "(3)2 2 4(3)(27)
26x 1 5 x5
2(3)
26x 1 3
2
23 6 "93 x * 22 22 * x * 1 x+1
x5
6 2 2
12(x 2 1) 1
x 8 22.107 or x 8 1.107
fr(x) 5 3x 2 1 3x 2 7 x12 2 1 1
fr(x) 5 6x 1 3 Sign of
(2 )(2 ) 5 1 (2 )(1) 5 2 (1)(1) 5 1
When x 5 22.107, f9(x)
fr(22.107) 5 6(22.107) 1 3 Behaviour

fr(22.107) 5 29.642 of f(x)
Since f s (22.107) , 0, a local maximum occurs maximum at x 5 22 minimum at x 5 1

when x 5 22.107.
when x 5 1.107, when x 5 22,
fs (1.107) 5 6(1.107) 1 3 f(22) 5 4(22)3 1 6(22)2 2 24(22) 2 2
fs (1.107) 5 9.642 f(22) 5 232 1 24 1 48 2 2
Since fs (1.107) . 0, a local minimum occurs when f(22) 5 38
x 5 (1.107). when x 5 1,
when x 5 24, f(1) 5 4(1)3 1 6(1)2 2 24(1) 2 2
3 f(1) 5 4 1 6 2 24 2 2
f(24) 5 (24)3 1 (24)2 2 7(24) 1 5
2 f(1) 5 216
f(24) 5 264 1 24 1 28 1 5 Maximum: (22, 38) Minimum: (1, 216)
f(24) 5 27 fr(x) 5 12x 2 1 12x 2 24
when x 5 22.107, fs (x) 5 24x 1 12
3 Set fs (x) 5 0
f(22.107) 5 (22.107)3 1 (22.107)2
2 0 5 24x 1 12
2 7(22.107) 1 5 x 5 20.5
f(22.107) 8 29.353 919 1 6.659 173 5
x * 20.5 x + 20.5
1 14.749 1 5
when x 5 1.107, f 0 (x) 5 24x 1 12 2 1
3
f(1.107) 5 (1.107)3 1 (1.107)2 2 7(1.107) 1 5 f(x) concave down concave up
2
f(1.107) 8 1.356 572 1 1.838 173 5 2 7.749 1 5 point of inflection at x 5 20.5
f(1.107) 8 0.446
when x 5 3, when x 5 20.5,
3 f(20.5) 5 4(20.5)3 1 6(20.5)2 2 24(20.5) 2 2
f(3) 5 (3)3 1 (3)2 2 7(3) 1 5 f(20.5) 5 20.5 1 1.5 1 12 2 2
2
f(20.5) 5 11
f(3) 5 27 1 13.5 2 21 1 5
Point of inflection: (20.5, 11)
f(3) 5 24.5
Local Maximum: (22.107, 17.054) y
Local Minimum: (1.107, 0.446) 200
Absolute Maximum: (3, 24.5) 160
Absolute Minimum: (24, 27) 120
15. f(x) 5 4x 3 1 6x 2 2 24x 2 2 80
Evaluate y 5 4(0)3 1 6(0)2 2 24(0) 2 2 40
y 5 22 x
f(x) 5 4x 3 1 6x 2 2 24x 2 2 –16–12 –8 –4 0 4 8 12 16
–40
fr(x) 5 12x 2 1 12x 2 24 –80
Set fr(x) 5 0
0 5 12x 2 1 12x 2 24
0 5 12(x 2 1 x 2 2)
0 5 12(x 2 1)(x 1 2)
x 5 22 or x 5 1
4-50 Chapter 4: Critical Points
16. a. p(x): oblique asymptote, because the highest So, y 5 1 is a horizontal asymptote on the right.
degree of x in the numerator is exactly one degree (x 2 2 1)(2x 2 2) 2 (x 2 2 2x 2 8)(2x)
rr(x) 5
higher than the highest degree of x in the (x 2 2 1)2
denominator. 2x 2 2x 2 2x 1 2 2 (2x 3 2 4x 2 2 16x)
3 2
q(x): vertical asymptotes at x 5 21 and x 5 3; 5

(x 2 2 1)2
horizontal asymptote at y 5 0 2
2x 1 14x 1 2
r(x): vertical asymptotes at x 5 21 and x 5 1; 5
(x 2 2 1)2
horizontal asymptote at y 5 1 2(x 2 1 7x 1 1)
s(x): vertical asymptote at y 5 2. 5
(x 2 2 1)2
x 2 2 2x 2 8
b. r(x) 5 rr is defined for all values of x in the domain of r.
x2 2 1 rr(x) 5 0 for x 8 20.15 and x 8 26.85. rr(1) and
(x 2 4)(x 1 2) rr(21) do not exist.
5
(x 2 1)(x 1 1)
The domain is 5x 0 x 2 21, 1, xPR6. x * 26.85 x 5 26.85 26.85 * x * 21
x-intercepts: 22, 4; y-intercept: 8 x 2 1 7x 1 1 1 0 2

r has vertical asymptotes at x 5 21 and x 5 1.
r9(x) 1 0 2
r(21.001) 5 22496.75, so as x S 212,
r(x) S 2 ` x 5 21 21 * x * 20.15 x 5 20.15
r(20.999) 5 2503.25, so as x S 21 1 , r(x) S `
x 2 1 7x 1 1 2 2 0
r(0.999) 5 4502.25, so as x S 12, r(x) S `
r(1.001) 5 24497.75, so as x S 1 1 , r(x) S 2 ` r9(x) undefined 2 0
x2 2x 8
2 2 2 2 2
20.15 * x * 1 x51 x+1
2
x 2 2x 2 8 x x x
lim 2 5 lim 2 x 2 1 7x 1 1 1 1 1
xS2` x 21 xS2` x 1
2 2
x2 x r9(x) 1 undefined 1
2 8
12 2 2 r is increasing when x , 26.85, 20.15 , x , 1,
x x
5 lim and x . 1. r is decreasing when 26.85 , x , 21
xS2` 1 and 21 , x , 20.15. r has a maximum turning
12 2
x point at x 5 26.85 and a minimum turning point at
12020 x 5 20.15.
5
120 (x 2 2 1)2 (4x 1 14)
rs (x) 5
51 (x 2 2 1)4
So, y 5 1 is a horizontal asymptote on the left. 2 (2x 2 1 14x 1 2)32(x 2 2 1)(2x)4
x2 2x 8 (x 2 2 1)4
2 2 2 2 2 2
x 2 2x 2 8 x x x (x 2 1)(4x 1 14) 2 4x(2x 2 1 14x 1 2)
2
lim 2 5 lim 2 5
xS` x 21 xS` x 1 (x 2 2 1)3
2 2
x2 x 4x 1 14x 2 4x 2 14 2 8x 3 2 56x 2 2 8x
3 2
5
2 8 (x 2 2 1)3
12 2 2 3 2
x x 24x 2 42x 2 12x 2 14
5 lim 5
xS` 1 (x 2 2 1)3
12 2
x 22(2x 1 21x 2 1 6x 1 7)
3
5
12020 (x 2 2 1)3
5
120 rs is defined for all values of x in the domain of r.
51 rs (x) 5 0 for x 8 210.24. This is a possible point
of inflection. rs (1) and rs (21) do not exist.
Vectors and Calculus Solutions Manual 4-51

x * 210.24 x 5 10.24
x(3x 2 ) 2 (x 3 1 8)(1)
fr(x) 5
x2
22(2x 3 1 21x 2 1 6x 1 7) 1 0 3 3
3x 2 x 2 8
5
(x 2 2 1)3 1 1 x2
3
r 0 (x) 1 0 2x 2 8
5
x2
210.24 * x * 21 x 5 21
fr(x) is defined for all values of x in the domain of
22(2x 3 1 21x 2 1 6x 1 7) 2 2 f. fr(x) 5 0 when x 5 1.59. fr(0) does not exist.
(x 2 2 1)3 1 0 x*0 x50 0 * x * 1.59
r 0 (x) 2 undefined 2x3 2 8 2 2 2
21 * x * 1 x51 x2 1 0 1
22(2x 3 1 21x 2 1 6x 1 7) 2 2 f '(x) 2 undefined 2
(x 2 2 1)3 2 0 x 5 1.59 x + 1.59
r 0 (x) 1 undefined 2x3 2 8 0 1
x+1 x2 1 1
22(2x 3 1 21x 2 1 6x 1 7) 2 f9(x) 0 1
(x 2 2 1)3 1 f is increasing for x . 1.59 and decreasing for

r 0 (x) 2
x , 0 and 0 , x , 1.59. f has a minimum turning
point at x 5 1.59.
The graph is concave up for x , 210.24 and x 2 (6x 2 ) 2 (2x 3 2 8)(2x)
f s (x) 5
21 , x , 1. The graph is concave down for x4
210.24 , x , 21 and x . 1. The graph changes x(6x ) 2 (2x 3 2 8)2
2
concavity at x 5 210.24. This is a point of inflec- 5

x3
tion with coordinates (210.24, 1.13). 3
6x 2 4x 1 16 3
r(26.85) 5 1.15 and r(20.15) 5 7.85. The graph 5

x3
has a local maximum point at (26.85, 1.15) and a 3
2x 1 16
local minimum point at (20.15) 5 7.85. 5
x3
y f s is defined for all values of x in the domain of f.
10
f s (x) 5 0 when x 5 22. This is a possible point of
8
inflection. f(0) does not exist.
6
4 x * 22 x 5 22 22 * x * 0
2 2 0 1
x 2x3 1 16
–4 –2 0 2 4 x3 2 2 2
–2
–4 f 0 (x) 1 0 2
x50 x+0
17. The domain is 5x 0 x Z 0, xPR6 : x-intercept: 22,
2x3 1 16 1 1
y-intercept: 8; f has a vertical asymptote at x 5 0.
f(20.001) 5 27999.99, so f(x) S 2 ` as x S 02. x3 0 1
f(0.001) 5 8000.00, so f(x) S ` as x S 0 1 . f 0 (x) undefined 1
There are no horizontal asymptotes.
f is concave up when x , 22 and x . 0. f is con-
cave down when 22 , x , 0. The graph changes

concavity where x 5 22. This is point of inflection 10x 2 20
5
with coordinates (22, 0). (x 2 1)4
f(1.59) 8 7.56. The graph has a local minimum at 10(x 2 2)
(1.59, 7.56). 5
(x 2 1)4
y The domain is 5x 0 x 2 1, xPR6 . The x- and
16 y-intercepts are both 0. f has a vertical asymptote
12 at x 5 1.
8 f(0.999) 5 4 995 000 so as x S 12, f(x) S `
4 f(1.001) 5 5 005 000 so as x S 1 1 , f(x) S `
x
5x 5x
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 lim 2 50 lim 2 50
–4 xS2` x 2 2x 1 1 xS2` x 2 2x 1 1
–8 y 5 0 is a horizontal y 5 0 is a horizontal
asymptote on the right. asymptote on the left.
18. If f(x) is increasing, then f r(x) . 0. From the f r(x) is defined for all values of x in the domain
graph of f r, f r(x) . 0 for x . 0. If f(x) is decreas- of f. f r(x) 5 0 when x 5 21. f(1) does not exist.
ing, then fr(x) , 0. From the graph of f r, f r(x) , 0
for x , 0. At a stationary point, f r(x) 5 0. From x * 21 x 5 21 21 * x * 1 x51 x+1
the graph, the zero for fr(x) occurs at x 5 0. At 25(x 1 1) 1 0 2 2 2

x 5 0. f r(x) changes from negative to positive, so
(x 2 1)3 2 2 2 0 1
f has a local minimum point there.
If the graph of f is concave up, then f s is positive. f9(x) 2 0 1 undefined 2
From the slope of fr, the graph of f is concave up
for 20.6 , x , 0.6. If the graph of f is concave f is decreasing when x , 21 and x . 1. f is
down, then f s is negative. From the slope of fr, the increasing when 21 , x , 1. f has a minimum
graph of f is concave down for x , 20.6 and turning point at x 5 21.
x . 0.6. Graphs will vary slightly. f s (x) is defined for all values of x in the domain of f.
y f s (x) 5 0 when x 5 23. This is a possible point of
2 inflection.
f(1) does not exist.
1 x * 22 x 5 22 22 * x * 1 x51 x+1
x x12 2 0 1 1 1
–2 –1 0 1 2 f 0 (x) 2 0 1 undefined 1
–1
The graph is concave down for x , 22 and con-
2
(x 2 1) (5) 2 5x(2)(x 2 1)(1)
cave up when 22 , x , 1 and x . 1. It changes
19. fr(x) 5 concavity at x 5 22. f has an inflection point at
(x 2 1)4
x 5 22 with coordinates (22, 21.11).
5(x 2 1) 2 10x
5 f(21) 5 21.25. f has a local minimum at
(x 2 1)3 (21, 21.25).
25x 2 5
5 y
(x 2 1)3 6
25(x 1 1)
5
(x 2 1)3 4
(x 2 1)3 (25)
fs (x) 5
(x 2 1)6 2
(25x 2 5)(3)(x 2 1)2 (1)
2 x
(x 2 1)6 0
(x 2 1)(25) 2 3(25x 2 5) –4 –2 2 4
5
(x 2 1)4 –2

20. a. Graph A is f, graph C is fr, and graph B is fs. x 2 1 7x 1 10
We know this because when you take the derivative, 4. g(x) 5
(x 2 3)(x 1 2)
the degree of the denominator increases by one. The function g(x) is not defined at x 5 22 or
Graph A has a squared term in the denominator, x 5 3. At x 5 22, the value of the numerator is 0.
graph C has a cubic term in the denominator, and Thus, there is a discontinuity at x 5 22, but
graph B has a term to the power of four in the x 5 22 is not a vertical asymptote.
denominator. At x 5 3, the value of the numerator is 40. x 5 3 is
b. Graph F is f, graph E is fr and graph D is fs. We a vertical asymptote.
know this because the degree of the denominator (x 1 2)(x 1 5) x15
increases by one degree when the derivative is g(x) 5 5 , x 2 22
(x 2 3)(x 1 2) x23
taken.
lim g(x) 5 lim 2 a b
x15
xS222 xS22 x23
Chapter 4 Test, p. 220 3
52
1. a. x , 29 or 26 , x , 23 or 0 , x , 4 or x . 8 5
b. 29 , x , 26 or 23 , x , 0 or 4 , x , 8 x15
c. (29, 1), (26, 22), (0, 1), (8, 22) xS22 1 xS22 x23
d. x 5 23, x 5 4 3
52
e. f s (x) . 0 5
f. 23 , x , 0 or 4 , x , 8 There is a hole in the graph of g(x) at ( 22, 2 35) .
g. (28, 0), (10, 23)
lim g(x) 5 lim2 a b
x15
2. a. g(x) 5 2x 4 2 8x 3 2 x 2 1 6x xS32 xS3 x23
gr(x) 5 8x 3 2 24x 2 2 2x 1 6 5 2`
To find the critical points, we solve gr(x) 5 0:
lim1 g(x) 5 lim1 a b
x15
8x 3 2 24x 2 2 2x 1 6 5 0 xS3 xS3 x23
4x 3 2 12x 2 2 x 1 3 5 0 5`
Since gr(3) 5 0, (x 2 3) is a factor. There is a vertical asymptote at x 5 3.
(x 2 3)(4x 2 2 1) 5 0 Also, lim g(x) 5 lim g(x) 5 1.
x 5 3 or x 5 2 12 or x 5 12. xS` xS2`
Note: We could also group to get Thus, y 5 1 is a horizontal asymptote.

4x 2 (x 2 3) 2 (x 2 3) 5 0. y
b. gs (x) 5 24x 2 2 48x 2 2 6
Since gs ( 2 12 ) 5 28 . 0, ( 2 12, 2 178) is a local 4
maximum. 2
x
Since gs ( 2 12) 5 220 , 0, ( 12, 158) is a local
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
maximum. –2
Since gs (3) 5 70 . 0, (3, 245) is a local minimum. –4
3. (–1, 7) y –6
6
4 (1, 4)
40 y
5.
2
(3, 2) x 20
x
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
–4 –20
–40
–6
–60
–80
–100
–120
–140

2x 1 10 7. f(x) 5 x 3 1 bx 2 1 c
6. f(x) 5
x2 2 9 f r(x) 5 3x 2 1 2bx
2x 1 10 Since f r(22) 5 0, 12 2 4b 5 0
5 b 5 3.
(x 2 3)(x 1 3)
There are discontinuities at x 5 23 and at x 5 3. Also, f(22) 5 6.
Thus, 28 1 12 1 c 5 6
f x 5 23 is a vertical asymptote.
lim f(x) 5 `
xS32
lim1 f(x) 5 2 ` c 5 2.
xS3 fr(x) 5 3x 2 1 6x
lim f(x) 5 2 ` 5 3x(x 1 2)
xS32
lim1 f(x) 5 ` The critical points are (22, 6) and (0, 2).
xS3
f s (x) 5 6x 1 6
The y-intercept is 2 109 and x 5 25 is an x-intercept. Since f s (22) 5 26 , 0, (22, 6) is a local
2(x 2 2 9) 2 (2x 1 10)(2)
f r(x) 5 maximum.
(x 2 2 9)2 Since fr(0) 5 6 . 0, (0, 2) is a local minimum.
2
22x 2 20x 2 18 y
5
(x 2 2 9)2 8
(–2, 6)
For critical values, we solve f r(x) 5 0: 6
x 2 1 10x 1 9 5 0 4
(x 1 1)(x 1 9) 5 0 2
x 5 21 or x 5 29. (0, 2) x
( 29, 2 19) is a local minimum and (21, 21) is a –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–2
local maximum.
–4
2 10
1 x2 –6
x
lim f(x) 5 lim 9 5 0 and –8
xS` xS`
1 2 x2
2 10
1 2
lim f(x) 5 lim ° x x
9 ¢ 50
xS` xS`
1 2 x2
y 5 0 is a horizontal asymptote.
y
8
6
4
2
x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10
–2
–4
–6
–8

CHAPTER 4
Curve Sketching
Review of Prerequisite Skills, pp.162–163 x values x * 24 24 * x * 1 x+1
1. a. 2y 2 1 y 2 3 5 0 (x 1 4) 2 1 1
(2y 1 3)(y 2 1) 5 0 2 2
(x 2 1) 1
3
y 5 2 or y 5 1 (x 1 4)(x 2 1) 1 2 1
2
b. x 2 2 5x 1 3 5 17
The solution is x , 24 or x . 1.
x 2 2 5x 2 14 5 0
(x 2 7)(x 1 2) 5 0
3. a. y
3
x 5 7 or x 5 22
c. 4x 2 1 20x 1 25 5 0 2
(2x 1 5)(2x 1 5) 5 0 1
x
5
x52 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
2 –1
d. y 3 1 4y 2 1 y 2 6 5 0 –2
y 5 1 is a zero, so y 2 1 is a factor. After –3
synthetic division, the polynomial factors to
(y 2 1)(y 2 1 5y 1 6). b. y
So (y 2 1)(y 1 3)(y 1 2) 5 0. 8
y 5 1 or y 5 23 or y 5 22 6
2. a. 3x 1 9 , 2 4
3x , 27
2
7 x
x,2
3 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2
b. 5(3 2 x) $ 3x 2 1
–4
15 2 5x $ 3x 2 1
–6
16 $ 8x
8x # 16 –8
x#2 –10
c. t 2 2 2t , 3 –12
t 2 2 2t 2 3 , 0
(t 2 3)(t 1 1) , 0 c. y
Consider t 5 3 and t 5 21. 6
t values t * 21 21 * t * 3 t+3 4
2
(t 1 1) 2 1 1 x
2 2 1 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
(t 2 3) –2
(t 2 3)(t 1 1) 1 2 1 –4
–6
The solution is 21 , t , 3.
d. x 2 1 3x 2 4 . 0
(x 1 4)(x 2 1) . 0
Consider x 5 24 and x 5 1.

d. y 2t
!t 2 4
6
d. f(t) 5
4 2t
2 !t 2 4
2"t 2 4 2
2
x f r(t) 5
t24
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2 4(t 2 4) 2t
2 !t 2 4 2 !t 2 4
2
–4
–6 f r(t) 5
t24
4(t 2 4) 2 2t
f r(t) 5 3
4. a. lim2 (x 2 2 4) 5 22 2 4 2(t 2 4)2
xS2
50 2t 2 16
5 3
2
x 1 3x 2 10 2(t 2 4)2
b. lim t28
xS2 x22 5 3
(x 1 5)(x 2 2) (t 2 4)2
5 lim x28
xS2 x22
5 lim (x 1 5) 6. a. x 1 3qx2 2 5x 1 4
xS2
x2 1 3x
57
28x 1 4
x 3 2 27
c. lim 28x 2 24
xS3 x 2 3
(x 2 3)(x 2 1 3x 1 9) 28
5 lim 28
xS3 x23 (x 2 2 5x 2 4) 4 (x 1 3) 5 x 2 8 1
x13
5 lim (x 2 1 3x 1 9) x17
xS3
2
53 133319 b. x 2 1qx2 1 6x 2 9
5 27 x2 2 x
d. lim1 "2x 1 1 7x 2 9
xS4
7x 2 7
5 "2 3 4 1 1 22
53 2
1 1 (x 2 2 6x 2 9) 4 (x 2 1) 5 x 1 7 2
5. a. f(x) 5 x 4 1 2x 3 2 x21
4 x
7. f(x) 5 x 3 1 0.5x 2 2 2x 1 3
1 4
5 x 1 2x 3 2 x 21 f r(x) 5 3x 2 1 x 2 2
4
Let f r(x) 5 0:
f r(x) 5 x 3 1 6x2 1 x 22 2
3x 1 x 2 2 5 0
x11
b. f(x) 5 2 (3x 2 2)(x 1 1) 5 0
x 23 2
(x 2 2 3)(1) 2 (x 1 1)(2x) x 5 or x 5 21
f r(x) 5 3
(x 2 2 3)2 The points are ( 23, 2.19) and (21, 4.5).
x 2 3 2 2x 2 2 2x
2
8. a. If f(x) 5 x n, where n is a real number,
5
(x 2 2 3)2 then f r(x) 5 nx n21.
2
2x 2 2x 2 3 b. If f(x) 5 k, where k is a constant, then f r(x) 5 0.
5
(x 2 2 3)2 c. If k(x) 5 f(x)g(x), then
x 2 1 2x 1 3 kr(x) 5 f r(x)g(x) 2 f(x)gr(x)
52
(x 2 2 3)2 f(x)
d. If h(x) 5 g(x), then hr(x)
c. f(x) 5 (3x 2 6x)2
2
f r(x) 5 2(3x 2 2 6x)(6x 2 6) f r(x)g(x) 2 f(x)gr(x)

3g(x)4 2
5 , g(x) 2 0.

e. If f and g are functions that have derivatives, There is no solution, so there is no x-intercept.
then the composite function h(x) 5 f(g(x)) has a 5
derivative given by hr(x) 5 f r(g(x))gr(x).
f. If u is a function of x, and n is a positive integer, 4x
ii. y 5
d du x22
then dx (u n ) 5 nu n21dx To find the x-intercept, let y 5 0.
9. a. lim 2x 2 2 3x 1 4 5 ` 4x
50
xS` x22
lim 2x 2 2 3x 1 4 5 ` x50
xS2`
b. lim 2x 3 1 4x 2 1 5 `
xS` 3x 2 5
iii. y 5
lim 2x 3 1 4x 2 1 5 2 ` 6x 2 3
xS2`
To find the x-intercept, let y 5 0:
c. lim 25x 4 1 2x 3 2 6x 2 1 7x 2 1 5 2 `
xS` 3x 2 5
50
lim 25x 4 1 2x 3 2 6x 2 1 7x 2 1 5 2 ` 6x 2 3
xS2`
Therefore, 3x 2 5 5 0
1 1
10. a. 5 5
f(x) 2x x5
3
Let 2x 5 0
The y-intercept is y 5 00 2 5 5
2 3 5 3.
x 5 0, so the graph has a vertical asymptote at x 5 0.
10x 2 4
1 1 iv. y 5
b. 5 5x
f(x) 2x 1 3
To find the x-intercept, let y 5 0.
Let 2x 1 3 5 0
10x 2 4
x 5 3, so the graph has a vertical asymptote at x 5 3. 50
1 1 5x
c. 5 Therefore, 10x 2 4 5 0
f(x) (x 1 4)2 1 1
2
Let (x 1 4)2 1 1 5 0 x5
5
There is no solution, so the graph has no vertical
The y-intercept is y 5 0 20 4, which is undefined, so
asymptotes.
there is no y-intercept.
1 1
d. 5 5
f(x) (x 1 3)2 b. i. y 5
x11
Let (x 1 3)2 5 0 Domain: 5xPR0 x 2 216
x 5 23, so the graph has a vertical asymptote at Range: 5yPR0 y 2 06
x 5 23. 4x
5 ii. y 5
11. a. lim x 1 1 5 0, so the horizontal asymptote x22
xS`
Domain: 5xPR0 x 2 26
Range: 5yPR0 y 2 46
is y 5 0.
4x
b. lim x 2 2 5 4, so the horizontal asymptote is y 5 4. 3x 2 5
xS` iii. y 5
3x 2 5 6x 2 3
c. lim 6x 2 3 5 12, so the horizontal asymptote is y 5 12.
Domain: e xPRZx 2 f
xS` 1
10x 2 4 2
d. lim 5 2, so the horizontal asymptote
5x
Range: e yPRZy 2 f
xS` 1
is y 5 2.
2
5
12. a. i. y 5 x 1 1 10x 2 4
iv. y 5
To find the x-intercept, let y 5 0. 5x
5 Domain: 5xPR0 x 2 06
50
x11 Range: 5yPR0 y 2 26

4.1 Increasing and Decreasing b. i. 21 , x , 1
ii. x , 21, x . 1
Functions, pp. 169–171 iii. (21, 2), (2, 4)
1. a. f(x) 5 x 3 1 6x 2 1 1 c. i. x , 22
f r(x) 5 3x 2 1 12x ii. 22 , x , 2, 2 , x
Let f r(x) 5 0: 3x(x 1 4) 5 0 iii. none
x 5 0 or x 5 24 d. i. 21 , x , 2, 3 , x
The points are (0, 1) and (24, 33). ii. x , 21, 2 , x , 3
b. f(x) 5 "x 2 1 4 iii. (2, 3)
1 4.
5 (x 2 1 4)2
1 1
f r(x) 5 (x 2 1 4)22 (2x)
2
x
!x 1 4
5 2
Let f r(x) 5 0: a. f(x) 5 x3 1 3x2 1 1

x f r(x) 5 3x2 1 6x
!x 1 42
50
Let f r(x) 5 0
So x 5 0. 3x2 1 6x 5 0
The point is (0, 2). 3x(x 1 2) 5 0
c. f(x) 5 (2x 2 1)2 (x 2 2 9) x 5 0 or x 5 22
f r(x) 5 2(2x 2 1)(2)(x 2 2 9) 1 2x(2x 2 1)2
Let f r(x) 5 0: x x , 22 22 22 , x , 0 0 x.0
2(2x 2 1)(2(x 2 2 9) 1 x(2x 2 1)) 5 0
f9(x) 1 0 2 0 1
2(2x 2 1)(4x 2 2 x 2 18) 5 0
2(2x 2 1)(4x 2 9)(x 1 2) 5 0
Graph Increasing Decreasing Increasing
1 9
x 5 or x 5 or x 5 22.
2 4 b.
This points are ( 12, 0) , (2.25, 248.2) and
(22, 2125).
5x
d. f(x) 5 2
x 11
5(x 2 1 1) 2 5x(2x) 5(1 2 x 2 )
f r(x) 5 5 f(x) 5 x 5 2 5x 4 1 100
(x 2 1 1)2 (x 2 1 1)2
Let f r(x) 5 0: f r(x) 5 5x 4 2 20x3
5(1 2 x 2 ) Let f r(x) 5 0:
50 5x 4 2 20x 3 5 0
(x 2 1 1)2
5x 3 (x 2 4) 5 0
Therefore, 5(1 2 x 2 ) 5 0 x 5 0 or x 5 4.
(1 2 x)(1 1 x) 5 0
x5 61 x x,0 0 0,x,4 4 x.4
The points are ( 1, 52) and ( 21, 2 52) . f9(x) 1 0 2 0 1

2. A function is increasing when f r(x) . 0 and is
decreasing when f r(x) , 0. Graph Increasing Decreasing Increasing
3. a. i. x , 21, x . 2
ii. 21 , x , 2
iii. (21, 4), (2, 21)

c. e.
1 y 5 3x 4 1 4x 3 2 12x 2
f(x) 5 x 1
x yr 5 12x 3 1 12x 2 2 24x
1 Intervals of increasing: Intervals of decreasing:
f r(x) 5 1 2 2
x 12x 3 1 12x 2 2 24x . 0 12x 3 1 12x 2 2 24x , 0
Let f r(x) 5 0 x(x 2 1 x 2 2) . 0 x(x 2 1 x 2 2) , 0
1 x(x 2 1)(x 1 2) . 0 x(x 2 1)(x 1 2) , 0
12 250
x
x * 22 22 * x * 0 0*x*1 x*1
x2 2 1 5 0
x 5 21 or x 5 1 x 2 2 1 1
Also note that f(x) is undefined for x 5 0. x21 1 2 2 1
x x , 21 21 21 , x , 0 0 0,x,1 1 x.1 x12 2 1 1 1
y9 1 1 2 1
f9(x) 1 0 2 undefined 2 0 1
Intervals of increasing: 22 , x , 0, x . 1
Graph Increasing Decreasing Decreasing Increasing Intervals of decreasing: x , 22, 0 , x , 1
f.
d.
y 5 x4 1 x2 2 1
x21 yr 5 4x 3 1 2x
f(x) 5
x2 1 3 Interval of increasing: Interval of decreasing:
x 2 1 3 2 2x(x 2 1) 4x 3 1 2x . 0 4x 3 1 2x , 0
f r(x) 5 2
(x 2 1 3)2 x(2x 1 1) . 0 x(2x 2 1 1) , 0
2
Let f r(x) 5 0, therefore, 2x 2 1 2x 1 3 5 0. But 2x 1 1 is always positive.
Or x 2 2 2x 2 3 5 0 Interval of increasing: x . 0
(x 2 3)(x 1 1) 5 0 Interval of decreasing: x , 0
x 5 3 or x 5 21 5. f r(x) 5 (x 2 1)(x 1 2)(x 1 3)
Let f r(x) 5 0:
x x , 21 21 21 , x , 3 3 x.3 Then (x 2 1)(x 1 2)(x 1 3) 5 0
x 5 1 or x 5 22 or x 5 23.
f9(x) 2 0 1 0 2
23 , x
x x , 23 23 22 22 , x , 1 1 x.1
, 23
Graph Decreasing Increasing Decreasing
f9(x) 2 0 1 0 2 0 1
Graph Decreasing Increasing Decreasing Increasing

6. y y
5 3
4 (2, 5) 2
3 1
x
2
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
1 –1
x
–2
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
(–1, 0) –1 –3
–2
c. i. 22 , x , 3
7. f(x) 5 x 3 1 ax 2 1 bx 1 c ii. x , 22, x . 3
f r(x) 5 3x 2 1 2ax 1 b iii. x 5 22, x 5 3
Since f(x) increases to (23, 18) and then y
decreases, f r(3) 5 0. 5
Therefore, 27 2 6a 1 b 5 0 or 6a 2 b 5 27. (1) 4
Since f(x) decreases to the point (1, 214) and then 3
increases f r(1) 5 0. 2
Therefore, 3 1 2ab 1 b 5 0 or 2a 1 b 5 23. (2) 1
Add (1) to (2) 8a 5 24 and a 5 3. x
When a 5 3, b 5 6 1 b 5 23 or b 5 29. –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
–1
Since (1, 214) is on the curve and a 5 3, b 5 29,
then 214 5 1 1 3 2 9 1 c
d. i. x . 2
c 5 29.
ii. x , 2
The function is f(x) 5 x 3 1 3x 2 2 9x 2 9.
iii. x 5 2
8. y
8 y
(–5, 6) 5
4
4
3
(1, 2)
x 2
–4 0 4 1
x
–4 0 1 2 3 4 5
9. a. i. x , 4 10. f(x) 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 c
ii. x . 4 f r(x) 5 2ax 1 b
iii. x 5 4 2b
Let f r(x) 5 0, then x 5 2a .
y 2b
3 If x , 2a , f r(x) , 0, therefore the function is
2 decreasing.
1 2b
x If x . 2a , f r (x) . 0, therefore the function is
˛
–1 0 1 2 3 4 5 increasing.
–1
–2 11. f(x) 5 x 4 2 32x 1 4
–3 fr(x) 5 4x 3 2 32
Let fr(x) 5 0:
b. i. x , 21, x . 1 4x 3 2 32 5 0
ii. 21 , x , 1 4x 3 5 32
iii. x 5 21, x 5 1

x x,2 2 x.2
f (x) 2 0 1
b. y 5 x 3 2 6x 2
dy
5 3x 2 2 12x
12. y dx
4 5 3x(x 2 4)
dy
x Let 5 0.
dx
–2 0 2 4 3x(x 2 4) 5 0
x 5 0, 4
–4
y
20
x
–4 0 4 8
f(x2 ) . f(x1 ) (1)
g(x2 ) . g(x1 ) (2)
yu 5 f(x) ? g(x). –20
–40
y
f(x)
3. a. y 5 x 4 2 8x 2
dy
g(x) 5 4x 3 2 16x 5 4x(x 2 2 4)
dx
x 5 4x(x 1 2)(x 2 2)
dy
a x1 x1 b Let 50
dx
4x(x 1 2)(x 2 2) 5 0
x 5 0, 6 2.
(2, 216).

2 0 1 0 2 0 1
dx
Min Max Min

x x,2 2 x.2
f (x) 2 0 1
b. y 5 x 3 2 6x 2
dy
5 3x 2 2 12x
12. y dx
4 5 3x(x 2 4)
dy
x Let 5 0.
dx
–2 0 2 4 3x(x 2 4) 5 0
x 5 0, 4
–4
y
20
x
–4 0 4 8
f(x2 ) . f(x1 ) (1)
g(x2 ) . g(x1 ) (2)
yu 5 f(x) ? g(x). –20
–40
y
f(x)
3. a. y 5 x 4 2 8x 2
dy
g(x) 5 4x 3 2 16x 5 4x(x 2 2 4)
dx
x 5 4x(x 1 2)(x 2 2)
dy
a x1 x1 b Let 50
dx
4x(x 1 2)(x 2 2) 5 0
x 5 0, 6 2.
(2, 216).

2 0 1 0 2 0 1
dx
Min Max Min

Local minima at (22, 216) and (2, 216) y
Local maximum at (0, 0) 20
2x
b. f(x) 5 2
x 19
10
2(x 2 1 9) 2 2x(2x)
f r(x) 5
(x 2 1 9)2
x
18 2 2x 2
5 2 –4 –2 0 2 4
(x 1 9)2
Let f r(x) 5 0
–10
Therefore, 18 2 2x 2 5 0
x2 5 9
x 5 63. –20
23 , 3
x x , 23 23 x.3
x,3 2x
f9(x) 2 0 1 0 2 b. f(x) 5 2
x 19
Local To find the x-intercepts, let y 5 0.
Graph Decreasing Local Min Increasing Decreasing
Max 2x
2 50
x 19
Local minimum at (23, 20.3) and local maximum
Therefore, 2x 5 0
at (3, 0.3).
x50
c. y 5 x 3 1 3x 2 1 1
dy
5 3x 2 1 6x 5 3x(x 1 2) 0
dx y5 50
9
dy
Let 50 y
dx 0.5
3x(x 1 2) 5 0
x 5 0, 22
x
–4 –2 0 2 4
x x , 22 22 22 , x , 0 0 x,0
–0.5
dy
1 0 2 0 1
dx
c. y 5 x 3 1 3x 2 1 1
Local Local
Graph Inc.
Min Max
Inc. To find the x-intercepts, let y 5 0.
0 5 x 3 1 3x 2 1 1
Local maximum at (22, 5) The x-intercept cannot be easily obtained algebraically.
Local minimum at (0, 1) Since the function has a local maximum when
4. a. y 5 x 4 2 8x 2 x 5 22, it must have an x-intercept prior to this
To find the x-intercepts, let y 5 0. x-value. Since f(23) 5 1 and f(24) 5 215, an
x 4 2 8x 2 5 0 estimate for the x-intercept is about 23.1.
x (x 2 2 8) 5 0
2
x 5 0, 6 "8 y51
y50

y The critical point is at (5, 0), but is neither a
6 maximum or minimum. The tangent is not parallel
5 to the x-axis. 1
4 d. f(x) 5 (x 2 2 1)3
3 1 2
fr(x) 5 (x 2 2 1)23 (2x)
2 3
Let fr(x) 5 0:
1
x 1 2 2
0
(x 2 1)23 (2x) 5 0
–4 –2 2 4 3
–1 x50
–2 There is a critical point at (0, 21). Since the
derivative is undefined for x 5 61, (1, 0) and
5. a. h(x) 5 26x 3 1 18x 2 1 3 (21, 0) are also critical points.
hr(x) 5 218x 2 1 36x
Let hr(x) 5 0: x x , 21 21 21 , x , 0 0 0,x,1 0 x,1
218x 2 1 36x 5 0 dy
2 2
DNE 0 1 DNE 1
18x(2 2 x) 5 0 dx
x 5 0 or x 5 2 Graph Dec. Dec.

Local
Inc. Inc.
Min
Local minimum at (0, 3) Local minimum at (0, 21)
Local maximum at (2, 27) The tangent is parallel to the horizontal axis at (0, 21)
Since the derivative is 0 at both points, the tangent because the derivative is 0 there. Since the derivative is
is parallel to the horizontal axis for both. undefined at (21, 0) and (1, 0), the tangent is not
b. g(t) 5 t 5 1 t 3 parallel to the horizontal axis at either point.
gr(t) 5 5t 4 1 3t 2 6. a.
Let gr(t) 5 0:
5t 4 1 3t 2 5 0
t (5t 2 1 3) 5 0
2
t50
x x,0 0 0,x,2 0 x.2 b.
dy
1 0 2 0 1
dx
Local Local
Min Max
The critical point is (0, 0). c.

t t,0 0 t.0
g9(x) 1 0 1
Graph Inc. Local Min Inc.
(0, 0) is neither a maximum nor a minimum d.

Since the derivative at (0, 0) is 0, the tangent is
parallel to the horizontal axis there.
1
c. y 5 (x 2 5)3
dy 1 22
5 (x 2 5) 3
dx 3
1 7. a. f(x) 5 22x 2 1 8x 1 13
5 2 f r(x) 5 24x 1 8
3(x 2 5)3
Let f r(x) 5 0:
dy
20 24x 1 8 5 0
dx x52
The critical point is (2, 21). c. f(x) 5 2x 3 1 9x 2 1 12x
Local maximum at (2, 21) f r(x) 5 6x 2 1 18x 1 12
x x,2 2 x.2 Let f r(x) 5 0:
f9(x) 1 0 2 6x 2 1 18x 1 12 5 0
Graph Inc. Local Max. Dec. 6(x 1 2)(x 1 1) 5 0
x 5 22 or x 5 21
y
20 The critical points are (22, 24) and (21, 25).
x x , 22 22 22 , x , 21 21 x . 21
dy
10 dx
1 0 2 0 1
Local Local
x Max Min
–8 –4 0 4 8 Local maximum at (22, 24)

–10 y
8
–20
4
1
b. f(x) 5 x 3 2 9x 1 2 x
3
–4 –2 0 2 4
f r(x) 5 x 2 2 9
Let f r(x) 5 0: –4
x2 2 9 5 0
x2 5 9 –8
x5 63
d. f(x) 5 23x 3 2 5x
Local maximum at (23, 20)
f r(x) 5 29x 2 2 5
Let fr(x) 5 0:
x x , 23 23 23 , x , 3 3 x.3 29x 2 2 5 5 0
dy
1 0 2 0 1 5
dx
Local Local x2 5 2
Graph Inc. Dec. Inc. 9
Max Min
This equation has no solution, so there are no
y critical points.
20 y
8
10
4
x x
–8 –4 0 4 8 –2 –1 0 1 2
–4
–10
–8
–20
e. f(x) 5 "x 2 2 2x 1 2
2x 2 2 x21
!x 2 2x 1 2
fr(x) 5 2
5 2
2!x 2 2x 1 2

Let fr(x) 5 0: x x , 26 26 26 , x , 21 21 21 , x , 2 2 x,2
Therefore, x 2 1 5 0 dy
x51 2 0 1 0 2 0 1
dx
The critical point is (1, 1). Local Local Local
"x 2 2 2x 1 2 is never undefined or equal to zero,
Graph Dec. Inc. Dec. Inc.
Min Max Min
so (1, 1) is the only critical point. Local minima at x 5 26 and x 5 2

x x,1 1 x.1
Local maximum at x 5 21
9. f(x)
f9(x) 2 0 1 (–1, 6)
6
3
y
8 2
1
(3, 1) x
4
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–1
x
–4 –2 0 2 4
10. y 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 c
dy
5 2ax 1 b
f. f(x) 5 3x 4 2 4x 3 dx
fr(x) 5 12x 3 2 12x 2 Since a relative maximum occurs at x 5 3, then
Let fr(x) 5 0: 2ax 1 b 5 0 at x 5 3. Or, 6a 1 b 5 0. Also, at
(0, 1), 1 5 0 1 0 1 c or c 5 1. Therefore,
12x 3 2 12x 2 5 0
y 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 1. Since (3, 12) lies on the curve,
12x 2 (x 2 1) 5 0
12 5 9a 1 3b 1 1
x 5 0 or x 5 1
9a 1 3b 5 11
x x,0 0 0,x,1 1 x.1 6a 1 b 5 0.
dy
2 0 2 0 1 Since b 5 26a,
dx
Then 9a 2 18a 5 11
Graph Dec. Dec. Local Min Inc. 11
or a 5 2
There are critical points at (0, 0) and (1, 21). 9
Neither local minimum nor local maximum at (0, 0) 22
b5 .
y 11
The equation is y 5 2 9 x 2 1 3 x 1 1.
22
8
11. f(x) 5 x 2 1 px 1 q
fr(x) 5 2x 1 p
4
In order for 1 to be an extremum, f r(1) must equal 0.
x 2(1) 1 p 5 0
–4 –2 0 2 4 p 5 22
To find q, substitute the known values for p and x
8. fr(x) 5 (x 1 1)(x 2 2)(x 1 6) into the original equation and set it equal to 5.
Let fr(x) 5 0: x x,1 1 x.1
(x 1 1)(x 2 2)(x 1 6) 5 0 2
f9(x) 0 1
x 5 26 or x 5 21 or x 5 2
The critical numbers are 26, 21, and 2. Graph Dec. Local Min Inc.

(1)2 1 (1)(22) 1 q 5 5 b. f '(x)
q56 6
This extremum is a minimum value. 4
12. a. f(x) 5 x 3 2 kx 2
x
fr(x) 5 3x 2 2 k
In order for f to have no critical numbers, fr(x) 5 0 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2
must have no solutions. Therefore, 3x 2 5 k must –4
have no solutions, so k , 0. –6
b. f(x) 5 x 3 2 kx
fr(x) 5 3x 2 2 k c. f '(x)
In order for f to have one critical numbers, 6
fr(x) 5 0 must have exactly one solution. 4
Therefore, 3x 2 5 k must have one solution, which 2
occurs when k 5 0. x
c. f(x) 5 x 3 2 kx –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2
fr(x) 5 3x 2 2 k
–4
In order for f to have two critical numbers,
–6
fr(x) 5 0 must have two solutions. Therefore,
3x 2 5 k must have two solutions, which occurs
d. f '(x)
when k . 0.
6
13. g(x) 5 ax 3 1 bx 2 1 cx 1 d
4
gr(x) 5 3ax 2 1 2bx 1 c
Since there are local extrema at x 5 0 and x 5 2, 2
x
0a 1 0b 1 c 5 0 and 12a 1 4b 1 c 5 0 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
Therefore, c 5 0 and 12a 1 4b 5 0 –2
Going back to the original equation, we have the –4
points (2, 4) and (0, 0). Substitute these values of x –6
in the original function to get two more equations:
8a 1 4b 1 2c 1 d 5 4 and d 5 0. We now know 15. f(x) 5 3x 4 1 ax 3 1 bx 2 1 cx 1 d
that c 5 0 and d 5 0. We are left with two equa- a. f r(x) 5 12x 3 1 3ax 2 1 2bx 1 c
tions to find a and b: At x 5 0, f r(0) 5 0, then f r(0) 5 0 1 0 1 0 1 c
12a 1 4b 5 0 or c 5 0.
8a 1 4b 5 4 At x 5 22, f r(22) 5 0,
Subtract the second equation from the first to get 296 1 12a 2 4b 5 0. (1)
4a 5 24. Therefore a 5 21, and b 5 3. Since (0, 29) lies on the curve,
14. a. f '(x) 29 5 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 d or d 5 29.
6 Since (22, 273) lies on the curve,
4 273 5 48 2 8a 1 4b 1 0 2 9
2 28a 1 4b 5 2112
x or 2a 2 b 5 28 (2)
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 Also, from (1): 3a 2 b 5 24
–2
–4
2a 2 b 5 228
a 5 24
–6
b 5 236.

b. f r(x) 5 12x 3 2 12x 2 2 72x x 2 5 2 or x 2 5 21
x 3 2 x 2 2 6x 5 0 dy
x(x 2 3)(x 1 2) 5 0. At x 5 100, dx . 0.
c. maximum is at (21.41, 39.6).
22 , 0,
60
x x , 22 22 0 3 x.3
x,0 x,3 40
f9(x) 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 20
x
Graph
–40
16. a. y 5 4 2 3x 2 2 x 4
dy f(x)
5 26x 2 4x 3 17. h(x) 5
dx g(x)
Let 5 0:
3 f(x)
g(x)
3g(x)4 2
x x,0 0 x.0 hr(x) 5
dy
dx
hr(x) , 0.
y
4
2
–2
–6
at y 5 0
g(x)
2. f(x) 5
b. y 5 3x 5 2 5x 3 2 30x h(x)
dx xS`
dx xS`
xS2`
x4 2 x2 2 2 5 0

b. f r(x) 5 12x 3 2 12x 2 2 72x x 2 5 2 or x 2 5 21
x 3 2 x 2 2 6x 5 0 dy
x(x 2 3)(x 1 2) 5 0. At x 5 100, dx . 0.
c. maximum is at (21.41, 39.6).
22 , 0,
60
x x , 22 22 0 3 x.3
x,0 x,3 40
f9(x) 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 20
x
Graph
–40
16. a. y 5 4 2 3x 2 2 x 4
dy f(x)
5 26x 2 4x 3 17. h(x) 5
dx g(x)
Let 5 0:
3 f(x)
g(x)
3g(x)4 2
x x,0 0 x.0 hr(x) 5
dy
dx
hr(x) , 0.
y
4
2
–2
–6
at y 5 0
g(x)
2. f(x) 5
b. y 5 3x 5 2 5x 3 2 30x h(x)
dx xS`
dx xS`
xS2`
x4 2 x2 2 2 5 0

Condition for an oblique asymptote is that the 5
52
highest power of g(x) must be one more than 2
the highest power of h(x). 25x 2 1 3x
Similarly, lim 5 2 52.
2x 1 3 x21x ( 3
)
2
xS2` 2x 2 5
3. a. lim
xS` x 2 1
5 lim
xS` 1
xx2x ( ) 2x 5 2 3x 2 1 5
d. lim 4 5 lim
x5 2 2 x3 1 x5 ( 3 5
)
xS` 3x 1 5x 2 4
1 1 2x
3
xS` 4 5 4
x 3 1 x3 2 x4 ( )
5 lim
xS`
12x
1
5 lim
(
x 2 2 x3 1 x5
3 5
)
5 4
( 3x)
lim 2 1
xS`
xS`
3 1 x3 2 x4
5
lim (1 2 x)
1 ( ( x3 1 x5 ))
lim x 2 2
xS`
3 5
xS` 5
lim (3 1 x 2 x )
5 4
210
5 xS`
3 4
120
lim (x) 3 lim (2 2 x 1 x )
52 3 5
3 5
2x 1 3 xS` xS`
Similarly, lim 5 2. 5
xS2` x 2 1
lim (3 1 x 2 x )
5 4
3 4
b. lim 2
2
5x 2 3
5 lim
x 5 2 x2
3
(
2
) 5 lim (x) 3
xS`
22010
xS` x 1 2 31020
xS` 2
x 1 1 x2
2
( ) 5`
xS`
3 2x 5 2 3x 2 1 5
5 2 x2 Similarly, lim 3x 4 1 5x 2 4 5 lim (x) 5 2 ` .
5 lim 2
xS2` xS`
xS`
1 1 x2 4. a. This function is discontinuous at x 5 25. The
numerator is non-zero at this point, so the function
( )
3
lim 5 2 x 2
xS`
lim (1 1 )
2
2 x-values x x15 y lim y
xS` x xSc
520 x S 252 ,0 ,0 .0 1`
5
110 x S 25 1 ,0 .0 ,0 2`
55
5x 2 2 3 b. This function is discontinuous at x 5 2. The
Similarly, lim x 2 1 2 5 5.
xS2` numerator is non-zero at this point, so the function
c. lim
25x 2 1 3x
5 lim
x 2 25 1 x ( 3
) function near the asymptote is:
2
xS` 2x 2 5 xS` 2 5
x 2 2 x2 ( ) x-values x12 x22 f(x) lim f(x)
xSc
3 x S 22 ,0 ,0 ,0 2`
25 1 x
5 lim x S 21 .0 .0 .0 1`
5
xS`
2 2 x2
c. This function is discontinuous at t 5 3. The
xS`
( 3
lim 25 1 x ) numerator is non-zero at this point, so the function
5
lim (2 2 x )
2
xS` t-values 1 (t 2 3)2 s lim s
tSc
25 1 0 2
1`
5 xS3 .0 .0 .0
220 1
xS3 .0 .0 .0 1`

d. This function is discontinuous at x 5 3. At a point x, the difference between the function
x
However, the numerator also has value 0 there, y 5 x 1 4 and its asymptote y 5 1 is
since 32 2 3 2 6 5 0, so this function has no x x 2 (x 1 4)
vertical asymptotes. 215
x14 x14
e. The denominator of the function has value 0
4
when 52 .
(x 1 3)(x 2 1) 5 0 x14
x 5 23 or x 5 1. The numerator is non-zero at these negative, which means that the curve approaches the
points, so the function has vertical asymptotes there. asymptote from below. When x is large and negative,
The behaviour of the function near the asymptotes is: this difference is positive, which means that the
x-values 6 x13 x21 f(x) lim f(x)
xSc
curve approaches the asymptote from above.
x S 232 .0 ,0 ,0 .0 1` 2x 2x
b. lim 2 5 lim
xS` x 2 1
x S 231 .0 .0 ,0 ,0 2`
xS` 2
x 12 2( 1
x )
2
xS1 .0 .0 ,0 ,0 2` 2
5 lim
( )
1
xS1 .0 .0 .0 .0 1` xS` 1
x 1 2 x2
f. This function is discontinuous when lim (2)
x2 2 1 5 0 5 xS`
(x 1 1)(x 2 1) 5 0
x 5 21 or x 5 1. The numerator is non-zero at these
(
lim x 1 2 x 2
xS`
1
)
points, so the function has vertical asymptotes there. lim (2)
xS`
The behaviour of the function near the asymptotes is: 5
x-values x2
x11 x21 y lim y
xSc
lim (x) 3 lim 1 2
xS` xS`
( 1
x2
)
x S 212 .0 ,0 ,0 .0 1`
1 1
5 lim 3
xS` x 120
x S 21 1 .0 .0 ,0 ,0 2`
50
x S 12 .0 .0 ,0 ,0 2` 2x
Similarly, lim x 2 2 1 5 0, so y 5 0 is a horizontal
x S 11 .0 .0 .0 .0 1` xS2`
x x
5. a. lim 5 lim At a point x, the difference between the function
xS` x 1 4 xS` 4
x11x( ) 2x
f(x) 5 x 2 2 1 and its asymptote y 5 0 is x 2 2 1.
2x
1
5 lim 4 When x is large and positive, this difference is
xS`
11 positive, which means that the curve approaches the
x
lim (1) asymptote from above. When x is large and nega-
xS`
5 tive, this difference is negative, which means that
lim 1 1 x
xS`
( 4
) the curve approaches the asymptote from below.
5
1 3t 2 1 4
c. lim 2 5 lim
(
t2 3 1 t2
4
)
110 xS` t 2 1
51
xS` 2
( 1
t 1 2 t2 )
x 4
Similarly, lim x 1 4 5 1, so y 5 1 is a horizontal 3 1 t2
xS2` 5 lim 1
asymptote of the function. xS`
1 2 t2
( 4)
lim 3 1 t 2
xS`
5
lim (1 2 t )
1
2
xS`

5
120
53 lim
x23
5 lim
x12x ( 3
)
xS` x 1 5
3t 2 1 4
Similarly, lim t 2 2 1 5 3, so y 5 3 is a horizontal
xS2`
xS` 5
x11x ( )
3
asymptote of the function. 12x
5 lim 5
At a point x, the difference between the function xS`
11x
3t 2 14
g(t) 5 t 2 2 1 and its asymptote y 5 3 is
( 3x)
lim 1 2
3t 2 1 4 3t 2 1 4 2 3(t 2 2 1) 5 xS`
2 3 5
lim (1 1 x)
5
t2 2 1 t2 2 1
xS`
7
5 2 . 120
t 21 5
When x is large and positive, this difference is 110
positive, which means that the curve approaches 51
x23
the asymptote from above. When x is large and Similarly, lim x 1 5 5 1, so y 5 1 is a horizontal
xS2`
negative, this difference is positive, which means
At a point x, the difference between the function
above. x23
y 5 x 1 5 and its asymptote y 5 1 is
d. lim
3x 2 2 8x 2 7
5 lim
x2 3 2 2 2
x x
( 8 7
) x23
215
x 2 3 2 (x 1 5)
52
8
.
x24 x15 x15 x15
xS` xS`
x12x
4
( ) When x is large and positive, this difference is
5 lim
(8 7
x 3 2 x 2 x2 ) negative, which means that the curve approaches
the asymptote from below. When x is large and
4
xS`
12x negative, this difference is positive, which means
((
lim x 3 2 2 2
xS` x x
8 7
)) above.
y
5
6
)
lim 1 2 x
xS`
( 4
4
2
lim (x) 3 lim (3 2 2 )
8 7
2
x
x x
–10–8 –6 –4 –2 0
xS` xS`
5
–2
lim (1 2 x)
4
xS` –4
32020 –6
5 lim (x) 3
xS` 120
5` b. This function is discontinuous at x 5 22. Since
3x2 2 8x 2 7
Similarly, lim 5 lim (x) 5 2 `, so this the numerator is non-zero there, the function has a
xS` x24 xS`
function has no horizontal asymptotes. vertical asymptote at this point. The behaviour of
6. a. This function is discontinuous at x 5 25. the function near the asymptote is:
Since the numerator is not equal to 0 there, the x-values 5 (x 1 2)2 f(x) lim f(x)
xSc
function has a vertical asymptote at this point. The 2
xS2 .0 .0 .0 1`
behaviour of the function near the asymptote is:
xS2 1
.0 .0 .0 1`
x-values x23 x15 y lim y
xSc
x S 252 ,0 ,0 .0 1`
x S 25 1 ,0 .0 ,0 2`

5 5 So g(t) can be written in the form
lim 2 5 lim 2 g(t) 5 t 2 3
xS` (x 1 2) xS` x 1 4x 1 4
5 y
5 lim 8
xS` 2 4 4
x 1 1 x 1 x2 ( ) 6
lim (5) 4
xS`
5 2
x
xS`
( ( 2
lim x 1 1 x 1 x 2
4 4
)) –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2
lim (5)
xS` –4
5
–6
xS`
2
(
lim (x ) 3 lim 1 1 x 1 x 2
xS`
4 4
) –8
1 5
5 lim 2 3
xS` x 11010 d. This function is discontinuous when
50 x 2 2 3x 5 0
5 x(x 2 3) 5 0
Similarly, lim (x 1 2)2 5 0, so y 5 0 is a horizontal
xS2` x 5 0 or x 5 3
asymptote of the function. The numerator is non-zero at these points, so the
At a point x, the difference between the function function has vertical asymptotes at both of them. The
5 behaviour of the function near these asymptotes is:
f(x) 5 (x 1 2)2 and its asymptote y 5 0 is
x-values 21x 3 2 2x x x23 y lim y
5 xSc
(x 1 2)2
. When x is large and positive, this 2
xS0 .0 .0 ,0 ,0 .0 1`
difference is positive, which means that the curve xS0 1
.0 .0 .0 ,0 ,0 2`
approaches the asymptote from above. When x is
x S 32 .0 ,0 .0 ,0 .0 1`
large and negative, this difference is positive, which 1
xS3 .0 ,0 .0 .0 ,0 2`
means that the curve approaches the asymptote
from above. To check for horizontal asymptotes:
y (2 1 x)(3 2 2x) 22x 2 2 x 1 6
10 lim 5 lim
xS` x 2 2 3x xS` x 2 2 3x
8
6
5 lim
(
x 2 22 2 x 1 x 2
1 6
)
4
2
xS`
(
x2 1 2 x
3
)
x 1 6
22 2 x 1 x 2
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 5 lim
–2 3
xS`
12x
c. This function is discontinuous at t 5 5. However,
the numerator is equal to zero there, since
(
lim 22 2 1 2
xS` x x
1 6
)
5
52 2 2(5) 2 15 5 0, so this function has no vertical
asymptote. lim 1 2 x
xS`
( 3
)
To check for an oblique asymptote: 22 2 0 1 0
t23 5
120
t 2 5qt2 2 2t 2 15 5 22
t2 2 5t (2 1 x)(3 2 2x)
Similarly, lim 5 22, so y 5 22 is
x 2 2 3x
0 1 3t 2 15 xS2`
a horizontal asymptote of the function.
0 1 3t 2 15
01010

At a point x, the difference between the function c. x22
22x 2 2 x 1 6 2 3 2
x 1 2xqx 1 0x 1 0x 2 1
y5 and its asymptote y 5 22 is
x 2 2 3x
2 x3 1 2x2
22x 2 x 1 6 22x 2 2 x 1 6 1 2(x 2 2 3x)
1 2 5 2 2x2 1 0x 2 1
x 2 2 3x x 2 2 3x
27x 1 6 2 2x2 2 4x
5 2 . 4x 2 1
x 2 3x
When x is large and positive, this difference is So f(x) can be written in the form
negative, which means that the curve approaches the 4x 2 1
asymptote from below. When x is large and negative, f(x) 5 x 2 2 1 x 2 1 2x. Since
this difference is positive, which means that the curve
approaches the asymptote from above. 4x 2 1
lim 2 5 lim
x42
x
( 1
)
xS` x 1 2x
8
y xS` 2 2
x 11x ( )
6 1
42x
4 5 lim
2
x
xS`
( )
x11x
2
0
–8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 lim (4 2 x)
1
–2
xS`
–4 5
lim (x(1 1 ))
2
–6 x
xS`
–8
lim (4 2 )
1
xS`x
7. a. 3x 2 7 5
lim (x) 3 lim (1 1 x)
2
x 2 3q3x2 2 2x 2 17 xS` xS`
3x2 2 9x
5 lim a b 3
1 420
7x 2 17 xS` x 110
7x 2 21 5 0,
4 4x 2 1
and similarly lim x 2 1 2x 5 0, the line y 5 x 2 2 is
So f(x) can be written in the form xS2`
4 4 an asymptote to the function f(x).
f(x) 5 3x 2 7 1 . Since lim x 2 3 5 0 and
x23 xS`
4
d. x13
lim 5 0, the line y 5 3x 2 7 is an asymptote x2 2 4x 1 3qx3 2 x2 2 9x 1 15
xS` x 2 3
to the function f(x). x3 2 4x2 1 3x
b. x13 3x2 2 12x 1 15
2
2x 1 3q2x 1 9x 1 2 3x2 2 12x 1 9
2x2 1 3x 6
6x 1 2 So f(x) can be written in the form
6 6
6x 1 9 f(x) 5 x 1 3 1 x 2 2 4x 1 3. Since lim x 2 2 4x 1 3
xS`
27 6
and lim x 2 2 4x 1 3 5 0, the line y 5 x 1 3 is an
xS2`
So f(x) can be written in the form
asymptote to the function f(x).
7 7
f(x) 5 x 1 3 2 2x 1 3. Since lim 2x 1 3 5 0 and 8. a. At a point x, the difference between the
xS` 4
7 function f(x) 5 f(x) 5 3x 2 7 1 x 2 3 and its
lim 5 0, the line y 5 x 1 3 is an asymptote
xS2`2x 1 3 oblique asymptote y 5 3x 2 7 is
to the function f(x). 4 4
3x 2 7 1 x 2 3 2 (3x 2 7) 5 x 2 3. When x is

large and positive, this difference is positive, which x 2 1 3x 2 2 x 2 1 3x 2 2
means that the curve approaches the asymptote lim 2 5 lim 2
xS` (x 2 1) xS` x 2 2x 1 1
from above. When x is large and negative, this
difference is negative, which means that the curve
5 lim
( 3
x
2 )
x2 1 1
2
x 2
approaches the asymptote from below.
x (1 2 x 1 x )
xS` 2
2 1
b. At a point x, the difference between the function 2
7
f(x) 5 x 1 3 2 2x 1 3 and its oblique asymptote 3 2
1 1 x 2 x2
7
y 5 x 1 3 is x 1 3 2 2x 1 3 2 (x 1 3) 5 2 2x 1 3.
7 5 lim 2 1
xS`
1 2 x 1 x2
negative, which means that the curve approaches the
asymptote from below. When x is large and
( 3 2)
lim 1 1 2 2
xS` x x
5
lim (1 2 x 1 x )
negative, this difference is positive, which means 2 1
2
that the curve approaches the asymptote from above. xS`
9. a. This function is discontinuous at x 5 25. The 11020
5
numerator is non-zero at this point, so the function 12010
has a vertical asymptote there. The behaviour of the 51
function near the asymptote is: x 2 1 3x 2 2
xS`
x-values 3x 2 1 x15 f(x) lim f(x)
xSc horizontal asymptote of the function.
x S 25 2
,0 ,0 .0 1` c. This function is discontinuous when
x S 25 1
,0 .0 ,0 2` x2 2 4 5 0
x2 5 4
To check for a horizontal asymptote: x 5 6 2.
lim
3x 2 1
5 lim
x32x ( 1
) At x 5 2 the numerator is 0, since
22 1 2 2 6 5 0, so the function has no vertical
xS` x 1 5 xS` 5
x11x ( ) asymptote there. At x 5 22, however, the
numerator is non-zero, so the function has a vertical
1
32x asymptote there. The behaviour of the function
5 lim 5 near the asymptote is:
xS`
11x
lim h(x)
( 1)
lim 3 2 x
xS`
x-values x2 1 x 2 6 x2 2 4 h(x) xSc
5 x S 22 2
,0 .0 ,0 2`
lim (1 1 x)
5
x S 22 1 ,0 ,0 .0 1`
xS`
5
110
51 2
x 1x26
1
(
x2 1 1 2 x2
x
6
)
3x 2 1 lim 5 lim
Similarly, lim x 1 5 5 3, so y 5 3 is a horizontal x2 2 4
xS`
xS` xS` 4
x2 1 2 x2 ( )
asymptote of the function. 1 6
b. This function is discontinuous at x 5 1. The 1 1 x 2 x2
numerator is non-zero at this point, so the function 5 lim 4
xS`
1 2 x2
function near the asymptote is:
To check for a horizontal asymptote: (
lim 1 1 x 2 x 2
xS`
1 6
)
5
x-values
x S 12
x 2 1 3x 2 2 (x 2 1)2 g(x) lim g(x)
xSc
lim 1 2 x 2
xS`
( 4
)
.0 .0 .0 1`
x S 11 .0 .0 .0 1`

11020 Horizontal asymptote is at y 5 2 12.
5
120 2 (2x 1 5) 2 2(3 2 x) 211
51 f r(x) 5 5
(2x 1 5)2 (2x 1 5)2
x2 1 x 2 6 Since f r(x) 2 0, there are no maximum or
Similarly, lim 5 1, so y 5 1 is a
xS2` x 2 4
2
minimum points.
3
horizontal asymptote of the function. y-intercept, let x 5 0, y 5 5 5 0.6
d. This function is discontinuous at x 5 2. The 32x
numerator is non-zero at this point, so the function x-intercept, let y 5 0, 2x 1 5 5 0, x 5 3
has a vertical asymptote there. The behaviour of the f(x)
function near the asymptote is: 4
x-values 5x 2 2 3x 1 2 x22 m(x) lim m(x)

xSc 2
xS2 2
.0 ,0 ,0 2`
x
x S 21 .0 .0 .0 1`
–4 –2 0 2 4
–2
x 2 1 3x 2 2 x 2 1 3x 2 2
lim 2 5 lim 2
xS` (x 2 1) xS` x 2 2x 1 1
–4
5 lim
(
2 3 2
x 1 1 x 2 x2 )
b. This function is a polynomial, so it is continuous
xS` 2
( 2 1
x 1 2 x 1 x2 ) for every real number. It has no horizontal, vertical,
3 2 or oblique asymptotes.
1 1 x 2 x2 The y-intercept can be found by letting t 5 0, which
5 lim 2 1 gives y 5 210.
xS`
1 2 x 1 x2
hr(t) 5 6t 2 2 30t 1 36
Set hr(t) 5 0 and solve for t to determine the critical
( 3x 2 x2 )
lim 1 1
xS`
2 points.
5 6t 2 2 30t 1 36 5 0
lim (1 2 x 1 x )
2 1
xS`
2 t 2 2 5t 1 6 5 0
11020 (t 2 2)(t 2 3) 5 0
5 t 5 2 or t 5 3
12010
51
t t,2 t52 2,t,3 t53 t.3
x 2 1 3x 2 2
xS` h9(t) 1 0 2 0 1
horizontal asymptote of the function.
Graph Inc. Local Max Dec. Local Min Inc.
32x
10. a. f(x) 5
2x 1 5
The x-intercept cannot be easily obtained
Discontinuity is at x 5 22.5. algebraically. Since the polynomial function has a
32x
lim 2 5 2` local maximum when x 5 2, it must have an
xS225 2x 1 5
x-intercept prior to this x-value. Since f(0) 5 210
32x and f(1) 5 13, an estimate for the x-intercept is
lim 1 5 1`
xS225 2x 1 5 about 0.3.
Vertical asymptote is at x 5 22.5.
Horizontal asymptote:
32x 1
lim 52 ,
xS` 2x 1 5 2
32x 1
lim 52 .
xS2` 2x 1 5 2

h(t) y
24
20 4
16
12 2
8
x
4
t –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2 0 2 4 6
–2
c. This function is discontinuous when
x2 1 4 5 0 1
x 2 5 24 d. s(t) 5 t 1
t
This equation has no real solutions, however, Discontinuity is at t 5 0.
so the function is continuous everywhere.
lim at 1 b 5 1`
1
To check for a horizontal asymptote: tS0 1 t
20 20
lim 2 5 lim
lim2 at 1 b 5 2 `
xS` x 1 4
1
xS` 2
x 1 1 x2
4
( ) tS0 t
lim (20) Oblique asymptote is at s(t) 5 t.
5 xS` 1
sr(t) 5 1 2 2
( (
lim x 2 1 1 x 2
xS`
4
)) t
Let sr(t) 5 0, t 2 5 1
lim (20) t 5 61.
xS`
5 Local maximum is at (21, 22) and local minimum
lim (x 2 ) 3 lim 1 1 x 2
xS` xS`
( 4
) is at (1, 2).
1 20 21 , 0,
5 lim 2 3 t t , 21 t 5 21 t51 t.1
xS` x 110 t,0 t,1
50 s9(t) 1 0 2 2 0 1
20
Similarly, lim 2 5 0, so y 5 0 is a horizontal Increas- Local Decreas- Decreas- Local Increas-
xS2` x 1 4 Graph
The y-intercept of this function can be found by s(t)
20 4
letting x 5 0, which gives y 5 0 2 1 4 5 5.
Since the
numerator of this function is never 0, it has no 2
x-intercept. The derivative can be found by rewriting
the function as y 5 20(x 2 1 4)21, then t
yr 5 220(x 2 1 4)21 (2x) –4 –2 0 2 4
40x –2
52 2
(x 1 4)2
Letting yr 5 0 shows that x 5 0 is a critical point of –4
the function.
x x,0 x50 x.0
y9 1 0 2
Local
Graph Inc. Dec.
Max

2x 2 1 5x 1 2 There is no vertical asymptote. The function is the
e. g(x) 5 straight line s 5 t 1 7, t $ 27.
x13
Discontinuity is at x 5 23. 10 s(t)
2x 2 1 5x 1 2 5 8
5 2x 2 1 1
x13 x13 6
Oblique asymptote is at y 5 2x 2 1. 4
lim 1 g(x) 5 1`, lim 2 g(x) 5 2 ` 2
xS23 xS23 t
(4x 1 5)(x 1 3) 2 (2x 2 1 5x 1 2) –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
gr(x) 5 –2
(x 1 3)2
2x 2 1 12x 1 13 a
5 11. a. The horizontal asymptote occurs at y 5 c .
(x 1 3)2
Let gr(x) 5 0, therefore, 2x 2 1 12x 1 13 5 0: b. The vertical asymptote occurs when cx 1 d 5 0
212 6 "144 2 104
d
or x 5 2 c .
x5
4
x 5 21.4 or x 5 24.6.
24.6 , 23 ,
t x , 24.6 24.6 23 x 5 1.4 x . 21.4
x , 23 x , 21.4
s9(t) 1 0 2 Undefined 2 0 1
Local Vertical Local

Graph Increasing Decreasing Decreasing Increasing
Max Asymptote Min
Local maximum is at (24.6, 210.9) and local

minimum is at (21.4, 20.7). 12. a. Since f is defined for all values of x, f r and f s
are also defined for all values of x. f has a horizontal
g(x)
16 asymptote at y 5 0. So f r and f s will have horizontal
asymptotes there. f has a local maximum at (0, 1) so
8 f r will be 0 when x 5 0. f has a point of inflection at
(20.7, 0.6) and (0.7, 0.6), so f s will be 0 at
x x 5 6 0.7. At x 5 0.7, f changes from concave up
–16 –8 0 8 16 to concave down, so the sign of f s changes from
positive to negative. At x 5 0.7, f changes from
–8 concave down to concave up, so the sign of f s
changes from negative to positive there. f is
–16 increasing for x , 0, so f r will be positive. f is
decreasing for x . 0, so f r will be negative. The
t 2 1 4t 2 21 graph of f is concave up for x , 20.7 and x . 0.7,
f. s(t) 5 , t $ 27 so f s is positive for x , 20.7 and x . 0.7. The
t23
(t 1 7)(t 2 3) graph of f is concave down for 20.7 , x , 0.7, so
5 f s is negative for 20.7 , x , 0.7.
(t 2 3)
Discontinuity is at t 5 3. Also, since f s is 0 at x 5 6 0.7, the graph of f r will
(t 1 7)(t 2 3) have a local minimum or local maximum at these
lim1 5 lim1 (t 1 7) points. Since the sign of f s changes from negative
xS3 (t 2 3) xS3
5 10 to positive at x 5 0.7, it must be a local minimum
lim2 (t 1 7) 5 10 point. Since the sign of f s changes from positive to
xS3 negative at x 5 20.7, it must be a local maximum
point.

y 13. a. If f(x) is increasing, then fr(x) . 0. From the
6 graph of fr, fr(x) . 0 for x , 0. If f(x) is decreas-
4 ing, then fr(x) , 0. From the graph of fr, fr(x) , 0
2 y = f''(x) for x . 0. At a stationary point, fr(x) 5 0. From the
x
graph, the zero of fr(x) occurs at (0, 0). At x 5 0,
–4 –2 0 2 4 The graph changes from positive to negative, so f
–2
–4 has a local maximum there. If the graph of f is con-
–6 cave up, fs (x) is positive. From the slope of fr, the
graph of f is concave up for x , 20.6 and x . 0.6.
If the graph of f is concave down, fs (x) is negative
b. Since f is defined for all values of x, f r and f s are
and concave down for 20.6 , x , 0.6. Graphs will
also defined for all values of x. f has a horizontal
vary slightly.
asymptote at y 5 0 so f r and f s will have a horizon-
tal asymptote there. f has a local maximum at An example showing the shape of the curve is
(1, 3.5) so f r will be 0 when x 5 1. f has a local min- illustrated.
imum at (21, 23.5) so f r will be 0 when x 5 21. y
f has a point of inflection at (21.7, 23), (1.7, 3) and 2
(90, 0) so f s will be 0 at x 5 6 1.7 and x 5 0. At 1
x
x 5 0, f changes from concave up to concave down,
–4 –2 0 2 4
so the sign of f s changes from positive to negative. –1
At x 5 21.7, f changes from concave down to con- –2
cave up, so the sign of f s changes from negative to
positive. At x 5 1.7, f changes from concave down b. If f(x) is increasing, then fr(x) . 0. From the
to concave up, so the sign of f s changes from nega- graph of fr, fs (x) . 0 for x , 1 and x . 5. If f(x)
tive to positive. f is decreasing for x , 21 and is decreasing, then fr(x) , 0. From the graph of fr,
x . 1, so f r will be negative. The graph of f is fr(x) , 0 for 1 , x , 3 and 3 , x , 5. At a sta-
concave up for 21.7 , x , 0 and x . 1.7, so f s is tionary point, fr(x) 5 0. From the graph, the zeros
positive for 21.7 , x , 0 and x . 1.7. The graph of fr(x) occur at x 5 1 and x 5 5. At x 5 1, the
of f is concave down for x , 21.7 and 0 , x , 1.7, graph changes from positive to negative, so f has a
so f s is negative for x , 21.7 and 0 , x , 1.7. local maximum there. At x 5 5, the graph changes
Also, since f s is 0 when x 5 0 and x 5 6 1.7, the from negative to positive, so f has a local minimum
graph of f r will have a local maximum or minimum there. If the graph of f is concave up, fs (x) is posi-
at these points. Since the sign of f s changes from tive. From the slope of fr, the graph is concave up
negative to positive at x 5 21.7, f r has a local mini- for x . 3. If the graph of f is concave down, fs (x)
mum at x 5 21.7. Since the sign of f s changes is negative. From the slope of fr, the graph of f is
from positive to negative at x 5 0, it must be a local concave down for x , 3. There is a vertical asymp-
maximum point. Since the sign of f s changes from tote at x 5 3 since fr is not defined there. Graphs
negative to positive at x 5 1.7, it must be a local will vary slightly. An example showing the shape of
minimum point. the curve is illustrated.
y y
8 4
6
y = f'(x)
4 2
2
x x
–4 –2 0 2 4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2
–2
–4

14. a. f(x) and r(x): lim f(x) and lim r(x) exist. x 2 1 2x 1 1 (x 1 1)(x 1 1)
xS` xS` lim 5 lim
b. h(x): the highest degree of x in the numerator is xS` x11 xS` (x 1 1)
exactly one degree higher than the highest degree of 5 lim (x 1 1)
xS`
x in the denominator. 5`
b. lim c d
c. h(x): the denominator is defined for all xPR. x2 1 1 x 2 1 2x 1 1
2
2x 2 3 xS` x 1 1 x11
f(x) 5 has vertical asymptotes at
(x 2 7)(x 1 2) x 2 1 1 2 x 2 2 2x 2 1
x 5 7 and x 5 22. f(22.001) 5 2110.99 so as 5 lim
xS` x11
x S 222, f(x) S 2 `
22x
f(21.999) 5 111.23 so as x S 22 1 , f(x) S ` 5 lim
xS` x 1 1
f(6.999) 5 111.12 so as x S 72, f(x) S `
f(7.001) 5 2111.10 so as x S 7 1 , f(x) S 2 ` 22
5 lim 1 5 22
f(x) has a horizontal asymptote at y 5 0. xS`
11x
g(x) has a vertical asymptote at x 5 3.
2x 2 2 2x
g(2.999) 5 23 974.009 so as x S 32, g(x) S ` 17. f(x) 5
x2 2 9
g(3.001) 5 224 026.009 so as x S 3 1 , g(x) S 2 `
Discontinuity is at x 2 2 9 5 0 or x 5 63.
By long division, h(x) 5 x 1 a 2 b so y 5 x
24x 2 1 lim1 f(x) 5 1`
x 11 xS3
is an oblique asymptote. lim f(x) 5 2 `

xS32
(x 1 3)(x 2 2) lim f(x) 5 2 `
r(x) 5 has vertical asymptotes at xS23 1
(x 2 4)(x 1 4)
lim f(x) 5 1`
x 5 24 and x 5 4. xS232
r(24.001) 5 750.78 so as x S 242, r(x) S ` Vertical asymptotes are at x 5 3 and x 5 23.
r(23.999) 5 2749.22 so as x S 24 1 , r(x) S 2 ` Horizontal asymptote:
r(3.999) 5 21749.09 so as x S 42, r(x) S 2 ` lim f(x) 5 2 (from below)
xS`
r(4.001) 5 1750.91 so as x S 4 1 , r(x) S `
lim f(x) 5 2 (from above)
r(x) has a horizontal asymptote at y 5 1. xS`
ax 1 5 Horizontal asymptote is at y 5 2.
15. f(x) 5 (4x 2 2)(x 2 2 9) 2 2x(2x 2 2 2x)
3 2 bx f r(x) 5
Vertical asymptote is at x 5 24. (x2 2 9)2
Therefore, 3 2 bx 5 0 at x 5 25. 4x 3 2 2x 2 2 36x 1 18 2 4x 3 1 4x 2
5
That is, 3 2 b(25) 5 0 (x 2 2 9)2
3 2x 2 2 36x 1 18
b5 . 5
5 (x 2 2 9)2
Horizontal asymptote is at y 5 23. Let f r(x) 5 0,
lim a b 5 23
ax 1 5 2x 2 2 36x 1 18 5 0 or x 2 2 18x 1 9 5 0.
18 6 "182 2 36
xS` 3 2 bx
5 x5
a1x 2
lim a b 5 lim ° 3 ¢ 5
ax 1 5 2a
x 5 0.51 or x 5 17.5
xS` 3 2 bx b
xS`
2b y 5 0.057 or y 5 1.83.
x
a Local maximum is at (0.51, 0.057) and local
But 2 b 5 23 or a 5 3b.
minimum is at (17.5, 1.83).
3
But b 5 5, then a 5 95.
23 , 0.51 , 3,
1 t 0.51 17.5 x . 17.5
2 x1x x , 0.51 x,3 x , 17.5
x 11
16. a. lim 5 lim 1 s9(t) 1 0 2 2 0 1
xS` x 1 1 xS`
11x
5` Graph
Increas- Local Decreas- Decreas-
Local Min Increasing
ing Max ing ing

4 g(x) 5 2x 3 2 3x 2 2 12x 1 15 is given by
3 dg
2 dx
1 dg
x for which dx 5 0.
x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 So 6x 2 2 6x 2 12 5 0
–1
–2 6(x 2 2 x 2 2) 5 0
–3 6(x 1 1)(x 2 2) 5 0
–4
x 5 21, x 5 2
dg
dg
dx
x . 2.
Value of x x , 21 21 , x , 2 x.2
Value of
dg dg dg
5 6x 2 2 6x 2 12 dx
.0
dx
,0
dx
.0
dx
Decreasing
3. y
8
c. 2
(–2, 0) x
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2
–4
–6
–8
(23, `). dy
dy dy
a. dx 5 24x 1 16. When dx 5 0,
dy
5 24(x 1 4) 5 0
dx
x 5 24

4 g(x) 5 2x 3 2 3x 2 2 12x 1 15 is given by
3 dg
2 dx
1 dg
x for which dx 5 0.
x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 So 6x 2 2 6x 2 12 5 0
–1
–2 6(x 2 2 x 2 2) 5 0
–3 6(x 1 1)(x 2 2) 5 0
–4
x 5 21, x 5 2
dg
dg
dx
x . 2.
Value of x x , 21 21 , x , 2 x.2
Value of
dg dg dg
5 6x 2 2 6x 2 12 dx
.0
dx
,0
dx
.0
dx
Decreasing
3. y
8
c. 2
(–2, 0) x
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2
–4
–6
–8
(23, `). dy
dy dy
a. dx 5 24x 1 16. When dx 5 0,
dy
5 24(x 1 4) 5 0
dx
x 5 24

x*1 1*x*2 x+2
x21 2 1 1
x22 2 2 1
(x 2 1)(x 2 2) (2 )(2 ) 5 1 (1)(2 ) 5 2 (1)(1) 5 1
dy
.0 ,0 .0
dx
g(x) 5 2x 3 2 9x 2 1 12x increasing decreasing increasing
dy dy From the table above, x 5 1 is the local maximum

b. dx 5 x 3 2 27x. When dx 5 0,
and x 5 2 is the local minimum.
dy dg
5 x(x 2 2 27) 5 0 b. 5 3x 2 2 4x 2 4
dx dx
x 5 0, x 5 63"3 dg
dy dy To find the critical numbers, set 5 0.
c. dx 5 4x 3 2 8x. When dx 5 0, dx
dy 3x 2 2 4x 2 4 5 0
5 4x(x 2 2 2) 5 0 (3x 1 2)(x 2 2) 5 0
dx
2
x 5 0, x 5 6"2 x 5 2 or x 5 2
dy dy 3
d. dx 5 15x 4 2 75x 2 1 60. When dx 5 0, 2 2
x* 2 2 *x*2 x+2
dy 3 3
5 15(x 4 2 5x 2 1 4) 5 0
dx 3x 1 2 2 1 1
dy 2 2
5 15(x 2 2 1)(x 2 2 4) 5 0 x22 1
dx dg
1 2 1
x 5 61, x 5 62 dx
dy 2x(x 2 1 1) 2 (x 2 2 1)(2x) dy g(x) increasing decreasing increasing
e. dx 5 2
(x 1 1) 2 . When dx
5 0,
dy 2
the numerator equals 0. So dx 5 2x(x 2 1 1) 2 The function has a local maximum at x 5 2 and a
3
dy local minimum at x 5 2
(x 2 2 1)(2x) 5 0. After simplifying, dx 5 4x 5 0.
x50 df
dy (x 2 1 2) 2 x(2x) dy 6. 5 2x 1 k
f. 5 . When dx 5 0, the dx
dx (x 2 1 2)2
df
numerator equals 0. So after simplifying, To have a local minimum value, dx 5 0. This occurs
dy
dx
5 2x 2 1 2 5 0.
k
when x 5 2 2 . So f 2 2 5 1. ( k)
x 5 6"2 k2 k2
2 1251
dg 4 2
5. a. 5 6x 2 2 18x 1 12
dx k2
dg 2 1251
To find the critical numbers, set dx 5 0. So 4
6x 2 2 18x 1 12 5 0 k2
2 5 21
6(x 2 1)(x 2 2) 5 0 4
x 5 1, x 5 2 k2 5 4
k 5 62

7. fr(x) 5 4x 3 2 32 than 3. So f(x) approaches y 5 3 from below when
To find the critical numbers, set fr(x) 5 0. x is large and positive and approached y 5 3 from
4x 3 2 32 5 0 above when x is large and negative.
4(x 3 2 8) 5 0
x52
b. f(x) 5
x 2 1 3x 2 2
5
x2 1 1 x 2 x2 ( 3 2
)
(x 2 1)2 2 1
x*2 x+2 x2 1 2 x 1 x2 ( )
f9(x) 5 4x 3 2 32 2 1 3 2
f(x) decreasing increasing 5
(11x2x) 2
The function has a local minimum at x 5 2.

(1 2 2x 1 x1 ) 2
8. a. Since x 1 2 5 0 for x 5 22, x 5 22 is a

vertical asymptote. Large and positive to left of lim
(1 1 3x 2 x2 ) 5 (1 1 0 2 0)
2
xS1`
asymptote, large and negative to right of asymptote.
b. Since 9 2 x 2 5 0 for x 5 63, x 5 23 and
(1 2 2x 1 x1 ) (1 2 0 1 0)
2
x 5 3 are vertical asymptotes. For x 5 23: large 51

and negative to left of asymptote, large and positive So the horizontal asymptote is 1. Similarly, we
to right of asymptote. can prove lim f(x) 5 1. If x is large and positive,
c. Since 3x 1 9 5 0 for x 5 23, x 5 23 is a xS2`
10002 1 3 (1000) 2 2
vertical asymptote. Large and negative to left of for example, x 5 1000, f(x) 5 (1000 2 1)2
5
asymptote, large and positive to right of asymptote. 9 96 998
which is greater than 1. If x is large
10 02 001 ,
d. Since 3x 2 2 13x 2 10 5 0 when x 5 2 23 and
and negative, for example, x 5 21000,
x 5 5, x 5 2 23 and x 5 5 are vertical asymptotes. (21000)2 1 3 (21000) 2 2
For x 5 2 23 large and positive to left of asymptote, f(x) 5 2 5 109 9602998
001 , which is less
(21000 2 1)
large and negative to right of asymptote. For x 5 3: than 1. So f(x) approaches y 5 1 from above when x
large and positive to left of asymptote, large and is large and positive and approaches y 5 1 from
negative to right of asymptote. below when x is large and negative.
3xa1 2 3x b
1
10. a. Since (x 2 5)2 5 0 when x 5 5, x 5 5 is a
3x 2 1 vertical asymptote.
9. a. f(x) 5 5
x15
x a1 1 x b
5 x x
f(x) 5 5
(x 2 5)2 10 25
x 2 1 2 x 1 x2( )
3a1 2 b
1
3x 1
5 5
11x
5
( 10 25
x 1 2 x 1 x2 )
lim (1)
3 c lim 1 2 3x d
( 1) lim f(x) 5 xS15
5 1`
lim f(x) 5
xS2` xS15
lim x 1 2 ((
10
x
1
25
x2 ))
lim (1 1 x)
xS1` 5 xS15
xS2` This limit gets larger as it approaches 5 from the

3(1 2 0) right. Similarly, we can prove that the limit goes to
5 1` as it approaches 5 from the left. For example,
(1 1 0)
53 1
if x 5 1000 f(x) 5 25 , which
So the horizontal asymptote is y 5 3. Similarly, we 1000 Q 1 2 1000
10
1 1000 2R
can prove lim f(x) 5 3. If x is large and positive, gets larger as x gets larger. Thus, f(x) approaches
xS2`
for example, if x 5 1000, f(x) 5 2999

which is 1` on both sides of x 5 5.
1005 ,
smaller than 3. If x is large and negative, for exam- b. There are no discontinuities because x 2 1 9
never equals zero.
ple, if x 5 21000, f(x) 5 23001
2995 , which is larger

c. Using the quadratic formula, we find that t * 2.5198 t + 2.5198
x 2 2 12x 1 12 5 0 when x 5 6 6 2"6. So
1
x 5 6 6 2"6 are vertical asymptotes. 4
2 4t23 2 1
f(x) 5 2
x22
5
x12x( 2
) Sign of C9(t) 2 1
x 2 12x 1 12
(
x2 1 2 x 1 x2
12 12
) Behaviour of C(t) decreasing increasing
14. For f(x) the derivative function fr(0) 5 0 and

lim
xS1612"6
x12 ( 2
x ) fr(2) 5 0.
lim f(x) 5 . Therefore, f r(x) passes through (0, 0) and (2, 0).
xS1612"6
lim
xS1612"6
(
x 2 1 2 x 1 x2
12 12
) When x , 0, f(x) is decreasing, therefore,
f r(x) , 0.
This limit gets smaller as it approaches 6 1 2"6
When 0 , x , 2, f(x) is increasing, therefore,
from the right and get larger as it approaches
f r(x) . 0.
6 1 2"6 from the left. Similarly, we can show that
When x . 2, f(x) is decreasing, therefore,
the limit gets smaller as it approaches 6 2 2"6 from
f r(x) , 0.
the left and gets larger as it approaches from the right.
y
11. a. f r(x) . 0 implies that f(x) is increasing.
2
b. f r(x) , 0 implies that f(x) is decreasing.
12. a. h(t) 5 24.9t 2 1 9.5t 1 2.2 x
Note that h(0) 5 2.2 , 3 because when the diver –4 –2 0 2 4
dives, the board is curved down.
hr(t) 5 29.8t 1 9.5 –2
Set hr(t) 5 0
0 5 29.8t 1 9.5 –4
t 8 0.97
–6
0 * t * 0.97 t + 0.97
29.8t 1 9.5 1 2
15. a. f(x) 5 x 2 2 7x 2 18
Sign of h9(t) 1 2 i. f r(x) 5 2x 2 7
Behaviour of h(t) increasing decreasing Set f r(x) 5 0
0 5 2x 2 7
b. hr(t) 5 v(t) 7
x5
v(t) 5 29.8t 1 9.5 2
vr(t) 5 29.8 , 0 ii. 7 7
x* x+
The velocity is decreasing all the time. 2 2
t 2x 2 7 2 1
13. C(t) 5 1 2t 22
4 Sign of f9(x) 2 1
1
Cr(t) 5 2 4t 23 Behaviour of f(x) decreasing increasing
4
Set Cr(t) 5 0
1 7
0 5 2 4t 23 iii. From ii., there is a minimum at x 5 2.
f a b 5 a b 2 7a b 2 18
4 7 7 2 7
1
5 4t 23 2 2 2
4
fa b 5
7 49 49
t 3 5 16 2 2 18
2 4 2
t 8 2.5198
fa b 5 2
7 121
2 4

iv. y 0 5 8x 3 2 8x
10 0 5 8x(x 2 2 1)
5 0 5 8x(x 2 1)(x 1 1)
x
x 5 21 or x 5 0 or x 5 1
–4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
–5 ii.
–10 x * 21 21 * x * 0 0*x*1 x+1
–15
8x 2 2 1 1
–20
–25 x21 2 2 2 1
–30 x11 2 1 1 1
Sign of (2 )(2 )(2 ) (2 )(2 )(1) (1)(2 )(1) (1)(1)(1)

b. f(x) 5 22x 3 1 9x 2 1 3 f9(x) 52 51 52 51
i. f r(x) 5 26x 2 1 18x Behaviour
Set f r(x) 5 0 decreasing increasing decreasing increasing
of f(x)
0 5 26x 2 1 18x
0 5 26x(x 2 3) iii. From ii., there is a maximum at x 5 0 and
x 5 0 or x 5 3 minima at x 5 21 and x 5 1
ii. f(21) 5 2(21)4 2 4(21)2 1 2
x*0 0*x*3 x+3
f(21) 5 2 2 4 1 2
26x 1 2 2 f(21) 5 0
f(0) 5 2(0)4 2 4(0)2 1 2
x23 2 2 1 f(0) 5 2
Sign of f9(x) (1)(2 ) 5 2 (2 )(2 ) 5 1 (2 )(1) 5 2 f(1) 5 2(1)4 2 4(1)2 1 2
f(1) 5 2 2 4 1 2
Behaviour
of f(x)
decreasing increasing decreasing f(1) 5 0
iv. y
iii. From ii., there is a minimum at x 5 0 and a 3
maximum at x 5 3.
f(0) 5 22(0)3 1 9(0)2 1 3 2
f(0) 5 3
f(3) 5 22(3)3 1 9(3)2 1 3 1
f(3) 5 254 1 81 1 3
f(3) 5 30 x
iv. y –2 –1 0 1 2
35
–1
30
25
20 d. f(x) 5 x 5 2 5x
15 i. f r(x) 5 5x 4 2 5
10
Set f r(x) 5 0
0 5 5x 4 2 5
5
x 0 5 5(x 4 2 1)
–2 0 2 4 6 0 5 5(x 2 2 1)(x 2 1 1)
–5
0 5 5(x 2 1)(x 1 1)(x 2 1 1)
x 5 21 or x 5 1
c. f(x) 5 2x 4 2 4x 2 1 2
i. f r(x) 5 8x 3 2 8x
f r(x) 5 0

ii. x * 21 21 * x * 1 x+1
3 2 2x
17. a. lim
xS` 3x
5 1 1 1
3 2x
2 x
x21 2 2 1 x
5 lim 3x
xS`
x11 2 1 1 x
1 1 1
022
x2 1 1 5
3
Sign of (1)(2 )(2 )(1) (1)(2 )(1)(1) (1)(1)(1)(1) 2
f9(x) 51 52 51 52
3
Behaviour
increasing decreasing increasing x 2 2 2x 1 5
of f(x) b. lim 2
xS` 6x 1 2x 2 1
x2 2x 5
iii. From ii., there is a maximum at x 5 21 and a 2 21 2
x2 x x
minimum at x 5 1 5 lim 6x 2 2x 1
f(21) 5 (21)5 2 5(21)
xS`
x2
1 x2 2 x2
f(21) 5 21 1 5 12010
f(21) 5 4 5
61020
f(1) 5 (1)5 2 5(1) 1
f(1) 5 24 5
6
y 7 1 2x 2 2 3x 3
8 c. lim 3 2
xS` x 2 4x 1 3x
6
7 2x 2 3x 3
4 3 1 3 2
x3
2 5 lim xx 3 4xx
2 3x
x xS`
2 x3 1 x3
x3
–2 –1 0 1 2
–2 01023
5
–4 12010
–6 5 23
–8 5 1 2x 3
d. lim 4
xS` x 2 4x
5 2x 3
16. a. vertical asymptote: x 5 2 12, horizontal 4 2
x4
asymptote y 5 12; as x approaches 12 from the left, 5 lim xx 4 4x
xS`
graph approaches infinity; as x approaches 12 from 2 x4
x4
the right, graph approaches negative infinity. 020
b. vertical asymptote: x 5 22, horizontal asymp- 5
120
tote: y 5 1; as x approaches 22 from the left, graph 50
approaches infinity; as x approaches 22 from the
2 4
right, graph decreases to (20.25, 21.28) and then x 3 1 3x 2 1
5 lim ° x 1 4 ¢
2x 5 2 1 2 3
approaches to infinity. e. lim 4 2
xS` 3x 2 x 2 2 xS` 3 3x 2 x 2 2 2
c. vertical asymptote: x 5 23, horizontal asymp-
tote: y 5 21; as x approaches 23 from the left, 2 3
3x 14
3x
graph approaches infinity; as x approaches 23 from 4 1
2 4 4
2 x x x
the right, graph approaches infinity 5 lim x 1 lim 3x 4 x 2 2
xS` 3 xS`
d. vertical asymptote: x 5 24, no horizontal 2 x4 2 x4
x4
asymptote; as x approaches 24 from the left, graph 5`
increases to (27.81, 230.23) and then decreases to
24; as x approaches 24 from the right, graph
decreases to (20.19, 0.23) then approaches infinity.

xS` (x 2 3)2
x 2 1 3x 2 18 25
5 lim 2 b. y 5 2
xS` x 2 6x 1 9 x 1 48
x2 3x 18 dy 50x
1 x2 2 x2 52 2
x2 dx (x 1 48)2
5 lim x 2 6x 9
xS` dy dy
x2
5 Q 0, 48 R
25
12010
51 d 2y
5 250(x 2 1 48)22 1 100x(x 2 1 48)23 (2x)
x 2 2 4x 2 5 dx 2
g. lim
xS` x2 2 1 50 200x 2
x2
52 2 1
4x 5
2 x2 2 x2 (x 1 48)2 (x 2 1 48)3
x2
5 lim x 2 2
dy 50
xS` 1
48 R is a
x2
12020
local maximum.
5 lim c. s 5 t 1 t 21
xS` 120
ds 1
51 5 1 2 2, t 2 0
dt t
h. lim a5x 1 4 2 b
7
ds
7 1
x 12 250
xS` xS` xS`
1x t2 5 1
x
5` t 5 61.
5 3
dt 2 t
2

2
5 3x 2 2 12x 2 15 d. y 5 (x 2 3)3 1 8
dx
dy dy
dx
3x 2 2 12x 2 15 5 0
x 2 2 4x 2 5 5 0
(x 2 5)(x 1 1) 5 0
d 2y
x 5 5 or x 5 21 5 6(x 2 3)
2 d 2y
dy At x 5 3, dx 2 5 0.
Now, 5 6x 2 12.
dx 2
2
2
dy
d 2y
dx 2
4
x5 .
3
4-31
xS` (x 2 3)2
x 2 1 3x 2 18 25
5 lim 2 b. y 5 2
xS` x 2 6x 1 9 x 1 48
x2 3x 18 dy 50x
1 x2 2 x2 52 2
x2 dx (x 1 48)2
5 lim x 2 6x 9
xS` dy dy
x2
5 Q 0, 48 R
25
12010
51 d 2y
5 250(x 2 1 48)22 1 100x(x 2 1 48)23 (2x)
x 2 2 4x 2 5 dx 2
g. lim
xS` x2 2 1 50 200x 2
x2
52 2 1
4x 5
2 x2 2 x2 (x 1 48)2 (x 2 1 48)3
x2
5 lim x 2 2
dy 50
xS` 1
48 R is a
x2
12020
local maximum.
5 lim c. s 5 t 1 t 21
xS` 120
ds 1
51 5 1 2 2, t 2 0
dt t
h. lim a5x 1 4 2 b
7
ds
7 1
x 12 250
xS` xS` xS`
1x t2 5 1
x
5` t 5 61.
5 3
dt 2 t
2

2
5 3x 2 2 12x 2 15 d. y 5 (x 2 3)3 1 8
dx
dy dy
dx
3x 2 2 12x 2 15 5 0
x 2 2 4x 2 5 5 0
(x 2 5)(x 1 1) 5 0
d 2y
x 5 5 or x 5 21 5 6(x 2 3)
2 d 2y
dy At x 5 3, dx 2 5 0.
Now, 5 6x 2 12.
dx 2
2
2
dy
d 2y
dx 2
4
x5 .
3
4-31
4 4 4 2
Interval x, x5 x. gs (x) 5 2 2
3 3 3 x3
f 0 (x) ,0 50 .0 gs (21) 5 2 1 2 5 4 . 0
Concave Point of Concave The curve lies above the tangent line at (21, 2).
Graph of f(x)
Down Inflection Up
w
!w 2 1 1
c. p(w) 5 at w 5 3
The point ( 43, 21420
27 ) is point of inflection. 1
b. For possible point(s) of inflection, solve p(w) 5 w(w 2 1 1)2
5 (w 2 1 1)2 1 wa2 b (w 2 1 1)2 (2w)

d 2y dp 1 1 3
5 0:
dx 2 dw 2
1 3
200x 2 2 50x 2 2 2400 5 0 5 (w 2 1 1)2 2 w 2 (w 2 1 1)2
150x 2 5 2400. d 2p 1 2 3
2 3
2 5 2 (w 1 1) (2w) 2 2w(w 1 1)
2 2
Since x 2 1 48 . 0: dw 2
x 5 64.
1 w 2 a b (w 2 1 1)2 (2w)
3 5
Interval x , 24 x 5 24 24 , x , 4 x54 x.4 2

d 2p 3 6 81
f 0 (x) .0 50 ,0 50 .0 At w 5 3, 2 5 2 2 10 !10 1
Graph of Concave Point of Concave Point of Concave
dw 10!10 100!10
f(x) Up Inflection Down Inflection Up 9
52 , 0.
100!10
( 24, 2564) and ( 4, 2564) are points of inflection.
The curve is below the tangent line at (3, 3
!10 ).
2
ds 3
c. 2 5 2 d. The first derivative is
dt t
(t 2 4)(2) 2 (2t)(1)
Interval t,0 t50 t.0 sr(t) 5
(t 2 4)2
f 0 (t) ,0 Undefined .0
Concave Concave 28
Graph of f(t) Undefined 5
Down Up (t 2 4)2
The graph does not have any points of inflection. The second derivative is
d. For possible points of inflection, solve (t 2 4)2 (0) 2 (28)2(t 2 4)1
ss (t) 5
d 2y (t 2 4)4
5 0:
dx 2 16
6(x 2 3) 5 0 5
(t 2 4)3
x 5 3.
16
Interval x,3 x53 x.3 So ss (22) 5
(22 2 4)3
f 0 (x) ,0 50 .0
Concave Point of Concave 16 2
Graph of f(x) 52 52
Down Inflection Up 216 27
(3, 8) is a point of inflection. Since the second derivative is negative at this point,
4. a. f(x) 5 2x 3 2 10x 1 3 at x 5 2 the function lies below the tangent there.
f r(x) 5 6x 2 2 10 5. For the graph on the left: i. f s (x) . 0 for x , 1
f s (x) 5 12x Thus, the graph of f(x) is concave up on x , 1.
f s (2) 5 24 . 0 f s (x) # 0 for x . 1. The graph of f(x) is concave
The curve lies above the tangent at (2, 21). down on x . 1.
1 ii. There is a point of inflection at x 5 1.
b. g(x) 5 x 2 2 at x 5 21
x
1
gr(x) 5 2x 1 2
x

iii. y For possible points of inflection, solve f s (x) 5 0:
12x 2 1 24x 5 0
y = f''(x) 12x(x 1 2) 5 0
x x 5 0 or x 5 22.
–1 0 1 2 3
Interval x , 22 x 5 22 22 , x , 0 x50 x.0
f 0 (x) .0 50 ,0 50 .0
y Graph Concave Point of Concave Point of Concave
4 y = f(x) of f(x) Up Inflection Down Inflection Up
3
The points of inflection are (22, 216) and (0, 0).
2
ii. If x 5 0, y 5 0.
1 For critical points, we solve fr(x) 5 0:
x
–2 –1 0 1 2 4x 3 1 12x 2 5 0
–1 4x 2 (x 1 3) 5 0
x 5 0 and x 5 23.
For the graph on the right: i. f s (x) . 0 for x , 0 or
Interval x , 23 x 5 23 23 , x , 0 x 5 0 x.0
x.2
The graph of f(x) is concave up on x , 0 or x . 2. f 9(x) ,0 50 .0 50 .0
The graph of f(x) is concave down on 0 , x , 2. Graph Decreasing Local Increasing Increasing
ii. There are points of inflection at x 5 0 and x 5 2. of f(x) Min
iii. y
If y 5 0, x 4 1 4x 3 5 0
y = f''(x) x 3 (x 1 4) 5 0
x 5 0 or x 5 24
x
The x-intercepts are 0 and 24.
–1 0 1 2 3
y
20
y 15
4 10
5
y = f(x) x
2
–4 –2 0 2
–5
x
0 –10
–2 2 4
–15
–2 –20
–25
6. For any function y 5 f(x), find the critical points,
i.e., the values of x such that fr(x) 5 0 or fr(x) does 4w 2 2 3
not exist. Evaluate f s (x) for each critical value. b. d. g(w) 5
w3
If the value of the second derivative at a critical 4 3
point is positive, the point is a local minimum. If 5 2 3, w 2 0
3 w
the value of the second derivative at a critical point 4 9
is negative, the point is a local maximum. i. gr(w) 5 2 2 1 4
w w
7. Step 4: Use the first derivative test or the second 9 2 4w 2
derivative test to determine the type of critical 5
w4
points that may be present.
8 36
8. a. f(x) 5 x 4 1 4x 3 gs (w) 5 3 2 3
i. fr(x) 5 4x 3 1 12x 2 w w
f s (x) 5 12x 2 1 24x 8w 2 2 36
5
w5

For possible points of inflection, we solve 9. The graph is increasing when x , 2 and when
gs (w) 5 0: 2 , x , 5.
8w 2 2 36 5 0, since w 5 2 0 The graph is decreasing when x . 5.
9 The graph has a local maximum at x 5 5.
w2 5
2 The graph has a horizontal tangent line at x 5 2.
3 The graph is concave down when x , 2 and when
w56
"2
. 4 , x , 7.
The graph is concave up when 2 , x , 4 and when
3 ,w ,
3 3 2 3 3 x . 7.
!2
, 3 w5
!2 !2 !2 !2
Interval w,2 w52 w.
!2
0 ,
w ,0 The graph has points of inflection at x 5 2, x 5 4,
g9(w) ,0 50 .0 ,0 0 .0 and x 5 7.
Graph Concave Point of Concave Concave Point of Concave The y-intercept of the graph is 24.
of g(w) Down Inflection Up Down Inflection Up
4 y
The points of inflection are (2 !2
3
, 2 8 !2
9 ) and
2
x
( 3
2 8 !2 ). –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
!2 , 9 –2
ii. There is no y-intercept. –4
3
The x-intercept is 6 !2.
For critical values, we solve gr(w) 5 0: 10. f(x) 5 ax 3 1 bx 2 1 c
9 2 4w 2 5 0 since w 4 2 0 f r(x) 5 3ax 2 1 2bx
3 f s (x) 5 6ax 1 2b
w56 . Since (2, 11) is a relative extremum,
2
f(2) 5 12a 1 4b 5 0.
3 ,0,
Interval w,2
3
w52
3 2 , 3 w5
3
w.
3 Since (1, 5) is an inflection point,
2 w,
2 2
w ,0 2
2 2 f s (1) 5 6a 1 2b 5 0.
g9(w) ,0 50 .0 .0 0 ,0 Since the points are on the graph, a 1 b 1 c 5 5 and
Graph Decreasing Local
Local
Decreasing
8a 1 4b 1 c 5 11
of g(w) Down Min Max 7a 1 3b 5 6
4w 2 2 3 4w 2 2 3 9a 1 3b 5 0
lim2 5 `, lim 5 2` 2a 5 26
wS0 w3 wS0 1 w3
a 5 23
lim a 2 3 b 5 0, lim a 2 3 b 5 0
4 3 4 3 b59
wS2` w w wS` w w c 5 21.
Thus, y 5 0 is a horizontal asymptote and x 5 0 is Thus, f(x) 5 23x 3 1 9x 2 2 1.
a vertical asymptote. y (2, 11)
y 10
4 8
3 6
(1, 5)
2 4
1 2
x x
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–1 –2
–2
1
–3 11. f(x) 5 (x 1 1)2 1 bx 21
–4 1 1
fr(x) 5 (x 1 1)2 2 bx 22
2
1 3
f s (x) 5 2 (x 1 1)2 1 2bx 23
4

Since the graph of y 5 f(x) has a point of inflection When x 5 0, y 5 0.
at x 5 3: x(x 2 2 2x 1 4) x3 (x 2 1)2 1 34
1 3 2b Also, y 5 x 24
2 5 x2 2 4
.
2 (4)2 1 50
4 27 Since (x 2 1)2 1 3 . 0, the only x-intercept
1 2b is x 5 0.
2 1 50 8x 2 8
32 27 Since lim x 2 2 4 5 0, the curve approaches the
27 xS`
b5 . value x 2 2 as x S `. This suggests that the line
64
12. f(x) 5 ax 4 1 bx 3 y 5 x 2 2 is an oblique asymptote. It is verified by
fr(x) 5 4ax 3 1 3bx 2 the limit lim 3x 2 2 2 f(x)4 5 0. Similarly, the
xS`
f s (x) 5 12ax 2 1 6bx curve approaches y 5 x 2 2 as x S 2 `.
For possible points of inflection, we solve dy 8(x 2 2 4) 2 8(x 2 1)(2x)
f s (x) 5 0: 511
dx (x2 2 4)2
12ax 2 1 6bx 5 0 2
8(x 2 2x 1 4)
6x(2ax 1 b) 5 0 512
(x 2 2 4)2
b
x 5 0 or x 5 2 . dy
We solve dx 5 0 to find critical values:
2a
The graph of y 5 f s (x) is a parabola with 8x 2 2 16x 1 32 5 x 4 2 8x 2 1 16
b x 4 2 16x 2 2 16 5 0
x-intercepts 0 and 2 2a.
x 2 5 8 1 4"5 ( 8 2 4"5 is
We know the values of f s (x) have opposite signs
inadmissible)
when passing through a root. Thus at x 5 0 and at
x 8 64.12.
b
x 5 2 2a, the concavity changes as the graph goes lim y 5 ` and lim y 5 2 `
xS` xS2`
through these points. Thus, f(x) has points of
b x, x5 24.12 22 , x 2,x x5 x.
inflection at x 5 0 and x 5 2 2a. To find the Interval
24.12 24.12 , x , 2 , 2 24.12 4.12 4.12
x-intercepts, we solve f(x) 5 0
x 3 (ax 1 b) 5 0 dy
.0 50 ,0 ,0 ,0 0 .0
dx
b
x 5 0 or x 5 2 . Graph Increas- Local Decreas- Decreas- Decreas- Local Increas-
a of y
The point midway between the x-intercepts has ing Max ing ing ing Min ing
b
x-coordinate 2 2a.
y
The points of inflection are (0, 0) and 8
4
(22ab , 216ab ).
3 x
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
x 3 2 2x 2 1 4x 8x 2 8 –4
13. a. y 5 x2 2 4
5 x 2 2 1 x2 2 4 (by
–8
division of polynomials). The graph has discontinu-
–12
ities at x 5 62.
–16
lim ax 2 2 1 2 b 5 2`
8x 2 8
∂
xS222 x 24 b. Answers may vary. For example, there is a sec-
lim ax 2 2 1 2 b 5 2`
8x 2 8 tion of the graph that lies between the two sections
xS22 1 x 24 of the graph that approach the asymptote.
14. For the various values of n, f(x) 5 (x 2 c)n
lim ax 2 2 1 b 5 2`
8x 2 8
has the following properties:
∂
xS222 x2 2 4
lim 1 ax 2 2 1 2 b 5 2`
8x 2 8
xS22 x 24

n n51 n52 n53 n54 4. a. y 5 x 3 2 9x 2 1 15x 1 30
f99(x) 0 2 6(x 2 c) 12(x 2 c)2
dy
5 3x 2 2 18x 1 15
dy
3x 2 2 18x 1 15 5 0
Sketching, pp. 212–213 (x 2 1)(x 2 5) 5 0
x 5 1 or x 5 5.
(3, 21)
15
–2 0 2 4 6 8 10
f(x) S 1` as x S 1` .
dx
x 2 1 4x 1 3 5 0 212x(x 2 3) 5 0
(x 1 3)(x 1 1) 5 0 x 5 0 or x 5 3.
dx 2
x 2 2 6x 1 12 y
6 6 "(26)2 2 4(1)(12) 60 (3, 57)
x5
2(1) 45
6 6 "212
5 30
2 ( 3 , 30)
2
x 2 2 6x 1 9 5 0
(x 2 3)2 5 0

n n51 n52 n53 n54 4. a. y 5 x 3 2 9x 2 1 15x 1 30
f99(x) 0 2 6(x 2 c) 12(x 2 c)2
dy
5 3x 2 2 18x 1 15
dy
3x 2 2 18x 1 15 5 0
Sketching, pp. 212–213 (x 2 1)(x 2 5) 5 0
x 5 1 or x 5 5.
(3, 21)
15
–2 0 2 4 6 8 10
f(x) S 1` as x S 1` .
dx
x 2 1 4x 1 3 5 0 212x(x 2 3) 5 0
(x 1 3)(x 1 1) 5 0 x 5 0 or x 5 3.
dx 2
x 2 2 6x 1 12 y
6 6 "(26)2 2 4(1)(12) 60 (3, 57)
x5
2(1) 45
6 6 "212
5 30
2 ( 3 , 30)
2
x 2 2 6x 1 9 5 0
(x 2 3)2 5 0

1 The critical values are x 5 22, 2, 3.
c. y 5 3 1
(x 1 2)2 f s (x) 5 12x 2 2 24x 2 16
Since f s (22) 5 80 . 0, (22, 280) is a local
1 minimum.
We observe that y 5 3 1 (x 1 2)2 is just a
Since f s (2) 5 216 , 0, (2, 48) is a local maximum.
1 Since f s (3) 5 20 . 0, (3, 45) is a local minimum.
translation of y 5 x 2. The graph has x-intercepts 0 and 23.2
1 The points of inflection can be found by solving
The graph of y 5 x 2 is
1 f s (x) 5 0:
The reference point (0, 0) for y 5 x 2 becomes the 3x 2 2 6x 2 4 5 0
1 6 6 "84
point (22, 3) for y 5 3 1 (x 1 2)2. The vertical x5
6
asymptote is x 5 22, and the horizontal asymptote 1 5
is y 5 3. x 8 2 or .
y 2 2
3 y (2, 48)
2 40 (3, 45)
1
x 20
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
–1
–2 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–20
–3
–40
dy 2
5 2 (x 1 2)3, hence there are no critical points. –60
dx
d 2y 6
5 (x 1 2)4 . 0, hence the graph is always –80
dx 2 (–2, –80)
concave up.
y 2x
e. y 5
8 2
x 2 25
There are discontinuities at x 5 25 and x 5 5.
lim2 a 2 b 5 2 ` and lim1 a 2 b5`
4 2x 2x
xS5 x 2 25 S25 x 2 25
x
lim2 a 2 b 5 2 ` and lim1 a 2 b5`
2x 2x
–4 –2 0 2 4 xS5 x 2 25 S25 x 2 25
–4 x 5 25 and x 5 5 are vertical asymptotes.
dy 2(x 2 2 25) 2 2x(2x) 2x 2 1 50
5 5 2 (x 2 2 25)2 , 0 for
dx (x 2 2 25)2
–8
all x in the domain. The graph is decreasing
throughout the domain.
d. f(x) 5 x 4 2 4x 3 2 8x 2 1 48x
We know the general shape of a fourth degree poly- 2
lim a 2 b 5 lim ° 25 ¢
2x x
nomial with leading coefficient positive. The local
y 5 0 is a
∂
xS` x 2 25
extrema will help refine the graph. xS`
1 2 x2
50 horizontal
f r(x) 5 4x 3 2 12x 2 2 16x 1 48 2 asymptote.
lim ° 25 ¢ 5 0
For critical values, we solve fr(x) 5 0 x
x 3 2 3x 2 2 4x 1 12 5 0. xS2`
1 2 x2
Since f r(2) 5 0, x 2 2 is a factor of fr(x).
The equation factors are
(x 2 2)(x 2 3)(x 1 2) 5 0.

d 2y 4x(x 2 2 25)2 2 (2x 2 1 50)(2)(x2 2 25)(2x) 1
Similarly, lim x 2 2 4x 5 0, so y 5 0 is a horizontal
5 2
dx 2 (x 2 2 25)4 xS`
4x 3 1 300x 4x(x 2 1 75) Since y 5 0 and x 5 0 are both asymptotes of the
5 5
(x 2 2 25)3 (x 2 2 25)3 function, it has no x- or y- intercepts.
There is a possible point of inflection at x 5 0. The derivative is
x , 25 25 , x , 0 x50 0,x,5 x.5
(x 2 2 4x) 2 (1)(2x 2 4)
Interval fr(x) 5
2
(x 2 2 4x)2
dy
,0 .0 50 ,0 .0 4 2 2x
dx2
5 2 , and the second derivative is
Graph Concave Point of Concave Point of Concave (x 2 4x)2
of y Down Up Inflection Down Up
(x 2 2 4x)2 (22) 2 (4 2 2x)(2(x 2 2 4x)(2x 2 4))
f s (x) 5
y (x 2 2 4x)4
3 22x 2 1 8x 1 8x 2 2 32x 1 32
2 5
(x 2 2 4x)3
1
x 6x 2 2 24x 1 32
5
–12 –8 –4 0 4 8 12 (x 2 2 4x)3
–1
Letting f r(x) 5 0 shows that x 5 2 is a critical
–2
point of the function. The inflection points can be
–3
found by letting f s (x) 5 0, so
2(3x 2 2 12x 1 16) 5 0
12 6 "(212)2 2 4(3)(16)
f. This function is discontinuous when
x 2 2 4x 5 0 x5
x(x 2 4) 5 0 2(3)
x 5 0 or x 5 4. The numerator is non-zero at these 12 6 "248
5
points, so the function has vertical asymptotes at 6
both of them. The behaviour of the function near This equation has no real solutions, so the graph of
these asymptotes is: f has no inflection points.
x-values 1 x x24 f(x
x) lim f(x)
xSc
x x*0 0*x*2 x50 2*x*4 x+4
x S 02 .0 ,0 ,0 .0 1`
fr(x) 1 1 0 2 2
xS0 1
.0 .0 ,0 ,0 2`
Graph Inc. Inc. Local Max Dec. Dec.
x S 42 .0 .0 ,0 ,0 2`
fs (x) 1 2 2 2 1
xS4 1
.0 .0 .0 .0 1`
Concavity Up Down Down Down Up
y
1 1 8
lim 2 5 lim
xS` x 2 4x 6
x 124
xS` 2
( )
x
4
lim (1)
xS` 2
5 x
lim x 2 1 2 4
( (
xS` x)) –4 –2 0
–2
2 4 6 8 10 12
lim (1) –4
xS`
5 –6
lim (x ) 3 lim 1 2 4
2
( )
xS` xS` x –8
1 1
5 lim 2 3
xS` x 110
50

6x 2 2 2 The x-axis is a horizontal asymptote.
g. y 5 y
x3
8
6 2
5 2 3 4
x x x
There is a discontinuity at x 5 0. –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
6x 2 2 2 6x 2 2 2 –4
lim2 5 ` and lim 5 2` –8
xS0 x3 xS0 1 x3
The y-axis is a vertical asymptote. There is no –12
y-intercept. The x-intercept is a vertical asymptote. x13
1
There is no y-intercept. The x-intercept is 6 !3 . h. y 5
x2 2 4
dy 6 6 26x 2 1 6 There are discontinuities at x 5 22 and at x 5 2.
52 21 45
lim a 2 b5` and lim2 a 2 b 5 2`
x13 x13
dx x x x4
dy xS222 x 2 4 xS2 x 24
dx
50 when 6x 2 5 6
lim a b 5 2 ` and lim2 a 2 b5`
x13 x13
x 5 61
xS22 x2 2 4 xS2 x 24
Interval x , 21 x 5 21 21 , x , 0 0 , x , 1 x 5 1 x.1 There are vertical asymptotes at x 5 22 and x 5 2.
dy
,0 50 .0 .0 50 ,0 When x 5 0, y 5 2 34. The x-intercept is 23.
dx
dy (1)(x 2 2 4) 2 (x 1 3)(2x)
Graph of Decreas- Local
Local Decreas- 5
y 5 f(x) ing Min Max ing dx (x 2 2 4)2
2x 2 2 6x 2 4
There is a local minimum at (21, 24) and a local 5
(x 2 2 4)2
maximum at (1, 4). dy
d 2y 12 24 12x 2 2 24 For critical values, we solve dx 5 0:
5 5 5 x 2 1 6x 1 4 5 0
dx 2 x3 x3 x3
d 2y
For possible points of inflection, we solve dx 2 5 0 6 6 "36 2 16
x52
(x 3 2 0): 2
12x 2 5 24 5 23 6 "5
8 25.2 or 20.8.
x 5 6"2.
x, x 5 25.2 , 22 , x 5 20.8 ,
x, x, 2 !2 , 0, Interval x.2
x 5 !2 x . !2
2 !2 2 !2 x , !2
Interval 25.2 25.2 x , 22 x , 20.8 20.8 x , 2
x,0
dy
d2y ,0 50 .0 .0 50 ,0 ,0
,0 50 .0 ,0 50 .0 dx
dx2
Graph Decreas- Local Increas- Increas- Local Decreas- Decreas-
Graph of Concave Point of Concave Concave Point of Convave of y ing Min ing ing Max ing ing
y 5 f(x) Down Inflection Up Down Inflection Up
1 3
There are points of inflection at (2"2, 2 !2
5
) 1 x2
lim y 5 lim ° x
4 ¢ 50
and ("2, 5
!2 ). xS` xS`
12 2
x
6 2 1 3
2 3 1 x2
lim ° 4 ¢ 50
6x 2 2 2 x
lim 3 5 lim x x 5 0
xS` x xS` 1 xS`
1 2 x2
6 2
x
2 x3
lim 50
x52` x

The x-axis is a horizontal asymptote. d 2y
For x , 1, dx 2 , 0 and y is always concave down.
y
2.0 d 2y
For, x . 1, dx 2 . 0 and y is always concave up.
1.0 The line y 5 x 2 2 is an oblique asymptote.

y
8
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 6
(3, 3)
4
–1.0
2
x
–2.0 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2
–4
x 2 2 3x 1 6 (–1, –5)
i. y 5 –6
x21 –8
4
5x221
x21 j. This function is continuous everywhere, so it has
x22 no vertical asymptotes. It also has no horizontal
x 2 1qx2 2 3x 1 6 asymptote, because
2 2
x2 2 x lim (x 2 4)3 5 ` and lim (x 2 4)3 5 `.
xS` xS2`
22x 1 6
The x-intercept of the function is found by letting
22x 1 2 f(x) 5 0, which gives
4 2
(x 2 4)3 5 0
There is a discontinuity at x 5 1.
x54
lim2 a b 5 2`
x 2 2 3x 1 6
The y-intercept is found by letting x 5 0, which
xS1 x21 2
gives f(0) 5 (0 2 4)3 8 2.5.
lim1 a b5`
x 2 2 3x 1 6
The derivative of the function is
xS1 x21 1
Thus, x 5 1 is a vertical asymptote. f r(x) 5 ( 23) (x 2 4)23 and the second derivative is
4
The y-intercept is 26. f s (x) 5 ( 2 29) (x 2 4)23. Neither of these derivatives
There are no x-intercepts (x 2 2 3x 1 6 . 0 for all has a zero, but each is undefined for x 5 4, so it is a
x in the domain). critical value and a possible point of inflection.
dy 4
512 x,4 x54 x.4
dx (x 2 1)2 x
dy 2
For critical values, we solve 5 0: f9(x) Undefined 1
dx
4 Dec. Local Min Inc.
12 50 Graph
(x 2 1)2
f99(x) 2 Undefined 2
(x 2 1)2 5 4
x 2 1 5 62 Concavity Down Undefined Down
x 5 21 or x 5 3.
21 , 1, y
x,1 x,3 5
dy 4
.0 50 ,0 ,0 50 .0
dx
3
Graph Increas- Local Decreas- Decreas- Local Increas-
of y ing Max ing ing Min ing
2
1
x
d 2y 8
5 0 2 4 6 8 10
d 2x (x 2 1)3 –1

5. a. j.
b. 6. y 5 ax 3 1 bx 2 1 cx 1 d
Since (0, 0) is on the curve d 5 0:
dy
5 3ax 2 1 2bx 1 c
dx
dy
At x 5 2, 5 0.
dx
c. Thus, 12a 1 4b 1 c 5 0.
Since (2, 4) is on the curve, 8a 1 4b 1 2c 5 4
or 4a 1 2b 1 c 5 2.
d 2y
5 6ax 1 2b
dx 2
d. d 2y
Since (0, 0) is a point of inflection, dx 2 5 0 when
x 5 0.
Thus, 2b 5 0
b 5 0.
Solving for a and c:
e. 12a 1 c 5 0
4a 1 c 5 2
8a 5 22
1
a52
4
c 5 3.
f. 1
The cubic polynomial is y 5 2 x 3 1 3x.
4
The y-intercept is 0. The x-intercepts are found by
setting y 5 0:
1
2 x(x 2 2 12) 5 0
g. 4
x 5 0, or x 5 62"3.
Let y 5 f(x). Since f(2x) 5 14 x 3 2 3x 5 2f(x),
f(x) is an odd function. The graph of y 5 f(x) is
symmetric when reflected in the origin.
y
h. 4
3
2
1
x
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
i. –1
–2
–3
–4

7. a. Answers may vary. For example: k 1
2x
lim a 2 2 b 5 lim ° k2 ¢50
y k2x x2
8 xS` k 1 x xS`
1 1
x2
6
k 1
4 2 2
2 lim ° 2 x ¢ 5 0
x
xS` k
x 11
x2
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 Hence, the x-axis is a horizontal asymptote.
–2
–4 y
3
–6
2
–8
1
x
b. Answers may vary. For example: –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–1
y
8 –2
6 –3
4 1 2
2 9. g(x) 5 x3 (x 1 3)3
x There are no discontinuities.
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
gr(x) 5 x3 (x 1 3)3 1 x3 a b (x 1 3)3 (1)
1 2 2
–2
2 1 1
–4 3 3
x 1 3 1 2x 3(x 1 1)
–6 5 32 1 5 2 1
–8
3x (x 1 3)3 3x3 (x 1 3)3
x11
5 32 1
3x (x 1 3)3
k2x gr(x) 5 0 when x 5 21.
8. f(x) 5
k2 1 x2 gr(x) doesn’t exist when x 5 0 or x 5 23.
There are no discontinuities.
1 Interval x , 23 x 5 23
23 , x 21 , x
The y-intercept is k and the x-intercept is k. x 5 21 x50 x,0
, 21 ,0
(21)(k 2 1 x 2 ) 2 (k 2 x)(2x) Does Does
fr(x) 5 g2 (x) .0 not ,0 50 .0 not .0
(k 2 1 x 2 )2
Exist Exist
x 2 2 2kx 2 k 2
5 Graph Increas- Local Decreas- Local Increas- Increas-
(k 2 1 x 2 )2 of g(x) ing Max ing Min ing ing
For critical points, we solve f r(x) 5 0:
x 2 2 2kx 2 k 2 5 0 There is a local maximum at (23, 0) and a local
x 2 2 2kx 2 k 2 5 2k 2 minimum at (21, 21.6). The second derivative is
(x 2 k)2 5 2k 2 algebraically complicated to find.
x 2 k 5 6"2k 23 ,
x 5 (1 1 "2 )k or x 5 (1 2 "2 )k.

x,0
Does Not Does Not
g0 (x) .0 .0 .0
Exist Exist
x, x5 20.41k , x5 x.
Interval
20.41k 0.41k x , 2.41k 2.41k 2.41k Graph Concave Concave Point of Concave
Cusp
g0 (x) Down Up Inflection Down
f(x) .0 ,0 ,0 50 .0
Graph Local Local
Increasing Decreasing Increasing
of f(x) Max Min

y b. g(t) 5 "t 2 1 4t 2 "t 2 1 t
6
4 ("t 2 1 4t 2 "t 2 1 t)("t 2 1 4t 1 "t 2 1 t)
5
2 "t2 1 4t 1 "t2 1 t
x 3t
–6 –4 –2 0 5
"t 1 4t 1 "t 2 1 t
2 4 6
–2 2
–4 3t
(1, 1.6) 5
0t0 1 1 1 0t0 1 1
–6 4 1
Ä t Ä t
!x 1 1
10. a. f(x) 5 2 xS`

5 xS2`
0x0 1 1 2
Ä x
x 11. y 5 ax 3 1 bx 2 1 cx 1 d
xS` xS` 1 5 3ax 2 1 2bx 1 c
Ä
x 11 2 dx
x
5 6ax 1 2b 5 6aax 1 b
d 2y b
1
5 lim dx 2 3a
xS` 1 d 2y
Ä
x
b
51 x52 .
, since 0 x 0 5 2x
x
lim f(x) 5 lim b b
Ä
2x 1 1 2
x b
for x , 0
5 3aa2 b 1 2ba2 b 1 c
x b dy b 2 b
5 lim At x 5 ,
xS2` 1 3a dx 3a 3a
Ä
2 11 2 b2
x 5c2 .
3a
5 21
y 1. a. i. x , 1
2 ii. x . 1
iii. (1, 20)
1 b. i. x , 23, 23 , x , 1, x . 6.5
ii. 1 , x , 3, 3 , x , 6.5
x iii. (1, 21), (6.5, 21)
–1
–2

y b. g(t) 5 "t 2 1 4t 2 "t 2 1 t
6
4 ("t 2 1 4t 2 "t 2 1 t)("t 2 1 4t 1 "t 2 1 t)
5
2 "t2 1 4t 1 "t2 1 t
x 3t
–6 –4 –2 0 5
"t 1 4t 1 "t 2 1 t
2 4 6
–2 2
–4 3t
(1, 1.6) 5
0t0 1 1 1 0t0 1 1
–6 4 1
Ä t Ä t
!x 1 1
10. a. f(x) 5 2 xS`

5 xS2`
0x0 1 1 2
Ä x
x 11. y 5 ax 3 1 bx 2 1 cx 1 d
xS` xS` 1 5 3ax 2 1 2bx 1 c
Ä
x 11 2 dx
x
5 6ax 1 2b 5 6aax 1 b
d 2y b
1
5 lim dx 2 3a
xS` 1 d 2y
Ä
x
b
51 x52 .
, since 0 x 0 5 2x
x
lim f(x) 5 lim b b
Ä
2x 1 1 2
x b
for x , 0
5 3aa2 b 1 2ba2 b 1 c
x b dy b 2 b
5 lim At x 5 ,
xS2` 1 3a dx 3a 3a
Ä
2 11 2 b2
x 5c2 .
3a
5 21
y 1. a. i. x , 1
2 ii. x . 1
iii. (1, 20)
1 b. i. x , 23, 23 , x , 1, x . 6.5
ii. 1 , x , 3, 3 , x , 6.5
x iii. (1, 21), (6.5, 21)
–1
–2

y (7 2 x)(1 1 x)
5
4 (x 2 1 7)2
2
Since x 1 7 . 0 for all x, the only critical values
2 occur when hr(x) 5 0. The critical values are x 5 7
and x 5 21.
x
0 Interval x , 21 x 5 21 21 , x , 7 x57 x.7
–4 –2 2 4
h9(x) ,0 50 .0 50 ,0
–2 Graph Decreas- Local Increas- Local Decreas-
of h(t) ing Min ing Max ing
–4
There is a local minimum at (21, 2 12 ) and a local
maximum at (7, 141 ). At both points, the tangents are
3. a. f(x) 5 22x 3 1 9x 2 1 20
parallel to the x-axis.
f r(x) 5 26x 2 1 18x 1
d) g(x) 5 (x 2 1)3
For critical values, we solve:
1 22
f r(x) 5 0 gr(x) 5 (x 2 1) 3
3
26x(x 2 3) 5 0
x 5 0 or x 5 3.
Let gr(x) 5 0:
1 22
f s (x) 5 212x 1 18 (x 2 1) 3 5 0
Since f s (0) 5 18 . 0, (0, 20) is a local minimum 3
point. The tangent to the graph of f(x) is horizontal There are no solutions, but gr(x) is undefined for
at (0, 20). Since f s (3) 5 218 , 0, (3, 47) is a local x 5 1, so the point (1, 0) is a critical point.
maximum point. The tangent to the graph of f(x) is
x x,1 1 x.1
horizontal at (3, 47).
b. f(x) 5 x 4 2 8x 3 1 18x 2 1 6 f 9(x) 1 Undefined 1
f(x) 5 4x 3 2 24x 2 1 36x Graph Inc. Inc.
f(x) 5 4x(x 2 2 6x 1 9)
f(x) 5 4x(x 2 3)2 (1, 0) is neither a local maximum nor a local
Let f(x) 5 0: minimum.
4x(x 2 3)2 5 0 The tangent is not parallel to the x-axis because it is
x 5 0 or x 5 3 not defined for x 5 1.
The critical points are (0, 6) and (3, 33). 4. a. a , x , b, x . e
b. b , x , c
x x,0 0 0,x,3 3 x.3 c. x , a, d , x , e
dy
d. c , x , d
2 0 1 0 1
dx 2x
5. a. y 5
x23
Local
Graph Dec
Min
Inc Inc There is a discontinuity at x 5 3.
lim2 a b 5 2 ` and lim1 a b5`
2x 2x
Local minimum at (0, 6) xS3 x23 xS3 x23
(3, 33) is neither a local maximum nor a local Therefore, x 5 3 is a vertical asymptote.
minimum. x25
b. g(x) 5
The tangent is parallel to the x-axis at both points x15
because the derivative is defined at both points. There is a discontinuity at x 5 25.
x23
lim a b 5 ` and lim 1 a b 5 2`
x25 x25
c. h(x) 5 2
x 17 xS252 x 1 5 xS25 x15
(1)(x 2 1 7) 2 (x 2 3)(2x) Therefore, x 5 25 is a vertical asymptote.
h(x) 5
(x 2 1 7)2 x 2 2 2x 2 15
c. f(x) 5
7 1 6x 2 x 2 x13
5
(x 2 1 7)2

(x 1 3)(x 2 5) 8. a. i. Concave up: 21 , x , 3
5
x13 Concave down: x , 21, 3 , x
5 x 2 5, x 2 23 ii. Points of inflection at x 5 21 and x 5 3
There is a discontinuity at x 5 23. iii. y
lim 1 f(x) 5 28 and lim 2 f(x) 5 28 80
xS23 xS23
There is a hole in the graph of y 5 f(x) at 40
(23, 28).
5 x
d. g(x) 5 2 0
x 2 x 2 20 –4 4 8 12
5
g(x) 5 –40
(x 2 5)(x 1 4)
To find vertical asymptotes, set the denominator
–80
equal to 0:
(x 2 5)(x 1 4) 5 0
x 5 24 or x 5 5 b. i. Concave up: 24.5 , x , 1, 5 , x
Vertical asymptotes at x 5 24 and x 5 5 Concave down: x , 24.5, 1 , x , 5
5 ii. Points of inflection at x 5 24.5, x 5 1, and x 5 5
lim 2 5` iii. y
xS24 (x 2 5)(x 1 4)
10
5
lim 1 5 2`
xS24 (x 2 5)(x 1 4)
5
5
lim2 5 2`
xS5 (x 2 5)(x 1 4) x
5 –10 –5 0 5 10
lim1 5`
xS5 (x 2 5)(x 1 4)
–5
6. y 5 x 3 1 5
yr 5 3x 2
ys 5 6x –10
Let ys 5 0
6x 5 0 ax 1 b
9. a. g(x) 5
x50 (x 2 1)(x 2 4)
The point of inflection is (0, 5) ax 1 b
5 2
Since the derivative is 0 at x 5 0, the tangent line is x 2 5x 1 4
parallel to the x-axis at that point. Because the a(x 2 2 5x 1 4) 2 (ax 1 b)(2x 2 5)
gr(x) 5
derivative is always positive, the function is always (x 2 2 5x 1 4)2
increasing and therefore must cross the tangent line Since the tangent at (2, 21) has slope 0, gr(2) 5 0.
instead of just touching it. 22a 1 2a 1 b
Hence, 5 0 and b 5 0.
7. (–2, 10) y 4
10 Since (2, 21) is on the graph of g(x):
2a 1 b
8 21 5
6 22
(3, 4) 2a 1 0 5 2
4
a 5 1.
2 x
x Therefore g(x) 5 (x 2 1)(x 2 4).
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–2
–4
–6 (1, –6)

b. There are discontinuities at x 5 1 and x 5 4. y
lim2 g(x) 5 ` and lim1 g(x) 5 2 ` 8
xS1 xS1
lim2 g(x) 5 2 ` and lim1 g(x) 5 `
xS4 xS4 4
x 5 1 and x 5 4 are vertical asymptotes.
The y-intercept is 0. x
4 2 x2 –4 –2 0 2 4
gr(x) 5 2
(x 2 5x 1 4)2
–4
gr(x) 5 0 when x 5 62.
Interval x , 22 x 5 22 22 , 1, x52 2, x.4 (–2, –9) –8 (2, –9)
x,1 x,2 x,4
g9(x) ,0 0 .0 .0 0 ,0 ,0
Graph Decreas- Local Increas- Increas- Local Decreas- Decreas- 3x 2 1
ing Min ing ing Max ing ing b. f(x) 5
of g(x)
x11
There is a local minimum at (22, 2 19) and a local 4
532
maximum at (2, 21). x11
1
y From experience, we know the graph of y 5 2 x is
3 y
2
1 4
x
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 2
–1
–2
x
–3 0
–4 –2 2 4
10. a. y 5 x 4 2 8x 2 1 7 –2
This is a fourth degree polynomial and is continuous
for all x. The y-intercept is 7. –4
dy
5 4x 3 2 16x
dx
The graph of the given function is just a
5 4x(x 2 2)(x 1 2) 1
The critical values are x 5 0, 22 and 2. transformation of the graph of y 5 2 x. The vertical
Interval x , 22 x 5 22 22 , x50 0,x x52 x.2
asymptote is x 5 21 and the horizontal asymptote
x,0 ,2 is y 5 3. The y-intercept is 21 and there is an
dy
dx
,0 50 .0 50 ,0 50 .0 x-intercept at 13.
Graph Decreas- Local Increas- Local Decreas- Local Increas-
of y ing Min ing Max ing Min ing x2 1 1
c. g(x) 5
4x 2 2 9
There are local minima at (22, 29) and at (2, 29), x2 1 1
5
and a local maximum at (0, 7). (2x 2 3)(2x 1 3)
The function is discontinuous at x 5 2 32 and at
x 5 32.
lim3 2g(x) 5 `
xS2 2

lim g(x) 5 2 `
xS2 32 1 x x,1 1 1,x,4 4 x.4
lim3 2g(x) 5 2 `
xS 2 dy
2 0 1 0 1
lim3 1 g(x) 5 ` dx
xS2 2
Hence, x 5 2 32 and x 5 32 are vertical asymptotes. Graph Dec

Local
Inc Inc
Min
The y-intercept is 2 19.
2x(4x 2 2 9) 2 (x 2 1 1)(8x) 226x Local minimum at (1, 227)
gr(x) 5 5
(4x 2 2 9)2 (4x 2 2 9)2 (4, 0) is not a local extremum
gr(x) 5 0 when x 5 0. ys 5 4(2(x 2 4)(x 2 1) 1 (x 2 4)2 )
bb
x24
3 3 3 3 ys 5 4a2(x 2 4)ax 2 1 1
Interval x,2 2 , x ,0 x50 0,x, x. 2
2 2 2 2
g9(x) .0 .0 50 ,0 ,0 3
ys 5 8(x 2 4)a x 2 3b
Graph 2
Increasing Increasing Local Max Decreasing Decreasing
g(x)
Let ys 5 0:
3
There is a local maximum at Q 0, 2 19 R . 8(x 2 4)a x 2 3b 5 0
2
1
1 1 x2 1 x 5 4 or x 5 2
lim g(x) 5 lim lim g(x) 5 14
9 5 4 and xS` The points of inflection are (2, 216) and (4, 0).
xS` xS`
4 2 x2
x x,2 2 2,x,4 4 x.4
Hence, y 5 14 is a horizontal asymptote.
y dy
1 0 2 0 1
4 dx
point of point of
Graph c. up c. down c. up
2 inflection inflection
x The graph has a local minimum at (1, 227) and

–4 –2 0 2 4 points of inflection at (2, 216) and (4, 0), with
x-intercepts of 0 and 4 and a y-intercept of 0.
–2
y
40
–4
20
3
d) y 5 x(x 2 4)
x
This is a polynomial function, so there are no dis- 0
continuities and no asymptotes. The domain is –2 2 4 6
5xPR6. –20
x-intercepts at x 5 0 and x 5 4
y-intercepts at y 5 0 –40
yr 5 (x 2 4)3 1 3x(x 2 4)2
yr 5 (x 2 4)2 (x 2 4 1 3x)
yr 5 4(x 2 4)2 (x 2 1) x
e. h(x) 5
Let yr 5 0: x 2 2 4x 1 4
4(x 2 4)2 (x 2 1) 5 0 x
5 5 x(x 2 2)22
x 5 4 or x 5 1 (x 2 2)2
The critical numbers are (1, 227) and (4, 0). There is a discontinuity at x 5 2
lim2 h(x) 5 ` 5 lim1 h(x)
xS2 xS2

Thus, x 5 2 is a vertical asymptote. The y-intercept Therefore, x 5 3 is a vertical asymptote.
is 0. The y-intercept is 2 23.
hr(x) 5 (x 2 2)22 1 x(22)(x 2 2)23 (1) The x-intercepts are t 5 1 and t 5 2.
x 2 2 2 2x 2
5 f r(t) 5 1 2
(x 2 2)3 (t 2 3)2
22 2 x 2
5 f r(t) 5 0 when 1 2 50
(x 2 2)3 (t 2 3)2
hr(x) 5 0 when x 5 22. (t 2 3)2 5 2
t 2 3 5 6"2
t 5 3 6 "2.
Interval x , 22 x 5 22 22 , x , 2 x.2
h9(x) ,0 50 .0 ,0
t* t5 3 2 "2 * 3*t* t5 t+
3 2 "2 3 2 "2 3 1 "2 3 1 "2 3 1 "2
Graph of Decreasing Local Min Increasing Decreasing Interval
t*3
h(x)
f9(t) .0 50 ,0 ,0 50 .0
There is a local minimum at Q 22, 2 18 R . Graph
of f(t)
Increas- Local Decreas- Decreas- Local Increas-
1
x (1.6, 0.2) is a local maximum and (4.4, 5.8) is a local
lim h(x) 5 lim 5 50
xS` 1 2 x4 1 x42
xS` minimum.
Similarly, lim h(x) 5 0 y
xS` 8
The x-axis is a horizontal asymptote.
hs (x) 5 22(x 2 2)23 2 2(x 2 2)23 (4.4, 5.8)
1 6x(x 2 2)24 4
5 24(x 2 2)23 1 6x(x 2 2)24 (1.6, 0.3) x
2x 1 8 0
5 –4 4 8
(x 2 2)4
hs (x) 5 0 when x 5 24 –4
The second derivative changes signs on opposite
sides x 5 24, Hence (24, 2 19 ) is a point of 2x 1 4
11. a. f(x) 5
inflection. x2 2 k2
y 2(x 2 2 k 2 ) 2 (2x 1 4)(2x)
4
f r(x) 5
(x 2 2 k 2 )2
2x 1 8x 1 2k 2
2
52
2 (x 2 2 k 2 )2
x
For critical values, f r(x) 5 0 and x 2 6k:
0
x 2 1 4x 1 k 2 5 0
–4 –2 2 4 24 6 "16 2 4k 2
x5 .
–2 2
For real roots, 16 2 4k 2 $ 0
–4 22 # k # 2.
The conditions for critical points to exist are
t 2 2 3t 1 2 22 # k # 2 and x 2 6k.
f. f(t) 5 b. There are three different graphs that results for
t23
2 values of k chosen.
5t1
t23
Thus, f(t) 5 t is an oblique asymptote. There is a
discontinuity at t 5 3.
lim2 f(t) 5 2 ` and lim1 f(t) 5 `
tS3 tS3

k50
lim 3 y 2 f(x)4 5 lim cx 2 3 2 ax 2 3 1 bd
2
y xS` xS` 2x 2 1
4
5 lim c2 d 50
2
xS` 2x 2 1
2
4x 3 2 x 2 2 15x 2 50
b. f(x) 5
x x 2 2 3x
–4 –2 0 2 4 18x 2 50
f(x) 5 4x 1 11 1 2
x 2 3x
–2
4x 1 11
x2 2 3xq4x3 2 x2 2 15x 2 50
–4
4x3 2 12x2
k52 11x2 2 15x
y 11x2 2 33x
4 18x 2 50
lim 3 y 2 f(x)4
xS`
2
5 lim c4x 1 11 2 a4x 1 11 1 bd
18x 2 50
x xS` x 2 2 3x
–4 –2 0 2 4 18 50
2 x2
5 lim £ x
3 §
–2 xS`
12x
–4 50
13. g(x) 5 (x 2 2 4)2
For all other values of k, the graph will be similar to g(x) 5 (x 2 2 4)(x 2 2 4)
that of 1(i) in Exercise 9.5. gr(x) 5 2x(x 2 2 4) 1 2x(x 2 2 4)
y gr(x) 5 4x(x 2 2 4)
4 gr(x) 5 4x(x 2 2)(x 1 2)
Set gr(x) 5 0
2 0 5 4x(x 2 2)(x 1 2)
x 5 22 or x 5 0 or x 5 2
x
–4 –2 0 2 4 x * 22 22 * x * 0 0* x * 2 x+2
4x 2 2 1 1
–2
x22 2 2 2 1
–4 x12 2 1 1 1
Sign of (2 )(2 )(2 ) (2 )(2 )(1) (1)(2 )(1) (1)(1)(1)
2x 2 2 7x 1 5
12. a. f(x) 5 g9(x)
52 51 52 51
2x 2 1 Behaviour
2 decreasing increasing decreasing increasing
of g(x)
f(x) 5 x 2 3 1
2x 2 1
3 2
The equation of the oblique asymptote is 14. f(x) 5 x 3 1 x 2 7x 1 5, 24 # x # 3
2
y 5 x 2 3.
fr(x) 5 3x 2 1 3x 2 7
x23
Set fr(x) 5 0
2x 2 1q2x2 2 7x 1 5
0 5 3x 2 1 3x 2 7
2x2 2 x 23 6 "(3)2 2 4(3)(27)
26x 1 5 x5
2(3)
26x 1 3
2
23 6 "93 x * 22 22 * x * 1 x+1
x5
6 2 2
12(x 2 1) 1
x 8 22.107 or x 8 1.107
fr(x) 5 3x 2 1 3x 2 7 x12 2 1 1
fr(x) 5 6x 1 3 Sign of
(2 )(2 ) 5 1 (2 )(1) 5 2 (1)(1) 5 1
When x 5 22.107, f9(x)
fr(22.107) 5 6(22.107) 1 3 Behaviour

fr(22.107) 5 29.642 of f(x)
Since f s (22.107) , 0, a local maximum occurs maximum at x 5 22 minimum at x 5 1

when x 5 22.107.
when x 5 1.107, when x 5 22,
fs (1.107) 5 6(1.107) 1 3 f(22) 5 4(22)3 1 6(22)2 2 24(22) 2 2
fs (1.107) 5 9.642 f(22) 5 232 1 24 1 48 2 2
Since fs (1.107) . 0, a local minimum occurs when f(22) 5 38
x 5 (1.107). when x 5 1,
when x 5 24, f(1) 5 4(1)3 1 6(1)2 2 24(1) 2 2
3 f(1) 5 4 1 6 2 24 2 2
f(24) 5 (24)3 1 (24)2 2 7(24) 1 5
2 f(1) 5 216
f(24) 5 264 1 24 1 28 1 5 Maximum: (22, 38) Minimum: (1, 216)
f(24) 5 27 fr(x) 5 12x 2 1 12x 2 24
when x 5 22.107, fs (x) 5 24x 1 12
3 Set fs (x) 5 0
f(22.107) 5 (22.107)3 1 (22.107)2
2 0 5 24x 1 12
2 7(22.107) 1 5 x 5 20.5
f(22.107) 8 29.353 919 1 6.659 173 5
x * 20.5 x + 20.5
1 14.749 1 5
when x 5 1.107, f 0 (x) 5 24x 1 12 2 1
3
f(1.107) 5 (1.107)3 1 (1.107)2 2 7(1.107) 1 5 f(x) concave down concave up
2
f(1.107) 8 1.356 572 1 1.838 173 5 2 7.749 1 5 point of inflection at x 5 20.5
f(1.107) 8 0.446
when x 5 3, when x 5 20.5,
3 f(20.5) 5 4(20.5)3 1 6(20.5)2 2 24(20.5) 2 2
f(3) 5 (3)3 1 (3)2 2 7(3) 1 5 f(20.5) 5 20.5 1 1.5 1 12 2 2
2
f(20.5) 5 11
f(3) 5 27 1 13.5 2 21 1 5
Point of inflection: (20.5, 11)
f(3) 5 24.5
Local Maximum: (22.107, 17.054) y
Local Minimum: (1.107, 0.446) 200
Absolute Maximum: (3, 24.5) 160
Absolute Minimum: (24, 27) 120
15. f(x) 5 4x 3 1 6x 2 2 24x 2 2 80
Evaluate y 5 4(0)3 1 6(0)2 2 24(0) 2 2 40
y 5 22 x
f(x) 5 4x 3 1 6x 2 2 24x 2 2 –16–12 –8 –4 0 4 8 12 16
–40
fr(x) 5 12x 2 1 12x 2 24 –80
Set fr(x) 5 0
0 5 12x 2 1 12x 2 24
0 5 12(x 2 1 x 2 2)
0 5 12(x 2 1)(x 1 2)
x 5 22 or x 5 1
16. a. p(x): oblique asymptote, because the highest So, y 5 1 is a horizontal asymptote on the right.
degree of x in the numerator is exactly one degree (x 2 2 1)(2x 2 2) 2 (x 2 2 2x 2 8)(2x)
rr(x) 5
higher than the highest degree of x in the (x 2 2 1)2
denominator. 2x 2 2x 2 2x 1 2 2 (2x 3 2 4x 2 2 16x)
3 2
q(x): vertical asymptotes at x 5 21 and x 5 3; 5

(x 2 2 1)2
horizontal asymptote at y 5 0 2
2x 1 14x 1 2
r(x): vertical asymptotes at x 5 21 and x 5 1; 5
(x 2 2 1)2
horizontal asymptote at y 5 1 2(x 2 1 7x 1 1)
s(x): vertical asymptote at y 5 2. 5
(x 2 2 1)2
x 2 2 2x 2 8
b. r(x) 5 rr is defined for all values of x in the domain of r.
x2 2 1 rr(x) 5 0 for x 8 20.15 and x 8 26.85. rr(1) and
(x 2 4)(x 1 2) rr(21) do not exist.
5
(x 2 1)(x 1 1)
The domain is 5x 0 x 2 21, 1, xPR6. x * 26.85 x 5 26.85 26.85 * x * 21
x-intercepts: 22, 4; y-intercept: 8 x 2 1 7x 1 1 1 0 2

r has vertical asymptotes at x 5 21 and x 5 1.
r9(x) 1 0 2
r(21.001) 5 22496.75, so as x S 212,
r(x) S 2 ` x 5 21 21 * x * 20.15 x 5 20.15
r(20.999) 5 2503.25, so as x S 21 1 , r(x) S `
x 2 1 7x 1 1 2 2 0
r(0.999) 5 4502.25, so as x S 12, r(x) S `
r(1.001) 5 24497.75, so as x S 1 1 , r(x) S 2 ` r9(x) undefined 2 0
x2 2x 8
2 2 2 2 2
20.15 * x * 1 x51 x+1
2
x 2 2x 2 8 x x x
lim 2 5 lim 2 x 2 1 7x 1 1 1 1 1
xS2` x 21 xS2` x 1
2 2
x2 x r9(x) 1 undefined 1
2 8
12 2 2 r is increasing when x , 26.85, 20.15 , x , 1,
x x
5 lim and x . 1. r is decreasing when 26.85 , x , 21
xS2` 1 and 21 , x , 20.15. r has a maximum turning
12 2
x point at x 5 26.85 and a minimum turning point at
12020 x 5 20.15.
5
120 (x 2 2 1)2 (4x 1 14)
rs (x) 5
51 (x 2 2 1)4
So, y 5 1 is a horizontal asymptote on the left. 2 (2x 2 1 14x 1 2)32(x 2 2 1)(2x)4
x2 2x 8 (x 2 2 1)4
2 2 2 2 2 2
x 2 2x 2 8 x x x (x 2 1)(4x 1 14) 2 4x(2x 2 1 14x 1 2)
2
lim 2 5 lim 2 5
xS` x 21 xS` x 1 (x 2 2 1)3
2 2
x2 x 4x 1 14x 2 4x 2 14 2 8x 3 2 56x 2 2 8x
3 2
5
2 8 (x 2 2 1)3
12 2 2 3 2
x x 24x 2 42x 2 12x 2 14
5 lim 5
xS` 1 (x 2 2 1)3
12 2
x 22(2x 1 21x 2 1 6x 1 7)
3
5
12020 (x 2 2 1)3
5
120 rs is defined for all values of x in the domain of r.
51 rs (x) 5 0 for x 8 210.24. This is a possible point
of inflection. rs (1) and rs (21) do not exist.

x * 210.24 x 5 10.24
x(3x 2 ) 2 (x 3 1 8)(1)
fr(x) 5
x2
22(2x 3 1 21x 2 1 6x 1 7) 1 0 3 3
3x 2 x 2 8
5
(x 2 2 1)3 1 1 x2
3
r 0 (x) 1 0 2x 2 8
5
x2
210.24 * x * 21 x 5 21
fr(x) is defined for all values of x in the domain of
22(2x 3 1 21x 2 1 6x 1 7) 2 2 f. fr(x) 5 0 when x 5 1.59. fr(0) does not exist.
(x 2 2 1)3 1 0 x*0 x50 0 * x * 1.59
r 0 (x) 2 undefined 2x3 2 8 2 2 2
21 * x * 1 x51 x2 1 0 1
22(2x 3 1 21x 2 1 6x 1 7) 2 2 f '(x) 2 undefined 2
(x 2 2 1)3 2 0 x 5 1.59 x + 1.59
r 0 (x) 1 undefined 2x3 2 8 0 1
x+1 x2 1 1
22(2x 3 1 21x 2 1 6x 1 7) 2 f9(x) 0 1
(x 2 2 1)3 1 f is increasing for x . 1.59 and decreasing for

r 0 (x) 2
x , 0 and 0 , x , 1.59. f has a minimum turning
point at x 5 1.59.
The graph is concave up for x , 210.24 and x 2 (6x 2 ) 2 (2x 3 2 8)(2x)
f s (x) 5
21 , x , 1. The graph is concave down for x4
210.24 , x , 21 and x . 1. The graph changes x(6x ) 2 (2x 3 2 8)2
2
concavity at x 5 210.24. This is a point of inflec- 5

x3
tion with coordinates (210.24, 1.13). 3
6x 2 4x 1 16 3
r(26.85) 5 1.15 and r(20.15) 5 7.85. The graph 5

x3
has a local maximum point at (26.85, 1.15) and a 3
2x 1 16
local minimum point at (20.15) 5 7.85. 5
x3
y f s is defined for all values of x in the domain of f.
10
f s (x) 5 0 when x 5 22. This is a possible point of
8
inflection. f(0) does not exist.
6
4 x * 22 x 5 22 22 * x * 0
2 2 0 1
x 2x3 1 16
–4 –2 0 2 4 x3 2 2 2
–2
–4 f 0 (x) 1 0 2
x50 x+0
17. The domain is 5x 0 x Z 0, xPR6 : x-intercept: 22,
2x3 1 16 1 1
y-intercept: 8; f has a vertical asymptote at x 5 0.
f(20.001) 5 27999.99, so f(x) S 2 ` as x S 02. x3 0 1
f(0.001) 5 8000.00, so f(x) S ` as x S 0 1 . f 0 (x) undefined 1
There are no horizontal asymptotes.
f is concave up when x , 22 and x . 0. f is con-
cave down when 22 , x , 0. The graph changes

concavity where x 5 22. This is point of inflection 10x 2 20
5
with coordinates (22, 0). (x 2 1)4
f(1.59) 8 7.56. The graph has a local minimum at 10(x 2 2)
(1.59, 7.56). 5
(x 2 1)4
y The domain is 5x 0 x 2 1, xPR6 . The x- and
16 y-intercepts are both 0. f has a vertical asymptote
12 at x 5 1.
8 f(0.999) 5 4 995 000 so as x S 12, f(x) S `
4 f(1.001) 5 5 005 000 so as x S 1 1 , f(x) S `
x
5x 5x
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 lim 2 50 lim 2 50
–4 xS2` x 2 2x 1 1 xS2` x 2 2x 1 1
–8 y 5 0 is a horizontal y 5 0 is a horizontal
asymptote on the right. asymptote on the left.
18. If f(x) is increasing, then f r(x) . 0. From the f r(x) is defined for all values of x in the domain
graph of f r, f r(x) . 0 for x . 0. If f(x) is decreas- of f. f r(x) 5 0 when x 5 21. f(1) does not exist.
ing, then fr(x) , 0. From the graph of f r, f r(x) , 0
for x , 0. At a stationary point, f r(x) 5 0. From x * 21 x 5 21 21 * x * 1 x51 x+1
the graph, the zero for fr(x) occurs at x 5 0. At 25(x 1 1) 1 0 2 2 2

x 5 0. f r(x) changes from negative to positive, so
(x 2 1)3 2 2 2 0 1
f has a local minimum point there.
If the graph of f is concave up, then f s is positive. f9(x) 2 0 1 undefined 2
From the slope of fr, the graph of f is concave up
for 20.6 , x , 0.6. If the graph of f is concave f is decreasing when x , 21 and x . 1. f is
down, then f s is negative. From the slope of fr, the increasing when 21 , x , 1. f has a minimum
graph of f is concave down for x , 20.6 and turning point at x 5 21.
x . 0.6. Graphs will vary slightly. f s (x) is defined for all values of x in the domain of f.
y f s (x) 5 0 when x 5 23. This is a possible point of
2 inflection.
f(1) does not exist.
1 x * 22 x 5 22 22 * x * 1 x51 x+1
x x12 2 0 1 1 1
–2 –1 0 1 2 f 0 (x) 2 0 1 undefined 1
–1
The graph is concave down for x , 22 and con-
2
(x 2 1) (5) 2 5x(2)(x 2 1)(1)
cave up when 22 , x , 1 and x . 1. It changes
19. fr(x) 5 concavity at x 5 22. f has an inflection point at
(x 2 1)4
x 5 22 with coordinates (22, 21.11).
5(x 2 1) 2 10x
5 f(21) 5 21.25. f has a local minimum at
(x 2 1)3 (21, 21.25).
25x 2 5
5 y
(x 2 1)3 6
25(x 1 1)
5
(x 2 1)3 4
(x 2 1)3 (25)
fs (x) 5
(x 2 1)6 2
(25x 2 5)(3)(x 2 1)2 (1)
2 x
(x 2 1)6 0
(x 2 1)(25) 2 3(25x 2 5) –4 –2 2 4
5
(x 2 1)4 –2

(x 2 3)(x 1 2)
(x 2 3)(x 1 2) x23
taken.
x15
xS222 xS22 x23
52
1. a. x , 29 or 26 , x , 23 or 0 , x , 4 or x . 8 5
b. 29 , x , 26 or 23 , x , 0 or 4 , x , 8 x15
c. (29, 1), (26, 22), (0, 1), (8, 22) xS22 1 xS22 x23
d. x 5 23, x 5 4 3
52
e. f s (x) . 0 5
g. (28, 0), (10, 23)
lim g(x) 5 lim2 a b
x15
2. a. g(x) 5 2x 4 2 8x 3 2 x 2 1 6x xS32 xS3 x23
gr(x) 5 8x 3 2 24x 2 2 2x 1 6 5 2`
x15
8x 3 2 24x 2 2 2x 1 6 5 0 xS3 xS3 x23
4x 3 2 12x 2 2 x 1 3 5 0 5`
x 5 3 or x 5 2 12 or x 5 12. xS` xS2`

4x 2 (x 2 3) 2 (x 2 3) 5 0. y
b. gs (x) 5 24x 2 2 48x 2 2 6
maximum. 2
x
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
maximum. –2
3. (–1, 7) y –6
6
4 (1, 4)
40 y
5.
2
(3, 2) x 20
x
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
–4 –20
–40
–6
–60
–80
–100
–120
–140

(x 2 3)(x 1 2)
(x 2 3)(x 1 2) x23
taken.
x15
xS222 xS22 x23
52
1. a. x , 29 or 26 , x , 23 or 0 , x , 4 or x . 8 5
b. 29 , x , 26 or 23 , x , 0 or 4 , x , 8 x15
c. (29, 1), (26, 22), (0, 1), (8, 22) xS22 1 xS22 x23
d. x 5 23, x 5 4 3
52
e. f s (x) . 0 5
g. (28, 0), (10, 23)
lim g(x) 5 lim2 a b
x15
2. a. g(x) 5 2x 4 2 8x 3 2 x 2 1 6x xS32 xS3 x23
gr(x) 5 8x 3 2 24x 2 2 2x 1 6 5 2`
x15
8x 3 2 24x 2 2 2x 1 6 5 0 xS3 xS3 x23
4x 3 2 12x 2 2 x 1 3 5 0 5`
x 5 3 or x 5 2 12 or x 5 12. xS` xS2`

4x 2 (x 2 3) 2 (x 2 3) 5 0. y
b. gs (x) 5 24x 2 2 48x 2 2 6
maximum. 2
x
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
maximum. –2
3. (–1, 7) y –6
6
4 (1, 4)
40 y
5.
2
(3, 2) x 20
x
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
–4 –20
–40
–6
–60
–80
–100
–120
–140

2x 1 10 7. f(x) 5 x 3 1 bx 2 1 c
6. f(x) 5
x2 2 9 f r(x) 5 3x 2 1 2bx
2x 1 10 Since f r(22) 5 0, 12 2 4b 5 0
5 b 5 3.
(x 2 3)(x 1 3)
There are discontinuities at x 5 23 and at x 5 3. Also, f(22) 5 6.
Thus, 28 1 12 1 c 5 6
lim f(x) 5 `
xS32
lim1 f(x) 5 2 ` c 5 2.
xS3 fr(x) 5 3x 2 1 6x
lim f(x) 5 2 ` 5 3x(x 1 2)
xS32
lim1 f(x) 5 ` The critical points are (22, 6) and (0, 2).
xS3
f s (x) 5 6x 1 6
The y-intercept is 2 109 and x 5 25 is an x-intercept. Since f s (22) 5 26 , 0, (22, 6) is a local
2(x 2 2 9) 2 (2x 1 10)(2)
f r(x) 5 maximum.
(x 2 2 9)2 Since fr(0) 5 6 . 0, (0, 2) is a local minimum.
2
22x 2 20x 2 18 y
5
(x 2 2 9)2 8
(–2, 6)
For critical values, we solve f r(x) 5 0: 6
x 2 1 10x 1 9 5 0 4
(x 1 1)(x 1 9) 5 0 2
x 5 21 or x 5 29. (0, 2) x
( 29, 2 19) is a local minimum and (21, 21) is a –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–2
local maximum.
–4
2 10
1 x2 –6
x
lim f(x) 5 lim 9 5 0 and –8
xS` xS`
1 2 x2
2 10
1 2
lim f(x) 5 lim ° x x
9 ¢ 50
xS` xS`
1 2 x2
y 5 0 is a horizontal asymptote.
y
8
6
4
2
x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10
–2
–4
–6
–8

CHAPTER 5:
Derivatives of Exponential and
Trigonometric Functions
Review of Prerequisite Skills, 0 5 log10 (x 1 2)
100 5 x 1 2
pp. 224–225 x 5 21
1 The x-intercept is (21, 0).
1. a. 322 5 b.
32 10 y
1 8
5
9 6
b. 325 5 Q " 32 R 2
2 5
4
5 22 2
x
54
1 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
2
c. 2723 5 3 –2
Q "27 R
2
1 An exponential function is always positive, so there

5 2 is no x-intercept.
3
1 y
5 4. a. sin u 5
9 r
2 22 x
d. a b 5 a b
3 2 b. cos u 5
3 2 r
9 y
5 c. tan u 5
4 x
2. a. log5 625 5 4 5. To convert to radian measure from degree
p
1 measure, multiply the degree measure by 180°.
b. log4 5 22
16 p
a. 360° 3 5 2p
c. logx 3 5 3 180°
d. log10 450 5 w p p
e. log3 z 5 8 b. 45° 3 5
180° 4
f. loga T 5 b p p
3. a. y c. 290° 3 52
180° 2
3 p p
2 d. 30° 3 5
180° 6
1 p 3p
x e. 270° 3 5
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 180° 2
–1 p 2p
–2 f. 2120° 3 52
180° 3
–3 p 5p
g. 225° 3 5
180° 4
The x-intercept occurs where y 5 0.

p 11p p
h. 330° 3 5 cos 50
180° 6 2
6. For the unit circle, sine is associated with the p
tan 2 is undefined
y-coordinate of the point where the terminal arm of 2p
the angle meets the circle, and cosine is associated 8. a. The period is 2 or p. The amplitude is 1.
with the x-coordinate. 2p
a. sin u 5 b b. The period is 1 or 4p. The amplitude is 2.
2
b
b. tan u 5 2p
a c. The period is p or 2. The amplitude is 3.
c. cos u 5 a 2p p
d. The period is 12 or 6 . The amplitude is 27.
d. sin a 2 ub 5 a
p
2 e. The period is 2p. The amplitude is 5.
f. The period is 2p. Because of the absolute value
e. cos a 2 ub 5 b
p
2 being taken, the amplitude is 32.
f. sin (2u) 5 2b 2p
9. a. The period is 2 or p. Graph the function from
7. a. The angle is in the second quadrant, so cosine x 5 0 to x 5 2p.
and tangent will be negative. y
12 4
cos u 5 2
13 3
5
tan u 5 2 2
12
b. The angle is in the third quadrant, so sine will be 1
negative and tangent will be positive. x
sin2 u 1 cos2 u 5 1 0 p p 3p 2p
4 2 2
sin2 u 1 5 1
9
b. The period is 2p, so graph the function from
5
sin2 u 5 x 5 0 to x 5 4p.
9
!5 3
y
sin u 5 2
3
sin u 2
tan u 5
cos u 1
!5 x
5 0
2 p p 3p 2p 5p 3p 7p 4p
c. The angle is in the fourth quadrant, so cosine –1 2 2 2 2
will be positive and sine will be negative. –2
Because tan u 5 22, the point (1, 22) is on the
terminal arm of the angle. The reference triangle for –3
this angle has a hypotenuse of "22 1 12 or !5.
2 10. a. tan x 1 cot x 5 sec x csc x
!5
sin u 5 2 LS 5 tan x 1 cot x
sin x cos x
1 5 1
!5
cos u 5 cos x sin x
sin2 x 1 cos2 x
d. The sine is only equal to 1 for one angle between 5
p cos x 1 sin x
0 and p, so u 5 2 .
5-2 Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

1 c. y 5 2e 10t
5
cos x 1 sin x dy
5 20e 10t
RS 5 sec x 1 csc x dt
1 1 d. y 5 e 23x
5 ?
cos x sin x dy
5 23e 23x
1 dx
5 2
cos x sin x e. y 5 e 526x1x
Therefore, tan x 1 cot x 5 sec x csc x. dy 2
5 (26 1 2x)e 526x1x
sin x dx
5 tan x 1 sec x
f. y 5 e "x
b.
1 2 sin2 x
sin x dy 1 "x
2 !x
LS 5 5 e
1 2 sin2 x dx
3
sin x 3. a. y 5 2e x
5 dy
cos2 x 5 2(3x 2 )e x
3
RS 5 tan x sec x dx
3
sin x 1 5 6x 2e x
5 ? dy d(xe ) 3x
cos x cos x b. 5
sin x dx dx
5 5 (x)(3e 3x ) 1 (e 3x )(1)
cos2 x
sin x 5 3xe 3x 1 e 3x
Therefore, 5 tan x sec x. 5 e 3x (3x 1 1)
1 2 sin2 x
11. a. 3 sin x 5 sin x 1 1
3
e 2x
2 sin x 5 1 c. f(x) 5
x
1 3
23x 2e 2x (x) 2 e 2x
3
sin x 5 f r (x) 5
2 x2
x5 ,
p 5p d. f(x) 5 !xe x
6 6
f r (x) 5 "xe x 1 e x a b
1
2 !x
b. cos x 2 1 5 2cos x
2 cos x 5 1 2
1 e. h(t) 5 e t 1 3e 2t
cos x 5 2
hr (t) 5 2te t 2 3e 2t
2
e 2t
p 5p f. g(t) 5
x5 , 1 1 e 2t
3 3
2e 2t (1 1 e 2t ) 2 2e 2t (e 2t )
g r(t) 5
5.1 Derivatives of Exponential (1 1 e 2t )2
2t
2e
Functions, y 5 e x, pp. 232–234 5
(1 1 e 2t )2
1. You can only use the power rule when the term 1
containing variables is in the base of the exponential 4. a. f r (x) 5 (3e 3x 2 3e 23x )
3
expression. In the case of y 5 e x, the exponent 5 e 3x 2 e 23x
contains a variable. f r (1) 5 e 3 2 e 23
2. a. y 5 e 3x 1
dy b. f(x) 5 e 2x 1 1
5 3e 3x
f r(x) 5 e 2x 1 1 a b
dx 1 1
b. s 5 e 3t25 (x 1 1)2
ds
5 3e 3t25 f r (0) 5 e 21 (1)
dt 1
5
e

c. hr (z) 5 2z(1 1 e 2z ) 1 z 2 (2e 2z ) At the point (1, e 21 ), the slope is e 21 (0) 5 0. The
hr(21) 5 2(21)(1 1 e) 1 (21)2 (2e 1 ) equation of the tangent line at the point A is
5 22 2 2e 2 e 1
y 2 e 21 5 0(x 2 1) or y 5 e .
5 22 2 3e
2e x 8. The slope of the tangent line at any point on the
5. a. y 5
1 1 ex dy
curve is 5 2xe 2x 1 x 2 (e 2x )
dy (1 1 e x )2e x 2 2e x (e x ) dx
5 5 (2x 2 x 2 )(e 2x )
dx (1 1 e x )2
dy 2(2) 2 2(1)(1) 2x 2 x 2
5 5 .
dx 22 ex
1 Horizontal lines have slope equal to 0.
5 dy
2 We solve 5 0
dx
When x 5 0, x(2 2 x)
5 0.
the slope of the tangent is 12. ex
The equation of the tangent is y 5 12x 1 1, since the Since e x . 0 for all x, the solutions are x 5 0 and
y-intercept was given as (0, 1). x 5 2. The points on the curve at which the tangents
4
b. are horizontal are (0, 0) and (2, e2).
5 x x
9. If y 5 (e5 1 e 25 ), then
2
yr 5 a e5 2 e25 b, and
5 1 x 1 x
2 5 5
c. The answers agree very well; the calculator does
ys 5 a e 5 1 e 25 b
5 1 x 1 x
not show a slope of exactly 0.5, due to internal
2 25 25
rounding.
c (e 1 e 25 )d
6. y 5 e 2x 1 5 5x x
5
dy 25 2
5 2e 2x 1
dx 5 y.
dy 25
When x 5 21, 5 2e. And when x 5 21, y 5 e. 10. a. y 5 e 23x
dx
The equation of the tangent is y 2 e 5 2e(x 1 1) dy
or ex 1 y 5 0. 5 23e 23x
dx
y d 2y
3 5 9e 23x
dx 2
2 d 3y
1 5 227e 23x
x dx 3
d ny
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 b. n 5 (21)n (3n )e 23x
–1 dx
–2 dy d(23e x )
–3 11. a. 5
dx dx
5 23e x
7. The slope of the tangent line at any point is d 2y
given by 5 23e x
dx 2
dy
5 (1)(e 2x ) 1 x(2e 2x ) dy d(xe 2x )
dx b. 5
dx dx
5 e 2x (1 2 x).
5 (x)(2e 2x ) 1 (e 2x )(1)
5 2xe 2x 1 e 2x
5 e 2x (2x 1 1)

d 2y d. 95% of the terminal velocity is
5 e2x (2) 1 (2x 1 1)(2e2x )
(40) 5 38 m> s.
dx2 95
5 4xe2x 1 4e2x 100
dy d(e x (4 2 x)) To determine when this velocity occurs, we solve
c. 5 t
40(1 2 e 24 ) 5 38
dx dx
5 (e )(21) 1 (4 2 x)(e x )
x t 38
1 2 e 24 5
5 2e x 1 4e x 2 xe x 40
5 3e x 2 xe x t 1
e 24 5
5 e x (3 2 x) 20
t
d 2y e4 5 20
5 e x (21) 1 (3 2 x)(e x )
dx2 t
and 5 ln 20,
5 2e x 2 xe x 4
5 e x (2 2 x) which gives t 5 4 ln 20 8 12 s.
12. a. When t 5 0, N 5 1000330 1 e 04 5 31 000. The skydiver’s velocity is 38 m> s, 12 s after jumping.
The distance she has fallen at this time is
5 1000 c 0 2 e 30 d 5 2
dN 1 2t 100 230t
b. e S 5 160(ln 20 2 1 1 e 220 )
dt 30 3
5 160 aln 20 2 1 1 b
1
e 8 217 bacteria> h.
dN 100 223
c. When t 5 20h, 52 20
dt 3
t 8 327.3 m.
d. Since e 230 . 0 for all t, there is no solution to x
dN
14. a. i. Let f(x) 5 ( 1 1 1x) . Then,
dt 5 0.
Hence, the maximum number of bacteria in the x f(x)
culture occurs at an endpoint of the interval of 1 2

domain. 10 2.5937
When t 5 50, N 5 1000330 1 e 23 4 8 30 189.
5
100 2.7048
The largest number of bacteria in the culture is
1000 2.7169
31 000 at time t 5 0.
10 000 2.7181
e. The number of bacteria is constantly decreasing
as time passes. x
So, from the table one can see that lim (1 1 1x) 5 e.
5 160a 2 e 24 b
ds 1 1 t xS`
13. a. v 5 1
x
dt 4 4 ii. Let f(x) 5 (1 1 x) .
t
5 40(1 2 e24 ) x f(x)
5 40a e 24 b 5 10e 24
dv 1 t t
b. a 5 20.1 2.8680
dt 4
t t v 20.01 2.7320
From a., v 5 40(1 2 e 24 ), which gives e 24 5 1 2 40. 2.7196
20.001
b 5 10 2 v.
v 1 20.0001 2.7184
Thus, a 5 10a1 2
40 4 ? ?
c. vT 5 lim v 2.7181
tS` 0.0001
24t
vT 5 lim 40(1 2 e ) 0.001 2.7169
tS`
0.01 2.7048
5 40 lim a1 2 4t b
1
0.1 2.5937
tS` e
1
1 So, from the table one can see that lim (1 1 x)x 5 e.
5 40(1), since lim t 5 0 xS0
tS` e4
The terminal velocity of the skydiver is 40 m> s.
That is, the limit approaches the value of
e 5 2.718 281 828c
b. The limits have the same value because as
1
x S `, x S 0.

15. a. The given limit can be rewritten as 1
4 (4)
eh 2 1 e 01h 2 e 0 5
lim 5 lim (cosh x)2
hS0 h hS0 h 1
This expression is the limit definition of the derivative 5
(cosh x)2
at x 5 0 for f(x) 5 e x.
18. a. Four terms:
cf r(0) 5 lim d
e 01h 2 e 0
1 1 1
hS0 h e511 1 1 5 2.666 666
1! 2! 3!
dex
Since f r(x) 5 dx 5 e x, the value of the given limit Five terms:
is e 0 5 1. 1 1 1 1
e511 1 1 1 5 2.708 333
e 21h 2 e 2 1! 2! 3! 4!
b. Again, lim is the derivative of e x at Six terms:
hS0 h
x 5 2. 1 1 1 1 1
e511 1 1 1 1 5 2.716 666
e 21h 2 e 2 1! 2! 3! 4! 5!
Thus, lim 5 e2. Seven terms:
hS0 h
dy d 2y 1 1 1 1 1 1
16. For y 5 Ae ex, 5 Ame ex and 2 5 Am 2e ex. e511 1 1 1 1 1 5 2.718 055
dt dt 1! 2! 3! 4! 5! 6!
Substituting in the differential equation gives b. The expression for e in part a. is a special case of
x1 x2 x3 x4
Am 2e ex 1 Ame ex 2 6Ae ex 5 0 e x 5 1 1 1! 1 2! 1 3! 1 4! 1 c. in that it is the
Ae ex (m 2 1 m 2 6) 5 0. case when x 5 1. Then e x 5 e 1 5 e is in fact
ex
Since Ae 2 0, m 2 1 m 2 6 5 0 e 1 5 e 5 1 1 1!1 1 2!1 1 3!1 1 4!1 1 5!1 1 c. The
(m 1 3)(m 2 2) 5 0 value of x is 1.
m 5 23 or m 5 2.
5.2 Derivatives of the General
c (e 2 e 2x )d
d d 1 x
17. a. sinh x 5
dx dx 2 Exponential Function, y 5 b x, p. 240
1
5 (e x 1 e 2x ) dy d(23x )
2 1. a. 5
dx dx
5 cosh x
5 3(23x ) ln 2
d 1 x
b. cosh x 5 (e 2 e 2x ) dy d(3.1x 1 x 3 )
dx 2 b. 5
5 sinh x dx dx
sinh x 5 ln 3.1(3.1)x 1 3x 2
c. Since tanh x 5 ,
cosh x ds d(103t25 )
d c. 5
tanh x dt dt
dx 5 3(103t25 ) ln 10
( sinh x) (cosh x) 2 (sinh x)(dx cosh x)

2
d d dw d(10526n1n )
dx d. 5
5 dn dn
(cosh x)2 2
5 (26 1 2n)(10526n1n )ln 10
1
2 (e
x
1 e 2x )( 12) (cosh x)2 (e x 1 e 2x ) 2
5 dy d(3x 12 )
(cosh x) 2 e. 5
dx dx
1 x
2 e )( 12) (e x 2 e 2x )
2x 2
2 (e 5 2x(3x 12 )ln 3
2
(cosh x)2 dy d(400(2)x13 )
5
S (e )T
1 2x
121e 22x 2x
) 2 (e 2 2 1 e 22x f.
4 dx dx
5
(cosh x)2 5 400(2)x13 ln 2

dy d(x 5 3 (5)x ) dy d(10x )
2. a. 5 5. 5
dx dx dx dx
5 (x 5 )((5)x (ln 5)) 1 ((5)x )(5x 4 ) 5 10x ln 10
5 5x 3(x 5 3 ln 5) 1 5x 44 So, at x 5 1,
2
dy d(x(3)x ) dy
b. 5 5 101 ln 10 5 10(ln 10) 8 23.03
dx dx dx
2 2
5 (x)(2x(3)x ln 3) 1 (3)x (1) Therefore, y 2 10 5 23.03(x 2 1)
5 (3)x 3(2x 2 ln 3) 1 14 y 2 10 5 23.03x 2 23.03
2
c. v 5 (2t )(t 21 ) 223.03x 1 y 1 13.03 5 0

dv d((2t )(t 21 )) 6. a. The half-life of the substance is the time
5 required for half of the substance to decay. That is, it
dt dx
is when 50% of the substance is left, so P(t) 5 50.
5 (2t )(21t 22 ) 1 (t 21 )(2t ln 2)
50 5 100(1.2)2t
2t 2t ln 2
52 21 1
t t 5 (1.2)2t
x 2
3 2
d. f(x) 5 2 1 1
x 5
1 x x 2 (1.2)t
ln 3(32 )(x 2 ) 2 2x(32 ) t
f r(x) 5 2 (1.2) 5 2
x4 t(ln 1.2) 5 ln 2
x x
x ln 3(32 ) 2 4(32 ) ln 1.2
5 t5
x4
32 3x ln 3 2 44
x ln 2
5 t 8 3.80 years
x3 Therefore, the half-life of the substance is about
2
3t25
3. f(t) 5 10 ? e 2t 3.80 years.
2 2
fr (t) 5 (103t25 )(4te 2t ) 1 (e 2t )(3(10)3t25 ln 10) b. The problem asks for the rate of change when
2
5 103t25e 2t (4t 1 3 ln 10) t 8 3.80 years.
Now, set f r(t) 5 0. Pr(t) 5 2100(1.2)2t (ln 1.2)
2
So, f r (t) 5 0 5 103t25e 2t (4t 1 3ln 10) Pr(3.80) 5 2100(1.2)2(3.80) (ln 1.2)
2
So 103t25e 2t 5 0 and 4t 1 3 ln 10 5 0. 8 29.12
The first equation never equals zero because solving So, the substance is decaying at a rate of about
would force one to take the natural log of both 29.12 percent> year at the time 3.80 years where the
sides, but ln 0 is undefined. So the first equation half-life is reached.
does not produce any values for which fr(t) 5 0. 7. P 5 0.5(109 )e 0.200 15t
The second equation does give one value. dP
4t 1 3 ln 10 5 0 a. 5 0.5(109 )(0.200 15)e 0.200 15t
dt
4t 5 23 ln 10 dP
In 1968, t 5 1 and dt 5 0.5(109 )(0.200 15)e 0.200 15 8
0.122 25 3 109 dollars> annum
3 ln 10
t52
4
In 1978, t 5 11 and
4. When x 5 3, the function y 5 f(x) evaluated at
dP
3 is f(3) 5 3(23 ) 5 3(8) 5 24. Also, dt
5 0.5(109 )(0.200 15)e 1130.200 15
dy
5
d(3(2)x ) 8 0.904 67 3 109 dollars> annum.
dx dx In 1978, the rate of increase of debt payments
5 3(2x )ln 2 was $904 670 000> annum compared to
So, at x 5 3, $122 250 000> annum in 1968. As a ratio,
dy Rate in 1978 7.4
5 3(23 )(ln 2) 5 24(ln 2) 8 16.64 5 . The rate of increase for 1978 is
dx Rate in 1968 1
Therefore, y 2 24 5 16.64(x 2 3) 7.4 times larger than that for 1968.
y 2 24 5 16.64x 2 49.92
216.64x 1 y 1 25.92 5 0

b. In 1988, t 5 21 and From the graph, one can notice that the values of v(t)
dP quickly rise in the range of about 0 # t # 15. The
5 0.5(109 )(0.200 15)e 2130.200 15
dt slope for these values is positive and steep. Then as the
8 6.694 69 3 109 dollars> annum graph nears t 5 20 the steepness of the slope decreases
In 1998, t 5 31 and and seems to get very close to 0. One can reason that
dP the car quickly accelerates for the first 20 units of time.
5 0.5(109 )(0.200 15)e 3130.200 15 Then, it seems to maintain a constant acceleration
dt
8 49.541 69 3 109 dollars> annum
for the rest of the time. To verify this, one could dif-
ferentiate and look at values where vr (t) is increasing.
Rate in 1998 7.4
As a ratio, Rate in 1988 5 1 . The rate of increase
for 1998 is 7.4 times larger than that for 1988. 5.3 Optimization Problems Involving
c. Answers may vary. For example, data from the Exponential Functions, pp. 245–247
past are not necessarily good indicators of what will
happen in the future. Interest rates change, borrowing 1. a.
may decrease, principal may be paid off early.
8. When x 5 0, the function y 5 f(x) evaluated at 0
2
is f(0) 5 220 5 20 5 1. Also,
2
dy d(22x )
5
dx dx
2
5 22x(22x )ln 2
So, at x 5 0,
dy 2
5 22(0)(220 )ln 2 5 0
dx
Therefore, y 2 1 5 0(x 2 0)
So, y 2 1 5 0 or y 5 1. The maximum value is about 0.3849. The
y minimum value is 0.
2 b.
x
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–1
–2
9. v(t)
The maximum value is about 10.043. The
120 minimum value is about 25961.916.
100 2. a. f(x) 5 e 2x 2 e 23x on 0 # x # 10
f r(x) 5 2e 2x 1 3e 23x
80 Let f r(x) 5 0, therefore e 2x 1 3e 23x 5 0.
60 Let e 2x 5 w, when 2w 1 3w 3 5 0.
w(21 1 3w 2 ) 5 0.
40
Therefore, w 5 0 or w 2 5 13
20 1
w56
"3
.
t
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 But w $ 0, w 5 1
1
.
"3

1 1 20
When w 5 "3, e 2x 5 "3, So, lim P(t) 5 lim 20.02t
tS` tS` 1 1 3e
2x ln e 5 ln 1 2 ln "3 20
5
ln "3 2 ln 1 1 1 3(0)
x5 5 20.
1
5 ln "3
Therefore, the largest population of squirrels that
the forest can sustain is 2000 squirrels.
8 0.55.
c. A point of inflection can only occur when
f(0) 5 e 0 2 e 0
Ps (t) 5 0 and concavity changes around the point.
50
20
f(0.55) 8 0.3849 P(t) 5
1 1 3e 20.02t
f(10) 5 e 210 2 e 230 8 0.000 05
Absolute maximum is about 0.3849 and absolute P(t) 5 20(1 1 3e 20.02t )21
minimum is 0. Pr(t) 5 20(2 (1 1 3e 20.02t )22 (20.06e 20.02t ))
m(x) 5 (x 1 2)e 22x on 24 # x # 4 5 (1.2e 20.02t )(1 1 3e 20.02t )22
mr(x) 5 e 22x 1 (22)(x 1 2)e 22x
Ps (t) 5 3(1.2e20.02t )(22(1 1 3e20.02t )23 (20.06e 20.02t )4
Let mr(x) 5 0.
e 22x 2 0, therefore, 1 1 (22)(x 1 2) 5 0 1 (1 1 3e 20.02t )22 (20.024e 20.02t )
23 0.144e 20.04t 0.024e 20.02t
x5 5 2
2 (1 1 3e 20.02t )3 (1 1 3e 20.02t )2
5 21.5. 0.144e 20.04t 0.024e 20.02t
m(24) 5 22e 8 8 25961 Ps (0) when 2 50
(1 1 3e 20.02t )3 (1 1 3e 20.02t )2
m(21.5) 5 0.5e 3 8 10
Solving for t after setting the second derivative
m(4) 5 6e 28 8 0.0002
equal to 0 is very tedious. Use a graphing calculator
The maximum value is about 10 and the minimum
to determine the value of t for which the second
value is about 25961.
derivative is 0, 54.9. Evaluate P(54.9). The point of
b. The graphing approach seems to be easier to use for
inflection is (54.9, 10).
the functions. It is quicker and it gives the graphs of
d. P(t)
the functions in a good viewing rectangle. The only 25
problem may come in the second function, m(x),
because for x , 1.5 the function quickly approaches 20
values in the negative thousands. 15
20
3. a. P(t) 5 10
1 1 3e 20.02t
20 5
P(0) 5 t
1 1 3e 20.02(0) 0
20 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
5
1 1 3e 0 e. P grows exponentially until the point of inflection,
20 then the growth rate decreases and the curve becomes
5
4 concave down.
55 4. a. P(x) 5 106 31 1 (x 2 1)e20.001x4, 0 # x # 2000
So, the population at the start of the study when Using the Algorithm for Extreme Values, we have
t 5 0 is 500 squirrels. P(0) 5 106 31 2 14 5 0
b. The question asks for lim P(t). P(2000) 5 106 31 1 1999e 224 8 271.5 3 106.
tS`
Now,
Pr (x) 5 106 3(1)e 20.001x 1 (x 2 1)(20.001)e 20.001x4
1
As t approaches `, e 20.02t 5 approaches 0.
e0.02t
5 106e 20.001x (1 2 0.001x 1 0.001)

Since e 20.001x . 2 for all x, 7. C 5 0.015 3 109e 0.075 33t, 0 # t # 100
Pr (x) 5 0 when 1.001 2 0.001x 5 0 a. C(t)
1.001 16
x5 5 1001.
Capital investment from U.S. sources

0.001 14
P(1001) 5 106 31 1 1000e 21.0014 8 368.5 3 106
The maximum monthly profit will be 368.5 3 106 12
($100 million)
dollars when 1001 items are produced and sold. 10
b. The domain for P(x) becomes 0 # x # 500.
P(500) 5 106 31 1 499e 20.54 5 303.7 3 106 8
Since there are no critical values in the domain, the 6
maximum occurs at an endpoint. The maximum
monthly profit when 500 items are produced and 4
sold is 303.7 3 106 dollars. 2
5. R(x) 5 40x 2e 20.4x 1 30, 0 # x # 8 t
We use the Algorithm for Extreme Values: 0 20 40 60 80 100
Rr (x) 5 80xe 20.4x 1 40x 2 (20.4)e 20.4x Years since 1867
5 40xe 20.4x (2 2 0.4x)
dC
Since e 20.4x . 0 for all x, Rr(x) 5 0 when b. 5 0.015 3 109 3 0.075 33e 0.075 33t
x 5 0 or 2 2 0.4x 5 0 dt
x 5 5. In 1947, t 5 80 and the growth rate was
5 0.468 05 3 109 dollars> year.
R(0) 5 30 dC
R(5) 8 165.3 dt
R(8) 8 134.4 In 1967, t 5 100 and the growth rate was
5 2.1115 3 109 dollars> year.
The maximum monthly revenue of 165.3 thousand dC
dollars is achieved when 500 units are produced and dt
sold. The ratio of growth rates of 1967 to that of 1947 is
6. P(t) 5 100(e 2t 2 e 24t ), 0 # t # 3 2.1115 3 109 4.511
9 5 .
Pr(t) 5 100(2e 2t 1 4e 24t ) 0.468 05 3 10 1
5 100e 2t (21 1 4e 23t ) The growth rate of capital investment grew from
Since e 2t . 0 for all t, Pr(t) 5 0 when 468 million dollars per year in 1947 to 2.112 billion
4e 23t 5 1 dollars per year in 1967.
1 c. In 1967, the growth rate of investment as a
e 23t 5 percentage of the amount invested is
4
2.1115 3 109
23t 5 ln (0.25) 3 100 5 7.5%.
2ln (0.25) 28.0305 3 109
t5 d. In 1977, t 5 110
3
C 5 59.537 3 109 dollars
5 0.462.
5 4.4849 3 109 dollars> year.
dC
P(0) 5 0
P(0.462) 8 47.2 dt
P(3) 8 4.98 e. Statistics Canada data shows the actual amount of
U.S. investment in 1977 was 62.5 3 109 dollars.
The highest percentage of people spreading the
The error in the model is 3.5%.
rumour is 47.2% and occurs at the 0.462 h point.
f. In 2007, t 5 140.
The expected investment and growth rates are
C 5 570.490 3 109 dollars and dC 5 42.975 3 109
dollars> year.
dt

t
te b
8. a. The growth function is N 5 25. 1 210t
t
t Er(t) 5 0.5ae 210 2
The number killed is given by K 5 e . 3 10
1 0.6a2e 2 5 1 (30 2 t)e 2 20 b

After 60 minutes, N 5 212. 30 2 t 1 30 2 t
Let T be the number of minutes after 60 minutes. 20

The population of the colony at any time, T after 210t 30 2 t
5 0.05e (10 2 t) 1 0.03e 2 5
the first 60 minutes is
(220 1 30 2 t)
P5N2k t 30 2 t
5 ( 0.05e 210 1 0.03e 2 ) (10 2 t)
60 1 T T
5 2 5 2 e3 , T $ 0 5
5 2 5 a b ln 2 2 e 3
dP 60 1 T 1 1 T Er(t) 5 0 when 10 2 t 5 0
dt 5 3 t 5 10 (The first factor is always a positive number.)
3
E(0) 5 5 1 5.4 1 18e 22 5 14.42
52 5 a b 2 e3
12 1 T ln 2 1 T
5 3 E(10) 5 16.65
E(30) 5 11.15
5 212 ? 2 5 a b 2 e3
T ln 2 1 T
For maximum study effectiveness, 10 h of study
5 3 should be assigned to the firs exam and 20 h of
dP ln 2 T 1 T study for the second exam.
5 0 when 212 2 5 5 e 3 or
dt 5 3 10. Use the algorithm for finding extreme values.
ln 2 12 T5 T First, find the derivative f r(x). Then, find any
3 ? 2 2 5 e3 .
5 critical points by setting fr(x) 5 0 and solving for x.
We take the natural logarithm of both sides: Also, find the values of x for which f r(x) is
ln a3.212 b 1 ln 2 5
ln 2 T T undefined. Together these are the critical values.
5 5 3 Now, evaluate f(x) for the critical values and the
endpoints 2 and 22. The highest value will be the
7.4404 5 T a 2 b
1 ln 2
3 5
absolute maximum on the interval and the lowest
7.4404
value will be the absolute minimum on the interval.
T5 5 38.2 min. 11. a. f r (x) 5 (x 2 )(e x ) 1 (e x )(2x)
0.1947
At T 5 0, P 5 212 5 4096. 5 e x (x 2 1 2x)
At T 5 38.2, P 5 478 158. The function is increasing when f r (x) . 0 and
decreasing when f r(x) , 0. First, find the critical
For T . 38.2, dP is always negative.
dt values of f r(x). Solve e x 5 0 and (x 2 1 2x) 5 0
The maximum number of bacteria in the colony ex is never equal to zero.
occurs 38.2 min after the drug was introduced. x 2 1 2x 5 0
At this time the population numbers 478 158. x(x 1 2) 5 0.
60 1 T T
b. P 5 0 when 2 5 5 e 3 So, the critical values are 0 and 22.
60 1 T T
ln 2 5 Interval e x (x 2 1 2x)
5 3
x , 22 1
b
1 ln 2
12 ln 2 5 Ta 2 22 , x , 0 2
3 5
T 5 42.72 0,x 1
The colony will be obliterated 42.72 minutes after
So, f(x) is increasing on the intervals (2 `, 22)
the drug was introduced.
and (0, ` ).
9. Let t be the number of minutes assigned to study
Also, f(x) is decreasing on the interval (22, 0).
for the first exam and 30 2 t minutes assigned to
b. At x 5 0, f r (x) switches from decreasing on the
study for the second exam. The measure of study
left of zero to increasing on the right of zero. So,
effectiveness for the two exams is given by
x 5 0 is a minimum. Since it is the only critical
E(t) 5 E1 (t) 1 E2 (30 2 t), 0 # t # 30
t 30 2 t
point that is a minimum, it is the x-coordinate of the
5 0.5( 10 1 te 210 ) 1 0.6( 9 1 (30 2 t)e 2 20
)

absolute minimum value of f(x). The absolute Interval 2e 2x (2x 1 1)
minimum value is f(0) 5 0. 1
x,2 2
12. a. yr 5 e x 2
Setting e x 5 0 yields no solutions for x. ex is a 1
x.2 1
function that is always increasing. So, there is no 2
maximum or minimum value for y 5 e x 1 2. So y is decreasing on the left of x 5 2 12 and
y increasing on the right of x 5 2 12. So x 5 2 12 is the
8 x-coordinate of the minimum of y. The minimum
6 value is
4
2a2 b (e2(22 ) )
1 1
2 2
x
5 2e21
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2 8 20.37. There is no maximum value.
y
b. yr 5 (x)(e x ) 1 (e x )(1) 8
5 e x (x 1 1) 6
Solve e x 5 0 and (x 1 1) 5 0 4
ex is never equal to zero. 2
x1150 x
x 5 21. –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2
–2
So there is one critical point: x 5 21.
Interval ex (x 1 1) d. yr 5 (3x)(2e 2x ) 1 (e 2x )(3) 1 1

x , 21 2 5 3e 2x (1 2 x) 1 1
Solve 3e 2x (1 2 x) 1 1 5 0.
x . 21 1
This gives no real solutions. By looking at the graph
So y is decreasing on the left of x 5 21 and of y 5 f(x), one can see that the function is always
increasing on the right of x 5 21. So x 5 21 is the increasing. So, there is no maximum or minimum
x-coordinate of the minimum of y. The minimum value for y 5 3xe 2x 1 x.
value is 2e21 1 3 8 2.63. There is no maximum y
value. 8
y
8 4
6
x
4
–8 –4 0 4 8
2
x
–4
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2
–8
2x 2x
c. yr 5 (2x)(2e ) 1 (e )(2)
2 2
5 2e2x (2x 1 1) 13. Pr(x) 5 (x)(2xe 20.5x ) 1 (e 20.5x )(1)
2
Solve 2e2x 5 0 and (2x 1 1) 5 0 5 e 20.5x (2x 2 1 1)
2e 2x is never equal to zero. 2
Solve e 20.5x 5 0 and (1 2 x 2 ) 5 0.
2x 1 1 5 0 e 20.5x 2
gives no critical points.
1 1 2 x2 5 0
x52
2 (1 2 x)(1 1 x) 5 0
So there is one critical point: x 5 2 12.

So x 5 1 and x 5 21 are the critical points. 1
c. There is a maximum at t 5 since dr(t) , 0
So P(x) is decreasing on the left of x 5 21 and on ln 2
1 1
Interval
2
e20.5x (2x2 1 1)
for t , and dr(t) . 0 for t . .
ln 2 ln 2
x , 21 2
The maximum speed is
d ln 2 5 200 ln 2 (2)2In 2 8 106.15 degrees> s
21 , x , 1 1
1,x 2
(1) (1) 1
d. The door seems to be closed for t . 10 s.

the right of x 5 1 and it is increasing between 15. The solution starts in a similar way to that of 9.
x 5 21 and x 5 1. So x 5 21 is the x-coordinate of The effectiveness function is
the minimum of P(x). Also, x 5 1 is the x-coordinate t 25 2 t
E(t) 5 0.5( 10 1 te 210) 1 0.6( 9 1 (25 2 t)e 2 20 ) .
of the maximum of P(x). The minimum value is
2 The derivative simplifies to
P(21) 5 (21)(e 20.5(21) ) 5 2e 20.5 8 20.61. t 25 2 t
Er(t) 5 0.05e 210 (10 2 t) 1 0.03e 2 20 (5 2 t).
The maximum value is
2
P(1) 5 (1)(e 20.5(1) ) 5 e 20.5 8 0.61.
This expression is very difficult to solve analytically.
14. a. By calculation on a graphing calculator, we can
d(t)
120 determine the maximum effectiveness occurs when
t 5 8.16 hours.
100
aL
16. P 5
80 a 1 (L 2 a)e 2kLt
a. We are given a 5 100, L 5 10 000, k 5 0.0001.
60
106 104
P5 2t 5
40 100 1 9900e 1 1 99e 2t
4 2t 21
5 10 (1 1 99e )
20
t P
0
Number of cells (thousands)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 10
b. The speed is increasing when dr(t) . 0 and the
8
speed is decreasing when dr(t) , 0.
dr(t) 5 (200t)(222t )(ln 2) 1 (22t )(200) 6
5 200(2)2t (2t ln 2 1 1)
Solve 200(2)2t 5 0 and 2t ln 2 1 1 5 0. 4
200(2)2t gives no critical points. 2
2t ln 2 1 1 5 0
1 0 t
t5 8 1.44 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
ln 2 Days
1
So t 5 is the critical point. b. We need to determine when the derivative of the
ln 2
d 2P
Interval 200(2)2t (2t ln2 1 1) (dP)
growth rate dt is zero, i.e., when dt 2 5 0.
t,
1
1 dP 2104 (299e 2t ) 990 000e 2t
ln2 5 5
dt (1 1 99e 2t )2 (1 1 99e 2t )2
1
2
t.
ln2 d 2P 2990 000e 2t (1 1 99e 2t )2 2 990 000e 2t
2 5
dt (1 1 99e 2t )4
So the speed of the closing door is increasing when
(2)(1 1 99e 2t )(299e 2t )
0,t,
1
and decreasing when t .
1
. 3
ln 2 ln 2 (1 1 99e 2t )4
2990 000e2t (1 1 99e 2t ) 1 198(990 000)e 22t
5
(1 1 99e 2t )3

2
dP dy (e x 1 e 2x )(e x 2 e 2x )r
2 5 0 when f. 5
dt dx (e x 1 e 2x )2
990 000e 2t (21 2 99e 2t 1 198e 2t ) 5 0 (e x 2 e 2x )(e x 1 e 2x )r
99e 2t 5 1 2
(e x 1 e 2x )2
e t 5 99
t 5 ln 99 (e x 1 e 2x )(e x 2 (e 2x )(2x)r)
5
8 4.6 (e x 1 e 2x )2
After 4.6 days, the rate of change of the growth rate (e x 2 e 2x )(e x 1 (e 2x )(2x)r)
is zero. At this time the population numbers 5012. 2
(e x 1 e 2x )2
c. When t 5 3, dt 5 (1 1 99e 23 )2 8 1402 cells> day.
dP 990 000e 23
(e 1 e )(e x 2 (e 2x )(21))
x 2x
5
(e x 1 e 2x )2
When t 5 8, dt 5 (1 1 99e 28 )2 8 311 cells> day.
dP 990 000e 28
(e x 2 e 2x )(e x 1 (e 2x )(21))
2
The rate of growth is slowing down as the colony is (e x 1 e 2x )2
getting closer to its limiting value. (e x 1 e 2x )(e x 1 e 2x )
5
(e x 1 e 2x )2
Mid-Chapter Review, pp. 248–249 (e x 2 e 2x )(e x 2 e 2x )
2
dy d(5e 23x ) (e x 1 e 2x )2
1. a. 5
dx dx e 2x 1 e 0 1 e 0 1 e 22x
5 (5e 23x )(23x)r 5
(e x 1 e 2x )2
5 (5e 23x )(23) (e 2x 2 e 0 2 e 0 1 e 22x )
5 215e 23x 2
1
(e x 1 e 2x )2
dy d( 7e7 x) e 2x 1 e 0 1 e 0 1 e 22x 2 e 2x
b. 5 5
dx dx (e x 1 e 2x )2
5 ( 7e7 x) a xb
1 r
e 0 1 e 0 2 e 22x
1
7 1
(e x 1 e 2x )2
5 ( 7e7 x) a b
1 1
4
7 5 x
1
5 e7 x (e 1 e 2x )2
dy dP
c. 5 (x 3 )(e 22x )r 1 (x 3 )r(e 22x ) 2. a. 5 100e 25t (25t)r
dx dt
5 (x 3 )((e 22x )(22x)r) 1 (3x 2 )(e 22x ) 5 100e 25t (25)
5 (x 3 )((e 22x ))(22) 1 3x 2e 22x 5 2500e 25t
5 22x 3e 22x 1 3x 2e 22x b. The time is needed for when the sample of the
5 e 22x (22x 3 1 3x 2 ) substance is at half of the original amount. So, find
dy t when P 5 12.
d. 5 (x 2 1)2 (e x )r 1 ( (x 2 1)2 )r(e x )
dx P 5 100e 25t
5 (x 2 1)2 (e x ) 1 (2(x 2 1))(e x ) 1
5 (x 2 2 2x 1 1)(e x ) 1 (2x 2 2)(e x ) 5 100e 25t
2
5 (e x )(x 2 2 2x 1 1 1 2x 2 2)
1
5 (e x )(x 2 2 1) 5 e 25t
200
dy
e. 5 2(x 2 e 2x )(x 2 e 2x )r 1
dx ln 5 25t
200
5 2(x 2 e 2x )(1 2 (e 2x )(2x)r) 1
ln 200
5 2(x 2 e 2x )(1 2 (e 2x )(21)) 5t
5 2(x 2 e 2x )(1 1 e 2x ) 25
5 2(x 1 xe 2x 2 e 2x 2 e 2x1 2x )
5 2(x 1 xe 2x 2 e 2x 2 e 22x )

dP dy
Now, the question asks for dt 5 Pr when b. 5 3.2((10)0.2x )(ln 10)(0.2x)r
dx
1
ln 200 5 3.2((10)0.2x )(ln 10)(0.2)
t5 8 1.06
25 5 0.64(ln 10)((10).2x )
c. fr (x) 5 (x 2 )(2x )r 1 (2x )(x 2 )r
Pr a b 5 22.5 (using a calculator)
1
ln 200
25 5 (x 2 )(2x )(ln 2) 1 (2x )(2x)
5 (ln 2)(x 22x ) 1 2x2x
dy
3. 5 (2x)(e x )r 1 (e x )(2x)r 5 2x ((ln 2)(x 2 ) 1 2x)
dx
5 (2x)(e x ) 1 (e x )(21) d. Hr (x) 5 300((5)3x21 )(ln 5)(3x 2 1)r
5 2xe x 2 e x 5 300((5)3x21 )(ln 5)(3)
At the point x 5 0, 5 900(ln 5)(5)3x21
dy 5 900(ln 5)(5)3x21
5 20e 0 2 e 0 5 21.
dx e. qr(x) 5 (1.9)x ? (ln 1.9) 1 1.9(x)1.921
At the point x 5 0, 5 (1.9)x ? (ln 1.9) 1 1.9(x)0.9
y 5 2 2 0e 0 5 2
5 (ln 1.9)(1.9)x 1 1.9x 0.9
So, an equation of the tangent to the curve at the
point x 5 0 is f. f r (x) 5 (x 2 2)2 (4x )r 1 (4x )( (x 2 2)2 )r
y 2 2 5 21(x 2 0) 5 (x 2 2)2 (4x )(ln 4) 1 (4x )(2(x 2 2))
y 2 2 5 2x 5 (ln 4)(4x )(x 2 2)2 1 (4x )(2x 2 4)
y 5 2x 1 2 5 4x ((ln 4)(x 2 2)2 1 2x 2 4)
x1y2250 6. a. The initial number of rabbits in the forest is
4. a. yr 5 23(e x )r given by the time t 5 0.
5 23e x R(0) 5 500( 10 1 e 2 10)
0
ys 5 23e x 5 500(10 1 1)
b. yr 5 (x)(e 2x )r 1 (e 2x )(x)r
5 500(11)
5 (x)((e 2x ) 1 (2x)r) 1 (e 2x )(1)
5 5500
5 (x)((e 2x )(2)) 1 e 2x dR
5 2xe 2x 1 e 2x b. The rate of change is the derivative, dt .
ys 5 (2x)(e 2x )r 1 (e 2x )(2x)r 1 e 2x (2x)r R(t) 5 5000 1 500( e210)
t
5 (2x)((e 2x )(2x)r) 1 (e 2x )(2) 1 (e 2x )(2)

5 0 1 500( e210) a2 b
5 (2x)((e 2x )(2)) 1 2e 2x 1 2e 2x dR t t r
5 4xe 2x 1 4e 2x dt 10
5 500( e210) a2 b
c. yr 5 (e x )(4 2 x)r 1 (4 2 x)(e x )r t 1
5 (e x )(21) 1 (4 2 x)(e x ) 10
5 2e x 1 4e x 2 xe x 5 250( e210)
t
5 3e x 2 xe x
ys 5 (3e x )r 2 3 (x)(e x )r 1 (e x )(x)r4
c. 1 year 5 12 months
5 3e x 2 3xe x 1 (e x )(1)4
dR
The question asks for dt 5 Rr when t 5 12.
5 3e x 2 xe x 2 e x 12
Rr(12) 5 250( e210)
5 2e x 2 xe x
dy 8 215.06
5. a. 5 (82x15 )(ln 8)(2x 1 5)r d. To find the maximum number of rabbits,
dx
5 (82x15 )(ln 8)(2) optimize the function.
t
5 2(ln 8)(82x15 ) Rr(t) 5 250( e210)

t
0 5 250( e210)
t
0 5 e210

When solving, the natural log (ln) of both sides 2
ln 5 2t
must be taken, but (ln 0) does not exist. So there 3
are no solutions to the equation. The function is
2 aln b 5 t
2
therefore always decreasing. So, the largest number 3
of rabbits will exist at the earliest time in the interval
Therefore, t 5 2 ( ln 23) 8 0.41 is the critical value.
at time t 5 0. To check, compare R(0) and R(36).
Now, use the algorithm for finding extreme values.
R(0) 5 5500 and R(36) 8 5013. So, the largest
C(0) 5 10(e 0 2 e 0 ) 5 0
number of rabbits in the forest during the first
Ca2 aln bb 8 1.48 (using a calculator)
3 years is 5500. 2
e. 6000 3
C(5) 5 0.0005
So, the function has a maximum when
4000 t 5 2 ( ln 23) 8 0.41. Therefore, during the first five
hours, the highest concentration occurs at about
0.41 hours.
2000 8. y 5 ce kx
yr 5 cke kx
The original function is increasing when its deriva-
0
tive is positive and decreasing when its derivative is
0 10 20 30 40 negative.
The graph is constantly decreasing. The y-intercept e kx . 0 for all k, xPR.
is at the point (0, 5500). Rabbit populations normally So, the original function represents growth when
grow exponentially, but this population is shrinking ck . 0, meaning that c and k must have the same
exponentially. Perhaps a large number of rabbit sign. The original function represents decay when c
predators such as snakes recently began to appear in and k have opposite signs.
the forest. A large number of predators would 9. a. A(t) 5 5000e 0.02t
quickly shrink the rabbit population. 5 5000e 0.02(0)
7. The highest concentration of the drug can be 5 5000
found by optimizing the given function. The initial population is 5000.
C(t) 5 10e 22t 2 10e 23t b. at t 5 7
A(7) 5 5000e 0.02(7) 5 5751
Cr(t) 5 (10e 22t )(22t)r 2 (10e 23t )(23t)r
After a week, the population is 5751.
5 (10e 22t )(22) 2 (10e 23t )(23) c. at t 5 30
5 220e 22t 1 30e 23t A(30) 5 5000e 0.02(30) 5 9111
Set the derivative of the function equal to zero and After 30 days, the population is 9111.
find the critical points. 10. a. P(5) 5 760e 20.125(5)
0 5 220e 22t 1 30e 23t 8 406.80 mm Hg
20e 22t 5 30e 23t b. P(7) 5 760e 20.125(7)
2 22t 8 316.82 mm Hg
e 5 e 23t
3 c. P(9) 5 760e 20.125(9)
2 e 23t 8 246.74 mm Hg
5 22t
3 e 11. A 5 100e 20.3x
2 Ar 5 100e 20.3x (20.3)
5 (e 23t )(e 2t ) 5 230e 20.3x
3
2 When 50% of the substance is gone, y 5 50
5 e 23t12t 50 5 100e 20.3x
3
2 0.5 5 e 20.3x
5 e 2t ln (0.5) 5 ln e 20.3x
3
ln (0.5) 5 20.3x ln e

ln 0.5 Ar (5) 5 1000(1.06)5 ln 1.06
5 20.3x
ln e 5 $77.98
ln 0.5 Ar (10) 5 1000(1.06)10 ln 1.06
2 5x 5 $104.35
0.3 ln e
x 5 2.31 d. No, the rate is not constant.
Ar 5 230e 20.3x e.
Ar(2)
5 ln 1.06
Ar(2.31) 5 230e 20.3(2.31) A(2)
Ar 8 215 Ar (5)
5 ln 1.06
When 50% of the substance is gone, the rate of A(5)
decay is 15% per year. Ar(10)
12. f(x) 5 xe x 5 ln 1.06
A(10)
f r (x) 5 xe x 1 (1)e x
5 e x (x 1 1) f. All the ratios are equivalent (they equal ln 1.06,
x Ar (t)
So e . 0 which is about 0.058 27), which means that is
A(t)
x11.0
x . 21 constant.
This means that the function is increasing when 15. y 5 cex
x . 21. yr 5 c(ex ) 1 (0)ex
13. y 5 52x
2
5 cex
When x 5 1, y 5 yr 5 ce x
1
y5 5.4 The Derivatives of y 5 sin x and
5
2
yr 5 52x (22x) ln 5 y 5 cos x, pp. 256–257
2 dy d(2x)
yr 5 2 ln 5 1. a. 5 (cos 2x) ?
5 dx dx
1 2 5 2 cos 2x
5y 2 5 2 ln 5(x 2 1)
5 5 dy d(3x)
5y 2 1 5 22 ln 5(x 2 1) b. 5 22 (sin 3x) ?
dx dx
5y 2 1 5 (22 ln 5)x 1 2 ln 5 5 26 sin 3x
(2 ln 5)x 1 5y 5 2 ln 5 1 1 dy d(x 3 2 2x 1 4)
y c. 5 (cos (x 3 2 2x 1 4)) ?
dx dx
4 2 3
5 (3x 2 2)(cos (x 2 2x 1 4))
dy d(24x)
2 d. 5 22 sin (24x) ?
dx dx
x 5 8 sin (24x)
–4 –2 0 2 4 dy d(3x) d(4x)
e. 5 cos (3x) ? 1 sin (4x) ?
dx dx dx
–2 5 3 cos (3x) 1 4 sin (4x)
dy
–4 f. 5 2x (ln 2) 1 2 cos x 1 2 sin x
dx
dy d(e x )
14. a. A 5 P(1 1 i)t g. 5 cos (e x ) ?
dx dx
A(t) 5 1000(1 1 0.06)t 5 e xcos (e x )
5 1000(1.06)t dy d(3x 1 2p)
b. Ar(t) 5 1000(1.06)t (1) ln (1.06) h. 5 3 cos (3x 1 2p) ?
dx dx
5 1000(1.06)t ln 1.06
5 9 cos (3x 1 2p)
c. Ar(2) 5 1000(1.06)2 ln 1.06
5 $65.47

dy
f ra b 5 cos
p p
i. 5 2x 2 sin x 1 0
dx 3 3
5 2x 2 sin x
1
d( 1x) 5
5 cos a b ?
dy 1
j. 2
dx x dx p
So an equation for the tangent at the point x 5 is
3
5 2 2 cos a b
1 1
#3
5 ax 2 b
x x 1 p
y2
dy 2 2 3
2. a. 5 (2 sin x)(2sin x) 1 (cos x)(2 cos x)
p
2y 2 #3 5 x 2
dx
5 22 sin2 x 1 2 cos2 x 3
5 2(cos2 x 2 sin2 x)
2x 1 2y 1 a 2 #3b 5 0
p
5 2 cos (2x) 3
b. y 5 (x 21 )(cos 2x) b. When x 5 0, f(x) 5 f(0) 5 0 1 sin (0) 5 0.
dy f r(x) 5 1 1 cos x
5 (x 21 )(22 sin 2x) 1 (cos 2x)(2x 22 )
dx f r (0) 5 1 1 cos (0)
2 sin 2x cos 2x 5111
52 2
x x2 52
dy d(sin 2x) So an equation for the tangent at the point x 5 0 is
c. 5 2sin (sin 2x) ? y 2 0 5 2(x 2 0)
dx dx
5 2sin (sin 2x) ? 2 cos 2x y 5 2x
d. y 5 (sin x)(1 1 cos x)21 22x 1 y 5 0
c. When x 5 , f(x) 5 f a b 5 cos a4 ? b
dy p p p
5 (sin x)(2 (1 1 cos x)22 ? (2sin x) 4 4 4
dx
1 (1 1 cos x)21 (cos x) 5 cos (p)
2sin2 x cos x 5 21
5 2 1 d(4x)
2 (1 1 cos x) 1 1 cos x f r (x) 5 2sin (4x) ?
sin2 x cos x(1 1 cos x) dx
5 1 5 24 sin (4x)
(1 1 cos x)2 (1 1 cos x)2
f ra b 5 24 sin a4 ? b
2 2
sin x 1 cos x 1 cos x p p
5 4 4
(1 1 cos x)2
1 1 cos x 5 24 sin (p)
5 50
(1 1 cos x)2 p
1 So an equation for the tangent at the point x 5 is
4
5
1 1 cos x
b
p
dy y 2 (21) 5 0ax 2
e. 5 (e x )(2sin x 1 cos x) 1 (cos x 1 sin x)(e x ) 4
dx y1150
5 e x (2sin x 1 cos x 1 cos x 1 sin x) y 5 21
5 e x (2 cos x) p
dy d. f(x) 5 sin 2x 1 cos x, x 5
f. 5 (2x 3 )(cos x) 1 (sin x)(6x 2 ) 2
dx p
The point of contact is ( 2 , 0). The slope of the
2 3(3x)(2sin x) 1 (cos x)(3)4
5 2x 3 cos x 1 6x 2 sin x 1 3x sin x 2 3 cos x tangent line at any point is fr(x) 5 2 cos 2x 2 sin x.
p
3. a. When x 5 , f(x) 5 f a b 5 sin a b 5 # .

p p p 3 At ( 2 , 0), the slope of the tangent line is
3 3 3 2 p
2 cos p2sin 2 5 23.
fr(x) 5 cos x p
(
An equation of the tangent line is y 5 23 x 2 2 . )

5 2 sin ( !t) ? cos ( !t) ?
1
e. f(x) 5 cos a2x 1 b, x 5
p p
3 4 2 !t
!3 sin ( !t) cos ( !t)
The point of tangency is a , 2 b. The
p
slope of the
!t
4 2 5
p
tangent line at any point is f r (x) 5 22 sin (2x 1 3 ). 1
b. v(t) 5 (1 1 cos t 1 sin2 t)2
!3
At a , 2 b,
p 1 1
the slope of the tangent line is vr (t) 5 (1 1 cos t 1 sin2 t)22
4 2 2
d(1 1 cos t 1 (sin t)2 )
22 sin a b 5 21.
5p
3
6 dt
d(sin t)
An equation of the tangent line is 2sin t 1 2(sin t) ?
dt
"3 p 5
y1 (
52 x24 . ) 2# 1 1 cos t 1 sin2 t
2
2sin t 1 2(sin t)(cos t)
, f(x) 5 f a b 5 2 sin a b cos a b
p p p p 5
f. When x 5
2 2 2 2 2# 1 1 cos t 1 sin2 t
c. h(x) 5 sin x sin 2x sin 3x
5 2(1)(0)
So, treat sin x sin 2x as one function, say f(x) and
50
treat sin 3x as another function, say g(x).
f r (x) 5 (2 sin x)(2sin x) 1 (cos x)(2 cos x)
Then, the product rule may be used with the
5 22 sin2 x 1 2 cos2 x
chain rule:
hr(x) 5 f(x)gr (x) 1 g(x)f r (x)
5 2 cos (2x)
5 (sin x sin 2x)(3 cos 3x)
f ra b 5 2 cos a2 ? b
p p
1(sin 3x)3 (sin x)(2 cos 2x)
2 2
1 (sin 2x)(cos x)4
5 2 cos p
5 3 sin x sin 2x cos 3x
5 22
p 1 2 sin x sin 3x cos 2x
So an equation for the tangent when x 5 is
2 1 sin 2x sin 3x cos x
d(x 2 1 (cos x)2 )
y 2 0 5 22ax 2 b
p
d. mr(x) 5 3(x 2 1 cos2 x)2 ?
2 dx
y 5 22x 1 p 5 3(x2 1 cos2 x)2 ? (2x 1 2(cos x) (2sin x))
2x 1 y 2 p 5 0 5 3(x 2 1 cos2 x)2 ? (2x 2 2 sin x cos x)
4. a. One could easily find f r(x) and gr (x) to see 6. By the algorithm for finding extreme values, the
that they both equal 2(sin x)(cos x). However, it maximum and minimum values occur at points on
is easier to notice a fundamental trigonometric the graph where f r(x) 5 0, or at an endpoint of the
identity. It is known that sin2 x 1 cos2 x 5 1. So, interval.
sin2 x 5 1 2 cos2 x. dy
Therefore, one can notice that f(x) is in fact equal a. 5 2sin x 1 cos x
dx
to g(x). So, because f(x) 5 g(x), f r (x) 5 gr(x). dy
b. f r (x) and gr(x) are negatives of each other. Set 50 and solve for x to find any critical points.
dx
That is, f r (x) 5 2(sin x)(cos x) while cos x 2 sin x 5 0
gr (x) 5 22(sin x) (cos x). cos x 5 sin x
5. a. v(t) 5 (sin ( !t))2 15
sin x
cos x
d(sin ( !t))
vr(t) 5 2 sin ( !t) ? 1 5 tan x
dt p 5p
d( !t) x5 ,
5 2 sin ( !t) ? cos ( !t) ? 4 4
dt Evaluate f(x) at the critical numbers, including the
5 2 sin ( !t) ? cos ( !t) ? t
1 212 endpoints of the interval.
2

p 5p dy
x 0
4 4
2p c. 5 cos x 1 sin x
dx
f(x) 5 cos x 1 sin x 1 "2 2"2 1 dy
Set 50 and solve for x to find any critical points.
dx
So, the absolute maximum value on the interval is cos x 1 sin x 5 0
# 2 when x 5
p
and the absolute minimum value sin x 5 2cos x
4
sin x
on the interval is 2 # 2 when x 5
5p
. 5 21
4 cos x
y
tan x 5 21
2 3p 7p
x5 ,
1 4 4
x Evaluate f(x) at the critical numbers, including the
0 endpoints of the interval.
p 2p
3p 7p
–1 x 0 2
4 4
–2 f(x) 5 sin x 2 cos x 21 "2 2"2 21
dy
b. 5 1 2 2 sin x So, the absolute maximum value on the interval is
dx
# 2 when x 5 4 and the absolute minimum value
3p
dy
dx
7p
1 2 2 sin x 5 0 .
4
1 5 2 sin x
y
1 2
5 sin x
2
1
p 5p
x5 , x
6 6 0
p 2p
Evaluate f(x) at the critical numbers, including the –1
endpoints of the interval.
p p –2
x 2p 2 p
6 6
dy
p p d. 5 3 cos x 2 4 sin x
f(x) 5 x 1 2 cos x 2p 2 2 1 #3
2 1 #3 p22 dx
6 6
8 25.14 8 1.21 8 2.26 8 1.14 dy
dx
So, the absolute maximum value on the interval is 3 cos x 2 4 sin x 5 0
p
2.26 when x 5 and the absolute minimum value 3 cos x 5 4 sin x
6
on the interval is 25.14 when x 5 2p. 3 sin x
5
y 4 cos x
8 3
5 tan x
4
4
tan21 a b 5 tan21 (tan x)
3
x 4
–p 0 Using a calculator, x 8 0.6435.
–p p p
2 2 This is a critical value, but there is also one more in
–4 the interval 0 # x # 2p. The period of tan x is p,
so adding p to the one solution will give another
–8 solution in the interval.
x 5 0.6435 1 p 8 3.7851

Evaluate f(x) at the critical numbers, including the 8. a. f(x)
2
1
x 0 0.64 3.79 2p
x
0 p 2p
f(x) 5 3 sin x 1 4 cos x 4 5 25 4
–1
So, the absolute maximum value on the interval is 5 –2
when x 8 0.64 and the absolute minimum value on
the interval is 25 when x 8 3.79. b. The tangent to the curve f(x) is horizontal at the
y point(s) where f r(x) is zero.
8 f r (x) 5 2sin x 1 cos x
Set f r (x) 5 0 and solve for x to find any critical
4 points.
x cos x 2 sin x 5 0
0
p 2p cos x 5 sin x
–4 sin x
15
–8 cos x
1 5 tan x
p 5p
7. a. The particle will change direction when the x5 (Note: The solution x 5 is not in the
4 4
velocity, sr (t), changes from positive to negative.
interval 0 # x # p so it is not included.) When
sr(t) 5 16 cos 2t
( 4 ) 5 # 2.
p p
Set sr (t) 5 0 and solve for t to find any critical points. x 5 , f(x) 5 f
4
0 5 16 cos 2t So, the coordinates of the point where the tangent to
the curve of f(x) is horizontal is ( , # 2).
0 5 cos 2t p
p 3p 4
, 5 2t 1
2 2 9. csc x 5 5 (sin x)21
sin x
p 3p 1
, 5t sec x 5 5 (cos x)21
4 4 cos x
Also, there is no given interval so it will be beneficial Now, the power rule can be used to compute the
to locate all solutions. derivates of csc x and sec x.
p 3p
Therefore, t 5 1 pk, 1 pk for some positive d(sin x)
4 4 ((sin x)21 )r 5 2 (sin x)22 ?
integer k constitutes all solutions. dx
5 2 (sin x)22 ? cos x
One can create a table and notice that on each side
cos x
of any value of t, the function is increasing on one 52
(sin x)2
side and decreasing on the other. So, each t value is
d(sin x)
either a maximum or a minimum. ((sin x)21 )r 5 2 (sin x)22 ?
p 3p 5p 7p
dx
t
4 4 4 4 1 cos x
52 ?
s(t) 5 8 sin 2t 8 28 8 28 sin x sin x
5 2csc x cot x
The table continues in this pattern for all critical d(cos x)
values t. So, the particle changes direction at all ((cos x)21 )r 5 2 (cos x)22 ?
dx
critical values. That is, it changes direction for
5 2 (cos x)22 ? (2sin x)
p 3p
t5 1 pk, 1 pk for positive integers k. sin x
4 4 5
b. From the table or a graph, one can see that (cos x)2
the particle’s maximum velocity is 8 at the time 1 sin x
5 ?
p cos x cos x
t 5 1 pk.
4 5 sec x tan x
dy function is 1, so the maximum distance from the
10. 5 22 sin 2x
dx origin is 4(1) or 4.
p 1 12.
At the point , , ( 6 2) h 1m 1m h
u u
5 22 sin a2 ? b
dy p x 1m x
dx 6 Label the base of a triangle x and the height h. So
5 22 sin a b
p x h
cos u 5 5x and sin u 5 5 h.
3 1 1
!3
Therefore, x 5 cos u and h 5 sin u.
5 22a b The irrigation channel forms a trapezoid and the
2
(b1 1 b2 )h
5 2#3
area of a trapezoid is where b1 and b2 are
2
the bottom and top bases of the trapezoid and h is
(p 1)
Therefore, at the point 6 , 2 , the slope of the the height.
tangent to the curve y 5 cos 2x is 2 #3. b1 5 1
b2 5 x 1 1 1 x 5 cos u 1 1 1 cos u 5 2 cos u 1 1
11. a. The particle will change direction when the h 5 sin u
velocity, sr(t) changes from positive to negative. Therefore, the area equation is given by
sr(t) 5 16 cos 4t (2 cos u 1 1 1 1) sin u
Set sr (t) 5 0 and solve for t to find any critical points. A5
2
0 5 16 cos 4t
(2 cos u 1 2) sin u
0 5 cos 4t 5
p 3p 2
, 5 4t 2 cos u sin u 1 2 sin u
2 2 5
p 3p 2
, 5t 5 sin u cos u 1 sin u
8 8
To maximize the cross-sectional area, differentiate:
Also, there is no given interval so it will be beneficial
Ar 5 (sin u)(2sin u) 1 (cos u)(cos u) 1 cos u
to locate all solutions.
p 3p
5 2sin2 u 1 cos2 u 1 cos u
Therefore, t 5 1 pk, 1 pk for some positive Using the trig identity sin2 u 1 cos2 u 5 1, use the
8 8
integer k constitutes all solutions. fact that sin2 u 5 1 2 cos2 u.
Ar 5 2 (1 2 cos2 u) 1 cos2 u 1 cos u
5 21 1 cos2 u 1 cos2 u 1 cos u
of any value of t, the function is increasing on one
5 2 cos2 u 1 cos u21
Set Ar 5 0 to find the critical points.
either a maximum or a minimum.
0 5 2 cos2 u 1 cos u 2 1
t
p 3p 5p 7p 0 5 (2 cos u21)(cos u 1 1)
8 8 8 8 Solve the two expressions for u.
s(t) 5 4 sin 4t 4 24 4 24 2 cos u 5 1
1
cos u 5
The table continues in this pattern for all critical 2
values t. So, the particle changes direction at all p
u5
critical values. That is, it changes direction for 3
p 3p Also, cos u 5 21
t5 1 pk, 1 pk for positive integers k.
4 4 u5p
b. From the table or a graph, one can see that the (Note: The question only seeks an answer around
p
particle’s maximum velocity is 4 at the time 0 # u # . So, there is no need to find all solutions
p 2
t 5 1 pk. by adding kp for all integer values of k.)
4
c. At t 5 0, s 5 0, so the minimum distance from The area, A, when u 5 p is 0 so that answer is
the origin is 0. The maximum value of the sine disregarded for this problem.

p 14. First find ys.
When u 5 ,
3 y 5 A cos kt 1 B sin kt
p p p
A 5 sin cos 1 sin yr 5 2kA sin kt 1 kB cos kt
3 3 3
!3 1 !3 ys 5 2k 2A cos kt 2 k 2B sin kt
5a ? b1 So, ys 1 k 2y
2 2 2
5 2k 2A cos kt 2 k 2B sin kt
!3 2!3 1 k 2 (A cos kt 1 B sin kt)
5 1
4 4 5 2k 2A cos kt 2 k 2B sin kt 1 k 2A cos kt
3 !3 1 k 2B sin kt
5 50
4
p Therefore, ys 1 k 2y 5 0.
The area is maximized by the angle u 5 .
3
13. Let O be the centre of the circle with line
segments drawn and labeled, as shown.
5.5 The Derivative of y 5 tan x, p. 260
A dy d
1. a. 5 sec2 3xa 3xb
dx dx
uu 5 3 sec2 3x
R dy d
b. 5 2 sec2 x 2 sec 2xa 2xb
dx dx
O
5 2 sec2 x 2 2 sec 2x
R
x 2u
5 2 tan (x 3 )a tan (x 3 )b
dy d
c.
D y B dx dx
C
5 2 tan (x 3 )a tan (x 3 )b
dy d
dx dx
In ÔCB, /COB 5 2u.
5 2 tan (x 3 ) sec2 (x 3 )a x 3 b
d
y x
Thus, 5 sin 2u and 5 cos 2u, dx
R R
so y 5 R sin 2u and x 5 R cos 2u. 5 6x 2 tan (x 3 ) sec2 (x 3 )
The area A of ^ ABD is

dy (d )
2x tan px 2 x 2 sec2 px px
dx
A 5 0 DB 0 0 AC 0
1 d. 5
dx tan2 px
2
2x tan px 2 px 2 sec2 px
5 y(R 1 x) 5
tan2 px
5 R sin 2u(R 1 R cos 2u)
x(2 tan px 2 px sec2 px)
5 R 2 (sin 2u 1 sin 2u cos 2u), where 0 , 2u , p 5
tan2 px
dA
5 sec2 (x 2 )a x 2 b 2 2 tan xa b (tan x)
5 R 2 (2 cos 2u 1 2 cos 2u cos 2u dy d d
du e.
1 sin 2u(22 sin 2u)). dx dx dx
dA 5 2x sec2 (x 2 ) 2 2 tan x sec2 x
We solve 5 0:
du dy d
2 cos2 2u 2 2 sin2 2u 1 2 cos 2u 5 0 f. 5 tan 5x(3 cos 5x)a 5xb
dx dx
2 cos2 2u 1 cos 2u 2 1 5 0 d
(2 cos 2u21)(cos 2u 1 1) 5 0 1 3 sin 5x sec2 5xa 5xb
dx
1
cos 2u 5 or cos 2u 5 21 5 15 tan 5x cos 5x 1 15 sin 5x sec2 5x
2 5 15 (tan 5x cos 5x 1 sin 5x sec2 5x)
p
2u 5 or 2u 5 p (not in domain). 2. a. The general equation for the line tangent to
3
the function f(x) at the point (a, b) is
As 2u S 0, A S 0 and as 2u S p, A S 0. The
y 2 b 5 fr(x)(x 2 a).
3 !3 2
maximum area of the triangle is R f(x) 5 tan x
4
p p fr (x) 5 sec2 x
when 2u 5 , i.e., u 5 .
3 6

dy
fa b 5 0
p
4. a. 5 tan x cos x 1 sin x sec2 x
4 dx
sin x 1
f ra b 5 2
p 5 ? cos x 1 sin x ?
4 cos x cos2 x
The equation for the line tangent to the function sin x
5 sin x 1
p p cos2 x
(
f(x) at x 5 4 is y 5 2 x 2 4 . ) 2
dy cos3 x
b. The general equation for the line tangent to the 5 cos x 1
dx 2 cos4 x
function f(x) at the point (a, b) is
y 2 b 5 f r (x)(x 2 a). (d
sin x(2 cos x) dx cos x )
f(x) 5 6 tan x 2 tan 2x 2
cos4 x
d cos3 x 1 2 sin2 x cos x
f r(x) 5 6 sec2 x 2 sec2 2xa 2xb 5 cos x 1
dx cos4 x
f r(x) 5 6 sec2 x 2 2 sec2 2x 1 2 sin2 x
f(0) 5 0 5 cos x 1 1
cos x cos3 x
f r (0) 5 22
2 sin2 x
The equation for the line tangent to the function 5 cos x 1 sec x 1
cos3 x
f(x) at x 5 0 is y 5 22x.
dy d
dy d b. 5 2 tan xa tan xb
3. a. 5 sec2 x(sin x)a sin xb dx dx
dx dx
5 2 tan x sec2 x
5 cos x sec2 (sin x)
2 sin x 1
5 ?
5 22 3tan (x 2 2 1)4 23 a tan (x 2 2 1)b
dy d
b. cos x cos2 x
dx dx
5 22 3tan (x 2 2 1)4 23 sec2 (x 2 2 1)
2 sin x
5
cos3 x
3 a (x 2 2 1)b
d
dx d 2y (d
2 cos4 x 2 6 sin x cos2 x dxcos x )
5 24x 3tan (x 2 2 1)4 23 sec2 (x 2 2 1)
5
dx 2 cos6 x
2 cos x 1 6 sin2 x cos2 x
4
5 2 tan (cos x)a tan (cos x)b
dy d
c. 5
dx dx cos6 x
d 2 6 sin2 x 1
5 2 tan (cos x) sec2 (cos x)a cos xb 5 2 1 ?
dx cos x cos x cos2 x
2
5 22 tan (cos x) sec2 (cos x) sin x 5 2 sec x 1 6 tan2 x sec2 x

2
dy d 5 2 sec2 x(1 1 3 tan2 x)

d. 5 2 (tan x 1 cos x)a tan x 1 cos xb 5. The slope of f(x) 5 sin x tan x equals zero when
dx dx
the derivative equals zero.
5 2 (tan x 1 cos x)(sec2 x 2 sin x)
f(x) 5 sin x tan x
dy d f r (x) 5 sin x(sec2x) 1 tan x(cos x)
e. 5 tan x (3 sin2 x)a sin xb 1 sin3 x sec2 x
dx dx sin x
5 3 tan x sin x cos x 1 sin3 x sec2 x
2 5 sin x(sec2 x) 1 (cos x)
cos x
5 sin2 x (3 tan x cos x 1 sin x sec2 x) 5 sin x(sec2 x) 1 sin x
5 e tan "x a tan "xb
dy d 5 sin x(sec2 x 1 1)
f. 2
dx dx sec x 1 1 is always positive, so the derivative is 0
only when sin x 5 0. So, fr (x) equals 0 when x 5 0,
5 e tan "x (sec2 "x)a "xb
d
dx x 5 p, and x 5 2p. The solutions can be verified
by examining the graph of the derivative function
e tan "x sec2 "x
1
5 shown below.
2"x

y cos2 x 1 sin x 1 sin2 x
4 f'(x) 5
cos2 x
3 1 1 sin x
2 5
cos2 x
1 The denominator is never negative. 1 1 sin x . 0
x p p
0 ␲ 2␲ for 2 2 , x , 2 , since sin x reaches its minimum
–1 p
–2 of 21 at x 5 2 . Since the derivative of the original
function is always positive in the specified interval,
–3
the function is always increasing in that interval.
–4 p p
8. When x 5 , y 5 2 tan ( 4 )
4
6. The local maximum point occurs when the 52
derivative equals zero. yr 5 2 sec2 x
When x 5 , yr 5 2 asec b
dy p p 2
5 2 2 sec2 x
dx 4 4
2 2 sec2 x 5 0 5 2( #2)2
sec2 x 5 2 54
sec x 5 6"2 p
p 4
y 2 2 5 4ax 2 b
x56 p
4 4
dy p y 2 2 5 4x 2 p
5 0 when x 5 6 4 , so the local maximum
dx 24x 1 y 2 (2 2 p) 5 0
p
point occurs when x 5 6 4 . Solve for y sin x
9. Write tan x 5 cos x and use the quotient rule to
p
when x 5 4. derive the derivative of the tangent function.
10. y 5 cot x
y 5 2a b 2 tan a b
p p
1
4 4 y5
p tan x
y5 21 dy tan x(0) 2 (1) sec2 x
2 5
y 5 0.57 dx tan2 x
2
p 2sec x
Solve for y when x 5 2 . 5
4 tan2 x
21
y 5 2a2 b 2 tan a2 b
p p
cos 2 x
4 4 5 sin2 x
p cos 2 x
y52 11 21
2 5
y 5 20.57 sin2 x
p 5 2csc2 x
( )
The local maximum occurs at the point 4 , 0.57 .
7. y 5 sec x 1 tan x 11. Using the fact from question 10 that the
1 sin x derivative of cot x is 2csc2 x,
5 1 f r (x) 5 24 csc2 x
cos x cos x
1 1 sin x 5 24 (csc x)2
5 d(csc x)
cos x f s (x) 5 28 (csc x) ?
dy cos2 x 2 (1 1 sin x)(2sin x) dx
5 5 28 (csc x) ? (2csc x cot x)
dx cos2 x
5 8 csc2 x cot x
cos x 2 (2sin x 2 sin2 x)
2
5
cos2 x

Review Exercise, pp. 263–265 dy d(3x)
b. 5 sec2 (3x) ?
dx dx
1. a. yr 5 0 2 e x
5 3 sec2 (3x)
5 2e x
c. y 5 (2 2 cos x)21
b. yr 5 2 1 3e x
dy d(2 2 cos x)
d(2x 1 3) 5 2 (2 2 cos x)22 ?
c. yr 5 e 2x13 ? dx dx
dx
sin x
5 2e 2x13 52
2 d(23x 2 1 5x) (2 2 cos x)2
d. yr 5 e 23x 15x ?
b 1 (tan (2x))(1)
dy d(2x)
dx d. 5 (x)asec2 (2x) ?
5 (26x 1 5)e 23x 15x
2
dx dx
e. yr 5 (x)(e x ) 1 (e x )(1) 5 2x sec2 (2x) 1 tan 2x
b
5 e x (x 1 1) dy d(3x)
e. 5 (sin 2x)ae 3x ?
(e t 1 1)(e t ) 2 (e t 2 1)(e t ) dx dx
f. sr 5
b
(e t 1 1)2 d(2x)
1 (e 3x )acos 2x ?
e 1 e 2 (e 2t 2 e t )
2t t dx
5 5 3e 3x sin 2x 1 2e 3x cos 2x
(e t 1 1)2
2e t 5 e 3x (3 sin 2x 1 2 cos 2x)
5 t f. y 5 (cos (2x))2
(e 1 1)2
dy dy d(cos (2x))
2. a. 5 10x ln 10 5 2 (cos (2x)) ?
dx dx dx
dy d(3x 2 ) d(2x)
b.
2
5 43x ? ln 4 ? 5 2(cos (2x)) ? 2sin (2x) ?
dx dx dx
5 6x(4 )ln 4 3x 2 5 24 cos (2x) sin (2x)
dy 4. a. f(x) 5 e x ? x 21
c. 5 (5x)(5x ln 5) 1 (5x )(5)
dx f r(x) 5 (e x )(2x 22 ) 1 (x 21 )(e x )
5 e x a2 2 1 b
5 5 ? 5x (x ln 5 1 1) 1 1
dy x x
d. 5 (x 4 )(2x ln 2) 1 (2x )(4x 3 )
5 ex a b
2
dx 2x 1 x
5 x 3 ? 2x (x ln 2 1 4) x3
e. y 5 (4x)(42x ) Now, set f r(x) 5 0 and solve for x.
0 5 ex a b
dy 2x 1 x 2
5 (4x)(242x ln 4) 1 (42x )(4)
dx x3
5 4 ? 42x (2x ln 4 1 1) x2 2 x
Solve e x 5 0 and 5 0.
4 2 4x ln 4 x3
x
5 e is never zero.
4x x2 2 x
f. y 5 (5#x )(x 21 ) 50
x3
d( #x)
b
dy
5 (5#x )(2x 22 ) 1 (x 21 )a5#x ? ln 5 ? x2 2 x 5 0
dx dx x(x 2 1) 5 0
5 (5#x )a2 2 b 1 (x 21 )a5#x ? ln 5 ? b
1 1 So x 5 0 or x 5 1.
x 2!x (Note, however, that x cannot be zero because this
would cause division by zero in the original function.)
5 5#x a2 2 1 b
1 ln 5
x 2x!x
So x 5 1.
dy d(2x) d(2x)
b. The function has a horizontal tangent at (1, e).
3. a. 5 3 cos (2x) ? 1 4 sin (2x) ?
dx dx dx
5 6 cos (2x) 1 8 sin (2x)

The equation of the tangent line is
b 1 (e 22x )(1)
d(22x)
5. a. f r (x) 5 (x)ae 22x ? y 1 ln 2 1 2 5 3(x 1 ln 2) or
dx
3x 2 y 1 2 ln 2 2 2 5 0.
5 22xe 22x 1 e 22x p
5 e 22x (22x 1 1) 9. When x 5 ,
2
f ra b 5 e 22 2 a22 ? 1 1b
1 1
y 5 f(x) 5 f a b 5 sina b 5 (1) 5
1 p p p p p
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
5 e 21 (21 1 1) yr 5 fr (x) 5 (x)(cos x) 1 (sin x)(1)
50 5 x cos x 1 sin x
b. This means that the slope of the tangent to f(x)
f ra b 5 cos 1 sin
p p p p
at the point with x-coordinate 21 is 0. 2 2 2 2
6. a. yr 5 (x)(e x ) 1 (e x )(1) 2 e x p
5 xe x 5 (0) 1 1
2
ys 5 (x)(e x ) 1 (e x )(1) 51
5 xe x 1 e x p
5 e x (x 1 1) 2
y 2 5 1ax 2 b
p p
b. yr 5 (x)(10e 10x ) 1 (e 10x )(1) 2 2
5 10xe 10x 1 e 10x p p
ys 5 (10x)(10e 10x ) 1 (e 10x )(10) 1 10e 10x y2 5x2
2 2
5 100xe 10x 1 10e 10x 1 10e 10x y5x
5 100xe 10x 1 20e 10x 2x 1 y 5 0
5 20e 10x (5x 1 1) sin t
e 2x 2 1 10. If s(t) 5 is the function describing
3 1 cos 2t
7. y 5 2x
e 11 an object’s position at time t, then v(t) 5 sr(t) is
dy 2e 2x (e 2x 1 1) 2 (e 2x 2 1)(2e 2x ) the function describing the object’s velocity at
5
dx (e 2x 1 1)2 time t. So
2e 1 2e 2 2e 4x 1 2e 2x
4x 2x v(t) 5 sr(t)
5 (3 1 cos 2t)(cos t) 2 (sin t)(22 sin 2t)
(e 2x 1 1)2 5
4e 2x (3 1 cos 2t)2
5 2x
(e 1 1)2
sr a b 5
p (
3 1 cos 2 ? 4 cos 4
p
)( p
)
e 4x 2 2e 2x 1 1
Now, 1 2 y 2 5 1 2
(e
2x 2
1 1)
4
( p 2
3 1 cos 2 ? 4 )
4x 2x 4x 2x
e 1 2e 1 1 2 e 1 2e 2 1
5
(e 2x 1 1)2
2
(sin 4 )(22 sin 2 ? 4 )
p p
5
4e 2x
2x 2 5
dy (3 1 cos 2 ? p4 ) 2
(3 1 1) dx
8. The slope of the required tangent line is 3. (3 1 cos p2 )("22) 2 ("22)(22 sin p2 )
5
The slope at any point on the curve is given by
dy
(3 1 cos p2 )2
2x
dx 5 1 1 e .
To find the point(s) on the curve where the tangent (3 1 0)("2 "2
2 ) 2 ( 2 )(22 ? 1)
5
has slope 3, we solve: (3 1 0)2
1 1 e 2x 5 3 1 #2
3"2
2
e 2x 5 2 5
9
2x 5 ln 2
3#2 1 2#2 1
x 5 2ln 2. 5 ?
The point of contact of the tangent is 2 9
(2ln 2,2ln 2 2 2). 5#2
5
18

p
So, the object’s velocity at time t 5 is Since e 2t . 0 for all t, c1r(t) 5 0 when t 5 1.
4
Since c1r(t) . 0 for 0 # t , 1, and c1r(t) , 0 for all
5#2
8 0.3928 metres per unit of time. 1
18 t . 1, c1 (t) has a maximum value of e 8 0.368
at t 5 1 h.
11. a. The question asks for the time t when
c2 (t) 5 t 2e 2t; c2 (0) 5 0
Nr(t) 5 0.
t c2r(t) 5 2te 2t 2 t 2e 2t
N(t) 5 60 000 1 2000te220 5 te 2t (2 2 t)
Nr(t) 5 0 1 (2000t)a2 e 220 b 1 (e 220 )(2000)
1 t t
c2r(t) 5 0 when t 5 0 or t 5 2.
20 Since c2r(t) . 0 for 0 , t , 2 and c2r(t) , 0 for all
t t
5 2100te 220 1 2000e 220 4
t
5 100e 220 (2t 1 20) t . 2, c2 (t) has a maximum value of e 2 8 0.541 at
Set Nr (t) 5 0 and solve for t. t 5 2 h. The larger concentration occurs for
t
0 5 100e 220 (2t 1 20) medicine c2.
t b. c1 (0.5) 5 0.303
100e 220 is never equal to zero.
c2 (0.5) 5 0.152
2t 1 20 5 0
In the first half-hour, the concentration of c1
20 5 t
increases from 0 to 0.303, and that of c2 increases
Therefore, the rate of change of the number of
from 0 to 0.152. Thus, c1 has the larger concentration
bacteria is equal to zero when time t 5 20.
dM over this interval.
b. The question asks for 5 Mr(t) when t 5 10. 13. a. y 5 (2 1 3e 2x )3
yr 5 3(2 1 3e 2x )2 30 1 3e 2x (21)4
dt
That is, it asks for Mr (10).
M(t) 5 (N 1 1000)3
1
5 3(2 1 3e 2x )2 (23e 2x )
1 2 d(N 1 1000) 5 29e 2x (2 1 3e 2x )2
Mr (t) 5 (N 1 1000)23 ? b. y 5 x e
3 dt
yr 5 ex e21
1 dN x
5 2 ? c. y 5 e e
3(N 1 1000)3 dt x
dN t
yr 5 e e (e x )(1)
5 Nr(t) 5 100e 220 (2t 1 20)
x
From part a., and 5 e x1e
dt
N(t) 5 60 000 1 2000te 220t d. y 5 (1 2 e 5x )5
1 yr 5 5(1 2 e 5x )4 30 2 e 5x (5)4
100e220 (2t 1 20)
So Mr (t) 5 2 5 225e 5x (1 2 e 5x )4
3(N 1 1000)3
14. a. y 5 5x
First calculate N(10).
10 yr 5 5x ln 5
N(10) 5 60 000 1 2000(10)e220
1 b. y 5 (0.47)x
5 60 000 1 20 000e 22
yr 5 (0.47)x ln (0.47)
8 72 131
10 c. y 5 (52)2x
100e 220 (210 1 20)
So Mr (10) 5 2
yr 5 (52)2x (2) ln 52
3(N(10) 1 1000)3 5 2(52)2x ln 52
1
100e 22 (10) d. y 5 5(2)x
5 2
3(72 131 1 1000)3 yr 5 5(2)x ln 2
606.53 e. y 5 4e x
8
5246.33 yr 5 4e x (1) ln e
8 0.1156 5 4e x
So, after 10 days, about 0.1156 mice are infected f. y 5 22(10)3x
per day. Essentially, almost 0 mice are infected per yr 5 22(3)103x ln 10
day when t 5 10. 5 26(10)3x ln 10
12. a. c1 (t) 5 te 2t; c1 (0) 5 0 d(2x )
15. a. yr 5 cos 2x ?
c1r (t) 5 e 2t 2 te 2t dx
5 e 2t (1 2 t) 5 2x ln 2 cos 2x

b. yr 5 (x 2 )(cos x) 1 (sin x)(2x) dv p
5 x 2 cos x 1 2x sin x
and a 5
dt
(
5 210 cos 2t 1 (4
))
d( p 2 x)
c. yr 5 cos a 2 xb ? 2
p
5 220 cos a2t 1 b.
p
2 dx 4
5 2cos a 2 xb
p The maximum values of the displacement,
2 velocity, and acceleration are 5, 10, and 20,
d. yr 5 (cos x)(cos x) 1 (sin x)(2sin x) respectively.
5 cos2 x 2 sin2 x p
19. Let the base angle be u, 0 , u , , and let the
e. y 5 (cos x)2 2
d(cos x) sides of the triangle have lengths x and y, as shown.
yr 5 2(cos x) ? Let the perimeter of the triangle be P cm.
dx
5 22 cos x sin x
f. y 5 cos x (sin x)2 12
yr 5 (cos x)(2 (sin x)(cos x)) 1 (sin x)2 (2sin x) y
5 2 sin x cos2 x 2 sin3 x
dy p u
16. Compute when x 5 to find the slope of the x
dx 2
line at the given point. x y
Now, 5 cos u and 5 sin u
yr 5 2sin x 12 12
p so x 5 12 cos u and y 5 12 sin u.
So, at the point x 5 , yr 5 f r(x) is
2 Therefore, P 5 12 1 12 cos u 1 12 sin u and
f ra b 5 2sin a b 5 21.
p p dP
5 212 sin u 1 12 cos u.
2 2 du
Therefore, an equation of the line tangent to the For critical values, 212 sin u 1 12 cos u 5 0
sin u 5 cos u
curve at the given point is
tan u 5 1
y 2 0 5 21ax 2 b
p
p p
2 u 5 , since 0 , u , .
4 2
p 12 12
y 5 2x 1 p
2 When u 5 , P 5 12 1 !2 1 !2
4
p 24
x1y2 50
!2
5 12 1
2
17. The velocity of the object at any 5 12 1 12#2.
ds
time t is v 5 . As u S 0 1 , cos u S 1, sin u S 0, and
dt
Thus, v 5 8 (cos (10pt))(10p) P S 12 1 12 1 0 5 24.
p
5 80p cos (10pt). As u S , cos u S 0, sin u S 1 and
2
dv d 2s
The acceleration at any time t is a 5 5 2. P S 12 1 0 1 12 5 24.
dt dt
Hence, a 5 80p(2sin (10pt))(10p) 5 Therefore, the maximum value of the perimeter is
2800p2 sin (10pt). 12 1 12!2 cm, and occurs when the other two
p
d 2s angles are each rad, or 45°.
Now, dt 2 1 100p2s 4
5 2800p2 sin (10pt) 20. Let l be the length of the ladder, u be the angle
between the foot of the ladder and the ground, and x
1 100p2 (8 sin (10pt)) 5 0. be the distance of the foot of the ladder from the
p
(
18. Since s 5 5 cos 2t 1 , 4 ) fence, as shown.
x11 1.5
5 5 a 2sin a 2t 1 bb
ds p Thus, 5 cos u and x 5 tan u
v5 l
dt 4 1.5
x 1 1 5 l cos u where x 5 tan u.
5 210 sin a2t 1 b
p
4

dl
Solving du 5 0 yields:
0.8 sin3 u 2 cos3 u 5 0
l tan3 u 5 1.25
wall tan u 5 !3
1.25
1.5 tan u 8 1.077
u 8 0.822.
u 0.8 1
Now, l 5 cos (0.822) 1 sin (0.822) 8 2.5.
x 1
1.5 When u 5 0, the longest possible pole would have a
Replacing x, 1 1 5 l cos u p
tan u length of 0.8 m. When u 5 2 , the longest possible
1.5 1 p pole would have a length of 1 m. Therefore, the
l5 1 ,0,u,
sin u cos u 2 longest pole that can be carried horizontally around
dl 1.5 cos u sin u the corner is one of length 2.5 m.
52 1
du sin2 u cos2 u 22. We want to find the value of x that maximizes u.
21.5 cos u 1 sin3 u
3 Let /ADC 5 a and /BDC 5 b.
5 . Thus, u 5 a 2 b:
sin2 u cos2 u
dl tan u 5 tan (a 2 b)
Solving 5 0 yields: tan a 2 tan b
du 5 .
sin3 u 2 1.5 cos3 u 5 0 1 1 tan a tan b
tan3 u 5 1.5 6 3
tan u 5 ! 3
A B C
1.5
u 8 0.46365. x
The length of the ladder corresponding to this value a
p2 b
of u is l 8 4.5 m. As u S 0 1 and 2 , l increases u
without bound. Therefore, the shortest ladder that
D
goes over the fence and reaches the wall has a 9 3
length of 4.5 m. From the diagram, tan a 5 x and tan b 5 x.
21. The longest pole that can fit around the corner is 9 3
determined by the minimum value of x 1 y. Thus, x2x
Hence, tan u 5 27
we need to find the minimum value of l 5 x 1 y. 1 1 x2
9x 2 3x
y 5
0.8 x 2 1 27
u 6x
5 2 .
x 1 27
x
We differentiate implicitly with respect to x:
u du 6(x 2 1 27) 2 6x(2x)
sec2 u 5
1 dx (x 2 1 27)2
du 162 2 6x 2
5
0.8 1 dx sec2 u(x 2 1 27)2
From the diagram, y 5 sin u and x 5 cos u.
du
1 0.8 p Solving dx 5 0 yields:
Thus, l 5 cos u 1 sin u, 0 # u # 2 :
162 2 6x 2 5 0
dl 1 sin u 0.8 cos u x 2 5 27
5 2
du 2
cos u sin2 u x 5 3#3.
0.8 sin u 2 cos3 u
3
5 .
cos2 u sin2 u

23. a. f (x) 5 4 (sin (x 2 2))2 2. The given line is 26x 1 y 5 2 or y 5 6x 1 2, so
f r (x) 5 8 sin (x 2 2) cos (x 2 2) the slope is 6.
f s (x) 5 (8 sin (x 2 2))(2sin (x 2 2)) y 5 2e 3x
1 (cos (x 2 2))(8 cos (x 2 2)) dy
5 2e 3x (3)
5 28 sin2 (x 2 2) 1 8 cos2 (x 2 2) dx
b. f(x) 5 (2 cos x)(sec x)2 5 6e 3x
f r(x) 5 (2 cos x)(2 sec x ? sec x tan x) In order for the tangent line to be parallel to the
1 (sec x)2 ( 2 2 sin x) given line, the derivative has to equal 6 at the
5 (4 cos x)(sec2 x tan x) 2 2 sin x (sec x)2 tangent point.
Using the product rule multiple times, 6e 3x 5 6
f s (x) 5 (4 cos x) S sec2 x ? sec2 x e 3x 5 1
1 tan x (2 sec x ? sec x tan x) T x50
When x 5 0, y 5 2.
1 (sec2 x tan x)(24 sin x) The equation of the tangent line is y 2 2 5 6(x 2 0)
1 (22 sin x)(2 sec x ? sec x tan x) or 26x 1 y 5 2. The tangent line is the given line.
1 (sec x)2 (22 cos x) 3. y 5 e x 1 sin x
5 4 cos x sec4 x 1 8 cos x tan2 x sec2 x dy
2 4 sin x tan x sec2 x 2 4 sin x tan x sec2 x 5 e x 1 cos x
dx
2 2 cos x sec2 x dy
5 4 cos x sec4 x 1 8 cos x tan2 x sec2 x When x 5 0, dx 5 1 1 1 or 2, so the slope of the
2 8 sin x tan x sec2 x 2 2 cos x sec2 x tangent line at (0, 1) is 2.
The equation of the tangent line at (0, 1) is
y 2 1 5 2(x 2 0) or 22x 1 y 5 1.
Chapter 5 Test, p. 266 4. v(t) 5 10e2kt
2
1. a. y 5 e 22x a. a(t) 5 vr (t) 5 210ke 2kt
dy 2 5 2k(10e 2kt )
5 24xe 22x
dx 5 2kv(t)
2
b. y 5 3x 13x Thus, the acceleration is a constant multiple of the
dy 2 velocity. As the velocity of the particle decreases,
5 3x 13x ? ln 3 ? (2x 1 3) the acceleration increases by a factor of k.
dx
e 3x 1 e 23x b. At time t 5 0, v 5 10 cm> s.
c. y 5 c. When v 5 5, we have 10e 2kt 5 5
2
1
5 33e 2 3e 23x4
dy 1 3x e 2kt 5
dx 2 2
2kt 5 ln a b 5 2ln 2
1
5 3e 3x 2 e 23x4
3
2 2
d. y 5 2 sin x 2 3 cos 5x ln 2
t5 .
dy k
5 2 cos x 2 3(2sin 5x)(5) ln 2
dx After s have elapsed, the velocity of the particle
k
5 2 cos x 1 15 sin 5x is 5 cm> s. The acceleration of the particle is 25k at
e. y 5 sin3 (x 2 ) this time.
dy 5. a. f(x) 5 (cos x)2
5 3 sin2 (x 2 )(cos (x 2 )(2x))
dx d(cos x)
5 6x sin2 (x 2 ) cos (x 2 ) f r (x) 5 2 (cos x) ?
dx
f. y 5 tan "1 2 x 5 2 (cos x) ? (2sin x)
5 sec2 "1 2 x a 3 b (21)
dy 1 1 5 22 sin x cos x
dx 2 "1 2 x f s (x) 5 (22 sin x)(2sin x) 1 (cos x)(22 cos x)
sec2 "1 2 x 5 2 sin2 x 2 2 cos2 x
52 5 2 (sin2 x 2 cos2 x)
2"1 2 x
b. f(x) 5 cos x cot x e x is never equal to zero.
f r(x) 5 (cos x)(2csc2 x) 1 (cot x)(2sin x) (x 1 4) 5 0
1 cos x So x 5 24.
5 2cos x ? 2 ? sin x
sin2 x sin x Therefore, the critical value is 24.
cos x 1 ex (x 1 4)
52 ? 2 cos x Interval
sin x sin x 2
x , 24
5 2cot x csc x 2 cos x
24 , x 1
f s (x) 5
(2cot x)(2csc x cot x) 1 (csc x)(csc2 x) 1 sin x So f(x) is decreasing on the left of x 5 24 and
5 csc x cot2 x 1 csc3 x 1 sin x increasing on the right of x 5 24. Therefore, the
6. f(x) 5 (sin x)2
function has a minimum value at a24, 2 e4 b . There
1
To find the absolute extreme values, first find the
derivative, set it equal to zero, and solve for x. is no maximum value.
d(sin x) 9. f(x) 5 2 cos x 2 sin 2x
f r(x) 5 2 (sin x) ? So, f(x) 5 2 cos x 2 2 sin x cos x.
dx
a. f r (x) 5 22 sin x 2 (2 sin x)(2sin x)
5 2 sin x cos x
2 (cos x)(2 cos x)
5 sin 2x
5 22 sin x 1 2 sin2 x 2 2 cos2 x
Now set f r(x) 5 0 and solve for x.
Set f r(x) 5 0 to solve for the critical values.
0 5 sin 2x
22 sin x 1 2 sin2 x 2 2 cos2 x 5 0
2x 5 0, p, 2p
22 sin x 1 2 sin2 x 2 2(1 2 sin2 x) 5 0
p
x 5 0, , p in the interval 0 # x # p. 22 sin x 1 2 sin2 x 2 2 1 2 sin2 x 5 0
2 4 sin2 x 2 2 sin x 2 2 5 0
Evaluate f(x) at the critical numbers, including the (2 sin x 1 1)(2 sin x 2 2) 5 0
endpoints of the interval. 2 sin x 1 1 5 0 and 2 sin x 2 2 5 0
x 0
p
p So, sinx 5 2 12.
2 p 5p
In the given interval, this occurs when x 5 2 6 , 2 6 .
f(x) 5 (sin 2 x) 0 1 0
Also, sin x 5 1.
p
So, the absolute maximum value on the interval is 1 In the given interval, this occurs when x 5 2 .
p
when x 5 2 and the absolute minimum value on Therefore, on the given interval, the critical
p 5p p
the interval is 0 when x 5 0 and x 5 p. numbers for f(x) are x 5 2 6 , 2 6 , 2 .
7. y 5 f(x) 5 5x b. To determine the intervals where f(x) is increasing
Find the derivative, f r(x), and evaluate the and where f(x) is decreasing, find the slope of f(x)
derivative at x 5 2 to find the slope of the tangent in the intervals between the endpoints and the critical
when x 5 2. numbers. To do this, it helps to make a table.
f r(x) 5 5x ln 5
f r(2) 5 52 ln 5 x slope of f(x)
5 25 ln 5 5p
2p # x , 2 2
8 40.24 6
8. y 5 xe x 1 3e x 5p p
2 ,x,2 1
6 6
To find the maximum and minimum values, first p p
find the derivative, set it equal to zero, and solve 2 ,x, 2
6 2
for x. p
,x#p 2
yr 5 (x)(e x ) 1 (e x )(1) 1 3e x 2
5 xe x 1 e x 1 3e x So, f(x) is increasing on the interval
5 xe x 1 4e x 5p p
5 e x (x 1 4) 2 6 , x , 2 6 and f(x) is decreasing on the
Now set yr 5 0 and solve for x. 5p p
intervals 2p # x , 2 6 and 2 6 , x , p.
0 5 e x (x 1 4)

c. From the table in part b., it can be seen that there is 22
p 5 lim
a local maximum at the point where x 5 2 6 and hS0 1 1 h
5p 5 22
there is a local minimum at the point where x 5 2 6 .
c. f(x) 5 !x 1 3
d. y f(a 1 h) 2 f(a)
4 m 5 lim
hS0 h
3 f(6 1 h) 2 3
2 5 lim
hS0 h
1 !h 1 9 2 3
5 lim
–p 0 h
–p p p x hS0
2 –1 2 ( !h 1 9 2 3)( !h 1 9 1 3)
h( !h 1 9 1 3)
–2 5 lim
hS0
–3 h1929
hS0 h( !h 1 9 1 3)
–4 5 lim
h
hS0 h( !h 1 9 1 3)
5 lim
Cumulative Review of Calculus 1

hS0 ( !h 1 9 1 3)
5 lim
1. a. f(x) 5 3x2 1 4x 2 5 1
f(a 1 h) 2 f(a) 5
m 5 lim 6
hS0 h d. f(x) 5 25x
f(2 1 h) 2 15 f(a 1 h) 2 f(a)
5 lim m 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h
3(2 1 h)2 1 4(2 1 h) 2 5 2 15 25(11h) 2 32
5 lim 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h
2
12 1 12h 1 3h 1 8 1 4h 2 20 25 ? 25h 2 32
5 lim 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h
2
3h 1 16h 32(25h 2 1)
5 lim 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h
5 lim 3h 1 16 5(25h 2 1)
hS0 5 32 lim
5 16 hS0 5h
2 (25h 2 1)
b. f(x) 5 5 160 lim
x21 hS0 5h
f(a 1 h) 2 f(a) 5 160 ln 2
m 5 lim change in distance
hS0 h 2. a. average velocity 5
change in time
f(2 1 h) 2 2
5 lim s(t2 ) 2 s(t1 )
hS0 h 5
t2 2 t1
32(4)2 1 3(4) 1 14 2 3(2(1)2 1 3(1) 1 1)4
2
22
21h21
5 lim 5
hS0 h 421
2 2(1 1 h) 45 2 6
2 11h 5
11h 3
5 lim
hS0 h 5 13 m> s
2 2 2(1 1 h) b. instantaneous velocity 5 slope of the tangent
5 lim
hS0 h(1 1 h) s(a 1 h) 2 s(a)
m 5 lim
22h hS0 h
5 lim
hS0 h(1 1 h)

s(3 1 h) 2 s(3) Now use the slope of the tangent to determine the
5 lim
hS0 h instantaneous velocity for t 5 5.475:
f(5.475 1 h) 2 f(5.475)
5 lim c
2(3 1 h)2 1 3(3 1 h) 1 1
m 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h
4.9(5.475 1 h)2 2 4.9(5.475)2
d
(2(3)2 1 3(3) 1 1)
2 5 lim
h hS0 h
18 1 12h 1 2h 2 1 9 1 3h 1 1 2 28 146.9 1 53.655h 1 4.9h 2 2 146.9
5 lim 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h
15h 1 2h 2 53.655h 1 4.9h 2
5 lim 5 lim
h hS0 h
5 lim 353.655 1 4.9h4
hS0
5 lim (15 1 2h)
hS0 hS0
5 15 m> s 5 53.655 m> s
f(a 1 h) 2 f(a) 5. a. Average rate of population change
3. m 5 lim
hS0 h p(t2 ) 2 p(t1 )
5
3
(4 1 h) 2 64 f(4 1 h) 2 f(4) t2 2 t1
lim 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h 2(8)2 1 3(8) 1 1 2 (2(0) 1 3(0) 1 1)
5
3
(4 1 h) 2 64 5 f(4 1 h) 2 f(4) 820
Therefore, f(x) 5 x 3. 128 1 24 1 1 2 1
5
4. a. Average rate of change in distance with respect 820
to time is average velocity, so 5 19 thousand fish> year
s(t2 ) 2 s(t1 ) b. Instantaneous rate of population change
average velocity 5
t2 2 t1 p(t 1 h) 2 p(t)
5 lim
s(3) 2 s(1) hS0 h
5
321 p(5 1 h) 2 p(5)
5 lim
4.9(3)2 2 4.9(1) hS0 h
5
5 lim c
321 2(5 1 h)2 1 3(5 1 h) 1 1
5 19.6 m> s hS0 h
b. Instantaneous rate of change in distance with
d
(2(5)2 1 3(5) 1 1)
respect to time 5 slope of the tangent. 2
h
f(a 1 h) 2 f(a) 50 1 20h 1 2h 2 1 15 1 3h 1 1 2 66
m 5 lim 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h
f(2 1 h) 2 f(2) 2h 2 1 23h
5 lim 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h
4.9(2 1 h)2 2 4.9(2)2 5 lim 2h 1 23
5 lim
5 23 thousand fish> year
hS0
hS0 h
19.6 1 19.6h 1 4.9h 2 2 19.6
5 lim 6. a. i. f(2) 5 3
hS0 h ii. lim2 f(x) 5 1
19.6h 1 4.9h 2 xS2
5 lim iii. lim1 f(x) 5 3
hS0 h xS2
5 lim 19.6 1 4.9h iv. lim f(x) 5 2
hS0
5 19.6 m> s
xS6
b. No, lim f(x) does not exist. In order for the limit
c. First, we need to determine t for the given xS4
distance: to exist, lim2 f(x) and lim1 f(x) must exist and they
xS4 xS4
146.9 5 4.9t 2 must be equal. In this case, lim2 f(x) 5 `, but
29.98 5 t 2 xS4
5.475 5 t lim1 f(x) 5 2 `, so lim f(x) does not exist.

xS4 xS4

7. f(x) is discontinuous at x 5 2. lim2 f(x) 5 5, but !x 1 4 2 !4 2 x
xS2 f. lim
lim f(x) 5 3. xS0 x
xS2 1 ( !x 1 4 2 !4 2 x)( !x 1 4 1 !4 2 x)
x( !x 1 4 1 !4 2 x)
2x 2 1 1 2(0)2 1 1 5 lim
8. a. lim 5 xS0
xS0 x 2 5 025 x 1 4 2 (4 2 x)
xS0 x( !x 1 4 1 !4 2 x)
1 5 lim
52
5 2x
xS0 x( !x 1 4 1 !4 2 x)
x23 5 lim
xS3 !x 1 6 2 3
b. lim
(x 2 3)( !x 1 6 1 3)
2
xS0 ( !x 1 4 1 !4 2 x)
5 lim
xS3 ( !x 1 6 2 3)( !x 1 6 1 3)
5 lim
(x 2 3)( !x 1 6 1 3)
1
5
5 lim 2
xS3 x1629
(x 2 3)( !x 1 6 1 3) 9. a. f(x) 5 3x2 1 x 1 1
5 lim f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
xS3 x23 f r(x) 5 lim
5 lim !x 1 6 1 3 hS0 h
5 lim c
xS3 3(x 1 h)2 1 (x 1 h) 1 1
56 hS0 h
1 1
13
d
x (3x 2 1 x 1 1)
c. lim 2
xS23 x13 h
5 lim c
x13 3x 2 1 6hx 1 6h 2 1 x 1 h
3x h
5 lim hS0
x13
d
2
xS23 1 2 3x 2 x 2 1
x13 1
5 lim h
xS23 3x(x 1 3)
6hx 1 6h 2 1 h
1 5 lim
5 lim hS0 h
xS23 3x
5 lim 6x 1 6h 1 1
1 hS0
52 5 6x 1 1
9
x2 2 4 1
d. lim 2 b. f(x) 5
xS2 x 2 x 2 2
x
(x 1 2)(x 2 2) f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
5 lim f r(x) 5 lim
xS2 (x 1 1)(x 2 2) hS0 h
1 1
x12 2x
5 lim 5 lim x 1 h
xS2 x 1 1 hS0 h
4 x 2 (x 1 h)
5 5 lim
3 hS0 h(x)(x 1 h)
x22
e. lim 3 2h
xS2 x 2 8 5 lim
hS0 h(x)(x 1 h)
x22
5 lim 21
2
xS2 (x 2 2)(x 1 2x 1 4) 5 lim
hS0 x(x 1 h)
1
5 lim 2 1
xS2 x 1 2x 1 4 52 2
x
1
5 10. a. To determine the derivative, use the power rule:
12 y 5 x 3 2 4x 2 1 5x 1 2
dy
5 3x 2 2 8x 1 5
dx

b. To determine the derivative, use the chain rule: dy
5 236(x 1 2)23
y 5 "2x 3 1 1 dx
dy 1 236
5 (6x 2 ) 5
dx 2"2x 3 1 1 (x 1 2)3
3x 2 236
5 m5
"2x 3 1 1
(x 1 2)3
c. To determine the derivative, use the quotient rule: 236 24
5 5
2x 27 3
y5 Since we have a given point and we know the slope,
x13
dy 2(x 1 3) 2 2x use point-slope form to write the equation of the
5 tangent line:
dx (x 1 3)2
24
6 y225 (x 2 1)
5 3
(x 1 3)2 3y 2 6 5 24x 1 4
d. To determine the derivative, use the product rule: 4x 1 3y 2 10 5 0
y 5 (x 2 1 3)2 (4x 5 1 5x 1 1) 12. The intersection point of the two curves
dy occurs when
5 2(x 2 1 3)(2x)(4x 5 1 5x 1 1)
dx x 2 1 9x 1 9 5 3x
1 (x 2 1 3)2 (20x 4 1 5) x 2 1 6x 1 9 5 0
5 4x(x 2 1 3)(4x 5 1 5x 1 1) (x 1 3)2 5 0
1 (x 2 1 3)2 (20x 4 1 5) x 5 23.
e. To determine the derivative, use the quotient rule: At a point x, the slope of the line tangent to the
curve y 5 x 2 1 9x 1 9 is given by
(4x 2 1 1)5
y5 dy d 2
(3x 2 2)3 5 (x 1 9x 1 9)
dx dx
dy 5(4x 2 1 1)4 (8x)(3x 2 2)3 5 2x 1 9.
5
dx (3x 2 2)6 At x 5 23, this slope is 2(23) 1 9 5 3.
3(3x 2 2)2 (3)(4x 2 1 1)5 d
2 13. a. pr(t) 5 (2t2 1 6t 1 1100)
(3x 2 2)6 dt
5 (4x 2 1 1)4 (3x 2 2)2 5 4t 1 6
40x(3x 2 2) 2 9(4x 2 1 1) b. 1990 is 10 years after 1980, so the rate of change
3 of population in 1990 corresponds to the value
(3x 2 2)6
pr (10) 5 4(10) 1 6
(4x 2 1 1)4 (120x 2 2 80x 2 36x 2 2 9) 5 46 people per year.
5
(3x 2 2)4 c. The rate of change of the population will be 110
(4x 2 1 1)4 (84x 2 2 80x 2 9) people per year when
5
(3x 2 2)4 4t 1 6 5 110
f. y 5 3x 2 1 (2x 1 1)34 5 t 5 26.
Use the chain rule This corresponds to 26 years after 1980, which is
the year 2006.
5 53x 2 1 (2x 1 1)34 4 32x 1 6(2x 1 1)24
dy
dx d
14. a. f r(x) 5 (x 5 2 5x 3 1 x 1 12)
11. To determine the equation of the tangent line, dx
we need to determine its slope at the point (1, 2). 5 5x 4 2 15x 2 1 1
To do this, determine the derivative of y and d
f s (x) 5 (5x 4 2 15x 2 1 1)
evaluate for x 5 1: dx
18 5 20x 3 2 30x
y5
(x 1 2)2
5 18(x 1 2)22

b. f(x) can be rewritten as f(x) 5 22x 22
1
b. f(x) can be rewritten as f(x) 5 x 1 x 22
d d
(22x 22 )
1
f r(x) 5 f r (x) 5 (x 1 x 22 )
dx dx
5 4x 23 1 3
4 5 1 1 2 x 22
5 3 2
x 1
d 512
f s (x) 5 (4x 23 ) 2"x 3
dx On this interval, x $ 1, so the fraction on the right
5 212x 24 is always less than or equal to 12. This means that
12 f r(x) . 0 on this interval and so the extreme values
52 4
x occur at the endpoints.
1
c. f(x) can be rewritten as f(x) 5 4x 22 1
!1
f(1) 5 1 1 52
d 1
f r(x) 5 (4x 2 2 )
dx 1 1
!9
3 f(9) 5 9 1 59
5 22x22 3
2 The maximum value is 9 13, and the minimum
52
"x 3 value is 2.
ex
c. f r (x) 5 a b
d 3 d
f s (x) 5 (22x 22 )
dx dx 1 1 e x
5
5 3x 22 (1 1 e x )(e x ) 2 (e x )(e x )
3 5
5 (1 1 e x )2
"x 5 e x
d. f(x) can be rewritten as f(x) 5 x 4 2 x 24 5
(1 1 e x )2
d 4 x
f r(x) 5 (x 2 x 24 ) Since e is never equal to zero, f r(x) is never zero,
dx and so the extreme values occur at the endpoints of
5 4x 3 1 4x 25 the interval.
4 e0 1
5 4x 3 1 5 f(0) 5
x 0 5
11e 2
d e4
f s (x) 5 (4x 3 1 4x 25 ) f(4) 5
dx 1 1 e4
5 12x 2 2 20x 26 e4
The maximum value is 1 1 e 4, and the minimum
20 value is 12.
5 12x 2 2 6
x d
15. Extreme values of a function on an interval will d. f r(x) 5 (2 sin (4x) 1 3)
dx
only occur at the endpoints of the interval or at a 5 8 cos (4x)
critical point of the function. p
Cosine is 0 when its argument is a multiple of 2
d 3p
a. f r (x) 5 (1 1 (x 1 3)2 ) or 2 .
dx
5 2(x 1 3) p 3p
4x 5 1 2kp or 4x 5 1 2kp
The only place where f r(x) 5 0 is at x 5 23, but 2 2
that point is outside of the interval in question. The p p 3p p
x5 1 k x5 1 k
extreme values therefore occur at the endpoints of 8 2 8 2
the interval: p 3p 5p 7p
Since xP30, p4, x 5 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 .
f(22) 5 1 1 (22 1 3)2 5 2
f(6) 5 1 1 (6 1 3)2 5 82 Also test the function at the endpoints of the interval.
The maximum value is 82, and the minimum f(0) 5 2 sin 0 1 3 5 3
f a b 5 2 sin 1 3 5 5
value is 6 p p
8 2

17.
fa b 5 2 sin
3p 3p
1351
8 2 w
f a b 5 2 sin
5p 5p
1355
8 2 l
f a b 5 2 sin
7p 7p Let the length and width of the field be l and w, as
1351 shown. The total amount of fencing used is then
8 2
f(p) 5 2 sin (4p) 1 3 5 3 2l 1 5w. Since there is 750 m of fencing available,
The maximum value is 5, and the minimum this gives
value is 1. 2l 1 5w 5 750
16. a. The velocity of the particle is given by 5
l 5 375 2 w
v(t) 5 sr (t) 2
d The total area of the pens is
5 (3t 3 2 40.5t 2 1 162t) A 5 lw
dt
5 9t 2 2 81t 1 162. 5
5 375w 2 w 2
The acceleration is 2
a(t) 5 vr (t) The maximum value of this area can be found by
d expressing A as a function of w and examining its
5 (9t 2 2 81t 1 162) derivative to determine critical points.
dt
5 18t 2 81 A(w) 5 375w 2 52w 2, which is defined for 0 # w
b. The object is stationary when v(t) 5 0: and 0 # l. Since l 5 375 2 52w, 0 # l gives the
9t 2 2 81t 1 162 5 0 restriction w # 150. The maximum area is therefore
9(t 2 6)(t 2 3) 5 0 the maximum value of the function A(w) on the
t 5 6 or t 5 3 interval 0 # w # 150.
a375w 2 w 2 b
The object is advancing when v(t) . 0 and retreating d 5
Ar(w) 5
when v(t) , 0. Since v(t) is the product of two dw 2
linear factors, its sign can be determined using the 5 375 2 5w
signs of the factors: Setting Ar (w) 5 0 shows that w 5 75 is the only
critical point of the function. The only values of
t-values t23 t26 v(t) Object
interest are therefore:
0,t,3 ,0 ,0 .0 Advancing
5
3,t,6 .0 ,0 ,0 Retreating A(0) 5 375(0) 2 (0)2 5 0
2
6,t,8 .0 .0 .0 Advancing 5
A(75) 5 375(75) 2 (75)2 5 14 062.5
2
c. The velocity of the object is unchanging when the 5
acceleration is 0; that is, when A(150) 5 375(150) 2 (150)2 5 0
2
a(t) 5 18t 2 81 5 0
The maximum area is 14 062.5 m2
t 5 4.5
18. r
d. The object is decelerating when a(t) , 0, which
occurs when
18t 2 81 , 0 h
0 # t , 4.5
e. The object is accelerating when a(t) . 0, which
occurs when
18t 2 81 . 0 Let the height and radius of the can be h and r, as
4.5 , t # 8 shown. The total volume of the can is then pr 2h.
The volume of the can is also give at 500 mL, so
pr 2h 5 500
500
h5
pr 2

The total surface area of the can is 20
r3 5
A 5 2prh 1 2pr 2 0.02p
1000 r 8 6.8
5 1 2pr 2
r Using the max min algorithm:
The minimum value of this surface area can be C(1) 5 20.03, C(6.8) 5 4.39, C(36) 5 41.27.
found by expressing A as a function of r and The dimensions for the cheapest container are a
examining its derivative to determine critical points. radius of 6.8 cm and a height of 27.5 cm.
1000
A(r) 5 1 2pr 2, which is defined for 0 , r and 20. a. Let the length, width, and depth be l, w, and
r
d, respectively. Then, the given information is that
500
0 , h. Since h 5 pr 2 , 0 , h gives no additional l 5 x, w 5 x, and
restriction on r. The maximum area is therefore the l 1 w 1 d 5 140. Substituting gives
maximum value of the function A(r) on the interval 2x 1 d 5 140
d 5 140 2 2x
0 , r.
b. The volume of the box is V 5 lwh. Substituting
Ar(r) 5 a 1 2pr 2 b
d 1000
in the values from part a. gives
dr r
V 5 (x)(x)(140 2 2x)
1000 5 140x 2 2 2x 3
5 2 2 1 4pr
r In order for the dimensions of the box to make sense,
The critical points of A(r) can be found by setting the inequalities l $ 0, w $ 0, and h $ 0 must be
Ar(r) 5 0:
satisfied. The first two give x $ 0, the third requires
1000
2 1 4pr 5 0 x # 70. The maximum volume is therefore the
r2
4pr 3 5 1000 maximum value of V(x) 5 140x 2 2 2x 3 on the
r 5 # 1000 8 4.3 cm interval 0 # x # 70, which can be found by
3
4p determining the critical points of the derivative Vr(x).
So r 5 4.3 cm is the only critical point of the d
function. This gives the value Vr(x) 5 (140x 2 2 2x 3 )
dx
500 5 280x 2 6x 2
h5 8 8.6 cm.
p(4.3)2 5 2x(140 2 3x)
19. r Setting Vr (x) 5 0 shows that x 5 0 and
140
x 5 3 8 46.7 are the critical points of the function.
h The maximum value therefore occurs at one of these
points or at one of the endpoints of the interval:
V(0) 5 140(0)2 2 2(0)3 5 0
Let the radius be r and the height h. V(46.7) 5 140(46.7)2 2 2(46.7)3 5 101 629.5
Minimize the cost: V(0) 5 140(70)2 2 2(70)3 5 0
C 5 2pr 2 (0.005) 1 2prh(0.0025) So the maximum volume is 101 629.5 cm3, from a
V 5 pr2 h 5 4000 box with length and width 46.7 cm and depth
4000 140 2 2(46.7) 5 46.6 cm.
h5 21. The revenue function is
pr 2
R(x) 5 x(50 2 x 2 )
C(r) 5 2pr 2 (0.005) 1 2pr a b (0.0025)
4000
5 50x 2 x 3. Its maximum for x $ 0 can be
pr 2
found by examining its derivative to determine
20 critical points.
5 0.01pr 2 1 , 1 # r # 36
r d
20 Rr(x) 5 (50x 2 x 3 )
C r (r) 5 0.02pr 2 2 . dx
r 5 50 2 3x 2
For a maximum or minimum value, let C r(r) 5 0.
The critical points can be found by setting Rr (x) 5 0:
20
0.02pr 2 2 50 50 2 3x 2 5 0
r2
50
Å3
x5 6 8 64.1
Only the positive root is of interest since the number function whose graph opens downward with vertex
of MP3 players sold must be positive. The number at 38 13 , we know P(38) . P(39).)
must also be an integer, so both x 5 4 and x 5 5 P(0) 5 126 000
must be tested to see which is larger. P(38) 5 (3860)(118) 2 250 000 2 300(118)
R(4) 5 50(4) 2 43 5 136 5 170 080
R(4) 5 50(5) 2 53 5 125 P(39) 5 (3830)(119) 2 250 000 2 300(119)
So the maximum possible revenue is $136, coming 5 170 070
from a sale of 4 MP3 players. P(70) 5 (2900)(150) 2 250 000 2 300(150)
22. Let x be the fare, and p(x) be the number of 5 140 000
passengers per year. The given information shows The price per person should be lowered by $1140
that p is a linear function of x such that an increase (38 decrements of $30) to realize a maximum profit
of 10 in x results in a decrease of 1000 in p. This of $170 080.
means that the slope of the line described by p(x) is dy d
21000 24. a. 5 (25x 2 1 20x 1 2)
10 5 2100. Using the initial point given, dx dx
p(x) 5 2100(x 2 50) 1 10 000 5 210x 1 20
5 2100x 1 15 000 dy
Setting dx 5 0 shows that x 5 2 is the only critical
The revenue function can now be written:
R(x) 5 xp(x) number of the function.
5 x(2100x 1 15 000) x x,2 x52 x.2
5 15 000x 2 100x 2 y9 1 0 2
Its maximum for x $ 0 can be found by examining Graph Inc. Local Max Dec.
its derivative to determine critical points.
d dy d
Rr (x) 5 (15 000x 2 100x 2 ) b. 5 (6x 2 1 16x 2 40)
dx dx dx
5 15 000 2 200x 5 12x 1 16
dy
Setting Rr (x) 5 0 shows that x 5 75 is the only Setting dx 5 0 shows that x 5 2 43 is the only
critical point of the function. The problem states critical number of the function.
that only $10 increases in fare are possible, however,
so the two nearest must be tried to determine the 4 4 4
x x,2 x52 x.2
3 3 3
maximum possible revenue:
R(70) 5 15 000(70) 2 100(70)2 5 560 000 y9 2 0 1
R(80) 5 15 000(80) 2 100(80)2 5 560 000 Graph Dec. Local Min Inc.
So the maximum possible revenue is $560 000,
which can be achieved by a fare of either $70 or $80. dy d
c. 5 (2x 3 2 24x)
23. Let the number of $30 price reductions be n. dx dx
The resulting number of tourists will be 80 1 n 5 6x 2 2 24
dy
where 0 # n # 70. The price per tourist will be The critical numbers are found by setting dx 5 0:
5000 2 30n dollars. The revenue to the travel 6x 2 2 24 5 0
agency will be (5000 2 30n)(80 1 n) dollars. The 6x 2 5 24
cost to the agency will be 250 000 1 300(80 1 n) x 5 62
dollars. x x , 22 x 5 22 22 , x , 2 x52 x.2
Profit 5 Revenue 2 Cost y9 1 0 2 0 1
P(n) 5 (5000 2 30n)(80 1 n) Graph Inc. Local Max Dec. Local Min Inc.
2 250 000 2 300(80 1 n), 0 # n # 70
P r (n) 5 230(80 1 n) 1 (5000 2 30n)(1) 2 300
a b
dy d x
5 2300 2 60n d. 5
dx dx x 2 2
1 (x 2 2)(1) 2 x(1)
P r(n) 5 0 when n 5 38 5
3 (x 2 2)2
Since n must be an integer, we now evaluate P(n)
22
for n 5 0, 38, 39, and 70. (Since P(n) is a quadratic 5
(x 2 2)2
This derivative is never equal to zero, so the To check for a horizontal asymptote:
function has no critical numbers. Since the 4x 3 x 3 (4)
lim 2 5 lim
xS` x 2 1
numerator is always negative and the denominator
is never negative, the derivative is always negative.
xS` 2
x 12 2 ( x
1
)
This means that the function is decreasing x(4)
5 lim 1
everywhere it is defined, that is, x 2 2. xS`
1 2 x2
25. a. This function is discontinuous when
x2 2 9 5 0 lim (x(4))
xS`
x 5 63. The numerator is non-zero at these 5
points, so these are the equations of the vertical (
lim 1 2 x 2
xS`
1
)
asymptotes. lim (x) 3 lim (4)
To check for a horizontal asymptote: 5 xS` xS`
lim 2
8
5 lim
8
lim 1 2 x 2 ( 1
)
x a1 2 2 b
xS` x 2 9 xS` 2 9 xS`
x 4
5 lim (x) 3
lim (8) xS` 120
5 xS` 5`
lim x 2 a1 2 2 b
9 4x 3
Similarly, lim x 2 2 1 5 lim (x) 5 2`, so this
xS` x xS 2` xS 2`
lim (8) function has no horizontal asymptote.

xS`
5 To check for an oblique asymptote:
lim (x)2 3 lim a1 2 2 b
9 4x
xS` xS` x 2
q 3 2
x 2 1 4x 1 0x 1 0x 1 0
1 8 4x3 1 0x2 2 4x
5 lim 2 3
xS` x 120 0 1 0 1 4x 1 0
50 So y can be written in the form
8 4x
Similarly, lim x 2 2 9 5 0, so y 5 0 is a horizontal y 5 4x 1 2 . Since
xS2` x 21
asymptote of the function. 4x x(4)
There is no oblique asymptote because the degree lim 2 5 lim
xS` x 2 1
of the numerator does not exceed the degree of the
xS` 2
(
x 12 2
1
x
)
denominator by 1. 4
Local extrema can be found by examining the 5 lim
derivative to determine critical points:
xS`
(
x 1 2 x2
1
)
(x 2 2 9)(0) 2 (8)(2x) lim (4)
yr 5
(x 2 2 9)2 5 xS`
5 2
216x ((
lim x 1 2 x 2
xS`
1
))
(x 2 9)2
Setting yr 5 0 shows that x 5 0 is the only critical lim (4)
xS`
point of the function. 5
x x,0 x50 x.0

lim (x) 3 lim 1 2 x 2
xS` xS`
( 1
)
5 lim a b 3
y9 1 0 1 1 4
Graph Inc. Local Max Dec. x 120
5 0,
So (0, 2 89 ) is a local maximum. 4x
b. This function is discontinuous when and similarly lim x 2 2 1 5 0, the line y 5 4x is an
xS 2`
x2 2 1 5 0 asymptote to the function y.
x 5 61. The numerator is non-zero at these Local extrema can be found by examining the
points, so these are the equations of the vertical derivative to determine critical points:
asymptotes.
(x 2 2 1)(12x 2 ) 2 (4x 3 )(2x) 5 24x 1 12
yr 5 Letting f r(x) 5 0 shows that x 5 22 and x 5 1 are
(x 2 2 1)2
12x 4 2 12x 2 2 8x 4 critical points of the function. Letting ys 5 0 shows
5 that x 5 2 12 is an inflection point of the function.
(x 2 2 1)2
4x 4 2 12x 2
5
(x 2 2 1)2 1
Setting yr 5 0: x x , 22 x 5 22 22 , x x52
2
4x 4 2 12x 2 5 0 y9 1 0 2 2
x 2 (x 2 2 3) 5 0 Graph Inc. Local Max Dec. Dec.
so x 5 0, x 5 6 !3 are the critical points of the y0 2 2 2 0
function
(2!3, 26!3) is a local maximum, ( !3, 6 !3) is
Concavity Down Down Down Infl.
a local minimum, and (0, 0) is neither. 1

x 2 ,x,1 x51 x.1
x , 2 !3 x 5 2 !3 2 !3 , x , 0
2
x x50
y9 2 0 1
y9 1 0 2 0
Graph Inc. Local Max Dec. Horiz.
y0 1 1 1
x 0 , x , !3 x 5 !3 x . !3 Concavity Up Up Up
y9 2 0 2
y
20
26. a. This function is continuous everywhere, so it 10
has no vertical asymptotes. To check for a horizontal x
asymptote: –3 –2 –1 0 1 2
–10
lim (4x 3 1 6x 2 2 24x 2 2)
xS`
y = 4x3 + 6x2 – 24x – 2
5 lim x a4 1 2 2 2 3 b
3 6 24 2
xS` x x x b. This function is discontinuous when
x2 2 4 5 0
5 lim (x 3 ) 3 lim a4 1 2 2 2 3 b
6 24 2
(x 1 2)(x 2 2) 5 0
xS` xS` x x x
x 5 2 or x 5 22. The numerator is non-zero at
5 lim (x 3 ) 3 (4 1 0 2 0 2 0) these points, so the function has vertical asymptotes
xS`
5` at both of them. The behaviour of the function near
Similarly, these asymptotes is:
lim (4x 3 1 6x 2 2 24x 2 2) 5 lim (x 3 ) 5 2`, x-values 3x x12 x22 y lim y
xS`
xS2` xS 2`
2
so this function has no horizontal asymptote. x S 22 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 2`
1
The y-intercept can be found by letting x 5 0, x S 22 ,0 .0 ,0 .0 1`
which gives y 5 4(0)3 1 6(0)2 2 24(0) 2 2 x S 22 .0 .0 ,0 ,0 2`
5 22 x S 21 .0 .0 .0 .0 1`
The derivative is of the function is
d To check for a horizontal asymptote:
yr 5 (4x 3 1 6x 2 2 24x 2 2) 3x x(3)
dx lim 2 5 lim
xS` x 2 4 4
5 12x 2 1 12x 2 24
5 12(x 1 2)(x 2 1), and the second derivative is
xS` 2
x 1 2 x2 ( )
d 3
ys 5 (12x 2 1 12x 2 24) 5 lim
dx xS`
(
x 1 2 x2
4
)
lim (3) y
5 xS`
6 3x
y = ——–—
x2 – 4
(( 4
lim x 1 2 2
xS` x
)) 4
2
lim (3) x
xS`
5 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2
(
lim (x) 3 lim 1 2 x 2
xS` xS`
4
) –4
1 3 –6
5 lim 3
xS` x 120
50 d
27. a. f r(x) 5 ((24)e 5x11 )
3x dx
Similarly, lim 2 5 0, so y 5 0 is a horizontal d
xS` x 2 4 5 (24)e 5x11 3 (5x 1 1)
asymptote of the function. dx
This function has y 5 0 when x 5 0, so the origin is 5 (220)e 5x11
both the x- and y-intercept. d
The derivative is b. f r (x) 5 (xe 3x )
dx
(x 2 2 4)(3) 2 (3x)(2x) d
yr 5 5 xe 3x 3 (3x) 1 (1)e 3x
(x 2 2 4)2 dx
23x 2 2 12 5 e 3x (3x 1 1)
5 , and the second derivative is d
(x 2 2 4)2 c. yr 5 (63x28 )
(x 2 2 4)2 (26x) dx
ys 5 d
(x 2 2 4)4 5 (ln 6)63x28 3 (3x 2 8)
dx
(23x 2 2 12)(2(x 2 2 4)(2x))
2 5 (3 ln 6)63x28
(x 2 2 4)4 d
26x 1 24x 1 12x 3 1 48x
3 d. yr 5 (e sin x )
5 dx
(x 2 2 4)3 d
5 e sin x 3 (sin x)
6x 3 1 72x dx
5
(x 2 2 4)3 5 (cos x)e sin x
The critical points of the function can be found by 28. The slope of the tangent line at x 5 1 can be
dy
letting yr 5 0, so found by evaluating the derivative dx for x 5 1:
23x 2 2 12 5 0 dy d 2x21
x 2 1 4 5 0. This has no real solutions, so the 5 (e )
dx dx
function y has no critical points. d
The inflection points can be found by letting 5 e 2x21 3 (2x 2 1)
dx
ys 5 0, so 5 2e 2x21
6x 3 1 72x 5 0 Substituting x 5 1 shows that the slope is 2e. The
6x(x 2 1 12) 5 0 value of the original function at x 5 1 is e, so the
The only real solution to this equation is x 5 0, so equation of the tangent line at x 5 1 is
that is the only possible inflection point. y 5 2e(x 2 1) 1 e.
x x , 22 22 , x , 0 x50 0,x,2 x.2 29. a. The maximum of the function modelling the
number of bacteria infected can be found by
y9 2 2 2 2 2
examining its derivative.
Graph Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec.
d t
y0 2 1 0 2 1 N r(t) 5 ((15t)e 2 5 )
dt
Concavity Down Up Infl. Down Up
5 15te 25 3 a2 b 1 (15)e 25
t d t t
dt 5
t
5 e25 (15 2 3t)

Setting Nr(t) 5 0 shows that t 5 5 is the only dy d
f. 5 (sin (cos x 2 ))
critical point of the function (since the exponential dx dx
function is never zero). The maximum number of d
infected bacteria therefore occurs after 5 days. 5 cos (cos x 2 ) 3 (cos x 2 )
5
dx
b. N(5) 5 (15(5))e 25 d
5 27 bacteria 5 cos (cos x 2 ) 3 (2sin x 2 ) 3 (x 2 )
dx
dy d 5 22x sin x 2 cos(cos x 2 )
30. a. 5 (2 sin x 2 3 cos 5x)
dx dx 31.
d
5 2 cos x 2 3(2sin 5x) 3 (5x) l2
dx
5 2 cos x 1 15 sin 5x u
dy d 100
b. 5 (sin 2x 1 1)4
dx dx
d l1
5 4(sin 2x 1 1)3 3 (sin 2x 1 1)
dx 250
d
5 4(sin 2x 1 1)3 3 (cos 2x) 3 (2x)
dx
u
5 8 cos 2x(sin 2x 1 1)3
1
c. y can be rewritten as y 5 (x 2 1 sin 3x)2 . Then, As shown in the diagram, let u be the angle between
dy d 1 the ladder and the ground, and let the total length
5 (x 2 1 sin 3x)2
dx dx of the ladder be l 5 l1 1 l2, where l1 is the length
1 2 1 d from the ground to the top corner of the shed and
5 (x 1 sin 3x)22 3 (x 2 1 sin 3x) l2is the length from the corner of the shed to the
2 dx
1 1
wall.
5 (x 2 1 sin 3x)22 250 100
2 sin u 5 cos u 5
l1 l2
3 a2x 1 cos 3x 3
d
(3x)b l1 5 250 csc u l2 5 100 sec u
dx
2x 1 3 cos 3x l 5 250 csc u 1 100 sec u
2 !x 2 1 sin 3x
5 dl
5 2250 csc u cot u 1 100 sec u tan u
du
a b
dy d sin x
d. 5 250 cos u 100 sin u
dx dx cos x 1 2 52 1
sin2 u cos2 u
(cos x 1 2)(cos x) 2 (sin x)(2sin x)
5 dl
(cos x 1 2)2 To determine the minimum, solve du 5 0.
cos2 x 1 sin2 x 1 2 cos x 250 cos u 100 sin u
5 5
(cos x 1 2)2 2
sin u cos2 u
1 1 2 cos x 250 cos u 5 100 sin3 u
3
5
(cos x 1 2)2 2.5 5 tan3 u
dy d tan u 5 "2.5
3
e. 5 (tan x 2 2 tan2 x)
dx dx u 8 0.94
d d At u 5 0.94, l 5 250 csc 0.94 1 100 sec 0.94
5 sec2 x 2 3 (x 2 )
dx dx 8 479 cm
d The shortest ladder is about 4.8 m long.
2 2 tan x 3 (tan x) 32. The longest rod that can fit around the corner is
dx
5 2x sec2 x 2 2 2 tan x sec2 x determined by the minimum value of x 1 y. So,
determine the minimum value of l 5 x 1 y.

dl
y 3
u 3 sin3 u 2 3 cos3 u 5 0
tan3 u 5 1
x tan u 5 1
u p
u5
3 4
3 3
So l 5 p 1 p
3 3 cos 4 sin 4
From the diagram, sin u 5 y and cos u 5 x. So,
5 3 !2 1 3 !2
l5
3
1
3
,
p
for 0 # u # 2 . 5 6 !2
cos u sin u
p
dl 3 sin u 3 cos u When u 5 0 or u 5 2 , the longest possible rod
5 2
du cos2 u sin2 u would have a length of 3 m. Therefore the longest
3 sin u 2 3 cos3 u
3 rod that can be carried horizontally around the
5
cos2 u sin2 u corner is one of length 6 !2, or about 8.5 m.

CHAPTER 5:
Derivatives of Exponential and
Trigonometric Functions
Review of Prerequisite Skills, 0 5 log10 (x 1 2)
100 5 x 1 2
pp. 224–225 x 5 21
1 The x-intercept is (21, 0).
1. a. 322 5 b.
32 10 y
1 8
5
9 6
b. 325 5 Q " 32 R 2
2 5
4
5 22 2
x
54
1 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
2
c. 2723 5 3 –2
Q "27 R
2
1 An exponential function is always positive, so there

5 2 is no x-intercept.
3
1 y
5 4. a. sin u 5
9 r
2 22 x
d. a b 5 a b
3 2 b. cos u 5
3 2 r
9 y
5 c. tan u 5
4 x
2. a. log5 625 5 4 5. To convert to radian measure from degree
p
1 measure, multiply the degree measure by 180°.
b. log4 5 22
16 p
a. 360° 3 5 2p
c. logx 3 5 3 180°
d. log10 450 5 w p p
e. log3 z 5 8 b. 45° 3 5
180° 4
f. loga T 5 b p p
3. a. y c. 290° 3 52
180° 2
3 p p
2 d. 30° 3 5
180° 6
1 p 3p
x e. 270° 3 5
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 180° 2
–1 p 2p
–2 f. 2120° 3 52
180° 3
–3 p 5p
g. 225° 3 5
180° 4
The x-intercept occurs where y 5 0.

p 11p p
h. 330° 3 5 cos 50
180° 6 2
6. For the unit circle, sine is associated with the p
tan 2 is undefined
y-coordinate of the point where the terminal arm of 2p
the angle meets the circle, and cosine is associated 8. a. The period is 2 or p. The amplitude is 1.
with the x-coordinate. 2p
a. sin u 5 b b. The period is 1 or 4p. The amplitude is 2.
2
b
b. tan u 5 2p
a c. The period is p or 2. The amplitude is 3.
c. cos u 5 a 2p p
d. The period is 12 or 6 . The amplitude is 27.
d. sin a 2 ub 5 a
p
2 e. The period is 2p. The amplitude is 5.
f. The period is 2p. Because of the absolute value
e. cos a 2 ub 5 b
p
2 being taken, the amplitude is 32.
f. sin (2u) 5 2b 2p
9. a. The period is 2 or p. Graph the function from
7. a. The angle is in the second quadrant, so cosine x 5 0 to x 5 2p.
and tangent will be negative. y
12 4
cos u 5 2
13 3
5
tan u 5 2 2
12
b. The angle is in the third quadrant, so sine will be 1
negative and tangent will be positive. x
sin2 u 1 cos2 u 5 1 0 p p 3p 2p
4 2 2
sin2 u 1 5 1
9
b. The period is 2p, so graph the function from
5
sin2 u 5 x 5 0 to x 5 4p.
9
!5 3
y
sin u 5 2
3
sin u 2
tan u 5
cos u 1
!5 x
5 0
2 p p 3p 2p 5p 3p 7p 4p
c. The angle is in the fourth quadrant, so cosine –1 2 2 2 2
will be positive and sine will be negative. –2
Because tan u 5 22, the point (1, 22) is on the
terminal arm of the angle. The reference triangle for –3
this angle has a hypotenuse of "22 1 12 or !5.
2 10. a. tan x 1 cot x 5 sec x csc x
!5
sin u 5 2 LS 5 tan x 1 cot x
sin x cos x
1 5 1
!5
cos u 5 cos x sin x
sin2 x 1 cos2 x
d. The sine is only equal to 1 for one angle between 5
p cos x 1 sin x
0 and p, so u 5 2 .

1 c. y 5 2e 10t
5
cos x 1 sin x dy
5 20e 10t
1 1 d. y 5 e 23x
5 ?
cos x sin x dy
5 23e 23x
1 dx
5 2
5 (26 1 2x)e 526x1x
sin x dx
5 tan x 1 sec x
f. y 5 e "x
b.
1 2 sin2 x
sin x dy 1 "x
2 !x
LS 5 5 e
1 2 sin2 x dx
3
5 dy
cos2 x 5 2(3x 2 )e x
3
RS 5 tan x sec x dx
3
sin x 1 5 6x 2e x
5 ? dy d(xe ) 3x
cos x cos x b. 5
sin x dx dx
5 5 (x)(3e 3x ) 1 (e 3x )(1)
cos2 x
1 2 sin2 x
11. a. 3 sin x 5 sin x 1 1
3
e 2x
2 sin x 5 1 c. f(x) 5
x
1 3
23x 2e 2x (x) 2 e 2x
3
sin x 5 f r (x) 5
2 x2
x5 ,
6 6
1
2 !x
2 cos x 5 1 2
1 e. h(t) 5 e t 1 3e 2t
cos x 5 2
hr (t) 5 2te t 2 3e 2t
2
e 2t
p 5p f. g(t) 5
x5 , 1 1 e 2t
3 3
2e 2t (1 1 e 2t ) 2 2e 2t (e 2t )
g r(t) 5
2t
2e
(1 1 e 2t )2
3
2. a. y 5 e 3x 1
dy b. f(x) 5 e 2x 1 1
5 3e 3x
f r(x) 5 e 2x 1 1 a b
dx 1 1
b. s 5 e 3t25 (x 1 1)2
ds
5 3e 3t25 f r (0) 5 e 21 (1)
dt 1
5
e

1 c. y 5 2e 10t
5
cos x 1 sin x dy
5 20e 10t
1 1 d. y 5 e 23x
5 ?
cos x sin x dy
5 23e 23x
1 dx
5 2
5 (26 1 2x)e 526x1x
sin x dx
5 tan x 1 sec x
f. y 5 e "x
b.
1 2 sin2 x
sin x dy 1 "x
2 !x
LS 5 5 e
1 2 sin2 x dx
3
5 dy
cos2 x 5 2(3x 2 )e x
3
RS 5 tan x sec x dx
3
sin x 1 5 6x 2e x
5 ? dy d(xe ) 3x
cos x cos x b. 5
sin x dx dx
5 5 (x)(3e 3x ) 1 (e 3x )(1)
cos2 x
1 2 sin2 x
11. a. 3 sin x 5 sin x 1 1
3
e 2x
2 sin x 5 1 c. f(x) 5
x
1 3
23x 2e 2x (x) 2 e 2x
3
sin x 5 f r (x) 5
2 x2
x5 ,
6 6
1
2 !x
2 cos x 5 1 2
1 e. h(t) 5 e t 1 3e 2t
cos x 5 2
hr (t) 5 2te t 2 3e 2t
2
e 2t
p 5p f. g(t) 5
x5 , 1 1 e 2t
3 3
2e 2t (1 1 e 2t ) 2 2e 2t (e 2t )
g r(t) 5
2t
2e
(1 1 e 2t )2
3
2. a. y 5 e 3x 1
dy b. f(x) 5 e 2x 1 1
5 3e 3x
f r(x) 5 e 2x 1 1 a b
dx 1 1
b. s 5 e 3t25 (x 1 1)2
ds
5 3e 3t25 f r (0) 5 e 21 (1)
dt 1
5
e

c. hr (z) 5 2z(1 1 e 2z ) 1 z 2 (2e 2z ) At the point (1, e 21 ), the slope is e 21 (0) 5 0. The
hr(21) 5 2(21)(1 1 e) 1 (21)2 (2e 1 ) equation of the tangent line at the point A is
5 22 2 2e 2 e 1
y 2 e 21 5 0(x 2 1) or y 5 e .
5 22 2 3e
2e x 8. The slope of the tangent line at any point on the
5. a. y 5
1 1 ex dy
curve is 5 2xe 2x 1 x 2 (e 2x )
dy (1 1 e x )2e x 2 2e x (e x ) dx
5 5 (2x 2 x 2 )(e 2x )
dx (1 1 e x )2
dy 2(2) 2 2(1)(1) 2x 2 x 2
5 5 .
dx 22 ex
1 Horizontal lines have slope equal to 0.
5 dy
2 We solve 5 0
dx
When x 5 0, x(2 2 x)
5 0.
the slope of the tangent is 12. ex
The equation of the tangent is y 5 12x 1 1, since the Since e x . 0 for all x, the solutions are x 5 0 and
y-intercept was given as (0, 1). x 5 2. The points on the curve at which the tangents
4
b. are horizontal are (0, 0) and (2, e2).
5 x x
9. If y 5 (e5 1 e 25 ), then
2
yr 5 a e5 2 e25 b, and
5 1 x 1 x
2 5 5
c. The answers agree very well; the calculator does
ys 5 a e 5 1 e 25 b
5 1 x 1 x
not show a slope of exactly 0.5, due to internal
2 25 25
rounding.
c (e 1 e 25 )d
6. y 5 e 2x 1 5 5x x
5
dy 25 2
5 2e 2x 1
dx 5 y.
dy 25
When x 5 21, 5 2e. And when x 5 21, y 5 e. 10. a. y 5 e 23x
dx
The equation of the tangent is y 2 e 5 2e(x 1 1) dy
or ex 1 y 5 0. 5 23e 23x
dx
y d 2y
3 5 9e 23x
dx 2
2 d 3y
1 5 227e 23x
x dx 3
d ny
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 b. n 5 (21)n (3n )e 23x
–1 dx
–2 dy d(23e x )
–3 11. a. 5
dx dx
5 23e x
7. The slope of the tangent line at any point is d 2y
given by 5 23e x
dx 2
dy
5 (1)(e 2x ) 1 x(2e 2x ) dy d(xe 2x )
dx b. 5
dx dx
5 e 2x (1 2 x).
5 (x)(2e 2x ) 1 (e 2x )(1)
5 2xe 2x 1 e 2x
5 e 2x (2x 1 1)

d 2y d. 95% of the terminal velocity is
5 e2x (2) 1 (2x 1 1)(2e2x )
(40) 5 38 m> s.
dx2 95
5 4xe2x 1 4e2x 100
dy d(e x (4 2 x)) To determine when this velocity occurs, we solve
c. 5 t
40(1 2 e 24 ) 5 38
dx dx
5 (e )(21) 1 (4 2 x)(e x )
x t 38
1 2 e 24 5
5 2e x 1 4e x 2 xe x 40
5 3e x 2 xe x t 1
e 24 5
5 e x (3 2 x) 20
t
d 2y e4 5 20
5 e x (21) 1 (3 2 x)(e x )
dx2 t
and 5 ln 20,
5 2e x 2 xe x 4
5 e x (2 2 x) which gives t 5 4 ln 20 8 12 s.
12. a. When t 5 0, N 5 1000330 1 e 04 5 31 000. The skydiver’s velocity is 38 m> s, 12 s after jumping.
The distance she has fallen at this time is
5 1000 c 0 2 e 30 d 5 2
dN 1 2t 100 230t
b. e S 5 160(ln 20 2 1 1 e 220 )
dt 30 3
5 160 aln 20 2 1 1 b
1
e 8 217 bacteria> h.
dN 100 223
c. When t 5 20h, 52 20
dt 3
t 8 327.3 m.
d. Since e 230 . 0 for all t, there is no solution to x
dN
14. a. i. Let f(x) 5 ( 1 1 1x) . Then,
dt 5 0.
Hence, the maximum number of bacteria in the x f(x)
culture occurs at an endpoint of the interval of 1 2

domain. 10 2.5937
When t 5 50, N 5 1000330 1 e 23 4 8 30 189.
5
100 2.7048
The largest number of bacteria in the culture is
1000 2.7169
31 000 at time t 5 0.
10 000 2.7181
e. The number of bacteria is constantly decreasing
as time passes. x
So, from the table one can see that lim (1 1 1x) 5 e.
5 160a 2 e 24 b
ds 1 1 t xS`
13. a. v 5 1
x
dt 4 4 ii. Let f(x) 5 (1 1 x) .
t
5 40(1 2 e24 ) x f(x)
5 40a e 24 b 5 10e 24
dv 1 t t
b. a 5 20.1 2.8680
dt 4
t t v 20.01 2.7320
From a., v 5 40(1 2 e 24 ), which gives e 24 5 1 2 40. 2.7196
20.001
b 5 10 2 v.
v 1 20.0001 2.7184
Thus, a 5 10a1 2
40 4 ? ?
c. vT 5 lim v 2.7181
tS` 0.0001
24t
vT 5 lim 40(1 2 e ) 0.001 2.7169
tS`
0.01 2.7048
5 40 lim a1 2 4t b
1
0.1 2.5937
tS` e
1
1 So, from the table one can see that lim (1 1 x)x 5 e.
5 40(1), since lim t 5 0 xS0
tS` e4
The terminal velocity of the skydiver is 40 m> s.
That is, the limit approaches the value of
e 5 2.718 281 828c
b. The limits have the same value because as
1
x S `, x S 0.

4 (4)
eh 2 1 e 01h 2 e 0 5
lim 5 lim (cosh x)2
hS0 h hS0 h 1
(cosh x)2
18. a. Four terms:
cf r(0) 5 lim d
e 01h 2 e 0
1 1 1
hS0 h e511 1 1 5 2.666 666
1! 2! 3!
dex
is e 0 5 1. 1 1 1 1
e511 1 1 1 5 2.708 333
e 21h 2 e 2 1! 2! 3! 4!
hS0 h
x 5 2. 1 1 1 1 1
e511 1 1 1 1 5 2.716 666
e 21h 2 e 2 1! 2! 3! 4! 5!
hS0 h
dy d 2y 1 1 1 1 1 1
dt dt 1! 2! 3! 4! 5! 6!
x1 x2 x3 x4
ex
(m 1 3)(m 2 2) 5 0 value of x is 1.
m 5 23 or m 5 2.
c (e 2 e 2x )d
d d 1 x
17. a. sinh x 5
1
5 (e x 1 e 2x ) dy d(23x )
2 1. a. 5
dx dx
5 cosh x
5 3(23x ) ln 2
d 1 x
b. cosh x 5 (e 2 e 2x ) dy d(3.1x 1 x 3 )
dx 2 b. 5
5 sinh x dx dx
sinh x 5 ln 3.1(3.1)x 1 3x 2
c. Since tanh x 5 ,
d c. 5
tanh x dt dt
dx 5 3(103t25 ) ln 10

2
d d dw d(10526n1n )
dx d. 5
5 dn dn
(cosh x)2 2
5 (26 1 2n)(10526n1n )ln 10
1
2 (e
x
1 e 2x )( 12) (cosh x)2 (e x 1 e 2x ) 2
5 dy d(3x 12 )
(cosh x) 2 e. 5
dx dx
1 x
2 e )( 12) (e x 2 e 2x )
2x 2
2 (e 5 2x(3x 12 )ln 3
2
(cosh x)2 dy d(400(2)x13 )
5
S (e )T
1 2x
121e 22x 2x
) 2 (e 2 2 1 e 22x f.
4 dx dx
5
(cosh x)2 5 400(2)x13 ln 2

4 (4)
eh 2 1 e 01h 2 e 0 5
lim 5 lim (cosh x)2
hS0 h hS0 h 1
(cosh x)2
18. a. Four terms:
cf r(0) 5 lim d
e 01h 2 e 0
1 1 1
hS0 h e511 1 1 5 2.666 666
1! 2! 3!
dex
is e 0 5 1. 1 1 1 1
e511 1 1 1 5 2.708 333
e 21h 2 e 2 1! 2! 3! 4!
hS0 h
x 5 2. 1 1 1 1 1
e511 1 1 1 1 5 2.716 666
e 21h 2 e 2 1! 2! 3! 4! 5!
hS0 h
dy d 2y 1 1 1 1 1 1
dt dt 1! 2! 3! 4! 5! 6!
x1 x2 x3 x4
ex
(m 1 3)(m 2 2) 5 0 value of x is 1.
m 5 23 or m 5 2.
c (e 2 e 2x )d
d d 1 x
17. a. sinh x 5
1
5 (e x 1 e 2x ) dy d(23x )
2 1. a. 5
dx dx
5 cosh x
5 3(23x ) ln 2
d 1 x
b. cosh x 5 (e 2 e 2x ) dy d(3.1x 1 x 3 )
dx 2 b. 5
5 sinh x dx dx
sinh x 5 ln 3.1(3.1)x 1 3x 2
c. Since tanh x 5 ,
d c. 5
tanh x dt dt
dx 5 3(103t25 ) ln 10

2
d d dw d(10526n1n )
dx d. 5
5 dn dn
(cosh x)2 2
5 (26 1 2n)(10526n1n )ln 10
1
2 (e
x
1 e 2x )( 12) (cosh x)2 (e x 1 e 2x ) 2
5 dy d(3x 12 )
(cosh x) 2 e. 5
dx dx
1 x
2 e )( 12) (e x 2 e 2x )
2x 2
2 (e 5 2x(3x 12 )ln 3
2
(cosh x)2 dy d(400(2)x13 )
5
S (e )T
1 2x
121e 22x 2x
) 2 (e 2 2 1 e 22x f.
4 dx dx
5
(cosh x)2 5 400(2)x13 ln 2

dy d(x 5 3 (5)x ) dy d(10x )
2. a. 5 5. 5
dx dx dx dx
5 (x 5 )((5)x (ln 5)) 1 ((5)x )(5x 4 ) 5 10x ln 10
5 5x 3(x 5 3 ln 5) 1 5x 44 So, at x 5 1,
2
dy d(x(3)x ) dy
b. 5 5 101 ln 10 5 10(ln 10) 8 23.03
dx dx dx
2 2
5 (x)(2x(3)x ln 3) 1 (3)x (1) Therefore, y 2 10 5 23.03(x 2 1)
5 (3)x 3(2x 2 ln 3) 1 14 y 2 10 5 23.03x 2 23.03
2
c. v 5 (2t )(t 21 ) 223.03x 1 y 1 13.03 5 0

dv d((2t )(t 21 )) 6. a. The half-life of the substance is the time
5 required for half of the substance to decay. That is, it
dt dx
is when 50% of the substance is left, so P(t) 5 50.
5 (2t )(21t 22 ) 1 (t 21 )(2t ln 2)
50 5 100(1.2)2t
2t 2t ln 2
52 21 1
t t 5 (1.2)2t
x 2
3 2
d. f(x) 5 2 1 1
x 5
1 x x 2 (1.2)t
ln 3(32 )(x 2 ) 2 2x(32 ) t
f r(x) 5 2 (1.2) 5 2
x4 t(ln 1.2) 5 ln 2
x x
x ln 3(32 ) 2 4(32 ) ln 1.2
5 t5
x4
32 3x ln 3 2 44
x ln 2
5 t 8 3.80 years
x3 Therefore, the half-life of the substance is about
2
3t25
3. f(t) 5 10 ? e 2t 3.80 years.
2 2
fr (t) 5 (103t25 )(4te 2t ) 1 (e 2t )(3(10)3t25 ln 10) b. The problem asks for the rate of change when
2
5 103t25e 2t (4t 1 3 ln 10) t 8 3.80 years.
Now, set f r(t) 5 0. Pr(t) 5 2100(1.2)2t (ln 1.2)
2
So, f r (t) 5 0 5 103t25e 2t (4t 1 3ln 10) Pr(3.80) 5 2100(1.2)2(3.80) (ln 1.2)
2
So 103t25e 2t 5 0 and 4t 1 3 ln 10 5 0. 8 29.12
The first equation never equals zero because solving So, the substance is decaying at a rate of about
would force one to take the natural log of both 29.12 percent> year at the time 3.80 years where the
sides, but ln 0 is undefined. So the first equation half-life is reached.
does not produce any values for which fr(t) 5 0. 7. P 5 0.5(109 )e 0.200 15t
The second equation does give one value. dP
4t 1 3 ln 10 5 0 a. 5 0.5(109 )(0.200 15)e 0.200 15t
dt
4t 5 23 ln 10 dP
In 1968, t 5 1 and dt 5 0.5(109 )(0.200 15)e 0.200 15 8
0.122 25 3 109 dollars> annum
3 ln 10
t52
4
In 1978, t 5 11 and
4. When x 5 3, the function y 5 f(x) evaluated at
dP
3 is f(3) 5 3(23 ) 5 3(8) 5 24. Also, dt
5 0.5(109 )(0.200 15)e 1130.200 15
dy
5
d(3(2)x ) 8 0.904 67 3 109 dollars> annum.
dx dx In 1978, the rate of increase of debt payments
5 3(2x )ln 2 was $904 670 000> annum compared to
So, at x 5 3, $122 250 000> annum in 1968. As a ratio,
dy Rate in 1978 7.4
5 3(23 )(ln 2) 5 24(ln 2) 8 16.64 5 . The rate of increase for 1978 is
dx Rate in 1968 1
Therefore, y 2 24 5 16.64(x 2 3) 7.4 times larger than that for 1968.
y 2 24 5 16.64x 2 49.92
216.64x 1 y 1 25.92 5 0

5 0.5(109 )(0.200 15)e 2130.200 15
dt
8 49.541 69 3 109 dollars> annum
Rate in 1998 7.4
2
is f(0) 5 220 5 20 5 1. Also,
2
dy d(22x )
5
dx dx
2
5 22x(22x )ln 2
So, at x 5 0,
dy 2
5 22(0)(220 )ln 2 5 0
dx
2 b.
x
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–1
–2
9. v(t)
100 2. a. f(x) 5 e 2x 2 e 23x on 0 # x # 10
f r(x) 5 2e 2x 1 3e 23x
60 Let e 2x 5 w, when 2w 1 3w 3 5 0.
w(21 1 3w 2 ) 5 0.
40
20 1
w56
"3
.
t
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 But w $ 0, w 5 1
1
.
"3

5 0.5(109 )(0.200 15)e 2130.200 15
dt
8 49.541 69 3 109 dollars> annum
Rate in 1998 7.4
2
is f(0) 5 220 5 20 5 1. Also,
2
dy d(22x )
5
dx dx
2
5 22x(22x )ln 2
So, at x 5 0,
dy 2
5 22(0)(220 )ln 2 5 0
dx
2 b.
x
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–1
–2
9. v(t)
100 2. a. f(x) 5 e 2x 2 e 23x on 0 # x # 10
f r(x) 5 2e 2x 1 3e 23x
60 Let e 2x 5 w, when 2w 1 3w 3 5 0.
w(21 1 3w 2 ) 5 0.
40
20 1
w56
"3
.
t
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 But w $ 0, w 5 1
1
.
"3

1 1 20
When w 5 "3, e 2x 5 "3, So, lim P(t) 5 lim 20.02t
tS` tS` 1 1 3e
2x ln e 5 ln 1 2 ln "3 20
5
ln "3 2 ln 1 1 1 3(0)
x5 5 20.
1
5 ln "3
Therefore, the largest population of squirrels that
the forest can sustain is 2000 squirrels.
8 0.55.
c. A point of inflection can only occur when
f(0) 5 e 0 2 e 0
Ps (t) 5 0 and concavity changes around the point.
50
20
f(0.55) 8 0.3849 P(t) 5
1 1 3e 20.02t
f(10) 5 e 210 2 e 230 8 0.000 05
Absolute maximum is about 0.3849 and absolute P(t) 5 20(1 1 3e 20.02t )21
minimum is 0. Pr(t) 5 20(2 (1 1 3e 20.02t )22 (20.06e 20.02t ))
m(x) 5 (x 1 2)e 22x on 24 # x # 4 5 (1.2e 20.02t )(1 1 3e 20.02t )22
mr(x) 5 e 22x 1 (22)(x 1 2)e 22x
Ps (t) 5 3(1.2e20.02t )(22(1 1 3e20.02t )23 (20.06e 20.02t )4
Let mr(x) 5 0.
e 22x 2 0, therefore, 1 1 (22)(x 1 2) 5 0 1 (1 1 3e 20.02t )22 (20.024e 20.02t )
23 0.144e 20.04t 0.024e 20.02t
x5 5 2
2 (1 1 3e 20.02t )3 (1 1 3e 20.02t )2
5 21.5. 0.144e 20.04t 0.024e 20.02t
m(24) 5 22e 8 8 25961 Ps (0) when 2 50
(1 1 3e 20.02t )3 (1 1 3e 20.02t )2
m(21.5) 5 0.5e 3 8 10
Solving for t after setting the second derivative
m(4) 5 6e 28 8 0.0002
equal to 0 is very tedious. Use a graphing calculator
The maximum value is about 10 and the minimum
to determine the value of t for which the second
value is about 25961.
derivative is 0, 54.9. Evaluate P(54.9). The point of
b. The graphing approach seems to be easier to use for
inflection is (54.9, 10).
the functions. It is quicker and it gives the graphs of
d. P(t)
the functions in a good viewing rectangle. The only 25
problem may come in the second function, m(x),
because for x , 1.5 the function quickly approaches 20
values in the negative thousands. 15
20
3. a. P(t) 5 10
1 1 3e 20.02t
20 5
P(0) 5 t
1 1 3e 20.02(0) 0
20 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
5
1 1 3e 0 e. P grows exponentially until the point of inflection,
20 then the growth rate decreases and the curve becomes
5
4 concave down.
55 4. a. P(x) 5 106 31 1 (x 2 1)e20.001x4, 0 # x # 2000
So, the population at the start of the study when Using the Algorithm for Extreme Values, we have
t 5 0 is 500 squirrels. P(0) 5 106 31 2 14 5 0
b. The question asks for lim P(t). P(2000) 5 106 31 1 1999e 224 8 271.5 3 106.
tS`
Now,
Pr (x) 5 106 3(1)e 20.001x 1 (x 2 1)(20.001)e 20.001x4
1
As t approaches `, e 20.02t 5 approaches 0.
e0.02t
5 106e 20.001x (1 2 0.001x 1 0.001)

Since e 20.001x . 2 for all x, 7. C 5 0.015 3 109e 0.075 33t, 0 # t # 100
Pr (x) 5 0 when 1.001 2 0.001x 5 0 a. C(t)
1.001 16
x5 5 1001.
Capital investment from U.S. sources

0.001 14
P(1001) 5 106 31 1 1000e 21.0014 8 368.5 3 106
The maximum monthly profit will be 368.5 3 106 12
($100 million)
dollars when 1001 items are produced and sold. 10
b. The domain for P(x) becomes 0 # x # 500.
P(500) 5 106 31 1 499e 20.54 5 303.7 3 106 8
Since there are no critical values in the domain, the 6
maximum occurs at an endpoint. The maximum
monthly profit when 500 items are produced and 4
sold is 303.7 3 106 dollars. 2
5. R(x) 5 40x 2e 20.4x 1 30, 0 # x # 8 t
We use the Algorithm for Extreme Values: 0 20 40 60 80 100
Rr (x) 5 80xe 20.4x 1 40x 2 (20.4)e 20.4x Years since 1867
5 40xe 20.4x (2 2 0.4x)
dC
Since e 20.4x . 0 for all x, Rr(x) 5 0 when b. 5 0.015 3 109 3 0.075 33e 0.075 33t
x 5 0 or 2 2 0.4x 5 0 dt
x 5 5. In 1947, t 5 80 and the growth rate was
5 0.468 05 3 109 dollars> year.
R(0) 5 30 dC
R(5) 8 165.3 dt
R(8) 8 134.4 In 1967, t 5 100 and the growth rate was
5 2.1115 3 109 dollars> year.
The maximum monthly revenue of 165.3 thousand dC
dollars is achieved when 500 units are produced and dt
sold. The ratio of growth rates of 1967 to that of 1947 is
6. P(t) 5 100(e 2t 2 e 24t ), 0 # t # 3 2.1115 3 109 4.511
9 5 .
Pr(t) 5 100(2e 2t 1 4e 24t ) 0.468 05 3 10 1
5 100e 2t (21 1 4e 23t ) The growth rate of capital investment grew from
Since e 2t . 0 for all t, Pr(t) 5 0 when 468 million dollars per year in 1947 to 2.112 billion
4e 23t 5 1 dollars per year in 1967.
1 c. In 1967, the growth rate of investment as a
e 23t 5 percentage of the amount invested is
4
2.1115 3 109
23t 5 ln (0.25) 3 100 5 7.5%.
2ln (0.25) 28.0305 3 109
t5 d. In 1977, t 5 110
3
C 5 59.537 3 109 dollars
5 0.462.
5 4.4849 3 109 dollars> year.
dC
P(0) 5 0
P(0.462) 8 47.2 dt
P(3) 8 4.98 e. Statistics Canada data shows the actual amount of
U.S. investment in 1977 was 62.5 3 109 dollars.
The highest percentage of people spreading the
The error in the model is 3.5%.
rumour is 47.2% and occurs at the 0.462 h point.
f. In 2007, t 5 140.
The expected investment and growth rates are
C 5 570.490 3 109 dollars and dC 5 42.975 3 109
dollars> year.
dt

t
te b
8. a. The growth function is N 5 25. 1 210t
t
t Er(t) 5 0.5ae 210 2
The number killed is given by K 5 e . 3 10
1 0.6a2e 2 5 1 (30 2 t)e 2 20 b

After 60 minutes, N 5 212. 30 2 t 1 30 2 t
Let T be the number of minutes after 60 minutes. 20

The population of the colony at any time, T after 210t 30 2 t
5 0.05e (10 2 t) 1 0.03e 2 5
the first 60 minutes is
(220 1 30 2 t)
P5N2k t 30 2 t
5 ( 0.05e 210 1 0.03e 2 ) (10 2 t)
60 1 T T
5 2 5 2 e3 , T $ 0 5
5 2 5 a b ln 2 2 e 3
dP 60 1 T 1 1 T Er(t) 5 0 when 10 2 t 5 0
dt 5 3 t 5 10 (The first factor is always a positive number.)
3
E(0) 5 5 1 5.4 1 18e 22 5 14.42
52 5 a b 2 e3
12 1 T ln 2 1 T
5 3 E(10) 5 16.65
E(30) 5 11.15
5 212 ? 2 5 a b 2 e3
T ln 2 1 T
For maximum study effectiveness, 10 h of study
5 3 should be assigned to the firs exam and 20 h of
dP ln 2 T 1 T study for the second exam.
5 0 when 212 2 5 5 e 3 or
dt 5 3 10. Use the algorithm for finding extreme values.
ln 2 12 T5 T First, find the derivative f r(x). Then, find any
3 ? 2 2 5 e3 .
5 critical points by setting fr(x) 5 0 and solving for x.
We take the natural logarithm of both sides: Also, find the values of x for which f r(x) is
ln a3.212 b 1 ln 2 5
ln 2 T T undefined. Together these are the critical values.
5 5 3 Now, evaluate f(x) for the critical values and the
endpoints 2 and 22. The highest value will be the
7.4404 5 T a 2 b
1 ln 2
3 5
absolute maximum on the interval and the lowest
7.4404
value will be the absolute minimum on the interval.
T5 5 38.2 min. 11. a. f r (x) 5 (x 2 )(e x ) 1 (e x )(2x)
0.1947
At T 5 0, P 5 212 5 4096. 5 e x (x 2 1 2x)
At T 5 38.2, P 5 478 158. The function is increasing when f r (x) . 0 and
decreasing when f r(x) , 0. First, find the critical
For T . 38.2, dP is always negative.
dt values of f r(x). Solve e x 5 0 and (x 2 1 2x) 5 0
The maximum number of bacteria in the colony ex is never equal to zero.
occurs 38.2 min after the drug was introduced. x 2 1 2x 5 0
At this time the population numbers 478 158. x(x 1 2) 5 0.
60 1 T T
b. P 5 0 when 2 5 5 e 3 So, the critical values are 0 and 22.
60 1 T T
ln 2 5 Interval e x (x 2 1 2x)
5 3
x , 22 1
b
1 ln 2
12 ln 2 5 Ta 2 22 , x , 0 2
3 5
T 5 42.72 0,x 1
The colony will be obliterated 42.72 minutes after
So, f(x) is increasing on the intervals (2 `, 22)
the drug was introduced.
and (0, ` ).
9. Let t be the number of minutes assigned to study
Also, f(x) is decreasing on the interval (22, 0).
for the first exam and 30 2 t minutes assigned to
b. At x 5 0, f r (x) switches from decreasing on the
study for the second exam. The measure of study
left of zero to increasing on the right of zero. So,
effectiveness for the two exams is given by
x 5 0 is a minimum. Since it is the only critical
E(t) 5 E1 (t) 1 E2 (30 2 t), 0 # t # 30
t 30 2 t
point that is a minimum, it is the x-coordinate of the
5 0.5( 10 1 te 210 ) 1 0.6( 9 1 (30 2 t)e 2 20
)

absolute minimum value of f(x). The absolute Interval 2e 2x (2x 1 1)
minimum value is f(0) 5 0. 1
x,2 2
12. a. yr 5 e x 2
Setting e x 5 0 yields no solutions for x. ex is a 1
x.2 1
function that is always increasing. So, there is no 2
maximum or minimum value for y 5 e x 1 2. So y is decreasing on the left of x 5 2 12 and
y increasing on the right of x 5 2 12. So x 5 2 12 is the
8 x-coordinate of the minimum of y. The minimum
6 value is
4
2a2 b (e2(22 ) )
1 1
2 2
x
5 2e21
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2 8 20.37. There is no maximum value.
y
b. yr 5 (x)(e x ) 1 (e x )(1) 8
5 e x (x 1 1) 6
Solve e x 5 0 and (x 1 1) 5 0 4
ex is never equal to zero. 2
x1150 x
x 5 21. –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2
–2
So there is one critical point: x 5 21.
Interval ex (x 1 1) d. yr 5 (3x)(2e 2x ) 1 (e 2x )(3) 1 1

x , 21 2 5 3e 2x (1 2 x) 1 1
Solve 3e 2x (1 2 x) 1 1 5 0.
x . 21 1
This gives no real solutions. By looking at the graph
So y is decreasing on the left of x 5 21 and of y 5 f(x), one can see that the function is always
increasing on the right of x 5 21. So x 5 21 is the increasing. So, there is no maximum or minimum
x-coordinate of the minimum of y. The minimum value for y 5 3xe 2x 1 x.
value is 2e21 1 3 8 2.63. There is no maximum y
value. 8
y
8 4
6
x
4
–8 –4 0 4 8
2
x
–4
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2
–8
2x 2x
c. yr 5 (2x)(2e ) 1 (e )(2)
2 2
5 2e2x (2x 1 1) 13. Pr(x) 5 (x)(2xe 20.5x ) 1 (e 20.5x )(1)
2
Solve 2e2x 5 0 and (2x 1 1) 5 0 5 e 20.5x (2x 2 1 1)
2e 2x is never equal to zero. 2
Solve e 20.5x 5 0 and (1 2 x 2 ) 5 0.
2x 1 1 5 0 e 20.5x 2
gives no critical points.
1 1 2 x2 5 0
x52
2 (1 2 x)(1 1 x) 5 0
So there is one critical point: x 5 2 12.

So x 5 1 and x 5 21 are the critical points. 1
c. There is a maximum at t 5 since dr(t) , 0
So P(x) is decreasing on the left of x 5 21 and on ln 2
1 1
Interval
2
e20.5x (2x2 1 1)
for t , and dr(t) . 0 for t . .
ln 2 ln 2
x , 21 2
The maximum speed is
d ln 2 5 200 ln 2 (2)2In 2 8 106.15 degrees> s
21 , x , 1 1
1,x 2
(1) (1) 1
d. The door seems to be closed for t . 10 s.

the right of x 5 1 and it is increasing between 15. The solution starts in a similar way to that of 9.
x 5 21 and x 5 1. So x 5 21 is the x-coordinate of The effectiveness function is
the minimum of P(x). Also, x 5 1 is the x-coordinate t 25 2 t
E(t) 5 0.5( 10 1 te 210) 1 0.6( 9 1 (25 2 t)e 2 20 ) .
of the maximum of P(x). The minimum value is
2 The derivative simplifies to
P(21) 5 (21)(e 20.5(21) ) 5 2e 20.5 8 20.61. t 25 2 t
Er(t) 5 0.05e 210 (10 2 t) 1 0.03e 2 20 (5 2 t).
The maximum value is
2
P(1) 5 (1)(e 20.5(1) ) 5 e 20.5 8 0.61.
This expression is very difficult to solve analytically.
14. a. By calculation on a graphing calculator, we can
d(t)
120 determine the maximum effectiveness occurs when
t 5 8.16 hours.
100
aL
16. P 5
80 a 1 (L 2 a)e 2kLt
a. We are given a 5 100, L 5 10 000, k 5 0.0001.
60
106 104
P5 2t 5
40 100 1 9900e 1 1 99e 2t
4 2t 21
5 10 (1 1 99e )
20
t P
0
Number of cells (thousands)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 10
b. The speed is increasing when dr(t) . 0 and the
8
speed is decreasing when dr(t) , 0.
dr(t) 5 (200t)(222t )(ln 2) 1 (22t )(200) 6
5 200(2)2t (2t ln 2 1 1)
Solve 200(2)2t 5 0 and 2t ln 2 1 1 5 0. 4
200(2)2t gives no critical points. 2
2t ln 2 1 1 5 0
1 0 t
t5 8 1.44 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
ln 2 Days
1
So t 5 is the critical point. b. We need to determine when the derivative of the
ln 2
d 2P
Interval 200(2)2t (2t ln2 1 1) (dP)
growth rate dt is zero, i.e., when dt 2 5 0.
t,
1
1 dP 2104 (299e 2t ) 990 000e 2t
ln2 5 5
dt (1 1 99e 2t )2 (1 1 99e 2t )2
1
2
t.
ln2 d 2P 2990 000e 2t (1 1 99e 2t )2 2 990 000e 2t
2 5
dt (1 1 99e 2t )4
So the speed of the closing door is increasing when
(2)(1 1 99e 2t )(299e 2t )
0,t,
1
and decreasing when t .
1
. 3
ln 2 ln 2 (1 1 99e 2t )4
2990 000e2t (1 1 99e 2t ) 1 198(990 000)e 22t
5
(1 1 99e 2t )3

2
dP dy (e x 1 e 2x )(e x 2 e 2x )r
2 5 0 when f. 5
99e 2t 5 1 2
(e x 1 e 2x )2
e t 5 99
t 5 ln 99 (e x 1 e 2x )(e x 2 (e 2x )(2x)r)
5
8 4.6 (e x 1 e 2x )2
(e x 1 e 2x )2
dP 990 000e 23
(e 1 e )(e x 2 (e 2x )(21))
x 2x
5
(e x 1 e 2x )2
dP 990 000e 28
(e x 2 e 2x )(e x 1 (e 2x )(21))
2
5
(e x 1 e 2x )2
2
dy d(5e 23x ) (e x 1 e 2x )2
1. a. 5
dx dx e 2x 1 e 0 1 e 0 1 e 22x
5 (5e 23x )(23x)r 5
(e x 1 e 2x )2
5 (5e 23x )(23) (e 2x 2 e 0 2 e 0 1 e 22x )
5 215e 23x 2
1
(e x 1 e 2x )2
dy d( 7e7 x) e 2x 1 e 0 1 e 0 1 e 22x 2 e 2x
b. 5 5
5 ( 7e7 x) a xb
1 r
e 0 1 e 0 2 e 22x
1
7 1
(e x 1 e 2x )2
5 ( 7e7 x) a b
1 1
4
7 5 x
1
5 e7 x (e 1 e 2x )2
dy dP
c. 5 (x 3 )(e 22x )r 1 (x 3 )r(e 22x ) 2. a. 5 100e 25t (25t)r
dx dt
5 (x 3 )((e 22x )(22x)r) 1 (3x 2 )(e 22x ) 5 100e 25t (25)
5 (x 3 )((e 22x ))(22) 1 3x 2e 22x 5 2500e 25t
dy t when P 5 12.
d. 5 (x 2 1)2 (e x )r 1 ( (x 2 1)2 )r(e x )
dx P 5 100e 25t
5 (x 2 1)2 (e x ) 1 (2(x 2 1))(e x ) 1
5 (x 2 2 2x 1 1)(e x ) 1 (2x 2 2)(e x ) 5 100e 25t
2
5 (e x )(x 2 2 2x 1 1 1 2x 2 2)
1
5 (e x )(x 2 2 1) 5 e 25t
200
dy
e. 5 2(x 2 e 2x )(x 2 e 2x )r 1
dx ln 5 25t
200
5 2(x 2 e 2x )(1 2 (e 2x )(2x)r) 1
ln 200
5 2(x 2 e 2x )(1 2 (e 2x )(21)) 5t
5 2(x 2 e 2x )(1 1 e 2x ) 25
5 2(x 1 xe 2x 2 e 2x 2 e 2x1 2x )
5 2(x 1 xe 2x 2 e 2x 2 e 22x )

2
dP dy (e x 1 e 2x )(e x 2 e 2x )r
2 5 0 when f. 5
99e 2t 5 1 2
(e x 1 e 2x )2
e t 5 99
t 5 ln 99 (e x 1 e 2x )(e x 2 (e 2x )(2x)r)
5
8 4.6 (e x 1 e 2x )2
(e x 1 e 2x )2
dP 990 000e 23
(e 1 e )(e x 2 (e 2x )(21))
x 2x
5
(e x 1 e 2x )2
dP 990 000e 28
(e x 2 e 2x )(e x 1 (e 2x )(21))
2
5
(e x 1 e 2x )2
2
dy d(5e 23x ) (e x 1 e 2x )2
1. a. 5
dx dx e 2x 1 e 0 1 e 0 1 e 22x
5 (5e 23x )(23x)r 5
(e x 1 e 2x )2
5 (5e 23x )(23) (e 2x 2 e 0 2 e 0 1 e 22x )
5 215e 23x 2
1
(e x 1 e 2x )2
dy d( 7e7 x) e 2x 1 e 0 1 e 0 1 e 22x 2 e 2x
b. 5 5
5 ( 7e7 x) a xb
1 r
e 0 1 e 0 2 e 22x
1
7 1
(e x 1 e 2x )2
5 ( 7e7 x) a b
1 1
4
7 5 x
1
5 e7 x (e 1 e 2x )2
dy dP
c. 5 (x 3 )(e 22x )r 1 (x 3 )r(e 22x ) 2. a. 5 100e 25t (25t)r
dx dt
5 (x 3 )((e 22x )(22x)r) 1 (3x 2 )(e 22x ) 5 100e 25t (25)
5 (x 3 )((e 22x ))(22) 1 3x 2e 22x 5 2500e 25t
dy t when P 5 12.
d. 5 (x 2 1)2 (e x )r 1 ( (x 2 1)2 )r(e x )
dx P 5 100e 25t
5 (x 2 1)2 (e x ) 1 (2(x 2 1))(e x ) 1
5 (x 2 2 2x 1 1)(e x ) 1 (2x 2 2)(e x ) 5 100e 25t
2
5 (e x )(x 2 2 2x 1 1 1 2x 2 2)
1
5 (e x )(x 2 2 1) 5 e 25t
200
dy
e. 5 2(x 2 e 2x )(x 2 e 2x )r 1
dx ln 5 25t
200
5 2(x 2 e 2x )(1 2 (e 2x )(2x)r) 1
ln 200
5 2(x 2 e 2x )(1 2 (e 2x )(21)) 5t
5 2(x 2 e 2x )(1 1 e 2x ) 25
5 2(x 1 xe 2x 2 e 2x 2 e 2x1 2x )
5 2(x 1 xe 2x 2 e 2x 2 e 22x )

dP dy
Now, the question asks for dt 5 Pr when b. 5 3.2((10)0.2x )(ln 10)(0.2x)r
dx
1
ln 200 5 3.2((10)0.2x )(ln 10)(0.2)
t5 8 1.06
25 5 0.64(ln 10)((10).2x )
c. fr (x) 5 (x 2 )(2x )r 1 (2x )(x 2 )r
Pr a b 5 22.5 (using a calculator)
1
ln 200
25 5 (x 2 )(2x )(ln 2) 1 (2x )(2x)
5 (ln 2)(x 22x ) 1 2x2x
dy
3. 5 (2x)(e x )r 1 (e x )(2x)r 5 2x ((ln 2)(x 2 ) 1 2x)
dx
5 (2x)(e x ) 1 (e x )(21) d. Hr (x) 5 300((5)3x21 )(ln 5)(3x 2 1)r
5 2xe x 2 e x 5 300((5)3x21 )(ln 5)(3)
At the point x 5 0, 5 900(ln 5)(5)3x21
dy 5 900(ln 5)(5)3x21
5 20e 0 2 e 0 5 21.
dx e. qr(x) 5 (1.9)x ? (ln 1.9) 1 1.9(x)1.921
At the point x 5 0, 5 (1.9)x ? (ln 1.9) 1 1.9(x)0.9
y 5 2 2 0e 0 5 2
5 (ln 1.9)(1.9)x 1 1.9x 0.9
So, an equation of the tangent to the curve at the
point x 5 0 is f. f r (x) 5 (x 2 2)2 (4x )r 1 (4x )( (x 2 2)2 )r
y 2 2 5 21(x 2 0) 5 (x 2 2)2 (4x )(ln 4) 1 (4x )(2(x 2 2))
y 2 2 5 2x 5 (ln 4)(4x )(x 2 2)2 1 (4x )(2x 2 4)
y 5 2x 1 2 5 4x ((ln 4)(x 2 2)2 1 2x 2 4)
x1y2250 6. a. The initial number of rabbits in the forest is
4. a. yr 5 23(e x )r given by the time t 5 0.
5 23e x R(0) 5 500( 10 1 e 2 10)
0
ys 5 23e x 5 500(10 1 1)
b. yr 5 (x)(e 2x )r 1 (e 2x )(x)r
5 500(11)
5 (x)((e 2x ) 1 (2x)r) 1 (e 2x )(1)
5 5500
5 (x)((e 2x )(2)) 1 e 2x dR
5 2xe 2x 1 e 2x b. The rate of change is the derivative, dt .
ys 5 (2x)(e 2x )r 1 (e 2x )(2x)r 1 e 2x (2x)r R(t) 5 5000 1 500( e210)
t
5 (2x)((e 2x )(2x)r) 1 (e 2x )(2) 1 (e 2x )(2)

5 0 1 500( e210) a2 b
5 (2x)((e 2x )(2)) 1 2e 2x 1 2e 2x dR t t r
5 4xe 2x 1 4e 2x dt 10
5 500( e210) a2 b
c. yr 5 (e x )(4 2 x)r 1 (4 2 x)(e x )r t 1
5 (e x )(21) 1 (4 2 x)(e x ) 10
5 2e x 1 4e x 2 xe x 5 250( e210)
t
5 3e x 2 xe x
ys 5 (3e x )r 2 3 (x)(e x )r 1 (e x )(x)r4
c. 1 year 5 12 months
5 3e x 2 3xe x 1 (e x )(1)4
dR
The question asks for dt 5 Rr when t 5 12.
5 3e x 2 xe x 2 e x 12
Rr(12) 5 250( e210)
5 2e x 2 xe x
dy 8 215.06
5. a. 5 (82x15 )(ln 8)(2x 1 5)r d. To find the maximum number of rabbits,
dx
5 (82x15 )(ln 8)(2) optimize the function.
t
5 2(ln 8)(82x15 ) Rr(t) 5 250( e210)

t
0 5 250( e210)
t
0 5 e210

When solving, the natural log (ln) of both sides 2
ln 5 2t
must be taken, but (ln 0) does not exist. So there 3
are no solutions to the equation. The function is
2 aln b 5 t
2
therefore always decreasing. So, the largest number 3
of rabbits will exist at the earliest time in the interval
Therefore, t 5 2 ( ln 23) 8 0.41 is the critical value.
at time t 5 0. To check, compare R(0) and R(36).
Now, use the algorithm for finding extreme values.
R(0) 5 5500 and R(36) 8 5013. So, the largest
C(0) 5 10(e 0 2 e 0 ) 5 0
number of rabbits in the forest during the first
Ca2 aln bb 8 1.48 (using a calculator)
3 years is 5500. 2
e. 6000 3
C(5) 5 0.0005
So, the function has a maximum when
4000 t 5 2 ( ln 23) 8 0.41. Therefore, during the first five
hours, the highest concentration occurs at about
0.41 hours.
2000 8. y 5 ce kx
yr 5 cke kx
The original function is increasing when its deriva-
0
tive is positive and decreasing when its derivative is
0 10 20 30 40 negative.
The graph is constantly decreasing. The y-intercept e kx . 0 for all k, xPR.
is at the point (0, 5500). Rabbit populations normally So, the original function represents growth when
grow exponentially, but this population is shrinking ck . 0, meaning that c and k must have the same
exponentially. Perhaps a large number of rabbit sign. The original function represents decay when c
predators such as snakes recently began to appear in and k have opposite signs.
the forest. A large number of predators would 9. a. A(t) 5 5000e 0.02t
quickly shrink the rabbit population. 5 5000e 0.02(0)
7. The highest concentration of the drug can be 5 5000
found by optimizing the given function. The initial population is 5000.
C(t) 5 10e 22t 2 10e 23t b. at t 5 7
A(7) 5 5000e 0.02(7) 5 5751
Cr(t) 5 (10e 22t )(22t)r 2 (10e 23t )(23t)r
After a week, the population is 5751.
5 (10e 22t )(22) 2 (10e 23t )(23) c. at t 5 30
5 220e 22t 1 30e 23t A(30) 5 5000e 0.02(30) 5 9111
Set the derivative of the function equal to zero and After 30 days, the population is 9111.
find the critical points. 10. a. P(5) 5 760e 20.125(5)
0 5 220e 22t 1 30e 23t 8 406.80 mm Hg
20e 22t 5 30e 23t b. P(7) 5 760e 20.125(7)
2 22t 8 316.82 mm Hg
e 5 e 23t
3 c. P(9) 5 760e 20.125(9)
2 e 23t 8 246.74 mm Hg
5 22t
3 e 11. A 5 100e 20.3x
2 Ar 5 100e 20.3x (20.3)
5 (e 23t )(e 2t ) 5 230e 20.3x
3
2 When 50% of the substance is gone, y 5 50
5 e 23t12t 50 5 100e 20.3x
3
2 0.5 5 e 20.3x
5 e 2t ln (0.5) 5 ln e 20.3x
3
ln (0.5) 5 20.3x ln e

ln 0.5 Ar (5) 5 1000(1.06)5 ln 1.06
5 20.3x
ln e 5 $77.98
ln 0.5 Ar (10) 5 1000(1.06)10 ln 1.06
2 5x 5 $104.35
0.3 ln e
Ar 5 230e 20.3x e.
Ar(2)
5 ln 1.06
Ar(2.31) 5 230e 20.3(2.31) A(2)
Ar 8 215 Ar (5)
5 ln 1.06
12. f(x) 5 xe x 5 ln 1.06
A(10)
f r (x) 5 xe x 1 (1)e x
x Ar (t)
A(t)
x11.0
x . 21 constant.
x . 21. yr 5 c(ex ) 1 (0)ex
13. y 5 52x
2
5 cex
1
5
2
yr 5 52x (22x) ln 5 y 5 cos x, pp. 256–257
2 dy d(2x)
yr 5 2 ln 5 1. a. 5 (cos 2x) ?
5 dx dx
1 2 5 2 cos 2x
5y 2 5 2 ln 5(x 2 1)
5 5 dy d(3x)
5y 2 1 5 22 ln 5(x 2 1) b. 5 22 (sin 3x) ?
dx dx
5y 2 1 5 (22 ln 5)x 1 2 ln 5 5 26 sin 3x
(2 ln 5)x 1 5y 5 2 ln 5 1 1 dy d(x 3 2 2x 1 4)
y c. 5 (cos (x 3 2 2x 1 4)) ?
dx dx
4 2 3
5 (3x 2 2)(cos (x 2 2x 1 4))
dy d(24x)
2 d. 5 22 sin (24x) ?
dx dx
x 5 8 sin (24x)
–4 –2 0 2 4 dy d(3x) d(4x)
e. 5 cos (3x) ? 1 sin (4x) ?
dx dx dx
–2 5 3 cos (3x) 1 4 sin (4x)
dy
–4 f. 5 2x (ln 2) 1 2 cos x 1 2 sin x
dx
dy d(e x )
14. a. A 5 P(1 1 i)t g. 5 cos (e x ) ?
dx dx
A(t) 5 1000(1 1 0.06)t 5 e xcos (e x )
5 1000(1.06)t dy d(3x 1 2p)
b. Ar(t) 5 1000(1.06)t (1) ln (1.06) h. 5 3 cos (3x 1 2p) ?
dx dx
5 1000(1.06)t ln 1.06
5 9 cos (3x 1 2p)
c. Ar(2) 5 1000(1.06)2 ln 1.06
5 $65.47

ln 0.5 Ar (5) 5 1000(1.06)5 ln 1.06
5 20.3x
ln e 5 $77.98
ln 0.5 Ar (10) 5 1000(1.06)10 ln 1.06
2 5x 5 $104.35
0.3 ln e
Ar 5 230e 20.3x e.
Ar(2)
5 ln 1.06
Ar(2.31) 5 230e 20.3(2.31) A(2)
Ar 8 215 Ar (5)
5 ln 1.06
12. f(x) 5 xe x 5 ln 1.06
A(10)
f r (x) 5 xe x 1 (1)e x
x Ar (t)
A(t)
x11.0
x . 21 constant.
x . 21. yr 5 c(ex ) 1 (0)ex
13. y 5 52x
2
5 cex
1
5
2
yr 5 52x (22x) ln 5 y 5 cos x, pp. 256–257
2 dy d(2x)
yr 5 2 ln 5 1. a. 5 (cos 2x) ?
5 dx dx
1 2 5 2 cos 2x
5y 2 5 2 ln 5(x 2 1)
5 5 dy d(3x)
5y 2 1 5 22 ln 5(x 2 1) b. 5 22 (sin 3x) ?
dx dx
5y 2 1 5 (22 ln 5)x 1 2 ln 5 5 26 sin 3x
(2 ln 5)x 1 5y 5 2 ln 5 1 1 dy d(x 3 2 2x 1 4)
y c. 5 (cos (x 3 2 2x 1 4)) ?
dx dx
4 2 3
5 (3x 2 2)(cos (x 2 2x 1 4))
dy d(24x)
2 d. 5 22 sin (24x) ?
dx dx
x 5 8 sin (24x)
–4 –2 0 2 4 dy d(3x) d(4x)
e. 5 cos (3x) ? 1 sin (4x) ?
dx dx dx
–2 5 3 cos (3x) 1 4 sin (4x)
dy
–4 f. 5 2x (ln 2) 1 2 cos x 1 2 sin x
dx
dy d(e x )
14. a. A 5 P(1 1 i)t g. 5 cos (e x ) ?
dx dx
A(t) 5 1000(1 1 0.06)t 5 e xcos (e x )
5 1000(1.06)t dy d(3x 1 2p)
b. Ar(t) 5 1000(1.06)t (1) ln (1.06) h. 5 3 cos (3x 1 2p) ?
dx dx
5 1000(1.06)t ln 1.06
5 9 cos (3x 1 2p)
c. Ar(2) 5 1000(1.06)2 ln 1.06
5 $65.47

dy
f ra b 5 cos
p p
i. 5 2x 2 sin x 1 0
dx 3 3
5 2x 2 sin x
1
d( 1x) 5
5 cos a b ?
dy 1
j. 2
dx x dx p
3
5 2 2 cos a b
1 1
#3
5 ax 2 b
x x 1 p
y2
dy 2 2 3
2. a. 5 (2 sin x)(2sin x) 1 (cos x)(2 cos x)
p
2y 2 #3 5 x 2
dx
5 22 sin2 x 1 2 cos2 x 3
2x 1 2y 1 a 2 #3b 5 0
p
5 2 cos (2x) 3
b. y 5 (x 21 )(cos 2x) b. When x 5 0, f(x) 5 f(0) 5 0 1 sin (0) 5 0.
dy f r(x) 5 1 1 cos x
5 (x 21 )(22 sin 2x) 1 (cos 2x)(2x 22 )
dx f r (0) 5 1 1 cos (0)
2 sin 2x cos 2x 5111
52 2
x x2 52
dy d(sin 2x) So an equation for the tangent at the point x 5 0 is
c. 5 2sin (sin 2x) ? y 2 0 5 2(x 2 0)
dx dx
5 2sin (sin 2x) ? 2 cos 2x y 5 2x
d. y 5 (sin x)(1 1 cos x)21 22x 1 y 5 0
c. When x 5 , f(x) 5 f a b 5 cos a4 ? b
dy p p p
5 (sin x)(2 (1 1 cos x)22 ? (2sin x) 4 4 4
dx
1 (1 1 cos x)21 (cos x) 5 cos (p)
2sin2 x cos x 5 21
5 2 1 d(4x)
2 (1 1 cos x) 1 1 cos x f r (x) 5 2sin (4x) ?
sin2 x cos x(1 1 cos x) dx
5 1 5 24 sin (4x)
(1 1 cos x)2 (1 1 cos x)2
f ra b 5 24 sin a4 ? b
2 2
sin x 1 cos x 1 cos x p p
5 4 4
(1 1 cos x)2
1 1 cos x 5 24 sin (p)
5 50
(1 1 cos x)2 p
1 So an equation for the tangent at the point x 5 is
4
5
1 1 cos x
b
p
dy y 2 (21) 5 0ax 2
e. 5 (e x )(2sin x 1 cos x) 1 (cos x 1 sin x)(e x ) 4
dx y1150
5 e x (2sin x 1 cos x 1 cos x 1 sin x) y 5 21
5 e x (2 cos x) p
dy d. f(x) 5 sin 2x 1 cos x, x 5
f. 5 (2x 3 )(cos x) 1 (sin x)(6x 2 ) 2
dx p
The point of contact is ( 2 , 0). The slope of the
2 3(3x)(2sin x) 1 (cos x)(3)4
5 2x 3 cos x 1 6x 2 sin x 1 3x sin x 2 3 cos x tangent line at any point is fr(x) 5 2 cos 2x 2 sin x.
p
3. a. When x 5 , f(x) 5 f a b 5 sin a b 5 # .

p p p 3 At ( 2 , 0), the slope of the tangent line is
3 3 3 2 p
2 cos p2sin 2 5 23.
fr(x) 5 cos x p
(
An equation of the tangent line is y 5 23 x 2 2 . )

5 2 sin ( !t) ? cos ( !t) ?
1
e. f(x) 5 cos a2x 1 b, x 5
p p
3 4 2 !t
!3 sin ( !t) cos ( !t)
The point of tangency is a , 2 b. The
p
slope of the
!t
4 2 5
p
tangent line at any point is f r (x) 5 22 sin (2x 1 3 ). 1
b. v(t) 5 (1 1 cos t 1 sin2 t)2
!3
At a , 2 b,
p 1 1
the slope of the tangent line is vr (t) 5 (1 1 cos t 1 sin2 t)22
4 2 2
d(1 1 cos t 1 (sin t)2 )
22 sin a b 5 21.
5p
3
6 dt
d(sin t)
An equation of the tangent line is 2sin t 1 2(sin t) ?
dt
"3 p 5
y1 (
52 x24 . ) 2# 1 1 cos t 1 sin2 t
2
2sin t 1 2(sin t)(cos t)
, f(x) 5 f a b 5 2 sin a b cos a b
p p p p 5
f. When x 5
2 2 2 2 2# 1 1 cos t 1 sin2 t
c. h(x) 5 sin x sin 2x sin 3x
5 2(1)(0)
So, treat sin x sin 2x as one function, say f(x) and
50
treat sin 3x as another function, say g(x).
f r (x) 5 (2 sin x)(2sin x) 1 (cos x)(2 cos x)
Then, the product rule may be used with the
5 22 sin2 x 1 2 cos2 x
chain rule:
hr(x) 5 f(x)gr (x) 1 g(x)f r (x)
5 2 cos (2x)
5 (sin x sin 2x)(3 cos 3x)
f ra b 5 2 cos a2 ? b
p p
1(sin 3x)3 (sin x)(2 cos 2x)
2 2
1 (sin 2x)(cos x)4
5 2 cos p
5 3 sin x sin 2x cos 3x
5 22
p 1 2 sin x sin 3x cos 2x
So an equation for the tangent when x 5 is
2 1 sin 2x sin 3x cos x
d(x 2 1 (cos x)2 )
y 2 0 5 22ax 2 b
p
d. mr(x) 5 3(x 2 1 cos2 x)2 ?
2 dx
y 5 22x 1 p 5 3(x2 1 cos2 x)2 ? (2x 1 2(cos x) (2sin x))
2x 1 y 2 p 5 0 5 3(x 2 1 cos2 x)2 ? (2x 2 2 sin x cos x)
4. a. One could easily find f r(x) and gr (x) to see 6. By the algorithm for finding extreme values, the
that they both equal 2(sin x)(cos x). However, it maximum and minimum values occur at points on
is easier to notice a fundamental trigonometric the graph where f r(x) 5 0, or at an endpoint of the
identity. It is known that sin2 x 1 cos2 x 5 1. So, interval.
sin2 x 5 1 2 cos2 x. dy
Therefore, one can notice that f(x) is in fact equal a. 5 2sin x 1 cos x
dx
to g(x). So, because f(x) 5 g(x), f r (x) 5 gr(x). dy
b. f r (x) and gr(x) are negatives of each other. Set 50 and solve for x to find any critical points.
dx
That is, f r (x) 5 2(sin x)(cos x) while cos x 2 sin x 5 0
gr (x) 5 22(sin x) (cos x). cos x 5 sin x
5. a. v(t) 5 (sin ( !t))2 15
sin x
cos x
d(sin ( !t))
vr(t) 5 2 sin ( !t) ? 1 5 tan x
dt p 5p
d( !t) x5 ,
5 2 sin ( !t) ? cos ( !t) ? 4 4
dt Evaluate f(x) at the critical numbers, including the
5 2 sin ( !t) ? cos ( !t) ? t
1 212 endpoints of the interval.
2

p 5p dy
x 0
4 4
2p c. 5 cos x 1 sin x
dx
f(x) 5 cos x 1 sin x 1 "2 2"2 1 dy
dx
So, the absolute maximum value on the interval is cos x 1 sin x 5 0
# 2 when x 5
p
and the absolute minimum value sin x 5 2cos x
4
sin x
5p
. 5 21
4 cos x
y
tan x 5 21
2 3p 7p
x5 ,
1 4 4
x Evaluate f(x) at the critical numbers, including the
0 endpoints of the interval.
p 2p
3p 7p
–1 x 0 2
4 4
–2 f(x) 5 sin x 2 cos x 21 "2 2"2 21
dy
b. 5 1 2 2 sin x So, the absolute maximum value on the interval is
dx
# 2 when x 5 4 and the absolute minimum value
3p
dy
dx
7p
1 2 2 sin x 5 0 .
4
1 5 2 sin x
y
1 2
5 sin x
2
1
p 5p
x5 , x
6 6 0
p 2p
Evaluate f(x) at the critical numbers, including the –1
p p –2
x 2p 2 p
6 6
dy
p p d. 5 3 cos x 2 4 sin x
f(x) 5 x 1 2 cos x 2p 2 2 1 #3
2 1 #3 p22 dx
6 6
8 25.14 8 1.21 8 2.26 8 1.14 dy
dx
So, the absolute maximum value on the interval is 3 cos x 2 4 sin x 5 0
p
2.26 when x 5 and the absolute minimum value 3 cos x 5 4 sin x
6
on the interval is 25.14 when x 5 2p. 3 sin x
5
y 4 cos x
8 3
5 tan x
4
4
tan21 a b 5 tan21 (tan x)
3
x 4
–p 0 Using a calculator, x 8 0.6435.
–p p p
2 2 This is a critical value, but there is also one more in
–4 the interval 0 # x # 2p. The period of tan x is p,
so adding p to the one solution will give another
–8 solution in the interval.
x 5 0.6435 1 p 8 3.7851

Evaluate f(x) at the critical numbers, including the 8. a. f(x)
2
1
x 0 0.64 3.79 2p
x
0 p 2p
f(x) 5 3 sin x 1 4 cos x 4 5 25 4
–1
So, the absolute maximum value on the interval is 5 –2
when x 8 0.64 and the absolute minimum value on
the interval is 25 when x 8 3.79. b. The tangent to the curve f(x) is horizontal at the
y point(s) where f r(x) is zero.
8 f r (x) 5 2sin x 1 cos x
Set f r (x) 5 0 and solve for x to find any critical
4 points.
x cos x 2 sin x 5 0
0
p 2p cos x 5 sin x
–4 sin x
15
–8 cos x
1 5 tan x
p 5p
7. a. The particle will change direction when the x5 (Note: The solution x 5 is not in the
4 4
velocity, sr (t), changes from positive to negative.
interval 0 # x # p so it is not included.) When
sr(t) 5 16 cos 2t
( 4 ) 5 # 2.
p p
Set sr (t) 5 0 and solve for t to find any critical points. x 5 , f(x) 5 f
4
0 5 16 cos 2t So, the coordinates of the point where the tangent to
the curve of f(x) is horizontal is ( , # 2).
0 5 cos 2t p
p 3p 4
, 5 2t 1
2 2 9. csc x 5 5 (sin x)21
sin x
p 3p 1
, 5t sec x 5 5 (cos x)21
4 4 cos x
Also, there is no given interval so it will be beneficial Now, the power rule can be used to compute the
to locate all solutions. derivates of csc x and sec x.
p 3p
Therefore, t 5 1 pk, 1 pk for some positive d(sin x)
4 4 ((sin x)21 )r 5 2 (sin x)22 ?
integer k constitutes all solutions. dx
5 2 (sin x)22 ? cos x
cos x
of any value of t, the function is increasing on one 52
(sin x)2
d(sin x)
either a maximum or a minimum. ((sin x)21 )r 5 2 (sin x)22 ?
p 3p 5p 7p
dx
t
4 4 4 4 1 cos x
52 ?
s(t) 5 8 sin 2t 8 28 8 28 sin x sin x
5 2csc x cot x
The table continues in this pattern for all critical d(cos x)
values t. So, the particle changes direction at all ((cos x)21 )r 5 2 (cos x)22 ?
dx
critical values. That is, it changes direction for
5 2 (cos x)22 ? (2sin x)
p 3p
t5 1 pk, 1 pk for positive integers k. sin x
4 4 5
b. From the table or a graph, one can see that (cos x)2
the particle’s maximum velocity is 8 at the time 1 sin x
5 ?
p cos x cos x
t 5 1 pk.
4 5 sec x tan x
dy function is 1, so the maximum distance from the
10. 5 22 sin 2x
dx origin is 4(1) or 4.
p 1 12.
At the point , , ( 6 2) h 1m 1m h
u u
5 22 sin a2 ? b
dy p x 1m x
dx 6 Label the base of a triangle x and the height h. So
5 22 sin a b
p x h
cos u 5 5x and sin u 5 5 h.
3 1 1
!3
Therefore, x 5 cos u and h 5 sin u.
5 22a b The irrigation channel forms a trapezoid and the
2
(b1 1 b2 )h
5 2#3
area of a trapezoid is where b1 and b2 are
2
the bottom and top bases of the trapezoid and h is
(p 1)
Therefore, at the point 6 , 2 , the slope of the the height.
tangent to the curve y 5 cos 2x is 2 #3. b1 5 1
b2 5 x 1 1 1 x 5 cos u 1 1 1 cos u 5 2 cos u 1 1
11. a. The particle will change direction when the h 5 sin u
velocity, sr(t) changes from positive to negative. Therefore, the area equation is given by
sr(t) 5 16 cos 4t (2 cos u 1 1 1 1) sin u
Set sr (t) 5 0 and solve for t to find any critical points. A5
2
0 5 16 cos 4t
(2 cos u 1 2) sin u
0 5 cos 4t 5
p 3p 2
, 5 4t 2 cos u sin u 1 2 sin u
2 2 5
p 3p 2
, 5t 5 sin u cos u 1 sin u
8 8
To maximize the cross-sectional area, differentiate:
Also, there is no given interval so it will be beneficial
Ar 5 (sin u)(2sin u) 1 (cos u)(cos u) 1 cos u
to locate all solutions.
p 3p
5 2sin2 u 1 cos2 u 1 cos u
Therefore, t 5 1 pk, 1 pk for some positive Using the trig identity sin2 u 1 cos2 u 5 1, use the
8 8
integer k constitutes all solutions. fact that sin2 u 5 1 2 cos2 u.
Ar 5 2 (1 2 cos2 u) 1 cos2 u 1 cos u
5 21 1 cos2 u 1 cos2 u 1 cos u
of any value of t, the function is increasing on one
5 2 cos2 u 1 cos u21
Set Ar 5 0 to find the critical points.
either a maximum or a minimum.
0 5 2 cos2 u 1 cos u 2 1
t
p 3p 5p 7p 0 5 (2 cos u21)(cos u 1 1)
8 8 8 8 Solve the two expressions for u.
s(t) 5 4 sin 4t 4 24 4 24 2 cos u 5 1
1
cos u 5
The table continues in this pattern for all critical 2
values t. So, the particle changes direction at all p
u5
critical values. That is, it changes direction for 3
p 3p Also, cos u 5 21
t5 1 pk, 1 pk for positive integers k.
4 4 u5p
b. From the table or a graph, one can see that the (Note: The question only seeks an answer around
p
particle’s maximum velocity is 4 at the time 0 # u # . So, there is no need to find all solutions
p 2
t 5 1 pk. by adding kp for all integer values of k.)
4
c. At t 5 0, s 5 0, so the minimum distance from The area, A, when u 5 p is 0 so that answer is
the origin is 0. The maximum value of the sine disregarded for this problem.

When u 5 ,
p p p
3 3 3
5a ? b1 So, ys 1 k 2y
2 2 2
!3 2!3 1 k 2 (A cos kt 1 B sin kt)
5 1
3 !3 1 k 2B sin kt
5 50
4
3
A dy d
dx dx
uu 5 3 sec2 3x
R dy d
dx dx
O
5 2 sec2 x 2 2 sec 2x
R
x 2u
5 2 tan (x 3 )a tan (x 3 )b
dy d
c.
D y B dx dx
C
5 2 tan (x 3 )a tan (x 3 )b
dy d
dx dx
In ÔCB, /COB 5 2u.
5 2 tan (x 3 ) sec2 (x 3 )a x 3 b
d
y x
R R

dy (d )
dx
A 5 0 DB 0 0 AC 0
1 d. 5
dx tan2 px
2
5 y(R 1 x) 5
tan2 px
tan2 px
dA
du e.
We solve 5 0:
du dy d
dx dx
2 cos2 2u 1 cos 2u 2 1 5 0 d
dx
1
p
3
y 2 b 5 fr(x)(x 2 a).
3 !3 2
4
p p fr (x) 5 sec2 x
when 2u 5 , i.e., u 5 .
3 6

When u 5 ,
p p p
3 3 3
5a ? b1 So, ys 1 k 2y
2 2 2
!3 2!3 1 k 2 (A cos kt 1 B sin kt)
5 1
3 !3 1 k 2B sin kt
5 50
4
3
A dy d
dx dx
uu 5 3 sec2 3x
R dy d
dx dx
O
5 2 sec2 x 2 2 sec 2x
R
x 2u
5 2 tan (x 3 )a tan (x 3 )b
dy d
c.
D y B dx dx
C
5 2 tan (x 3 )a tan (x 3 )b
dy d
dx dx
In ÔCB, /COB 5 2u.
5 2 tan (x 3 ) sec2 (x 3 )a x 3 b
d
y x
R R

dy (d )
dx
A 5 0 DB 0 0 AC 0
1 d. 5
dx tan2 px
2
5 y(R 1 x) 5
tan2 px
tan2 px
dA
du e.
We solve 5 0:
du dy d
dx dx
2 cos2 2u 1 cos 2u 2 1 5 0 d
dx
1
p
3
y 2 b 5 fr(x)(x 2 a).
3 !3 2
4
p p fr (x) 5 sec2 x
when 2u 5 , i.e., u 5 .
3 6

dy
fa b 5 0
p
4. a. 5 tan x cos x 1 sin x sec2 x
4 dx
sin x 1
f ra b 5 2
p 5 ? cos x 1 sin x ?
4 cos x cos2 x
The equation for the line tangent to the function sin x
5 sin x 1
p p cos2 x
(
f(x) at x 5 4 is y 5 2 x 2 4 . ) 2
dy cos3 x
b. The general equation for the line tangent to the 5 cos x 1
dx 2 cos4 x
function f(x) at the point (a, b) is
y 2 b 5 f r (x)(x 2 a). (d
sin x(2 cos x) dx cos x )
f(x) 5 6 tan x 2 tan 2x 2
cos4 x
d cos3 x 1 2 sin2 x cos x
f r(x) 5 6 sec2 x 2 sec2 2xa 2xb 5 cos x 1
dx cos4 x
f r(x) 5 6 sec2 x 2 2 sec2 2x 1 2 sin2 x
f(0) 5 0 5 cos x 1 1
cos x cos3 x
f r (0) 5 22
2 sin2 x
The equation for the line tangent to the function 5 cos x 1 sec x 1
cos3 x
f(x) at x 5 0 is y 5 22x.
dy d
dy d b. 5 2 tan xa tan xb
3. a. 5 sec2 x(sin x)a sin xb dx dx
dx dx
5 2 tan x sec2 x
5 cos x sec2 (sin x)
2 sin x 1
5 ?
5 22 3tan (x 2 2 1)4 23 a tan (x 2 2 1)b
dy d
b. cos x cos2 x
dx dx
5 22 3tan (x 2 2 1)4 23 sec2 (x 2 2 1)
2 sin x
5
cos3 x
3 a (x 2 2 1)b
d
dx d 2y (d
2 cos4 x 2 6 sin x cos2 x dxcos x )
5 24x 3tan (x 2 2 1)4 23 sec2 (x 2 2 1)
5
dx 2 cos6 x
2 cos x 1 6 sin2 x cos2 x
4
5 2 tan (cos x)a tan (cos x)b
dy d
c. 5
dx dx cos6 x
d 2 6 sin2 x 1
5 2 tan (cos x) sec2 (cos x)a cos xb 5 2 1 ?
dx cos x cos x cos2 x
2
5 22 tan (cos x) sec2 (cos x) sin x 5 2 sec x 1 6 tan2 x sec2 x

2
dy d 5 2 sec2 x(1 1 3 tan2 x)

d. 5 2 (tan x 1 cos x)a tan x 1 cos xb 5. The slope of f(x) 5 sin x tan x equals zero when
dx dx
the derivative equals zero.
5 2 (tan x 1 cos x)(sec2 x 2 sin x)
f(x) 5 sin x tan x
dy d f r (x) 5 sin x(sec2x) 1 tan x(cos x)
e. 5 tan x (3 sin2 x)a sin xb 1 sin3 x sec2 x
dx dx sin x
5 3 tan x sin x cos x 1 sin3 x sec2 x
2 5 sin x(sec2 x) 1 (cos x)
cos x
5 sin2 x (3 tan x cos x 1 sin x sec2 x) 5 sin x(sec2 x) 1 sin x
5 e tan "x a tan "xb
dy d 5 sin x(sec2 x 1 1)
f. 2
dx dx sec x 1 1 is always positive, so the derivative is 0
only when sin x 5 0. So, fr (x) equals 0 when x 5 0,
5 e tan "x (sec2 "x)a "xb
d
dx x 5 p, and x 5 2p. The solutions can be verified
by examining the graph of the derivative function
e tan "x sec2 "x
1
5 shown below.
2"x

y cos2 x 1 sin x 1 sin2 x
4 f'(x) 5
cos2 x
3 1 1 sin x
2 5
cos2 x
1 The denominator is never negative. 1 1 sin x . 0
x p p
0 ␲ 2␲ for 2 2 , x , 2 , since sin x reaches its minimum
–1 p
–2 of 21 at x 5 2 . Since the derivative of the original
function is always positive in the specified interval,
–3
the function is always increasing in that interval.
–4 p p
8. When x 5 , y 5 2 tan ( 4 )
4
6. The local maximum point occurs when the 52
derivative equals zero. yr 5 2 sec2 x
When x 5 , yr 5 2 asec b
dy p p 2
5 2 2 sec2 x
dx 4 4
2 2 sec2 x 5 0 5 2( #2)2
sec2 x 5 2 54
sec x 5 6"2 p
p 4
y 2 2 5 4ax 2 b
x56 p
4 4
dy p y 2 2 5 4x 2 p
5 0 when x 5 6 4 , so the local maximum
dx 24x 1 y 2 (2 2 p) 5 0
p
point occurs when x 5 6 4 . Solve for y sin x
9. Write tan x 5 cos x and use the quotient rule to
p
when x 5 4. derive the derivative of the tangent function.
10. y 5 cot x
y 5 2a b 2 tan a b
p p
1
4 4 y5
p tan x
y5 21 dy tan x(0) 2 (1) sec2 x
2 5
y 5 0.57 dx tan2 x
2
p 2sec x
Solve for y when x 5 2 . 5
4 tan2 x
21
y 5 2a2 b 2 tan a2 b
p p
cos 2 x
4 4 5 sin2 x
p cos 2 x
y52 11 21
2 5
y 5 20.57 sin2 x
p 5 2csc2 x
( )
The local maximum occurs at the point 4 , 0.57 .
7. y 5 sec x 1 tan x 11. Using the fact from question 10 that the
1 sin x derivative of cot x is 2csc2 x,
5 1 f r (x) 5 24 csc2 x
cos x cos x
1 1 sin x 5 24 (csc x)2
5 d(csc x)
cos x f s (x) 5 28 (csc x) ?
dy cos2 x 2 (1 1 sin x)(2sin x) dx
5 5 28 (csc x) ? (2csc x cot x)
dx cos2 x
5 8 csc2 x cot x
cos x 2 (2sin x 2 sin2 x)
2
5
cos2 x

Review Exercise, pp. 263–265 dy d(3x)
b. 5 sec2 (3x) ?
dx dx
1. a. yr 5 0 2 e x
5 3 sec2 (3x)
5 2e x
c. y 5 (2 2 cos x)21
b. yr 5 2 1 3e x
dy d(2 2 cos x)
d(2x 1 3) 5 2 (2 2 cos x)22 ?
c. yr 5 e 2x13 ? dx dx
dx
sin x
5 2e 2x13 52
2 d(23x 2 1 5x) (2 2 cos x)2
d. yr 5 e 23x 15x ?
b 1 (tan (2x))(1)
dy d(2x)
dx d. 5 (x)asec2 (2x) ?
5 (26x 1 5)e 23x 15x
2
dx dx
e. yr 5 (x)(e x ) 1 (e x )(1) 5 2x sec2 (2x) 1 tan 2x
b
5 e x (x 1 1) dy d(3x)
e. 5 (sin 2x)ae 3x ?
(e t 1 1)(e t ) 2 (e t 2 1)(e t ) dx dx
f. sr 5
b
(e t 1 1)2 d(2x)
1 (e 3x )acos 2x ?
e 1 e 2 (e 2t 2 e t )
2t t dx
5 5 3e 3x sin 2x 1 2e 3x cos 2x
(e t 1 1)2
2e t 5 e 3x (3 sin 2x 1 2 cos 2x)
5 t f. y 5 (cos (2x))2
(e 1 1)2
dy dy d(cos (2x))
2. a. 5 10x ln 10 5 2 (cos (2x)) ?
dx dx dx
dy d(3x 2 ) d(2x)
b.
2
5 43x ? ln 4 ? 5 2(cos (2x)) ? 2sin (2x) ?
dx dx dx
5 6x(4 )ln 4 3x 2 5 24 cos (2x) sin (2x)
dy 4. a. f(x) 5 e x ? x 21
c. 5 (5x)(5x ln 5) 1 (5x )(5)
dx f r(x) 5 (e x )(2x 22 ) 1 (x 21 )(e x )
5 e x a2 2 1 b
5 5 ? 5x (x ln 5 1 1) 1 1
dy x x
d. 5 (x 4 )(2x ln 2) 1 (2x )(4x 3 )
5 ex a b
2
dx 2x 1 x
5 x 3 ? 2x (x ln 2 1 4) x3
e. y 5 (4x)(42x ) Now, set f r(x) 5 0 and solve for x.
0 5 ex a b
dy 2x 1 x 2
5 (4x)(242x ln 4) 1 (42x )(4)
dx x3
5 4 ? 42x (2x ln 4 1 1) x2 2 x
Solve e x 5 0 and 5 0.
4 2 4x ln 4 x3
x
5 e is never zero.
4x x2 2 x
f. y 5 (5#x )(x 21 ) 50
x3
d( #x)
b
dy
5 (5#x )(2x 22 ) 1 (x 21 )a5#x ? ln 5 ? x2 2 x 5 0
dx dx x(x 2 1) 5 0
5 (5#x )a2 2 b 1 (x 21 )a5#x ? ln 5 ? b
1 1 So x 5 0 or x 5 1.
x 2!x (Note, however, that x cannot be zero because this
would cause division by zero in the original function.)
5 5#x a2 2 1 b
1 ln 5
x 2x!x
So x 5 1.
dy d(2x) d(2x)
b. The function has a horizontal tangent at (1, e).
3. a. 5 3 cos (2x) ? 1 4 sin (2x) ?
dx dx dx
5 6 cos (2x) 1 8 sin (2x)

The equation of the tangent line is
b 1 (e 22x )(1)
d(22x)
5. a. f r (x) 5 (x)ae 22x ? y 1 ln 2 1 2 5 3(x 1 ln 2) or
dx
3x 2 y 1 2 ln 2 2 2 5 0.
5 22xe 22x 1 e 22x p
5 e 22x (22x 1 1) 9. When x 5 ,
2
f ra b 5 e 22 2 a22 ? 1 1b
1 1
y 5 f(x) 5 f a b 5 sina b 5 (1) 5
1 p p p p p
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
5 e 21 (21 1 1) yr 5 fr (x) 5 (x)(cos x) 1 (sin x)(1)
50 5 x cos x 1 sin x
b. This means that the slope of the tangent to f(x)
f ra b 5 cos 1 sin
p p p p
at the point with x-coordinate 21 is 0. 2 2 2 2
6. a. yr 5 (x)(e x ) 1 (e x )(1) 2 e x p
5 xe x 5 (0) 1 1
2
ys 5 (x)(e x ) 1 (e x )(1) 51
5 xe x 1 e x p
5 e x (x 1 1) 2
y 2 5 1ax 2 b
p p
b. yr 5 (x)(10e 10x ) 1 (e 10x )(1) 2 2
5 10xe 10x 1 e 10x p p
ys 5 (10x)(10e 10x ) 1 (e 10x )(10) 1 10e 10x y2 5x2
2 2
5 100xe 10x 1 10e 10x 1 10e 10x y5x
5 100xe 10x 1 20e 10x 2x 1 y 5 0
5 20e 10x (5x 1 1) sin t
e 2x 2 1 10. If s(t) 5 is the function describing
3 1 cos 2t
7. y 5 2x
e 11 an object’s position at time t, then v(t) 5 sr(t) is
dy 2e 2x (e 2x 1 1) 2 (e 2x 2 1)(2e 2x ) the function describing the object’s velocity at
5
dx (e 2x 1 1)2 time t. So
2e 1 2e 2 2e 4x 1 2e 2x
4x 2x v(t) 5 sr(t)
5 (3 1 cos 2t)(cos t) 2 (sin t)(22 sin 2t)
(e 2x 1 1)2 5
4e 2x (3 1 cos 2t)2
5 2x
(e 1 1)2
sr a b 5
p (
3 1 cos 2 ? 4 cos 4
p
)( p
)
e 4x 2 2e 2x 1 1
Now, 1 2 y 2 5 1 2
(e
2x 2
1 1)
4
( p 2
3 1 cos 2 ? 4 )
4x 2x 4x 2x
e 1 2e 1 1 2 e 1 2e 2 1
5
(e 2x 1 1)2
2
(sin 4 )(22 sin 2 ? 4 )
p p
5
4e 2x
2x 2 5
dy (3 1 cos 2 ? p4 ) 2
(3 1 1) dx
8. The slope of the required tangent line is 3. (3 1 cos p2 )("22) 2 ("22)(22 sin p2 )
5
The slope at any point on the curve is given by
dy
(3 1 cos p2 )2
2x
dx 5 1 1 e .
To find the point(s) on the curve where the tangent (3 1 0)("2 "2
2 ) 2 ( 2 )(22 ? 1)
5
has slope 3, we solve: (3 1 0)2
1 1 e 2x 5 3 1 #2
3"2
2
e 2x 5 2 5
9
2x 5 ln 2
3#2 1 2#2 1
x 5 2ln 2. 5 ?
The point of contact of the tangent is 2 9
(2ln 2,2ln 2 2 2). 5#2
5
18

p
So, the object’s velocity at time t 5 is Since e 2t . 0 for all t, c1r(t) 5 0 when t 5 1.
4
Since c1r(t) . 0 for 0 # t , 1, and c1r(t) , 0 for all
5#2
8 0.3928 metres per unit of time. 1
18 t . 1, c1 (t) has a maximum value of e 8 0.368
at t 5 1 h.
11. a. The question asks for the time t when
c2 (t) 5 t 2e 2t; c2 (0) 5 0
Nr(t) 5 0.
t c2r(t) 5 2te 2t 2 t 2e 2t
N(t) 5 60 000 1 2000te220 5 te 2t (2 2 t)
Nr(t) 5 0 1 (2000t)a2 e 220 b 1 (e 220 )(2000)
1 t t
c2r(t) 5 0 when t 5 0 or t 5 2.
20 Since c2r(t) . 0 for 0 , t , 2 and c2r(t) , 0 for all
t t
5 2100te 220 1 2000e 220 4
t
5 100e 220 (2t 1 20) t . 2, c2 (t) has a maximum value of e 2 8 0.541 at
Set Nr (t) 5 0 and solve for t. t 5 2 h. The larger concentration occurs for
t
0 5 100e 220 (2t 1 20) medicine c2.
t b. c1 (0.5) 5 0.303
100e 220 is never equal to zero.
c2 (0.5) 5 0.152
2t 1 20 5 0
In the first half-hour, the concentration of c1
20 5 t
increases from 0 to 0.303, and that of c2 increases
Therefore, the rate of change of the number of
from 0 to 0.152. Thus, c1 has the larger concentration
bacteria is equal to zero when time t 5 20.
dM over this interval.
b. The question asks for 5 Mr(t) when t 5 10. 13. a. y 5 (2 1 3e 2x )3
yr 5 3(2 1 3e 2x )2 30 1 3e 2x (21)4
dt
That is, it asks for Mr (10).
M(t) 5 (N 1 1000)3
1
5 3(2 1 3e 2x )2 (23e 2x )
1 2 d(N 1 1000) 5 29e 2x (2 1 3e 2x )2
Mr (t) 5 (N 1 1000)23 ? b. y 5 x e
3 dt
yr 5 ex e21
1 dN x
5 2 ? c. y 5 e e
3(N 1 1000)3 dt x
dN t
yr 5 e e (e x )(1)
5 Nr(t) 5 100e 220 (2t 1 20)
x
From part a., and 5 e x1e
dt
N(t) 5 60 000 1 2000te 220t d. y 5 (1 2 e 5x )5
1 yr 5 5(1 2 e 5x )4 30 2 e 5x (5)4
100e220 (2t 1 20)
So Mr (t) 5 2 5 225e 5x (1 2 e 5x )4
3(N 1 1000)3
14. a. y 5 5x
First calculate N(10).
10 yr 5 5x ln 5
N(10) 5 60 000 1 2000(10)e220
1 b. y 5 (0.47)x
5 60 000 1 20 000e 22
yr 5 (0.47)x ln (0.47)
8 72 131
10 c. y 5 (52)2x
100e 220 (210 1 20)
So Mr (10) 5 2
yr 5 (52)2x (2) ln 52
3(N(10) 1 1000)3 5 2(52)2x ln 52
1
100e 22 (10) d. y 5 5(2)x
5 2
3(72 131 1 1000)3 yr 5 5(2)x ln 2
606.53 e. y 5 4e x
8
5246.33 yr 5 4e x (1) ln e
8 0.1156 5 4e x
So, after 10 days, about 0.1156 mice are infected f. y 5 22(10)3x
per day. Essentially, almost 0 mice are infected per yr 5 22(3)103x ln 10
day when t 5 10. 5 26(10)3x ln 10
12. a. c1 (t) 5 te 2t; c1 (0) 5 0 d(2x )
15. a. yr 5 cos 2x ?
c1r (t) 5 e 2t 2 te 2t dx
5 e 2t (1 2 t) 5 2x ln 2 cos 2x

b. yr 5 (x 2 )(cos x) 1 (sin x)(2x) dv p
5 x 2 cos x 1 2x sin x
and a 5
dt
(
5 210 cos 2t 1 (4
))
d( p 2 x)
c. yr 5 cos a 2 xb ? 2
p
5 220 cos a2t 1 b.
p
2 dx 4
5 2cos a 2 xb
p The maximum values of the displacement,
2 velocity, and acceleration are 5, 10, and 20,
d. yr 5 (cos x)(cos x) 1 (sin x)(2sin x) respectively.
5 cos2 x 2 sin2 x p
19. Let the base angle be u, 0 , u , , and let the
e. y 5 (cos x)2 2
d(cos x) sides of the triangle have lengths x and y, as shown.
yr 5 2(cos x) ? Let the perimeter of the triangle be P cm.
dx
5 22 cos x sin x
f. y 5 cos x (sin x)2 12
yr 5 (cos x)(2 (sin x)(cos x)) 1 (sin x)2 (2sin x) y
5 2 sin x cos2 x 2 sin3 x
dy p u
16. Compute when x 5 to find the slope of the x
dx 2
line at the given point. x y
Now, 5 cos u and 5 sin u
yr 5 2sin x 12 12
p so x 5 12 cos u and y 5 12 sin u.
So, at the point x 5 , yr 5 f r(x) is
2 Therefore, P 5 12 1 12 cos u 1 12 sin u and
f ra b 5 2sin a b 5 21.
p p dP
5 212 sin u 1 12 cos u.
2 2 du
Therefore, an equation of the line tangent to the For critical values, 212 sin u 1 12 cos u 5 0
sin u 5 cos u
curve at the given point is
tan u 5 1
y 2 0 5 21ax 2 b
p
p p
2 u 5 , since 0 , u , .
4 2
p 12 12
y 5 2x 1 p
2 When u 5 , P 5 12 1 !2 1 !2
4
p 24
x1y2 50
!2
5 12 1
2
17. The velocity of the object at any 5 12 1 12#2.
ds
time t is v 5 . As u S 0 1 , cos u S 1, sin u S 0, and
dt
Thus, v 5 8 (cos (10pt))(10p) P S 12 1 12 1 0 5 24.
p
5 80p cos (10pt). As u S , cos u S 0, sin u S 1 and
2
dv d 2s
The acceleration at any time t is a 5 5 2. P S 12 1 0 1 12 5 24.
dt dt
Hence, a 5 80p(2sin (10pt))(10p) 5 Therefore, the maximum value of the perimeter is
2800p2 sin (10pt). 12 1 12!2 cm, and occurs when the other two
p
d 2s angles are each rad, or 45°.
Now, dt 2 1 100p2s 4
5 2800p2 sin (10pt) 20. Let l be the length of the ladder, u be the angle
between the foot of the ladder and the ground, and x
1 100p2 (8 sin (10pt)) 5 0. be the distance of the foot of the ladder from the
p
(
18. Since s 5 5 cos 2t 1 , 4 ) fence, as shown.
x11 1.5
5 5 a 2sin a 2t 1 bb
ds p Thus, 5 cos u and x 5 tan u
v5 l
dt 4 1.5
x 1 1 5 l cos u where x 5 tan u.
5 210 sin a2t 1 b
p
4

dl
0.8 sin3 u 2 cos3 u 5 0
l tan3 u 5 1.25
wall tan u 5 !3
1.25
1.5 tan u 8 1.077
u 8 0.822.
u 0.8 1
Now, l 5 cos (0.822) 1 sin (0.822) 8 2.5.
x 1
1.5 When u 5 0, the longest possible pole would have a
Replacing x, 1 1 5 l cos u p
tan u length of 0.8 m. When u 5 2 , the longest possible
1.5 1 p pole would have a length of 1 m. Therefore, the
l5 1 ,0,u,
sin u cos u 2 longest pole that can be carried horizontally around
dl 1.5 cos u sin u the corner is one of length 2.5 m.
52 1
du sin2 u cos2 u 22. We want to find the value of x that maximizes u.
21.5 cos u 1 sin3 u
3 Let /ADC 5 a and /BDC 5 b.
5 . Thus, u 5 a 2 b:
sin2 u cos2 u
dl tan u 5 tan (a 2 b)
Solving 5 0 yields: tan a 2 tan b
du 5 .
sin3 u 2 1.5 cos3 u 5 0 1 1 tan a tan b
tan3 u 5 1.5 6 3
tan u 5 ! 3
A B C
1.5
u 8 0.46365. x
The length of the ladder corresponding to this value a
p2 b
of u is l 8 4.5 m. As u S 0 1 and 2 , l increases u
without bound. Therefore, the shortest ladder that
D
goes over the fence and reaches the wall has a 9 3
length of 4.5 m. From the diagram, tan a 5 x and tan b 5 x.
21. The longest pole that can fit around the corner is 9 3
determined by the minimum value of x 1 y. Thus, x2x
Hence, tan u 5 27
we need to find the minimum value of l 5 x 1 y. 1 1 x2
9x 2 3x
y 5
0.8 x 2 1 27
u 6x
5 2 .
x 1 27
x
We differentiate implicitly with respect to x:
u du 6(x 2 1 27) 2 6x(2x)
sec2 u 5
1 dx (x 2 1 27)2
du 162 2 6x 2
5
0.8 1 dx sec2 u(x 2 1 27)2
From the diagram, y 5 sin u and x 5 cos u.
du
1 0.8 p Solving dx 5 0 yields:
Thus, l 5 cos u 1 sin u, 0 # u # 2 :
162 2 6x 2 5 0
dl 1 sin u 0.8 cos u x 2 5 27
5 2
du 2
cos u sin2 u x 5 3#3.
0.8 sin u 2 cos3 u
3
5 .
cos2 u sin2 u

f s (x) 5 (8 sin (x 2 2))(2sin (x 2 2)) y 5 2e 3x
1 (cos (x 2 2))(8 cos (x 2 2)) dy
5 2e 3x (3)
5 28 sin2 (x 2 2) 1 8 cos2 (x 2 2) dx
b. f(x) 5 (2 cos x)(sec x)2 5 6e 3x
When x 5 0, y 5 2.
dx
2 2 cos x sec2 x dy
y 2 1 5 2(x 2 0) or 22x 1 y 5 1.
2
1. a. y 5 e 22x a. a(t) 5 vr (t) 5 210ke 2kt
dy 2 5 2k(10e 2kt )
5 24xe 22x
dx 5 2kv(t)
2
dx
2
1
5 33e 2 3e 23x4
dy 1 3x e 2kt 5
dx 2 2
1
5 3e 3x 2 e 23x4
3
2 2
t5 .
dy k
5 2 cos x 2 3(2sin 5x)(5) ln 2
k
dy 5. a. f(x) 5 (cos x)2
5 3 sin2 (x 2 )(cos (x 2 )(2x))
dx d(cos x)
dx
f. y 5 tan "1 2 x 5 2 (cos x) ? (2sin x)
5 sec2 "1 2 x a 3 b (21)
sec2 "1 2 x 5 2 sin2 x 2 2 cos2 x
52 5 2 (sin2 x 2 cos2 x)
2"1 2 x
f s (x) 5 (8 sin (x 2 2))(2sin (x 2 2)) y 5 2e 3x
1 (cos (x 2 2))(8 cos (x 2 2)) dy
5 2e 3x (3)
5 28 sin2 (x 2 2) 1 8 cos2 (x 2 2) dx
b. f(x) 5 (2 cos x)(sec x)2 5 6e 3x
When x 5 0, y 5 2.
dx
2 2 cos x sec2 x dy
y 2 1 5 2(x 2 0) or 22x 1 y 5 1.
2
1. a. y 5 e 22x a. a(t) 5 vr (t) 5 210ke 2kt
dy 2 5 2k(10e 2kt )
5 24xe 22x
dx 5 2kv(t)
2
dx
2
1
5 33e 2 3e 23x4
dy 1 3x e 2kt 5
dx 2 2
1
5 3e 3x 2 e 23x4
3
2 2
t5 .
dy k
5 2 cos x 2 3(2sin 5x)(5) ln 2
k
dy 5. a. f(x) 5 (cos x)2
5 3 sin2 (x 2 )(cos (x 2 )(2x))
dx d(cos x)
dx
f. y 5 tan "1 2 x 5 2 (cos x) ? (2sin x)
5 sec2 "1 2 x a 3 b (21)
sec2 "1 2 x 5 2 sin2 x 2 2 cos2 x
52 5 2 (sin2 x 2 cos2 x)
2"1 2 x
b. f(x) 5 cos x cot x e x is never equal to zero.
f r(x) 5 (cos x)(2csc2 x) 1 (cot x)(2sin x) (x 1 4) 5 0
1 cos x So x 5 24.
5 2cos x ? 2 ? sin x
sin2 x sin x Therefore, the critical value is 24.
cos x 1 ex (x 1 4)
52 ? 2 cos x Interval
sin x sin x 2
x , 24
5 2cot x csc x 2 cos x
24 , x 1
f s (x) 5
(2cot x)(2csc x cot x) 1 (csc x)(csc2 x) 1 sin x So f(x) is decreasing on the left of x 5 24 and
5 csc x cot2 x 1 csc3 x 1 sin x increasing on the right of x 5 24. Therefore, the
6. f(x) 5 (sin x)2
function has a minimum value at a24, 2 e4 b . There
1
To find the absolute extreme values, first find the
derivative, set it equal to zero, and solve for x. is no maximum value.
d(sin x) 9. f(x) 5 2 cos x 2 sin 2x
f r(x) 5 2 (sin x) ? So, f(x) 5 2 cos x 2 2 sin x cos x.
dx
a. f r (x) 5 22 sin x 2 (2 sin x)(2sin x)
5 2 sin x cos x
2 (cos x)(2 cos x)
5 sin 2x
5 22 sin x 1 2 sin2 x 2 2 cos2 x
Now set f r(x) 5 0 and solve for x.
Set f r(x) 5 0 to solve for the critical values.
0 5 sin 2x
22 sin x 1 2 sin2 x 2 2 cos2 x 5 0
2x 5 0, p, 2p
22 sin x 1 2 sin2 x 2 2(1 2 sin2 x) 5 0
p
x 5 0, , p in the interval 0 # x # p. 22 sin x 1 2 sin2 x 2 2 1 2 sin2 x 5 0
2 4 sin2 x 2 2 sin x 2 2 5 0
Evaluate f(x) at the critical numbers, including the (2 sin x 1 1)(2 sin x 2 2) 5 0
endpoints of the interval. 2 sin x 1 1 5 0 and 2 sin x 2 2 5 0
x 0
p
p So, sinx 5 2 12.
2 p 5p
In the given interval, this occurs when x 5 2 6 , 2 6 .
f(x) 5 (sin 2 x) 0 1 0
Also, sin x 5 1.
p
So, the absolute maximum value on the interval is 1 In the given interval, this occurs when x 5 2 .
p
when x 5 2 and the absolute minimum value on Therefore, on the given interval, the critical
p 5p p
the interval is 0 when x 5 0 and x 5 p. numbers for f(x) are x 5 2 6 , 2 6 , 2 .
7. y 5 f(x) 5 5x b. To determine the intervals where f(x) is increasing
Find the derivative, f r(x), and evaluate the and where f(x) is decreasing, find the slope of f(x)
derivative at x 5 2 to find the slope of the tangent in the intervals between the endpoints and the critical
when x 5 2. numbers. To do this, it helps to make a table.
f r(x) 5 5x ln 5
f r(2) 5 52 ln 5 x slope of f(x)
5 25 ln 5 5p
2p # x , 2 2
8 40.24 6
8. y 5 xe x 1 3e x 5p p
2 ,x,2 1
6 6
To find the maximum and minimum values, first p p
find the derivative, set it equal to zero, and solve 2 ,x, 2
6 2
for x. p
,x#p 2
yr 5 (x)(e x ) 1 (e x )(1) 1 3e x 2
5 xe x 1 e x 1 3e x So, f(x) is increasing on the interval
5 xe x 1 4e x 5p p
5 e x (x 1 4) 2 6 , x , 2 6 and f(x) is decreasing on the
Now set yr 5 0 and solve for x. 5p p
intervals 2p # x , 2 6 and 2 6 , x , p.
0 5 e x (x 1 4)

p 5 lim
5p 5 22
c. f(x) 5 !x 1 3
d. y f(a 1 h) 2 f(a)
4 m 5 lim
hS0 h
3 f(6 1 h) 2 3
2 5 lim
hS0 h
1 !h 1 9 2 3
5 lim
–p 0 h
–p p p x hS0
2 –1 2 ( !h 1 9 2 3)( !h 1 9 1 3)
h( !h 1 9 1 3)
–2 5 lim
hS0
–3 h1929
hS0 h( !h 1 9 1 3)
–4 5 lim
h
hS0 h( !h 1 9 1 3)
5 lim

hS0 ( !h 1 9 1 3)
5 lim
1. a. f(x) 5 3x2 1 4x 2 5 1
f(a 1 h) 2 f(a) 5
m 5 lim 6
hS0 h d. f(x) 5 25x
f(2 1 h) 2 15 f(a 1 h) 2 f(a)
5 lim m 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h
3(2 1 h)2 1 4(2 1 h) 2 5 2 15 25(11h) 2 32
5 lim 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h
2
12 1 12h 1 3h 1 8 1 4h 2 20 25 ? 25h 2 32
5 lim 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h
2
3h 1 16h 32(25h 2 1)
5 lim 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h
5 lim 3h 1 16 5(25h 2 1)
hS0 5 32 lim
5 16 hS0 5h
2 (25h 2 1)
b. f(x) 5 5 160 lim
x21 hS0 5h
f(a 1 h) 2 f(a) 5 160 ln 2
change in time
f(2 1 h) 2 2
5 lim s(t2 ) 2 s(t1 )
hS0 h 5
t2 2 t1
32(4)2 1 3(4) 1 14 2 3(2(1)2 1 3(1) 1 1)4
2
22
21h21
5 lim 5
hS0 h 421
2 2(1 1 h) 45 2 6
2 11h 5
11h 3
5 lim
hS0 h 5 13 m> s
5 lim
hS0 h(1 1 h) s(a 1 h) 2 s(a)
m 5 lim
22h hS0 h
5 lim
hS0 h(1 1 h)

p 5 lim
5p 5 22
c. f(x) 5 !x 1 3
d. y f(a 1 h) 2 f(a)
4 m 5 lim
hS0 h
3 f(6 1 h) 2 3
2 5 lim
hS0 h
1 !h 1 9 2 3
5 lim
–p 0 h
–p p p x hS0
2 –1 2 ( !h 1 9 2 3)( !h 1 9 1 3)
h( !h 1 9 1 3)
–2 5 lim
hS0
–3 h1929
hS0 h( !h 1 9 1 3)
–4 5 lim
h
hS0 h( !h 1 9 1 3)
5 lim

hS0 ( !h 1 9 1 3)
5 lim
1. a. f(x) 5 3x2 1 4x 2 5 1
f(a 1 h) 2 f(a) 5
m 5 lim 6
hS0 h d. f(x) 5 25x
f(2 1 h) 2 15 f(a 1 h) 2 f(a)
5 lim m 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h
3(2 1 h)2 1 4(2 1 h) 2 5 2 15 25(11h) 2 32
5 lim 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h
2
12 1 12h 1 3h 1 8 1 4h 2 20 25 ? 25h 2 32
5 lim 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h
2
3h 1 16h 32(25h 2 1)
5 lim 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h
5 lim 3h 1 16 5(25h 2 1)
hS0 5 32 lim
5 16 hS0 5h
2 (25h 2 1)
b. f(x) 5 5 160 lim
x21 hS0 5h
f(a 1 h) 2 f(a) 5 160 ln 2
change in time
f(2 1 h) 2 2
5 lim s(t2 ) 2 s(t1 )
hS0 h 5
t2 2 t1
32(4)2 1 3(4) 1 14 2 3(2(1)2 1 3(1) 1 1)4
2
22
21h21
5 lim 5
hS0 h 421
2 2(1 1 h) 45 2 6
2 11h 5
11h 3
5 lim
hS0 h 5 13 m> s
5 lim
hS0 h(1 1 h) s(a 1 h) 2 s(a)
m 5 lim
22h hS0 h
5 lim
hS0 h(1 1 h)

s(3 1 h) 2 s(3) Now use the slope of the tangent to determine the
5 lim
hS0 h instantaneous velocity for t 5 5.475:
f(5.475 1 h) 2 f(5.475)
5 lim c
2(3 1 h)2 1 3(3 1 h) 1 1
m 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h
4.9(5.475 1 h)2 2 4.9(5.475)2
d
(2(3)2 1 3(3) 1 1)
2 5 lim
h hS0 h
18 1 12h 1 2h 2 1 9 1 3h 1 1 2 28 146.9 1 53.655h 1 4.9h 2 2 146.9
5 lim 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h
15h 1 2h 2 53.655h 1 4.9h 2
5 lim 5 lim
h hS0 h
5 lim 353.655 1 4.9h4
hS0
5 lim (15 1 2h)
hS0 hS0
5 15 m> s 5 53.655 m> s
f(a 1 h) 2 f(a) 5. a. Average rate of population change
3. m 5 lim
hS0 h p(t2 ) 2 p(t1 )
5
3
(4 1 h) 2 64 f(4 1 h) 2 f(4) t2 2 t1
lim 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h 2(8)2 1 3(8) 1 1 2 (2(0) 1 3(0) 1 1)
5
3
(4 1 h) 2 64 5 f(4 1 h) 2 f(4) 820
Therefore, f(x) 5 x 3. 128 1 24 1 1 2 1
5
4. a. Average rate of change in distance with respect 820
to time is average velocity, so 5 19 thousand fish> year
s(t2 ) 2 s(t1 ) b. Instantaneous rate of population change
average velocity 5
t2 2 t1 p(t 1 h) 2 p(t)
5 lim
s(3) 2 s(1) hS0 h
5
321 p(5 1 h) 2 p(5)
5 lim
4.9(3)2 2 4.9(1) hS0 h
5
5 lim c
321 2(5 1 h)2 1 3(5 1 h) 1 1
5 19.6 m> s hS0 h
b. Instantaneous rate of change in distance with
d
(2(5)2 1 3(5) 1 1)
respect to time 5 slope of the tangent. 2
h
f(a 1 h) 2 f(a) 50 1 20h 1 2h 2 1 15 1 3h 1 1 2 66
m 5 lim 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h
f(2 1 h) 2 f(2) 2h 2 1 23h
5 lim 5 lim
hS0 h hS0 h
4.9(2 1 h)2 2 4.9(2)2 5 lim 2h 1 23
5 lim
5 23 thousand fish> year
hS0
hS0 h
19.6 1 19.6h 1 4.9h 2 2 19.6
5 lim 6. a. i. f(2) 5 3
hS0 h ii. lim2 f(x) 5 1
19.6h 1 4.9h 2 xS2
5 lim iii. lim1 f(x) 5 3
hS0 h xS2
5 lim 19.6 1 4.9h iv. lim f(x) 5 2
hS0
5 19.6 m> s
xS6
b. No, lim f(x) does not exist. In order for the limit
c. First, we need to determine t for the given xS4
distance: to exist, lim2 f(x) and lim1 f(x) must exist and they
xS4 xS4
146.9 5 4.9t 2 must be equal. In this case, lim2 f(x) 5 `, but
29.98 5 t 2 xS4
5.475 5 t lim1 f(x) 5 2 `, so lim f(x) does not exist.

xS4 xS4

7. f(x) is discontinuous at x 5 2. lim2 f(x) 5 5, but !x 1 4 2 !4 2 x
xS2 f. lim
lim f(x) 5 3. xS0 x
xS2 1 ( !x 1 4 2 !4 2 x)( !x 1 4 1 !4 2 x)
x( !x 1 4 1 !4 2 x)
2x 2 1 1 2(0)2 1 1 5 lim
8. a. lim 5 xS0
xS0 x 2 5 025 x 1 4 2 (4 2 x)
xS0 x( !x 1 4 1 !4 2 x)
1 5 lim
52
5 2x
xS0 x( !x 1 4 1 !4 2 x)
x23 5 lim
xS3 !x 1 6 2 3
b. lim
(x 2 3)( !x 1 6 1 3)
2
xS0 ( !x 1 4 1 !4 2 x)
5 lim
xS3 ( !x 1 6 2 3)( !x 1 6 1 3)
5 lim
(x 2 3)( !x 1 6 1 3)
1
5
5 lim 2
xS3 x1629
(x 2 3)( !x 1 6 1 3) 9. a. f(x) 5 3x2 1 x 1 1
5 lim f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
xS3 x23 f r(x) 5 lim
5 lim !x 1 6 1 3 hS0 h
5 lim c
xS3 3(x 1 h)2 1 (x 1 h) 1 1
56 hS0 h
1 1
13
d
x (3x 2 1 x 1 1)
c. lim 2
xS23 x13 h
5 lim c
x13 3x 2 1 6hx 1 6h 2 1 x 1 h
3x h
5 lim hS0
x13
d
2
xS23 1 2 3x 2 x 2 1
x13 1
5 lim h
xS23 3x(x 1 3)
6hx 1 6h 2 1 h
1 5 lim
5 lim hS0 h
xS23 3x
5 lim 6x 1 6h 1 1
1 hS0
52 5 6x 1 1
9
x2 2 4 1
d. lim 2 b. f(x) 5
xS2 x 2 x 2 2
x
(x 1 2)(x 2 2) f(x 1 h) 2 f(x)
5 lim f r(x) 5 lim
xS2 (x 1 1)(x 2 2) hS0 h
1 1
x12 2x
5 lim 5 lim x 1 h
xS2 x 1 1 hS0 h
4 x 2 (x 1 h)
5 5 lim
3 hS0 h(x)(x 1 h)
x22
e. lim 3 2h
xS2 x 2 8 5 lim
hS0 h(x)(x 1 h)
x22
5 lim 21
2
xS2 (x 2 2)(x 1 2x 1 4) 5 lim
hS0 x(x 1 h)
1
5 lim 2 1
xS2 x 1 2x 1 4 52 2
x
1
5 10. a. To determine the derivative, use the power rule:
12 y 5 x 3 2 4x 2 1 5x 1 2
dy
5 3x 2 2 8x 1 5
dx

b. To determine the derivative, use the chain rule: dy
5 236(x 1 2)23
y 5 "2x 3 1 1 dx
dy 1 236
5 (6x 2 ) 5
dx 2"2x 3 1 1 (x 1 2)3
3x 2 236
5 m5
"2x 3 1 1
(x 1 2)3
c. To determine the derivative, use the quotient rule: 236 24
5 5
2x 27 3
y5 Since we have a given point and we know the slope,
x13
dy 2(x 1 3) 2 2x use point-slope form to write the equation of the
5 tangent line:
dx (x 1 3)2
24
6 y225 (x 2 1)
5 3
(x 1 3)2 3y 2 6 5 24x 1 4
d. To determine the derivative, use the product rule: 4x 1 3y 2 10 5 0
y 5 (x 2 1 3)2 (4x 5 1 5x 1 1) 12. The intersection point of the two curves
dy occurs when
5 2(x 2 1 3)(2x)(4x 5 1 5x 1 1)
dx x 2 1 9x 1 9 5 3x
1 (x 2 1 3)2 (20x 4 1 5) x 2 1 6x 1 9 5 0
5 4x(x 2 1 3)(4x 5 1 5x 1 1) (x 1 3)2 5 0
1 (x 2 1 3)2 (20x 4 1 5) x 5 23.
e. To determine the derivative, use the quotient rule: At a point x, the slope of the line tangent to the
curve y 5 x 2 1 9x 1 9 is given by
(4x 2 1 1)5
y5 dy d 2
(3x 2 2)3 5 (x 1 9x 1 9)
dx dx
dy 5(4x 2 1 1)4 (8x)(3x 2 2)3 5 2x 1 9.
5
dx (3x 2 2)6 At x 5 23, this slope is 2(23) 1 9 5 3.
3(3x 2 2)2 (3)(4x 2 1 1)5 d
2 13. a. pr(t) 5 (2t2 1 6t 1 1100)
(3x 2 2)6 dt
5 (4x 2 1 1)4 (3x 2 2)2 5 4t 1 6
40x(3x 2 2) 2 9(4x 2 1 1) b. 1990 is 10 years after 1980, so the rate of change
3 of population in 1990 corresponds to the value
(3x 2 2)6
pr (10) 5 4(10) 1 6
(4x 2 1 1)4 (120x 2 2 80x 2 36x 2 2 9) 5 46 people per year.
5
(3x 2 2)4 c. The rate of change of the population will be 110
(4x 2 1 1)4 (84x 2 2 80x 2 9) people per year when
5
(3x 2 2)4 4t 1 6 5 110
f. y 5 3x 2 1 (2x 1 1)34 5 t 5 26.
Use the chain rule This corresponds to 26 years after 1980, which is
the year 2006.
5 53x 2 1 (2x 1 1)34 4 32x 1 6(2x 1 1)24
dy
dx d
14. a. f r(x) 5 (x 5 2 5x 3 1 x 1 12)
11. To determine the equation of the tangent line, dx
we need to determine its slope at the point (1, 2). 5 5x 4 2 15x 2 1 1
To do this, determine the derivative of y and d
f s (x) 5 (5x 4 2 15x 2 1 1)
evaluate for x 5 1: dx
18 5 20x 3 2 30x
y5
(x 1 2)2
5 18(x 1 2)22

b. f(x) can be rewritten as f(x) 5 22x 22
1
b. f(x) can be rewritten as f(x) 5 x 1 x 22
d d
(22x 22 )
1
f r(x) 5 f r (x) 5 (x 1 x 22 )
dx dx
5 4x 23 1 3
4 5 1 1 2 x 22
5 3 2
x 1
d 512
f s (x) 5 (4x 23 ) 2"x 3
dx On this interval, x $ 1, so the fraction on the right
5 212x 24 is always less than or equal to 12. This means that
12 f r(x) . 0 on this interval and so the extreme values
52 4
x occur at the endpoints.
1
c. f(x) can be rewritten as f(x) 5 4x 22 1
!1
f(1) 5 1 1 52
d 1
f r(x) 5 (4x 2 2 )
dx 1 1
!9
3 f(9) 5 9 1 59
5 22x22 3
2 The maximum value is 9 13, and the minimum
52
"x 3 value is 2.
ex
c. f r (x) 5 a b
d 3 d
f s (x) 5 (22x 22 )
dx dx 1 1 e x
5
5 3x 22 (1 1 e x )(e x ) 2 (e x )(e x )
3 5
5 (1 1 e x )2
"x 5 e x
d. f(x) can be rewritten as f(x) 5 x 4 2 x 24 5
(1 1 e x )2
d 4 x
f r(x) 5 (x 2 x 24 ) Since e is never equal to zero, f r(x) is never zero,
dx and so the extreme values occur at the endpoints of
5 4x 3 1 4x 25 the interval.
4 e0 1
5 4x 3 1 5 f(0) 5
x 0 5
11e 2
d e4
f s (x) 5 (4x 3 1 4x 25 ) f(4) 5
dx 1 1 e4
5 12x 2 2 20x 26 e4
The maximum value is 1 1 e 4, and the minimum
20 value is 12.
5 12x 2 2 6
x d
15. Extreme values of a function on an interval will d. f r(x) 5 (2 sin (4x) 1 3)
dx
only occur at the endpoints of the interval or at a 5 8 cos (4x)
critical point of the function. p
Cosine is 0 when its argument is a multiple of 2
d 3p
a. f r (x) 5 (1 1 (x 1 3)2 ) or 2 .
dx
5 2(x 1 3) p 3p
4x 5 1 2kp or 4x 5 1 2kp
The only place where f r(x) 5 0 is at x 5 23, but 2 2
that point is outside of the interval in question. The p p 3p p
x5 1 k x5 1 k
extreme values therefore occur at the endpoints of 8 2 8 2
the interval: p 3p 5p 7p
Since xP30, p4, x 5 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 .
f(22) 5 1 1 (22 1 3)2 5 2
f(6) 5 1 1 (6 1 3)2 5 82 Also test the function at the endpoints of the interval.
The maximum value is 82, and the minimum f(0) 5 2 sin 0 1 3 5 3
f a b 5 2 sin 1 3 5 5
value is 6 p p
8 2

17.
fa b 5 2 sin
3p 3p
1351
8 2 w
f a b 5 2 sin
5p 5p
1355
8 2 l
f a b 5 2 sin
7p 7p Let the length and width of the field be l and w, as
1351 shown. The total amount of fencing used is then
8 2
f(p) 5 2 sin (4p) 1 3 5 3 2l 1 5w. Since there is 750 m of fencing available,
The maximum value is 5, and the minimum this gives
value is 1. 2l 1 5w 5 750
16. a. The velocity of the particle is given by 5
l 5 375 2 w
v(t) 5 sr (t) 2
d The total area of the pens is
5 (3t 3 2 40.5t 2 1 162t) A 5 lw
dt
5 9t 2 2 81t 1 162. 5
5 375w 2 w 2
The acceleration is 2
a(t) 5 vr (t) The maximum value of this area can be found by
d expressing A as a function of w and examining its
5 (9t 2 2 81t 1 162) derivative to determine critical points.
dt
5 18t 2 81 A(w) 5 375w 2 52w 2, which is defined for 0 # w
b. The object is stationary when v(t) 5 0: and 0 # l. Since l 5 375 2 52w, 0 # l gives the
9t 2 2 81t 1 162 5 0 restriction w # 150. The maximum area is therefore
9(t 2 6)(t 2 3) 5 0 the maximum value of the function A(w) on the
t 5 6 or t 5 3 interval 0 # w # 150.
a375w 2 w 2 b
The object is advancing when v(t) . 0 and retreating d 5
Ar(w) 5
when v(t) , 0. Since v(t) is the product of two dw 2
linear factors, its sign can be determined using the 5 375 2 5w
signs of the factors: Setting Ar (w) 5 0 shows that w 5 75 is the only
critical point of the function. The only values of
t-values t23 t26 v(t) Object
interest are therefore:
0,t,3 ,0 ,0 .0 Advancing
5
3,t,6 .0 ,0 ,0 Retreating A(0) 5 375(0) 2 (0)2 5 0
2
6,t,8 .0 .0 .0 Advancing 5
A(75) 5 375(75) 2 (75)2 5 14 062.5
2
c. The velocity of the object is unchanging when the 5
acceleration is 0; that is, when A(150) 5 375(150) 2 (150)2 5 0
2
a(t) 5 18t 2 81 5 0
The maximum area is 14 062.5 m2
t 5 4.5
18. r
d. The object is decelerating when a(t) , 0, which
occurs when
18t 2 81 , 0 h
0 # t , 4.5
e. The object is accelerating when a(t) . 0, which
occurs when
18t 2 81 . 0 Let the height and radius of the can be h and r, as
4.5 , t # 8 shown. The total volume of the can is then pr 2h.
The volume of the can is also give at 500 mL, so
pr 2h 5 500
500
h5
pr 2

The total surface area of the can is 20
r3 5
A 5 2prh 1 2pr 2 0.02p
1000 r 8 6.8
5 1 2pr 2
r Using the max min algorithm:
The minimum value of this surface area can be C(1) 5 20.03, C(6.8) 5 4.39, C(36) 5 41.27.
found by expressing A as a function of r and The dimensions for the cheapest container are a
examining its derivative to determine critical points. radius of 6.8 cm and a height of 27.5 cm.
1000
A(r) 5 1 2pr 2, which is defined for 0 , r and 20. a. Let the length, width, and depth be l, w, and
r
d, respectively. Then, the given information is that
500
0 , h. Since h 5 pr 2 , 0 , h gives no additional l 5 x, w 5 x, and
restriction on r. The maximum area is therefore the l 1 w 1 d 5 140. Substituting gives
maximum value of the function A(r) on the interval 2x 1 d 5 140
d 5 140 2 2x
0 , r.
b. The volume of the box is V 5 lwh. Substituting
Ar(r) 5 a 1 2pr 2 b
d 1000
in the values from part a. gives
dr r
V 5 (x)(x)(140 2 2x)
1000 5 140x 2 2 2x 3
5 2 2 1 4pr
r In order for the dimensions of the box to make sense,
The critical points of A(r) can be found by setting the inequalities l $ 0, w $ 0, and h $ 0 must be
Ar(r) 5 0:
satisfied. The first two give x $ 0, the third requires
1000
2 1 4pr 5 0 x # 70. The maximum volume is therefore the
r2
4pr 3 5 1000 maximum value of V(x) 5 140x 2 2 2x 3 on the
r 5 # 1000 8 4.3 cm interval 0 # x # 70, which can be found by
3
4p determining the critical points of the derivative Vr(x).
So r 5 4.3 cm is the only critical point of the d
function. This gives the value Vr(x) 5 (140x 2 2 2x 3 )
dx
500 5 280x 2 6x 2
h5 8 8.6 cm.
p(4.3)2 5 2x(140 2 3x)
19. r Setting Vr (x) 5 0 shows that x 5 0 and
140
x 5 3 8 46.7 are the critical points of the function.
h The maximum value therefore occurs at one of these
points or at one of the endpoints of the interval:
V(0) 5 140(0)2 2 2(0)3 5 0
Let the radius be r and the height h. V(46.7) 5 140(46.7)2 2 2(46.7)3 5 101 629.5
Minimize the cost: V(0) 5 140(70)2 2 2(70)3 5 0
C 5 2pr 2 (0.005) 1 2prh(0.0025) So the maximum volume is 101 629.5 cm3, from a
V 5 pr2 h 5 4000 box with length and width 46.7 cm and depth
4000 140 2 2(46.7) 5 46.6 cm.
h5 21. The revenue function is
pr 2
R(x) 5 x(50 2 x 2 )
C(r) 5 2pr 2 (0.005) 1 2pr a b (0.0025)
4000
5 50x 2 x 3. Its maximum for x $ 0 can be
pr 2
found by examining its derivative to determine
20 critical points.
5 0.01pr 2 1 , 1 # r # 36
r d
20 Rr(x) 5 (50x 2 x 3 )
C r (r) 5 0.02pr 2 2 . dx
r 5 50 2 3x 2
For a maximum or minimum value, let C r(r) 5 0.
The critical points can be found by setting Rr (x) 5 0:
20
0.02pr 2 2 50 50 2 3x 2 5 0
r2
50
Å3
x5 6 8 64.1
Only the positive root is of interest since the number function whose graph opens downward with vertex
of MP3 players sold must be positive. The number at 38 13 , we know P(38) . P(39).)
must also be an integer, so both x 5 4 and x 5 5 P(0) 5 126 000
must be tested to see which is larger. P(38) 5 (3860)(118) 2 250 000 2 300(118)
R(4) 5 50(4) 2 43 5 136 5 170 080
R(4) 5 50(5) 2 53 5 125 P(39) 5 (3830)(119) 2 250 000 2 300(119)
So the maximum possible revenue is $136, coming 5 170 070
from a sale of 4 MP3 players. P(70) 5 (2900)(150) 2 250 000 2 300(150)
22. Let x be the fare, and p(x) be the number of 5 140 000
passengers per year. The given information shows The price per person should be lowered by $1140
that p is a linear function of x such that an increase (38 decrements of $30) to realize a maximum profit
of 10 in x results in a decrease of 1000 in p. This of $170 080.
means that the slope of the line described by p(x) is dy d
21000 24. a. 5 (25x 2 1 20x 1 2)
10 5 2100. Using the initial point given, dx dx
p(x) 5 2100(x 2 50) 1 10 000 5 210x 1 20
5 2100x 1 15 000 dy
Setting dx 5 0 shows that x 5 2 is the only critical
The revenue function can now be written:
R(x) 5 xp(x) number of the function.
5 x(2100x 1 15 000) x x,2 x52 x.2
5 15 000x 2 100x 2 y9 1 0 2
Its maximum for x $ 0 can be found by examining Graph Inc. Local Max Dec.
its derivative to determine critical points.
d dy d
Rr (x) 5 (15 000x 2 100x 2 ) b. 5 (6x 2 1 16x 2 40)
dx dx dx
5 15 000 2 200x 5 12x 1 16
dy
Setting Rr (x) 5 0 shows that x 5 75 is the only Setting dx 5 0 shows that x 5 2 43 is the only
critical point of the function. The problem states critical number of the function.
that only $10 increases in fare are possible, however,
so the two nearest must be tried to determine the 4 4 4
x x,2 x52 x.2
3 3 3
maximum possible revenue:
R(70) 5 15 000(70) 2 100(70)2 5 560 000 y9 2 0 1
R(80) 5 15 000(80) 2 100(80)2 5 560 000 Graph Dec. Local Min Inc.
So the maximum possible revenue is $560 000,
which can be achieved by a fare of either $70 or $80. dy d
c. 5 (2x 3 2 24x)
23. Let the number of $30 price reductions be n. dx dx
The resulting number of tourists will be 80 1 n 5 6x 2 2 24
dy
where 0 # n # 70. The price per tourist will be The critical numbers are found by setting dx 5 0:
5000 2 30n dollars. The revenue to the travel 6x 2 2 24 5 0
agency will be (5000 2 30n)(80 1 n) dollars. The 6x 2 5 24
cost to the agency will be 250 000 1 300(80 1 n) x 5 62
dollars. x x , 22 x 5 22 22 , x , 2 x52 x.2
Profit 5 Revenue 2 Cost y9 1 0 2 0 1
P(n) 5 (5000 2 30n)(80 1 n) Graph Inc. Local Max Dec. Local Min Inc.
2 250 000 2 300(80 1 n), 0 # n # 70
P r (n) 5 230(80 1 n) 1 (5000 2 30n)(1) 2 300
a b
dy d x
5 2300 2 60n d. 5
dx dx x 2 2
1 (x 2 2)(1) 2 x(1)
P r(n) 5 0 when n 5 38 5
3 (x 2 2)2
Since n must be an integer, we now evaluate P(n)
22
for n 5 0, 38, 39, and 70. (Since P(n) is a quadratic 5
(x 2 2)2
This derivative is never equal to zero, so the To check for a horizontal asymptote:
function has no critical numbers. Since the 4x 3 x 3 (4)
lim 2 5 lim
xS` x 2 1
numerator is always negative and the denominator
is never negative, the derivative is always negative.
xS` 2
x 12 2 ( x
1
)
This means that the function is decreasing x(4)
5 lim 1
everywhere it is defined, that is, x 2 2. xS`
1 2 x2
25. a. This function is discontinuous when
x2 2 9 5 0 lim (x(4))
xS`
x 5 63. The numerator is non-zero at these 5
points, so these are the equations of the vertical (
lim 1 2 x 2
xS`
1
)
asymptotes. lim (x) 3 lim (4)
To check for a horizontal asymptote: 5 xS` xS`
lim 2
8
5 lim
8
lim 1 2 x 2 ( 1
)
x a1 2 2 b
xS` x 2 9 xS` 2 9 xS`
x 4
5 lim (x) 3
lim (8) xS` 120
5 xS` 5`
lim x 2 a1 2 2 b
9 4x 3
Similarly, lim x 2 2 1 5 lim (x) 5 2`, so this
xS` x xS 2` xS 2`
lim (8) function has no horizontal asymptote.

xS`
5 To check for an oblique asymptote:
lim (x)2 3 lim a1 2 2 b
9 4x
xS` xS` x 2
q 3 2
x 2 1 4x 1 0x 1 0x 1 0
1 8 4x3 1 0x2 2 4x
5 lim 2 3
xS` x 120 0 1 0 1 4x 1 0
50 So y can be written in the form
8 4x
Similarly, lim x 2 2 9 5 0, so y 5 0 is a horizontal y 5 4x 1 2 . Since
xS2` x 21
asymptote of the function. 4x x(4)
There is no oblique asymptote because the degree lim 2 5 lim
xS` x 2 1
of the numerator does not exceed the degree of the
xS` 2
(
x 12 2
1
x
)
denominator by 1. 4
Local extrema can be found by examining the 5 lim
derivative to determine critical points:
xS`
(
x 1 2 x2
1
)
(x 2 2 9)(0) 2 (8)(2x) lim (4)
yr 5
(x 2 2 9)2 5 xS`
5 2
216x ((
lim x 1 2 x 2
xS`
1
))
(x 2 9)2
Setting yr 5 0 shows that x 5 0 is the only critical lim (4)
xS`
point of the function. 5
x x,0 x50 x.0

lim (x) 3 lim 1 2 x 2
xS` xS`
( 1
)
5 lim a b 3
y9 1 0 1 1 4
Graph Inc. Local Max Dec. x 120
5 0,
So (0, 2 89 ) is a local maximum. 4x
b. This function is discontinuous when and similarly lim x 2 2 1 5 0, the line y 5 4x is an
xS 2`
x2 2 1 5 0 asymptote to the function y.
x 5 61. The numerator is non-zero at these Local extrema can be found by examining the
points, so these are the equations of the vertical derivative to determine critical points:
asymptotes.
(x 2 2 1)(12x 2 ) 2 (4x 3 )(2x) 5 24x 1 12
yr 5 Letting f r(x) 5 0 shows that x 5 22 and x 5 1 are
(x 2 2 1)2
12x 4 2 12x 2 2 8x 4 critical points of the function. Letting ys 5 0 shows
5 that x 5 2 12 is an inflection point of the function.
(x 2 2 1)2
4x 4 2 12x 2
5
(x 2 2 1)2 1
Setting yr 5 0: x x , 22 x 5 22 22 , x x52
2
4x 4 2 12x 2 5 0 y9 1 0 2 2
x 2 (x 2 2 3) 5 0 Graph Inc. Local Max Dec. Dec.
so x 5 0, x 5 6 !3 are the critical points of the y0 2 2 2 0
function
(2!3, 26!3) is a local maximum, ( !3, 6 !3) is
Concavity Down Down Down Infl.
a local minimum, and (0, 0) is neither. 1

x 2 ,x,1 x51 x.1
x , 2 !3 x 5 2 !3 2 !3 , x , 0
2
x x50
y9 2 0 1
y9 1 0 2 0
Graph Inc. Local Max Dec. Horiz.
y0 1 1 1
x 0 , x , !3 x 5 !3 x . !3 Concavity Up Up Up
y9 2 0 2
y
20
26. a. This function is continuous everywhere, so it 10
has no vertical asymptotes. To check for a horizontal x
asymptote: –3 –2 –1 0 1 2
–10
lim (4x 3 1 6x 2 2 24x 2 2)
xS`
y = 4x3 + 6x2 – 24x – 2
5 lim x a4 1 2 2 2 3 b
3 6 24 2
xS` x x x b. This function is discontinuous when
x2 2 4 5 0
5 lim (x 3 ) 3 lim a4 1 2 2 2 3 b
6 24 2
(x 1 2)(x 2 2) 5 0
xS` xS` x x x
x 5 2 or x 5 22. The numerator is non-zero at
5 lim (x 3 ) 3 (4 1 0 2 0 2 0) these points, so the function has vertical asymptotes
xS`
5` at both of them. The behaviour of the function near
Similarly, these asymptotes is:
lim (4x 3 1 6x 2 2 24x 2 2) 5 lim (x 3 ) 5 2`, x-values 3x x12 x22 y lim y
xS`
xS2` xS 2`
2
so this function has no horizontal asymptote. x S 22 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 2`
1
The y-intercept can be found by letting x 5 0, x S 22 ,0 .0 ,0 .0 1`
which gives y 5 4(0)3 1 6(0)2 2 24(0) 2 2 x S 22 .0 .0 ,0 ,0 2`
5 22 x S 21 .0 .0 .0 .0 1`
The derivative is of the function is
d To check for a horizontal asymptote:
yr 5 (4x 3 1 6x 2 2 24x 2 2) 3x x(3)
dx lim 2 5 lim
xS` x 2 4 4
5 12x 2 1 12x 2 24
5 12(x 1 2)(x 2 1), and the second derivative is
xS` 2
x 1 2 x2 ( )
d 3
ys 5 (12x 2 1 12x 2 24) 5 lim
dx xS`
(
x 1 2 x2
4
)
lim (3) y
5 xS`
6 3x
y = ——–—
x2 – 4
(( 4
lim x 1 2 2
xS` x
)) 4
2
lim (3) x
xS`
5 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2
(
lim (x) 3 lim 1 2 x 2
xS` xS`
4
) –4
1 3 –6
5 lim 3
xS` x 120
50 d
27. a. f r(x) 5 ((24)e 5x11 )
3x dx
Similarly, lim 2 5 0, so y 5 0 is a horizontal d
xS` x 2 4 5 (24)e 5x11 3 (5x 1 1)
asymptote of the function. dx
This function has y 5 0 when x 5 0, so the origin is 5 (220)e 5x11
both the x- and y-intercept. d
The derivative is b. f r (x) 5 (xe 3x )
dx
(x 2 2 4)(3) 2 (3x)(2x) d
yr 5 5 xe 3x 3 (3x) 1 (1)e 3x
(x 2 2 4)2 dx
23x 2 2 12 5 e 3x (3x 1 1)
5 , and the second derivative is d
(x 2 2 4)2 c. yr 5 (63x28 )
(x 2 2 4)2 (26x) dx
ys 5 d
(x 2 2 4)4 5 (ln 6)63x28 3 (3x 2 8)
dx
(23x 2 2 12)(2(x 2 2 4)(2x))
2 5 (3 ln 6)63x28
(x 2 2 4)4 d
26x 1 24x 1 12x 3 1 48x
3 d. yr 5 (e sin x )
5 dx
(x 2 2 4)3 d
5 e sin x 3 (sin x)
6x 3 1 72x dx
5
(x 2 2 4)3 5 (cos x)e sin x
The critical points of the function can be found by 28. The slope of the tangent line at x 5 1 can be
dy
letting yr 5 0, so found by evaluating the derivative dx for x 5 1:
23x 2 2 12 5 0 dy d 2x21
x 2 1 4 5 0. This has no real solutions, so the 5 (e )
dx dx
function y has no critical points. d
The inflection points can be found by letting 5 e 2x21 3 (2x 2 1)
dx
ys 5 0, so 5 2e 2x21
6x 3 1 72x 5 0 Substituting x 5 1 shows that the slope is 2e. The
6x(x 2 1 12) 5 0 value of the original function at x 5 1 is e, so the
The only real solution to this equation is x 5 0, so equation of the tangent line at x 5 1 is
that is the only possible inflection point. y 5 2e(x 2 1) 1 e.
x x , 22 22 , x , 0 x50 0,x,2 x.2 29. a. The maximum of the function modelling the
number of bacteria infected can be found by
y9 2 2 2 2 2
examining its derivative.
Graph Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec.
d t
y0 2 1 0 2 1 N r(t) 5 ((15t)e 2 5 )
dt
Concavity Down Up Infl. Down Up
5 15te 25 3 a2 b 1 (15)e 25
t d t t
dt 5
t
5 e25 (15 2 3t)

Setting Nr(t) 5 0 shows that t 5 5 is the only dy d
f. 5 (sin (cos x 2 ))
critical point of the function (since the exponential dx dx
function is never zero). The maximum number of d
infected bacteria therefore occurs after 5 days. 5 cos (cos x 2 ) 3 (cos x 2 )
5
dx
b. N(5) 5 (15(5))e 25 d
5 27 bacteria 5 cos (cos x 2 ) 3 (2sin x 2 ) 3 (x 2 )
dx
dy d 5 22x sin x 2 cos(cos x 2 )
30. a. 5 (2 sin x 2 3 cos 5x)
dx dx 31.
d
5 2 cos x 2 3(2sin 5x) 3 (5x) l2
dx
5 2 cos x 1 15 sin 5x u
dy d 100
b. 5 (sin 2x 1 1)4
dx dx
d l1
5 4(sin 2x 1 1)3 3 (sin 2x 1 1)
dx 250
d
5 4(sin 2x 1 1)3 3 (cos 2x) 3 (2x)
dx
u
5 8 cos 2x(sin 2x 1 1)3
1
c. y can be rewritten as y 5 (x 2 1 sin 3x)2 . Then, As shown in the diagram, let u be the angle between
dy d 1 the ladder and the ground, and let the total length
5 (x 2 1 sin 3x)2
dx dx of the ladder be l 5 l1 1 l2, where l1 is the length
1 2 1 d from the ground to the top corner of the shed and
5 (x 1 sin 3x)22 3 (x 2 1 sin 3x) l2is the length from the corner of the shed to the
2 dx
1 1
wall.
5 (x 2 1 sin 3x)22 250 100
2 sin u 5 cos u 5
l1 l2
3 a2x 1 cos 3x 3
d
(3x)b l1 5 250 csc u l2 5 100 sec u
dx
2x 1 3 cos 3x l 5 250 csc u 1 100 sec u
2 !x 2 1 sin 3x
5 dl
5 2250 csc u cot u 1 100 sec u tan u
du
a b
dy d sin x
d. 5 250 cos u 100 sin u
dx dx cos x 1 2 52 1
sin2 u cos2 u
(cos x 1 2)(cos x) 2 (sin x)(2sin x)
5 dl
(cos x 1 2)2 To determine the minimum, solve du 5 0.
cos2 x 1 sin2 x 1 2 cos x 250 cos u 100 sin u
5 5
(cos x 1 2)2 2
sin u cos2 u
1 1 2 cos x 250 cos u 5 100 sin3 u
3
5
(cos x 1 2)2 2.5 5 tan3 u
dy d tan u 5 "2.5
3
e. 5 (tan x 2 2 tan2 x)
dx dx u 8 0.94
d d At u 5 0.94, l 5 250 csc 0.94 1 100 sec 0.94
5 sec2 x 2 3 (x 2 )
dx dx 8 479 cm
d The shortest ladder is about 4.8 m long.
2 2 tan x 3 (tan x) 32. The longest rod that can fit around the corner is
dx
5 2x sec2 x 2 2 2 tan x sec2 x determined by the minimum value of x 1 y. So,
determine the minimum value of l 5 x 1 y.

dl
y 3
u 3 sin3 u 2 3 cos3 u 5 0
tan3 u 5 1
x tan u 5 1
u p
u5
3 4
3 3
So l 5 p 1 p
3 3 cos 4 sin 4
From the diagram, sin u 5 y and cos u 5 x. So,
5 3 !2 1 3 !2
l5
3
1
3
,
p
for 0 # u # 2 . 5 6 !2
cos u sin u
p
dl 3 sin u 3 cos u When u 5 0 or u 5 2 , the longest possible rod
5 2
du cos2 u sin2 u would have a length of 3 m. Therefore the longest
3 sin u 2 3 cos3 u
3 rod that can be carried horizontally around the
5
cos2 u sin2 u corner is one of length 6 !2, or about 8.5 m.

CHAPTER 6
Introduction to Vectors
Review of Prerequisite Skills, p. 273 52 1 82 2 102
5
2(5)(8)
"3 1 "2 211
1. a. c. e. 5
2 2 2 80
"3 /A 8 97.9°
b. 2"3 d. f. 1 Find /B using the sine law.
2
2. Find BC using the Pythagorean theorem, sin B sin A
5
AC 2 5 AB 2 1 BC 2. b a
BC 2 5 AC 2 2 AB 2 sin B sin (97.9°)
5 102 2 62 5
5 10
5 64 sin B 8 0.5
BC 5 8 /B 8 29.7°
opposite
Next, use the ratio tan A 5 adjacent . Find /C using the sine law.
BC sin C sin A
tan A 5 5
AB c a
8 sin C sin (97.9°)
5 5
6 8 10
4 sin C 8 0.8
5
3 /C 8 52.4°
3. a. To solve D ABC, find measures of the sides and 4. Since the sum of the internal angles of a triangle
angles whose values are not given: AB, /B, and equals 180°, determine the measure of /Z using
/C. Find AB using the Pythagorean theorem, /X 5 60° and /Y 5 70°.
BC 2 5 AB 2 1 AC 2. /Z 5 180°2 (/X 1 /Y)
AB 2 5 BC 2 2 AC 2 5 180°2 (60° 1 70°)
5 (37.0)2 2 (22.0)2 5 50°
5 885 Find XY and YZ using the sine law.
AB 5 "885 XY XY
5
8 29.7 sin Y sin Z
opposite
Find /B using the ratio sin B 5 hypotenuse. XY 6
5
AC sin 70° sin 50°
sin B 5
BC XZ 8 7.36
22.0 YZ XY
5 5
37.0 sin X sin Z
/B 8 36.5° YZ 6
5
/C 5 90° 2 /B sin 60° sin 50°
/C 5 90° 2 36.5° YZ 8 6.78
/C 8 53.5° 5. Find each angle using the cosine law.
b. Find measures of the angles whose values are not RS 2 1 RT 2 2 ST 2
given. Find /A using the cosine law, cos R 5
2(RS)(RT)
b2 1 c2 2 a2 42 1 72 2 52
cos A 5 . 5
2bc 2(4)(7)

5 8. C
5
7
/R 8 44°
RS 2 1 ST 2 2 RT 2 100 km/h
cos S 5
2(RS)(ST)
42 1 5 2 2 72
5 48°
2(4)(5) A T
1 80 km/h
52
5 Find AC and AT using the speed of each vehicle and
/S 8 102° the elapsed time (in hours) until it was located,
RT 2 1 ST 2 2 RS 2 distance 5 speed 3 time.
cos T 5
2(RT)(ST) 1
AC 5 100 km>h 3 h
72 1 52 2 42 4
5
2(7)(5) 5 25 km
29 1
5 AT 5 80 km>h 3 h
35 3
/T 8 34° 2
5 26 km
6. A 3
3.5 km Find CT using the cosine law.
T CT 2 5 AC 2 1 AT 2 2 2(AC)(AT) cos A
70°
5 (25 km)2 1 a26 kmb
2
2
3
2 2(25 km) a26 kmb cos 48°
2
6 km 3
8 443.94 km2
CT 8 21.1 km
9. A
B
5 cm
Find AB (the distance between the airplanes) using
the cosine law.
AB 2 5 AT 2 1 BT 2 2 2(AT)(BT)cos T 5 cm
5 (3.5 km)2 1 (6 km)2 B C
2 2(3.5 km)(6 km) cos 70° C
8 33.89 km2 The pentagon can be divided into 10 congruent
AB 8 5.82 km right triangles with height AC and base BC.
7. P 10 3 /A 5 360°
2 km 7 km
142° /A 5 36°
Q R
Find AC and BC using trigonometric ratios.
Find QR using the cosine law. AC 5 AB 3 cos A
QR 2 5 PQ 2 1 PR 2 2 2(PQ)(PR) cos P 5 5 cos 36°
5 (2 km)2 1 (7 km)2 8 4.0 cm
2 2(2 km)(7 km) cos 142° BC 5 AB 3 sin A
8 75.06 km2 5 5 sin 36°
QR 8 8.66 km 8 2.9 cm
The area of the pentagon is the sum of the areas of
the 10 right triangles. Use the area of ÂBC to
determine the area of the pentagon.
6-2 Chapter 6: Introduction to Vectors
1 3. Answers may vary. For example: Friction resists
Areapentagon 5 10 3 (BC)(AC)
2 the motion between two surfaces in contact by
1 acting in the opposite direction of motion.
5 10 3 (2.9 cm)(4.0 cm) • A rolling ball stops due to friction which resists
2
5 59.4 cm2 the direction of motion.
• A swinging pendulum stops due to friction
resisting the swinging pendulum.
6.1 An Introduction to Vectors, 4. Answers may vary. For> example:
> > > > > > >
pp. 279–281 a. AD> 5 BC; AB > 5> DC ; AE> 5 EC
> ; DE 5 > EB
1. a. False. Two vectors with the same magnitude b. AD> 5 2CB> ; AB> 5 2CD > ; AE 5 2CE;
can have different directions, so they are not equal. ED 5> 2EB;> DA> 5 2BC > > > > >
b. True. Equal vectors have the same direction and c. AC & DB; AE & EB; EC & DE; AB & CB
the same magnitude. 5.
B H
D
c. False. Equal or opposite vectors must be parallel E
and have the same magnitude. If two parallel vectors
have different magnitude, they cannot be equal or J
opposite.
d. False. Equal or opposite vectors must be parallel A
and have the same magnitude. Two vectors with the C
F I
same magnitude can have directions that are not
parallel, so they are not equal or opposite.
2. Vectors must have a magnitude and direction. For G
some scalars, it is clear what is meant by just the > >
number. Other scalars are related to the magnitude a. AB> 5 CD >
b. AB > 5 2EF>
c. @ AB @ 5 @ EF @ but AB 2 EF
of a vector. > >
• Height is a scalar. Height is the distance (see below) > >
from one end to the other end. No direction is given. d. GH> 5 2AB>
• Temperature is a scalar. Negative temperatures are e. AB 5 22JI
below freezing, but this is not a direction.
• Weight is a vector. It is the force (see below) of
gravity acting on your mass.
• Mass is a scalar. There is no direction given.
• Area is a scalar. It is the amount space inside a
two-dimensional object. It does not have
direction.
• Volume is a scalar. It is the amount of space inside
a three-dimensional object. No direction is given.
• Distance is a scalar. The distance between two 6. a. b. c. d. e.
points does not have direction.
• Displacement is a vector. Its magnitude is related
to the scalar distance, but it gives a direction.
• Speed is a scalar. It is the rate of change of
distance (a scalar) with respect to time, but does
not give a direction.
• Force is a vector. It is a push or pull in a certain 7. a. 100 km> h, south
direction. b. 50 km> h, west
• Velocity is a vector. It is the rate of change of c. 100 km> h, northeast
displacement (a vector) with respect to time. Its d. 25 km> h, northwest
magnitude is related to the scalar speed. e. 60 km> h, east

8. a. 400 km> h, due south 15 km> h and the track is 1 km in circumference, he
b. 70 km> h, southwesterly can run around the track 15 times in one hour. That
c. 30 km> h southeasterly means each lap takes him 4 minutes. 78 of 4 minutes
d. 25 km> h, due east is 3.5 minutes.
9. a. i. False. They have equal magnitude, but f. When he has travelled 38 of a lap, James will be
opposite direction. halfway between B and C and will be heading
ii. True. They have equal magnitude. southwest. >
iii. True. The base has sides of equal length, so the 11. a. Find the magnitude of AB using the distance
vectors have equal magnitude. formula.
@ AB @ 5 " (xA 2 xB )2 1 (yB 2 yA )2
>
iv. True. They have equal magnitude and direction.
5 " (24 1 1)2 1 (3 2 2)2
b. E H
F G
5> "10> or 3.16
>
b. CD 5 AB. AB moves from A(24, 2) to
B(21, 3) or (xB, yB ) 5 (xA 1 3, yA 1 1). Use this
to find point D.
(xD, yD ) 5 (xC 1 3, yC 1 1)
5 (26 1 3, 0 1 1)
5 (23, 1)
> >
c. EF 5 AB. Find point E using
(xA, yA ) 5 (xB 2 3, yB 2 1).
A (xE, yE ) 5 (xF 2 3, yF 2 1)
D
5 (3 2 3, 22 2 1)
B C 5 (0, 23)
> >
To calculate @ BD @ , @ BE @ and @ BH @ , find the lengths
> > > d. GH 5 2AB, and moves in the opposite
>
of their corresponding line segments BD, BE and direction as AB.
BH using the Pythagorean theorem. (xH, yH ) 5 (xG 2 3, yG 2 1).
BD 2 5 AB 2 1 AD 2 (xH, yH ) 5 (xG 2 3, yG 2 1)
5 32 1 32 5 (3 2 3, 1 2 1)
BD 5 "18 5 (0, 0)
BE 2 5 AB 2 1 AE 2
5 32 1 82 6.2 Vector Addition, pp. 290–292
BE 5 "73
BH 2 5 BD 2 1 DH 2 1. a. x
y
5 ("18)2 1 82
BH 5 "82
10. a. The tangent vector describes James’s velocity x +y
at that moment. At point A his speed is 15 km> h b.
and he is heading north. The tangent vector shows –y
his velocity is 15 km> h, north. x –y
b. The length of the vector represents the magnitude
of James’s velocity at that point. James’s speed is
the same as the magnitude of James’s velocity. x
c. The magnitude of James’s velocity (his speed) is c.
constant, but the direction of his velocity changes at y
every point. y –x
d. Point C
e. This point is halfway between D and A, which is
7 –x
8 of the way around the circle. Since he is running

d. –x c.
–b
–y
a
–y –x –c
>
2. a. BA A a–b–c
d.
–b
C B
> c
b. 0 A a
a–b+c
C B
>
c. CB A
4. a. b
(b + c)
a c
C B
>
d. CA A
a + (b + c)
b. b
C B
a c
3. a. c (a + b)
b (a + b) + c
c. The resultant vectors are the same. The order in
which you add vectors does not matter.
Aa 1 b B 1 c 5 a 1 Ab 1 c B
> > > > > >
>
5. a. PS
a+b+c a R –RQ Q
RS
PR PQ
b. –c S
PS P
b >
b. 0 Q
–RS
S RQ R –PQ
a+b–c
a
PS P
> > > >
6. x 1 y 5 MR 1 RS
>
> 5 MS> >
>
z 1 t 5 ST > 1 TQ
5 SQ
so > > >
> > >
(x 1 y ) 1 (z 1 t ) 5 MS >1 SQ
5 MQ
>
7. a. 2x 11. w
>
b. y
> >
c. x 1 y
> >
d. 2x 1 y a+w a
> > >
e. x 1 y 1 z
> >
f. 2x 2 y u
> > >
g. 2x 1 y 1 z
Find 0 a 1 w 0 using the Pythagorean theorem.
> > > >
h. 2x 2z
0 a 1 w 0 5 0 a 02 1 0 w 02
> >2 > >
8. a. y
y B C
u 5 (150 km>h)2 1 (80 km>h)2
u 5 28 900
x –y
0 a 1 w 0 2 5 170
x > >
y –x x > >
D Find the direction of a 1 w using the ratio
0w0
>
A y
0a0
tan(u) 5 >
b. See the figure in part a. for the drawn vectors.
0 y 2 x 0 2 5 0 y 0 2 1 0 x 0 2 2 20 y 0 0 2x 0 cos (u) and
> > > > > > 80 km>h
u 5 tan21
0 2x 0 5 0 x 0 , so 0 y 2 x 0 2 5 0 x 2 y 0 2
> > > > > > 150 km>h
9. a. Maria’s velocity is 11 km> h downstream.
8 N 28.1° W
> >
a 1 w 5 170 km>h, N 28.1° W
b. > > > >
12. x , y , and x 1 y form a right triangle. Find
0 x 1 y 0 using the Pythagorean theorem.
4 km/h > >
0 x 1 y 02 5 0 x 02 1 0 y 02
> > > >
11 km/h 5 72 1 242
5 625
0 x 1 y 0 5 25
7 km/h > >
> > >
Find the angle between x and x 1 y using the ratio
0y0
>
0x0
tan (u) 5 >
c.
24
4 km/h u 5 tan21
7
7 km/h 8 73.7°
13. Find @ AB 1 AC @ using the cosine> law and> the
> >
3 km/h supplement to the angle between AB and AC.

@ AB 1 AC @ 2
> >
Maria’s speed is 3 km> h. 5 @ AB @ 2 1 @ AC @ 2 2 2 @ AB @ @ AC @ cos (30°)

> > > >
"3
10. a.
f1 + f2 5 12 1 12 2 2(1)(1)
2
u f1 5 2> 2 "3>
ship @ AB 1 AC @ 8 0.52
f2 14. D C
b. The vectors form a triangle with side lengths
@ f1 @ , @ f2 @ and @ f1 1 f2 @ . Find @ f1 1 f2 @ using the E
S S S S S S
cosine law.
@ f1 1 f @ 2 5 @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 2 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos (u)
S S S S S S
2
A B
@ f1 1 f2 0 5 $ @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 2 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos (u)
S S S S S S The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
> > > >
So EA 5 2EC > and ED
> 5 2EB
> . > >
Therefore, EA 1 EB 1 EC 1 ED 5 0.

15. P a M 6.3 Multiplication of a Vector by a
a Q
Scalar, pp. 298–301
T
b 1. A vector cannot equal a scalar.
R
b 2. a.
S
3 cm
Multiple applications of the Triangle Law for
adding vectors show that
> > > > b.
RM 1 b 5 a 1 TP> (since both are equal to the
undrawn vector TM ), and that 9 cm
> > > >
RM 1 a 5 b 1 SQ> (since both are equal to the
undrawn vector RQ )
Adding these two equations gives
c. 2 cm
> > > > > > >
2 RM 1 a 1 b> 5 a 1> b 1 TP > 1 SQ d.
2> RM 5 TP> 1 SQ
> >
16. a 1 b and a 2 b represent the> diagonals of a
>
parallelogram with sides a and b.
6 cm
a+b
a–b
b
a 3. E25°N describes a direction that is 25° toward the

Since @ a 1 b @ 5 @ a 2 b @ and the only parallelogram
> > > > north of due east (90° east of north), in other words
90° 2 25° 5 65° toward the east of due north. N65°E
with equal diagonals is a rectangle, the parallelogram
and “a bearing of 65°” both describe a direction that
must also be a rectangle.
is 65° toward the east of due north. So, each is
17. P describing the same direction in a different way.
4. Answers may vary. For example:
G >
v
Q R
M
Let point M be defined as shown. Two applications a.
of the
> Triangle
> Law> for > adding vectors show that
GQ 1 QM 1 MG 5 0
> > > > >
GR 1 RM 1 MG 5 0 2v
> > > > > >
GQ 1 QM 1 2 MG 1 GR 1 RM 5 0
From >the given> information, b. 1 > c. 2 >
2 MG 5 GP > and v
> >
2 2 v
QM 1 RM 5 0 (since they are opposing vectors of 3
equal length), so d. e. 1 >
> v
> > > >
GQ 1 GP 1 GR 5 0, as desired. 0v0
>
22v

5. a. b. c.
y
3b –3b
y d. a
a b
b
y
x + 3y b
2a + 3b
e. –b
x
2a – 3b –b
–b
b.
–y
x a
a
> > > 3 >
–y 7. a. c 5 2a , b 5 a
> 2>
>
mc 1 nb 5 0
m(2a ) 1 n a a b 5 0
–y > 3 > >
x – 3y 2
> > >
m(4a ) 1 n (3a ) 5 0
m 5 3 and n 5 24 satisfy the equation, as does any
c.
multiple of the pair (3, 24). There are infinitely
–2x + y many values possible.
–x > > > 3 >
b. c 5 2a , b 5 a
> > 2
> >
da 1 eb 1 f c 5 0
–x
da 1 ea a b 1 f(2a ) 5 0
y > 3 > > >
2
> > > >
d. 2da 1 3ea 1 4f a 5 0
d 5 2, e 5 0, and f 5 21 satisfy the equation, as
–x
does any multiple of the triple (2, 0, 21). There are
infinitely many values possible.
8. or
–x
–2x – y > > > >
a and b are collinear, so a 5 kb, where k is a nonzero
scalar. Since 0 a 0 5 @ b @ , k can only be 21 or 1.
> >
9.
–y
b a
6. Answers may vary. For example: 4a
a b
a. –2b
2a
Yes

10. Two vectors are collinear if and only if they can >
1
2
> sin u 8 (1)
be related by a scalar multiple. In this case a 2 kb 2.91
a. collinear > >
u 8 9.9° from x towards y
b. not collinear > 1 >
0a0
c. not collinear 16. b 5 > a
d. collinear
@b@ 5 ` > a `
> 1 >
0a0
1 >
11. a. 0 x> 0 x is a vector with length 1 unit in the same
@b@ 5 > 0 a 0
> > 1 >
direction as x .
1 > 0a0
b. 2 0 x> 0 x is a vector with length 1 unit in the @b@ 5 1
>
> > >
opposite direction of x . b is a positive multiple of a , so it points in the
12. >
a a same direction as a and has magnitude 1. It is a
>
unit vector in the same direction as a .
17. A
b b b
2
m5
3
2 > c b
13. a. 2 a
3
1 >
b. a AD
3
B
c. 0 a 0
1 >
D
3 C
d. 0 a 0
2 > > > >
AD> 5 c> 1 CD>
3 AD> 5 b 1 BD
4 > > > > >
e. a 2 AD 5> c 1 b> 1 CD 1 BD
3
> > But CD >1 BD 5 > 0.
14. x and y make an angle of 90°, so you may find > > 1 > 1 >
0 2x 1 y 0 using the Pythagorean theorem.
> > So 2 AD 5 c 1 b, or AD 5 2 c 1 2 b.
0 2x 1 y 0 2 5 0 2x 0 2 1 0 y 0 2
> > > > > > > >
18. PM> 5 a and > PN >5 b
52 11 2 2 so MN 5 PN > 2> PM
0 2x 1 y 0 5 "5 or 2.24
> >
> 5 b 2a> >
> > >
Find the direction of 2x 1 y using the ratio PQ 5 > 2a and> PR 5> 2b
0y0
>
so QR 5 PR> 2 PQ
0 2x 0
tan (u) 5 > 5 2b 2 2a
>
1 Notice > that>

u 5 tan21 >
2 2MN 5 2b 2 > 2a
>
8 26.6° from x towards 2x 1 y
> > 5 QR > >
15. Find 0 2x 1 y 0 using the cosine law, and the We can conclude that QR is parallel to MN and
> >
@ QR @ 5 2 @ MN @ .
> >
> >
supplement to the angle between x and y .
0 2x 1 y 0 2 5 0 2x 0 2 1 0 y 0 2 2 20 2x 0 0 y 0 cos (150°) 19. A B
> > > > > >
2"3
5 22 1 12 2 2(2)(1)
2 E
0 2x 1 y 0 8 2.91
> >
> >
Find the direction of 2x 1 y using the sine law.
sin u sin (150°)
0y0 0 2x 1 y 0
> 5 > > C D

> > > >
Answers may >
vary. For example:
> 2. a 1 b 5 b 1 a
> >
a. u 5 AB> and v 5 CD>
> > a
b. u 5 AD> and v 5 AE>
> >
c. u 5 AC > and v 5 DB >
> >
d. u 5 ED and v 5 AD a+b
> b b
20. a. Since the magnitude of x is three times the b+a
> >
magnitude of y and because the given sum is 0, mx
>
must be in the opposite direction of ny and
0 n 0 5 30 m 0. a
> >
b. Whether x and y are collinear or not, m 5 0 and 3. c
n 5 0 will> make > the given equation true.
21. a. > CD 5> b 2 a
> b
b. BE 5 2b 2 2a
> (b + c)
> >
5 2(b 2 a ) (a + b)
> a
5 2CD (a + b)+ c = a + (b+ c)
The> two are therefore parallel (collinear) and =a+b+c
@ BE @ 5 2 @ CD @
>
22. A B 4. Answers may vary. For example:

b
E
D C a
Applying the triangle law for adding vectors shows a+b
that> k(a + b)
> > ka
AC 5 AD 1 DC
kb
The given information states that > > > > >
> 2 > 5. PQ 5 RQ 1 >
SR 1 >
TS 1 >PT >
AB 5 DC 5 (RQ> 1 SR>) 1 (TS> 1 PT>)
3
3 > > 5 (SR 1 RQ ) 1 (PT 1 TS )
AB 5 DC > >
2 5 SQ> 1 PS>
By the properties of trapezoids, this gives
> > 5 PS >1 SQ
3
2 AE 5 EC, and since 5> PQ
> > >
AC 5 AE 1 EC , the original equation gives 6. a.> EC
> 3 > > 3 > b. 0
AE 1 AE 5 AD 1 AB c. Yes, the diagonals of a rectangular prism are of
2 2
5 > > 3 > equal length > >
AE 5 AD 1 AB > > > > >
2 2 7. 5 3a 2 >6b 2 15c 2 6a 1 12b 2 6c 2 a
>
> 2 > 3 > 1 3b 2 3c >
AE 5 AD 1 AB > >
5 5 5 24a> 1 9b> 2 24c > > > >
8. a. 5 6i 2 >
8j 1> 2k 1> 6i 2 9j 1 3k
5> 12i 2 > 17j> 1 5k > > >
6.4 Properties of Vectors, pp. 306–307 b. 5 3i 2 4j 1 k 2 10i 1 15j 2 5k
> > >
1. a. 0 5 27i> 1 11j > 2 >4k > > >
b. 1> c. 5 2(3i 2 4j> 1 k> 1 6i> 2 9j 1 >
3k )> >
c. 0 23(26i
> 1> 8j 2 > 2k 1 14i 2 21j 1 7k )
d. 1 5 26i 1 13j 2 7k
>
9. Solve the first equation for x .
> 1 > 3 >
x5 a2 y
2 2

Substitute into the second equation. 3 > > 1 >
TO 5 TZ 1 TX
6b 5 2 a a 2 y b 1 5y
> 1 > 3 > > 2 2
2 2 > 2 > 1 >
TO 5 TZ 1 TX
> 1 > 12 > 3 3
y5 a1 b
13 13 >
> >
Lastly, find x in terms of a and b. Mid-Chapter Review, pp. 308–309
x5 a2 a a1 bb
> 1 > 3 1 > 12 > > >
1. a. AB> 5 DC>
2 2 13 13 BA> 5 CD>
5 > 18 > AD> 5 BC >
5 a2 b
13
> >
13
> CB 5 DA
10. a 5 x 2 y There is not enough information > to determine if
2 > 1 > > > there is> a vector> equal to AP.
b. @ PD @ 5 @ DA @
5 y 1 z 2 (b 1 z )
3 3
5 @ BC @ (parallelogram)
>
2 > 2 > >
5 y2 z2b >
3 3 2. a. RV >
2 > > >
b. RV>
5 (y 2 z ) 2 b
3 c. PS >
2 > >
d. RU>
5 b2b
3 e. PS >
1 > f. PQ
3. a. Find @ a 1 b @ using the cosine law, and the
52 b > >
>3 > > >
11. a. AG> 5 a 1 b 1> c supplement to the angle between the vectors.
@ a 1 b @ 2 5 0 a 0 2 1 @ b @ 2 2 2 0 a 0 @ b @ cos 60°
> > > > > > > >
BH> 5 2a 1 b> 1 c
> >
CE> 5 2a 2> b 1 c 1
> > 5 32 1 42 2 2(3)(4)
DF >5 a 2 b 1 c >
b. @ AG @ 5 0 a 0 1 @ b @ 1 0 c 0 2
2 >2 2 > 2
53
5 0 2a 0 2 1 @ b @ 1 0 c 0 2 @ a 1 b @ 5 "3
> > > > >
2
5 @ BH @ 2
>
b. Find u using the ratio
@b@
>
Therefore, @ AG @ 5 @ BH @
> >
0a0
tan u 5 >
12. T X 4
5
3
O
4
Z Y u 5 tan21
3
Applying the triangle law for adding vectors
8 53°
shows that
> > > 4. t 5 4 or t 5 24
TY 5 TZ 1 ZY 5. In quadrilateral PQRS, look at ^ PQR. > Joining the
The given information states that midpoints> B and C creates a vector > BC that is paral-
> >
TX 5 2 ZY lel to PR and half the length of PR. Look at ^ SPR.>
1 > > Joining the midpoints> A and D creates a vector> AD >
TX 5 ZY
2 that is parallel to> PR and half the length of PR > . BC
By the properties of trapezoids, this gives is parallel to AD and equal in length to AD.
> > > > >
1
2 TO 5 OY, and since TY 5 TO 1 OY, the
Therefore, ABCD is a parallelogram.
6. a. Find 0 u 2 v 0 using the cosine law. Note
> >
original equation gives
0 2v 0 5 0 v 0 and the angle between u and 2v is 120°.
> > > >
> 1 > > 1 >
0 u 2 v 0 5 0 u 0 1 0 2v 0 2 2 0 u 0 0 2v 0 cos 60°
TO 1 TO 5 TZ 1 TX > >2 >2 >2 > >
2 2

>
5 8 1 10 2 2(8)(10)a b
2 2 1 13. a.> PT
2 b. PT>
0 u 2 v 0 5 2"21
> > c. SR
> > 14. a. 1 a 1
b. Find the direction of u 2 v using the sine law. a+b
3 3
sin u sin 60°
0 2v 0 0u 2 v0
> 5 > >
b
5 b.
sin u 5
"21
sin 60° 3
2
a
5 –2 b
u 5 sin21
"28 c.
8 71° –b
1 > > 1 > > a
0u 1 v0
c. > > (u 1 v ) 5 (u 1 v )
2"21
d. Find 0 5u 1 2v 0 using the cosine law.
> >
d. 1
a
0 5u 1 2v 0 2 5 0 5u 0 2 1 0 2v 0 2 2 2 0 5u 0 0 2v 0 cos 120°
> > > > > > 2
1
5 402 1 202 2 2(40)(20)a2 b
1 2 b
2 > > >
15. PS 5 PQ 1 QS
0 5u 1 2v 0 5 20"7
> > > >
5 2 a >
7. Find 0 2p 2 q 0 using the cosine law.
> > >
3b >
RS 5 QS 2 QR
0 2p 2 q 0 2 5 0 2p 0 2 1 0 2q 0 2 2 2 0 2p 0 0 2q 0 cos 60°
> > > > > > >
5 23a
5 22 1 12 2 2(2)(1)a b 5 3
1
2
6.5 Vectors in R 2 and R 3, pp. 316–318
8. 0 m 1 n 0 5 0 m 02 0 n 0
> > > >
> >
9. BC> 5 2y 1. No, as the y-coordinate is not a real number.
> 2. a. We first arrange the x-, y-, and z-axes (each a
DC> 5 x
> > copy of the real line) in a way so that each pair of
BD> 5 2x 2 y
> > axes are perpendicular to each other (i.e., the x- and
AC 5 x 2 y > > y-axes are arranged in their usual way to form the
10. Construct a parallelogram with sides OA > and OC . xy-plane, and the z-axis passes through the origin of
Since the diagonals bisect each other, 2OB is the
> > > > > the xy-plane and is perpendicular to this plane).
diagonal> equal to > OA 1 >OC. Or> OB 5 >OA 1 AB This is easiest viewed as a “right-handed system,”
and AB 5 12 AC. So, OB 5 OA 1 12 AC. And where, from the viewer’s perspective, the positive
> > > > > > >
AC 5 OC 2 OA . Now OB 5 OA 1 12 ( OC 2 OA) z-axis points upward, the positive x-axis points out
> > >
Multiplying by 2 gives 2OB 5 OA 1 OC. of the page, and the positive y-axis points rightward
> > >
11. AC 1 CD 5 AD> in the plane of the page. Then, given point P(a, b, c),
> > >
3x 2 y 1 2y 5 AD> we locate this point’s unique position by moving a
> >
> 3x >1 y 5 >AD units along the x-axis, then from there b units
AB 1 BD> 5 AD parallel to the y-axis, and finally c units parallel to
> > >
x 1 BD> 5 3x 1 y the z-axis. It’s associated unique position vector is
> >
> BD> 5 2x >1 y determined by drawing a vector with tail at the
AB 1 BC> 5 AC origin O(0, 0, 0) and head at P.
> > >
x 1 BC> 5 3x 2 y b. Since this position vector is unique, its
> >
BC 5 2x 2 y >
coordinates are unique. Therefore a 5 24, b 5 23,
12. The air velocity of the airplane (Vair ) and the and c 5 28.
>
wind velocity (W ) have opposite directions. 3. a. Since A and B are really the same point, we
> > > can equate their coordinates. Therefore a 5 5,
Vground 5 Vair 2 W
5 460 km> h due south
b 5 23, and c 5 8.

>
b. From part a., A(5, 23, 8), so OA 5 (5, 23, 8). z
Here is a depiction of this vector.
z
OA (5, –3, 8) O(0, 0, 0) (0, 4, 0)

y
(0, 0, –2)
(4, 0, 0)
(0, 4, –2)
x (4, 4, 0)
y
(4, 0, –2) C(4, 4, –2)
6. a. A(0, 21, 0) is located on the y-axis.

x
B(0, 22, 0), C(0, 2, 0), and D(0, 10, 0) are three
other points on this axis.
>
b. OA 5 (0, 21, 0), the vector with tail at the
4. This is not an acceptable vector in I 3 as the origin O(0, 0, 0) and head at A.
z-coordinate is not an integer. However, since all of 7. a.> Answers may vary. For example:
>
the coordinates are real numbers, this is acceptable OA> 5 (0, 0, 1), OB 5 (0, 0, 21),
as a vector in R 3. OC 5 (0, 0, 25)
5. z b. Yes, these vectors are collinear (parallel), as they
all lie on the same line, in this case the z-axis.
c. A general vector
> lying on the z-axis would be of
O(0, 0, 0) the form OA 5 (0, 0, a) for any real number a.
Therefore, this vector would be represented by
(0, –4, –2)
(0, –4, 0) placing the tail at O, and the head at the point
y (0, 0, a) on the z-axis.
(4, –4, 0) 8. z
(0, 0, –2)
F(0, 2, 3)
(4, 0, 0)
E(2, 0, 3)
x
A(4, –4, –2) (4, 0, –2) B(0, –2, 0)
y
z A(1, 0, 0)
(–4, 0, 2) B(–4, 4, 2) D(2, 3, 0)
(–4, 0, 0) x C(0, 0, –3)

(0, 0, 2)
O(0, 0, 0) 9. a. z
(–4, 4, 0)
y
(0, 4, 2) (0, 4, 0)
y
x
x C(0, 1, –4)
B(1, 1, –4)
A(3, 2, –4)
b. Every point on the plane containing points A, B, d. z
and C has z-coordinate equal to 24. Therefore, the
equation of the plane containing these points is D(1, 1, 1)
(0, 0, 1)
z 5 24 (a plane parallel to the xy-plane through
the point z 5 24). (1, 0, 1) (0, 1, 1)
10. a. A(1, 2, 3) y
z
(0, 0, 3) (0, 2, 3) O(0, 0, 0) (0, 1, 0)
(1, 0, 3) (1, 1, 0)
x (1, 0, 0)
O(0, 0, 0)
(0, 2, 0)
y
e. z
(1, 0, 0)
(1, 2, 0)
(0, –1, 1)
x (0, 0, 1)
E(1, –1, 1)
(0, –1, 0) (1, 0, 1)

z y
b.
B(–2, 1, 1) O(0, 0, 0)
(–2, 0, 1) (1, –1, 0)
(–2, 0, 0)
(–2, 1, 0) (1, 0, 0)
x
(0, 0, 1) (0, 1, 1)
y f. z
(0, 1, 0)
(1, 0, 0)
x O(0, 0, 0)
(0, –1, 0)
(1, –1, 0)
y
c. z O(0, 0, 0)
(0, –1, –1)
(0, –2, 1) (0, 0, –1)
(0, 0, 1) x
F(1, –1, –1)
C(1, –2, 1) (0, –2, 0) (1, 0, –1)
>
y 11. a. OA 5 (1, 2, 3)
O(0, 0, 0) z A(1, 2, 3)
(1, –2, 0)
(0, 0, 3) (0, 2, 3)
(1, 0, 0)
(1, 0, 1) (1, 0, 3)
OA
O(0, 0, 0)
(0, 2, 0)
y
(1, 0, 0)
(1, 2, 0)

> >
b. OB 5 (22, 1, 1) f. OF 5 (1, 21, 21)
z (–2, 0, 1) z
B(–2, 1, 1)
(–2, 0, 0) OB
(–2, 1, 0) (1, 0, 0)
(0, –1, 0)
(0, 0, 1) (1, –1, 0)
(0, 1, 1)
y y
(0, 1, 0) (0, –1, –1) O(0, 0, 0)
F(1, –1, –1)
(0, 0, –1)
x O(0, 0, 0) x
OF
(1, 0, –1)
>
c. OC 5 (1, 22, 1) 12. a. Since P and Q represent the same point,
z we can equate their y- and z-coordinates to get the
system of equations
(0, –2, 1) a2c56
(0, –2, 0) (1, 0, 1) a 5 11
(0, 0, 1)
C(1, –2, 1) Substituting this second equation into the first gives
OC 11 2 c 5 6
y
c55
O(0, 0, 0)
(1, –2, 0) So a 5 11 and c 5 5.
(1, 0, 0) b. Since P and Q represent the same point in R 3,
x they will> have >the same associated position vector,
i.e. OP 5 OQ. So, since these vectors are equal,
they will certainly have equal magnitudes,
i.e. @ OP @ 5 @ OQ @ .
> > >
d. OD 5 (1, 1, 1)
z 13. P(x, y, 0) represents a general point on the
xy-plane, since the z-coordinate is 0. Similarly,
Q(x, 0, z) represents a general point in the xz-plane,
(0, 0, 1) D(1, 1, 1) and R(0, y, z) represents a general point in the
(0, 1, 1)
(1, 0, 1) yz-plane.
OD 14. a. Every point on the plane containing points M,
y
O(0, 0, 0) (0, 1, 0) N, and P has y-coordinate equal to 0. Therefore, the
(1, 1, 0) equation of the plane containing these points is
(1, 0, 0) y 5 0 (this is just the xz-plane).
x b. The plane y 5 0 contains the origin O(0, 0, 0),
and so since it also contains the points M, N, and P
> as well, it will contain the position vectors associated
e. OE 5 (1, 21, 1) with these points joining O (tail) to the given point
z (head). That is, the plane y 5 0 contains the vectors
> > >
(0, –1, 1)
OM, ON, and OP.
(0, 0, 1) 15. a. A(22, 0, 0), B(22, 4, 0), C(0, 4, 0),
E(1, –1, 1)
D(0, 0, 27), E(0, 4, 27), F(22, 0, 27)
(0, –1, 0) (1, 0, 1) > >
y b. OA 5 (22, 0, 0), OB 5 (22, 4, 0),
> >
O(0, 0, 0) OC 5 (0, 4, 0), OD 5 (0, 0, 27),
(1, –1, 0)
OE > >
(1, 0, 0) OE 5 (0, 4, 27), OF 5 (22, 0, 27)
x c. Rectangle DEPF is 7 units below the xy-plane.

d. Every point on the plane containing points B, C, d. z
E, and P has y-coordinate equal to 4. Therefore, the
equation of the plane containing these points is
y 5 4 (a plane parallel to the xz-plane through the
point y 5 4).
e. Every point contained in rectangle BCEP has O(0, 0, 0)
y-coordinate equal to 4, and so is of the form y
(x, 4, z) where x and z are real numbers such that
22 # x # 0 and 27 # z # 0. M(–1, 3, –2)
16. a. y x
e. z
F(0, 0, 5)
O(0, 0)
x
P(4, –2) O(0, 0, 0)

y
b. y x
D(–3, 4)
f. z
O(0, 0)
x
J(–2, –2, 0)
y
O(0, 0, 0)
c. z x
C(2, 4, 5)
17. The following box illustrates the three dimensional
solid consisting of the set of all points (x, y, z) such
O(0, 0, 0) that 0 # x # 1, 0 # y # 1, and 0 # z # 1.
y
z
(0, 0, 1) (0, 1, 1)
x O(0, 0, 0)
(1, 0, 1) (1, 1, 1)
y
(0, 1, 0)
(1, 0, 0)
(1, 1, 0)
x

> > > >
18. First, OP 5 OA 1 OB > by the triangle law of a. AB 5 (2, 5) 2 (21, 3)
vector
> addition, where OA
> 5 (5,> 210, 0), 5 (3, 2)
> >
OB 5 (0, 0, 210), OP and OA are drawn in BA 5 2AB
standard> position (starting from the origin O(0,> 0, 0)), 5 2 (3, 2)
and OB is drawn > starting from the head of OA > . 5 (23, 22)
Notice that OA lies in the xy-plane, and OB is Here is a sketch of these two vectors in the
perpendicular
> > to the
> xy-plane> (so is perpendicular to xy-coordinate plane.
OA ). So, OP, OA, and OB form> a right triangle and,> y
by the Pythagorean theorem, @ OP @ 5 @ OA @ 1 @ OB @ 2
2
>
2
AB
B(2, 5)
> > >
Similarly, OA 5 a 1 b by the triangle law of A(–1, 3)
>
vector addition, where a 5 (5, 0, 0) and
> BA
b 5 (0, 210, 0), and these three vectors form a
right triangle as well. So, x
@ OA @ 2 5 0 a 0 2 1 @ b @ 2
> > >
5 25 1 100
5 125 >
Obviously @ OB @ 2 5 100, and so substituting gives
@ OP @ 2 5 @ OA @ 2 1 @ OB @ 2
> > >
b. 0 OA 0 5 "(21)2 1 32
>
5 125 1 100
5 225 5 "10
@ OP @ 5 "225
>
8 3.16
0 OB 0 5 "22 1 52
>
5 15 >
19. >To find a vector AB equivalent to 5 "29
OP 5 (22, 3, 6), where B(4, 22, 8), we need to
> 8 5.39
move 2 units to the right of the x-coordinate for B c. 0 AB 0 5 "32 1 22
5 "13
(to 4 1 2 5 6), 3 units to the left of the y-coordinate
for B (to 22 2 3 5 25), and 6 units below the
8 3.61>
z-coordinate for B (to 8 2 6 5 2). So we get the >
Also, since BA 5 2AB ,
0BA 0 5 0 2AB 0
point A(6, 25, 2). Indeed, notice> that to get from A > >
5 0 21 0 ? 0 AB 0
to B (which describes vector AB ), we move 2 units >
left in the x-coordinate, 3 units right in the
5 0 AB 0
>
y-coordinate, and 6 units up in >the z-coordinate.
This is equivalent to vector OP 5 (22, 3, 6). 5 "13
8 3.61
6.6 Operations with Algebraic 2. y
30
Vectors in R 2, pp. 324–326
25
1. y 20
15
B(2, 5) A(6, 10)
A(–1, 3) 10
5
O(0, 0) OA x
–9 –6 –3 0 3 6 9
x –5
–10

a. y 1 2
(12, 20) c. 2 (6, 22) 1 (6, 15)
20 2 3
15
5 a2 (6) 1 (6), 2 (22) 1 (15)b
1 2 1 2
10 2 3 2 3
5 (3, 5) 5 (1, 11)
O(0, 0) x > > > > > >
–12 –9 –6 –3 0 3 6 9 12 7. x 5 2i 2 j, y 5 > 2i> 1 5j > >
> >
(–3, –5) –5 a. 3x 2 y 5 3(2i 2 j ) 2 (2i 1 5j )
> >
–10 5 (6 1 1)i 1 (23 2 5)j
–15 > >
5 7i 2 8j
–20 >
b. 2 (x 1 2y ) 1 3(2x 2 3y )
> > >
(–12, –20) > >
5 24x 2> 11y > > >
b. The vectors with the same magnitude are 5 24(2i 2 j ) 2 11(2i 1 5j )
1 > 1 > > >
OA and 2 OA, 5 3i 2 51j
2 2 > > > >
> > c. 2(x 1 3y ) 2 3(y 1 5x )
2OA and 22OA > >
5 213x 1> 3y>
3. @ OA @ 5 "32 1 (24)2
> > >
5 213(2i 2 j ) 1 3(2i 1 5j )
> >
5 "25 5 229i 1 28j >
> > > > >
5> 5 8. a. x 1 y 5 (2i 2 j ) 1 (2i 1 5j )
> >
4. a. The i -component will be equal to the first 5 i >1 4j >
0x 1 y 0 5 @ i 1 4j @
> >
coordinate in component form, and so a 5 23.
5 "12 1 42
>
Similarly, the j -component will be equal to the
second coordinate in component form, and so b 5 5. 5 "17
b. 0 ( 23, b)0 5 0 ( 23, 5)0 8 4.12
5 "(23)2 1 52
> > > > > >
b. x 2 y 5 (2i 2 j ) 2 (2i 1 5j )
5 "34
> >
5 3i 2 6j
0x 2 y 0 5 @ 3i 2 6j @
> > > >
8 5.83
5. a. 0 a 0 5 "(260)2 1 112 5 "32 1 (26)2
>
5 "3721 5 "45
5 61 8 6.71 >
@ b @ 5 "(240)2 1 (29)2
> > > > > >
c. 2x 2 3y 5 2(2i 2 j ) 2 3(2i 1 5j )
5 "1681
> >
5 7i 2 17j
0 2x 2 3y 0 5 @ 7i 2 17j @
> > > >
>5 41
5 "72 1 (217)2
>
b. a 1 b 5 (260, 11) 1 (240, 29)
5 "338
5 (2100, 2)
@ a 1 b @ 5 "(2100)2 1 22
> >
8 18.38
5 "10 004 d. 0 3y 2 2x 0 5 0 2 (2x 2 3y ) 0
> > > >
5 0 21 0 0 2x 2 3y 0
> >
> > 8 100.02
a 2 b 5 (260, 11) 2 (240, 29) 5 0 2x 2 3y 0
> >
5 (220, 20)
@ a 2 b @ 5 "(220)2 1 20 2
so, from part c.,
0 3y 2 2x 0 5 0 2x 2 3y 0
> >
> > > >
5 "800 5 "338
8 28.28 8 18.38
6. a. 2(22, 3) 1 (2, 1) 5 (2(22) 1 2, 2(3) 1 1)
5 (22, 7)
b. 23(4, 29) 2 9(2, 3)
5 (23(4) 2 9(2), 23(29) 2 9(3))
5 (230, 0)
so obviously we will have @ OA @ 5 @ BC @ .
> >
9. y
8 (It turns out that their common magnitude is
"62 1 32 5 "45.)
6 D(4, 5)
B(–4, 4)
4
11. a. y
2
A(–8, 2) C(2, 1) x
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 C(–4, 11)
F(–7, 0) –2
H(6, –2) B(6, 6)
–4 G(1, –2)
E(–1, –4)
–6 A(2, 3)
–8
x
>
a. AB 5 (24, 4) 2 (28, 2)
>
5 (4, 2) b. AB 5 (6, 6) 2 (2, 3)
>
CD 5 (4, 5) 2 (2, 1) 5 (4, 3)
@ AB @ 5 "42 1 32
>
5 (2, 4)
>
EF 5 (27, 0) 2 (21, 24) 5 "25
5 (26, 4)
> >55
GH 5 (6, 22) 2 (1, 22) AC 5 (24, 11) 2 (2, 3)
5 (5, 0) 5 (26, 8)
b. @ AB @ 5 "42 1 22 @ AC @ 5 "(26)2 1 82
> >
5 "20 5 "100
> 8 4.47 > 5 10
@ CD @ 5 "22 1 42 CB 5 (6, 6) 2 (24, 11)
5 "20 5 (10, 25)
@ CB @ 5 "102 1 (25)2
>
8 4.47
@ EF @ 5 "(26)2 1 42
>
5 "125
5 "52 > 8 11.18
c. CB @ 2 5 125 @ AC @ 2 5 100, @ AB @ 2 5 25
@
> >
8 7.21
@ GH @ 5 "52 1 02 Since @ CB @ 2 5 @ AC @ 2 1 @ AB @ 2, the triangle is a right
> > > >
5 "25 triangle.
55 12. a. y
10. a. By the parallelogram law of vector addition,
> > >
OC 5 OA 1 OB
C(2, 8)
5 (6, 3) 1 (11, 26)
5 (17, 23)
For> the other
> vectors,
> A(–1, 2)
BA 5 OA 2 OB x
5 (6, 3) 2 (11, 26)
5 (25, 9) B(7, –2)
> > >
BC 5 OC 2 OB
5 (17, 23) 2 (11, 26)
5 (6, 3)
>
b. OA 5 (6, 3)
>
5 BC,

b. y Substituting this into the last equation above, we
X(–6, 12)
can now solve for y.
22(212) 2 5y 5 4
C(2, 8)
y54
Z(10, 4) So x 5 212 and y 5 4.
14. a. y
A(–1, 2)
x C(x, y)
B(7, –2)
B(–6, 9) D(8, 11)
Y(4, –8) A(2, 3)

x
c. As a first possibility for the fourth vertex, there is
X(x1, x2 ). From the sketch in part b., we see that we b. Because ABCD> is a rectangle,
> we will have
would then have> > BC 5 AD
CX 5 BA (x, y) 2 (26, 9) 5 (8, 11) 2 (2, 3)
(x1 2 2, x2 2 8) 5 (21 2 7, 2 2 (22)) (x 1 6, y 2 9) 5 (6, 8)
5 (28, 4) x1656
x1 2 2 5 28 y2958
x2 2 8 5 4 So, x 5 0 and y 5 17, i.e., C(0, 17).
15. a. Since 0 PA 0 5 0 PB 0, and
> >
So X(26, 12). By similar reasoning for the other
>
points labelled in the> sketch> in part b., PA 5 (5, 0) 2 (a, 0)
AY 5 CB 5 (5 2 a, 0),
(y1 2 (21), y2 2 2) 5 (7 2 2, 22 2 8) >
PB 5 (0, 2) 2 (a, 0)
5 (5, 210)
5 (2a, 2),
y1 1 1 5 5
this means that
y2 2 2 5 210
(5 2 a)2 5 (2a)2 1 22
So Y(4, 28). Finally,
> > 25 2 10a 1 a 2 5 a 2 1 4
BZ 5 AC 10a 5 21
(z1 2 7, z2 2 (22)) 5 (2 2 (21), 8 2 2) 21
5 (3, 6) a5
10
z1 2 7 5 3 21
z2 1 2 5 6 So Pa , 0b.
10
So Z(10, 4). In conclusion, the three possible b. This point Q on the y-axis will be of the form
locations for a fourth vertex in a parallelogram Q(0, b) for some real number b. Reasoning
with vertices A, B, and C are X(26, 12), Y(4, 28), similarly to part a., we have
>
and Z(10, 4). QA 5 (5, 0) 2 (0, b)
13. a. 3(x, 1) 2 5(2, 3y) 5 (11, 33) 5 (5, 2b)
(3x 2 5(2), 3 2 5(3y)) 5 (11, 33) >
QB 5 (0, 2) 2 (0, b)
(3x 2 10, 3 2 15y) 5 (11, 33)
5 (0, 2 2 b)
So since @ QA @ 5 @ QB @ ,
3x 2 10 5 11 > >
3 2 15y 5 33
So x 5 7 and y 5 22. (2b)2 1 52 5 (2 2 b)2
b. 22(x, x 1 y) 2 3(6, y) 5 (6, 4) b 2 1 25 5 4 2 4b 1 b 2
(22x 2 18, 22x 2 5y) 5 (6, 4) 4b 5 221
22x 2 18 5 6 21
b52
22x 2 5y 5 4 4
So Qa0, 2 b.
To solve for x, use 21
22x 2 18 5 6 4
x 5 212
> >
16. QP is in the direction opposite to PQ, and Also, by the parallelogram law of vector addition,
> > > > > >
QP 5 OP 2 OQ OQ 5 OR 1 OP
5 (11, 19) 2 (2, 221) 5 (28, 21) 1 (27, 24)
5 (9, 40) 5 (215, 23)
@ QP @ 5 "92 1 402 @ OQ @ 2 5 (215)2 1 232
> >
5 "1681
5 754> >
Placing RP 5 (1, 25) and OQ 5 (215, 23) with
5 41 > their tails at the origin, a triangle is formed by
A unit vector in the direction of QP is
joining the heads of these two vectors. The third
> 1 >
u 5 QP side of this> triangle > is the vector
41 >
v 5 RP 2 OQ
5a , b
9 40
5 (1, 25) 2 (215, 23)
41 41 > 5 (16, 2)
>
0 v 0 5 162 1 22
Indeed, u is obviously in the same direction> as QP >2
>
(since u is a positive scalar multiple of QP ), and 5 260
notice that Now by reasoning similar to part a., the > cosine> law
0u0 5 a b 1 a b
> 9 2 40 2 implies that the angle, u, between RP and OQ
Å 41 41 satisfies
@ RP @ 2 1 @ OQ @ 2 2 @ v @ 2
> > >
81 1 1600
2 @ RP @ ? @ OQ @
cos u 5
Å 1681
5 > >
51 626 1 754 2 260

2 !626 ? !754
17. a. O, P, and R can be thought of as the vertices 5
of a triangle.
u 5 cos21 a b
> > > 626 1 754 2 260
PR 5 OR 2 OP 2 !626 ? !754
5 (28, 21) 2 (27, 24) 8 35.4° > >
5 (21, 225)
@ PR @ 2 5 (21)2 1 (225)2
> So the angle between RP and OQ is about 35.40°.
However, since we are discussing the diagonals of
> 5 626
@ OR @ 2 5 (28)2 1 (21)2
parallelogram OPQR here, it would also have been
appropriate to report the supplement of this angle,
> 5 65 or about 180°235.40° 5 144.60°, as the angle
@ OP @ 2 5 (27)2 1 242 between these vectors.
5 625 >
By >the cosine law, the angle, u, between OR and
OP satisfies
6.7 Operations with Vectors in R 3,
@ OR @ 2 1 @ OP @ 2 2 @ PR @ 2 pp. 332–333
> > >
2 @ OR @ ? @ OP @
cos u 5 > > > > > >
1. a. OA 5 21i 1 2j 1 4k
b. @ OA @ 5 "(21)2 1 22 1 42 5 "21 8 4.58
>
65 1 625 2 626
2 !65 ? !625
5 >
2. OB 5 (3, 4, 24)
@ OB @ 5 "32 1 42 1 (24)2 5 "41 8 6.40
>
u 5 cos21 a b
65 1 625 2 626
2!65 ? !625 > 1 > >
3. a 1 b 2 c 5 (1, 3, 23) 1 (21, 2, 4)
8 80.9° > > 3
So the angle between OR and OP is about 80.86°. 2 (0, 8, 1)
>
b. We > found the> vector PR 5 (21, 225) in part a., 5 (1 1 (21) 2 0, 3 1 2 2 8,
so RP 5 2PR 5 (1, 25) and (23) 1 4 2 1)
@ RP @ 2 5 @ PR @ 2
> >
5 (0, 23, 0)
` a 1 b 2 c ` 5 "02 1 (23)2 1 02
5 626 > 1 > >
3
53

> > > > > > > > > > >
4. a. OP 5 OA 1 OB c. 2p 2 5q 5 2(2i 2 j 1 k ) 2 5(2i 2 j 1 k )
> > > > > >
5 ((23) 1 2, 4 1 2, 12 1 (21)) 5 (4i 2 2j 1 2k ) 2 (25i 2 5j 1 5k )
5 (21, 6, 11) > > >
5 (4 1 5)i 1 (22 1 5)j 1 (2 2 5)k
b. @ OA @ 5 "(23)2 1 42 1 122 5 13
> > > >
5 9i 1 3j 2 3k
@ OB @ 5 "22 1 22 1 (21)2 5 3
> > > > > > > > >
d. 22p 1 5q 5 22(2i 2 j 1 k ) 1 5(2i 2 j 1 k )
@ OP @ 5 "(21)2 1 62 1 112 8 12.57
> > > > > > >
5 (24i 1 2j 2 2k ) 1 (25i 2 5j 1 5k )
> > > > > >
c. AB 5 OB 2 OA 5 (24 2 5)i 1 (2 2 5)j 1 (22 1 5)k
> > >
5 (2, 2, 21) 2 (23, 4, 12) 5 29i 2 3j 1 3k
> > > > >
5 (2 2 (23), 2 2 4, (21) 2 12) > >
7. a. m 2 n 5 (2i 2 k )2 (22i 1 j 1 2k )
5 (5, 22, 213) > > >
5 (2 2 (22))i 1 (21)j 1 (21 2 2)k
@ AB @ 5 "52 1 (22)2 1 (213)2 5 "198 8 14.07
> > > >
> > 5 4i 2 j 2 3k
0 m 2 n 0 5 "42 1 (21)2 1 (23)2 5 "26 8 5.10
AB represents the vector from the tip of OA to the tip > >
>
> > > > >
of OB. It is the difference between the two vectors. > >
b. m 1 n 5 (2i 2 k ) 1 (22i 1 j 1 2k )
> > >
5. a. x 2 2y 2 z > > >
5 (2 1 (22))i 1 j 1 (21 1 2)k
5 (1, 4, 21) 2 2(1, 3, 22) 2 (22, 1, 0) > > >
5 (1, 4, 21) 2 (2, 6, 24) 2 (22, 1, 0) 5 0i 1 j 1 k
0 m 1 n 0 5 "02 1 12 1 12 5 "2 8 1.41
> >
5 (1 2 2 2 (22), 4 2 6 2 1, 21 2 (24) 2 0)
> > > > > > >
5 (1, 23, 3) c. 2m 1 3n 5 2(2i 2 k ) 1 3(22i 1 j 1 2k )
> > > > > > > >
b. 22x 2 3y 1 z 5 (4i 2 2k ) 1 (26i 1 3j 1 6k )
5 22(1, 4, 21) 2 3(1, 3, 22) 1 (22, 1, 0) > > >
5 (4 1 (26))i 1 3j 1 (22 1 6)k
5 (22, 28, 2) 2 (3, 9, 26) 1 (22, 1, 0) > > >
5 (22 2 3 2 2, 28 2 9 1 1, 2 1 6 1 0) 5 22i 1 3j 1 4k
0 2m 1 3n 0 5 "(22)2 1 32 1 42 5 "29 8 5.39
> >
5 (27, 216, 8) > > > >
>
1 > > > d. 25m 5 25(2i 2 k ) 5 210i 1 5k
c. x 2 y 1 3z
0 25m 0 5 "(210)2 1 (5)2 5 "125 8 11.18
2 >
1 > > > > >
5 (1, 4, 21) 2 (1, 3, 22) 1 3(22, 1, 0) 8. x 1 y 5 2i 1 2j 1 5k
2 > > > > >
1 x 2 y 5 3i 1 6j 2 7k
5 a , 2, 2 b 2 (1, 3, 22) 1 (26, 3, 0)
1 1 > > > >
2 2 2x 5 2i 1 8j 2 2k
Divide > by >2 on > both sides to get:
5 a 2 1 1 (26), 2 2 3 1 3, 2 2 (22) 1 0b
1 1 >
x 5 i 1 4j 2 k
2 2 Plug this equation into the first given equation:
> > > > > >
5 a2 , 2, b
13 3 >
i 1 4j 2 k 1 y 5 2i 1 2j 1 5k
> > > > > > >
2 2 y 5 2i 1 2j 1 5k 2 (i 1 4j 2 k )
> > >
d. 3x 1 5y 1 3z >
y 5 (21 2 1)i 1 (2 2 4)j 1 (5 1 1)k
> > >
5 3(1, 4, 21) 1 5(1, 3, 22) 1 3(22, 1, 0) > > > >

y 5 22i 2 2j 1 6k
5 (3, 12, 23) 1 (5, 15, 210) 1 (26, 3, 0) > > >
5 (3 1 5 2 6, 12 1 15 1 3, 23 2 10 1 0) 9. a. The vectors OA, OB , and OC represent the
5 (2, 30, 213) xy-plane, xz-plane, and yz-plane, respectively.
> > > > > > > > They are also the vector from the origin to points
6. a. p 1 q 5 (2i 2 j 1 k ) 1 (2i 2 j 1 k ) (a, b, 0), (a, 0, c), and (0, b, c), respectively.
> > >
5 (2 2 1)i 1 (21 2 1)j 1 (1 1 1)k >
b. OA 5 ai 1 bj 1 0k
> > >
> > >
5 i 2 2j 1 2k >
OB 5 ai 1 0j 1 ck
> > >
> > > > > > > >
b. p 2 q 5 (2i 2 j 1 k ) 2 (2i 2 j 1 k ) >
OC 5 0i 1 bj 1 ck
> > >
c. @ OA @ 5 "a 2 1 b 2
> > >
5 (2 1 1)i 1 (21 1 1)j 1 (1 2 1)k >
> > >
@ OB @ 5 "a 2 1 c 2
5 3i 1 0j 1 0k >
@ OB @ 5 "b 2 1 c 2
>

> > > >
d. AB 5 (a, 0, c) 2 (a, b, 0) 5 (0, 2b, c) 12. 2x 1 y 2 2z
>
AB is a direction vector from A to B. 5 2(21, b, c) 1 (a, 22, c) 2 2(2a, 6, c)
10. a. @ OA @ 5 "(22)2 1 (26)2 1 32 5 "49 5 7
> 5 (22, 2b, 2c) 1 (a, 22, c) 2 (22a, 12, 2c)
5 (22 1 a 1 2a, 2b 2 2 2 12, 2c 1 c 2 2c)
b. @ OB @ 5 "(3)2 1 (24)2 1 122 5 "169 5 13
>
> > > 5 (22 1 3a, 2b 2 14, c)
c. AB 5 OB 2 OA 5 (0, 0, 0)
5 (3, 24, 12) 2 (22, 26, 3) 22 1 3a 5 0; 2b 2 14 5 0; c 5 0
5 (3 2 (22), 24 2 (26), 12 2 3) 2
5 (5, 2, 9) 3a 5 2; a 5
3
d. @ AB @ 5 "52 1 22 1 92 5 "110 8 10.49
>
2b 5 14; b 5 7
> > > c50
e. BA 5 OA 2 OB 13. a. z
5 (22, 26, 3) 2 (3, 24, 12)
5 (25, 22, 29)
f. @ BA @ 5 "(25)2 1 (22)2 1 (29)2
> A
OA
5 "110 8 10.49
OB B
11. z O y
B(3, –1, 17) OC C
BC
C(7, –3, 15) AB
A(0, 3, 5) x
DC
D(4, 1, 3) b. V1 5 (0, 0, 0), the origin
AD >
y V2 5 end point of OA 5 (22, 2, 5)
>
V3 5 end point of OB 5 (0, 4, 1)
>
x V4 5 end point of OC 5 (0, 5, 21)
> >
In order to show that> ABCD > is a parallelogram,
> > we V5 5 OA 1 OB 5 (22, 2, 5) 1 (0, 4, 1)
must show that AB 5 DC or BC 5 AD. This will 5 (22 1 0, 2 1 4, 5 1 1)
show they have the same direction, thus the oppo- 5 (22, 6, 6)
> >
site sides are parallel. By showing the vectors are V6 5 OA 1 OC 5 (22, 2, 5) 1 (0, 5, 21)
equal they will have the same magnitude, implying 5 (22 1 0, 2 1 5, 5 2 1)
the opposite sides having congruency.
>
5 (22, 7, 4)
> >
AB 5 (3, 21, 17) 2 (0, 3, 5) V7 5 OB 1 OC 5 (0, 4, 1) 1 (0, 5, 21)
5 (3 2 0, 21 2 3, 17 2 5) 5 (0 1 0, 4 1 5, 1 2 1)
5 (3, 24, 12) 5 (0, 9, 0)
> > > >
DC 5 (7, 23, 15) 2 (4, 1, 3) V8 5 OA 1 OB 1 OC
5 (7 2 4, 23 2 1, 15 2 3) 5 (22, 2, 5) 1 (0, 9, 0) (by V7)
5 (3, 24, 12) 5 (22 1 0, 2 1 9, 5 1 0)
> >
Thus AB 5 DC. Do the calculations for the other 5 (22, 11, 5)
pair> as a check. 14. Any point on the x-axis has y-coordinate 0 and
BC 5 (7, 23, 15) 2 (3, 21, 17) z-coordinate 0. The z-coordinate of each of A and B
5 (7 2 3, 23 2 (21), 15 2 17) is 3, so the z-component of the distance from the
5 (4, 22, 22) desired point is the same for each of A and B. The
>
AD 5 (4, 1, 3) 2 (0, 3, 5) y-component of the distance from the desired point
5 (4 2 0, 1 2 3, 3 2 5) will be 1 for each of A and B, 12 5 (21)2. So, the
5 (4, 22, 22) x-coordinate of the desired point has to be halfway
> > between the x-coordinates of A and B. The desired
So BC 5 AD. > > > >
We have shown AB 5 DC and BC 5 AD, so point is (1, 0, 0).
ABCD is a parallelogram.

15. 6. 5 (21, 2), (21, 1)6, 5 (2, 24), (21, 1)6,
b
5(21, 1), (23, 6)6 are all the possible spanning sets
a+b B for R 2 with 2 vectors. > >
a > > > >
a 7. a. 2(2a 2 3b 1 c ) 5 4a 2 6b 1 2c
> > > > > >
a–b C 5 4i 2 8j 2 6j 1 18k 1 2i 2 6j 1 4k
A
> > >
5 6i 2 20j 1 22k
> >
b >
4(2a 1 b 2 c ) 5 24a 1 4b 2 4c
> > >
> > > > > >
To solve this problem, >we must first > consider the 5 24i 1 8j 1 4j 2 12k 2 4i 1 12j 2 8k
> >
triangle formed by a , b, and a 1 b. We will use >
5 28i 1 24j 2 20k
> >
their magnitudes to solve> for angle A, which will be > > > > > > >
> (a 2 c ) 5 i 2 2j 2 i 1 3j 2 2k
used to solve for 12 a 2 b in the triangle formed by > >
> > > > > 5 j 2 2k
b, 12 a 1 b , and 12 a 2 b. > > > > > > > >
2(2a 2 3b 1 c )24(2a 1 b 2 c ) 1 (a 2 c )
Using the cosine law, we> see that: > > > > > > > >
@b@ 2 1 @a 1 b@ 2 2 @a @ 2 5 6i 2 20j 1 22k 1 8i 2 24j 1 20k 1 j 2 2k
> > >
> > >
2 @b@ @a 1 b@
cos (A) 5 > > > 5 14i 2 43j 1 40k
1 > > > > > >
25 1 49 2 9 b. (2a 2 4b 2 8c ) 5 a 2 2b 2 4c
5 2> > > > > > >
70 5 i 2 2j 2 2j 1 6k 2 4i 1 12j 2 8k
13 > > >
5 5 23i 1 8j 2 2k
14 > >
> 1 > > > > > >
Now, consider > the triangle formed by b, 12 a 1 b , (3a 2 6b 1 9c ) 5 a 2 2b 1 3c
> 3 >
and 12 a 2 b. Using the cosine law again: > > > > > >
@b@ 2 1 2 @a 1 b@ 2 2 @a 2 b@
> 2 > 2 5 i 2 2j 2 2j 1 6k 1 3i 2 9j 1 6k
>
( 1 >
) ( )
1 > >
5 4i 2 15j 1 12k
> >
@b@ @a 1 b@
cos (A) 5 > > >
1 > > > 1 > > >
(2a 2 4b 2 8c )2 (3a 2 6b 1 9c )
2 2 @a 2 b @
> 2 2 3
13
149
4
( 1 >
) 5 23i> 1 8j 2
> > >
> 2k 2> 4i 1 15j 2 12k
> > >
5
14 35 5 27i 1 23j 2 14k
8. 5 (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0)6:
@ a 2 b @ 2 5 24a 2 b
> > 65 149
2 4 (21, 2, 0) 5 21(1, 0, 0) 1 2(0, 1, 0)
@ a 2 b @ 2 5 19 (3, 4, 0) 5 3(1, 0, 0) 1 4(0, 1, 0)
> >
5 (1, 1, 0), (0, 1, 0)6
@ a 2 b @ 5 "19 or 4.36
> >
(21, 2, 0) 5 21(1, 1, 0) 1 3(0, 1, 0)
(3, 4, 0) 5 3(1, 1, 0) 1 (0, 1, 0)
6.8 Linear Combinations and Spanning 9. a. It is the set of vectors in the xy-plane.
Sets, pp. 340–341 b. (22, 4, 0) 5 22(1, 0, 0) 1 4(0, 1, 0)
c. By part a. the vector is not in the xy-plane.
1. They are collinear, thus a linear combination is
There is no combination that would produce a
not applicable. > number other than 0 for the z-component.
2. It is not possible to use 0 in a spanning set.
d. It would still only span the xy-plane. There
Therefore, the remaining vectors only span R 2.
would be no need for that vector.
3. The set of vectors spanned by (0, 1) is m(0, 1).
10. Looking at the x-component:
If we let m 5 21, then m(0, 1) 5 (0, 21).
> 2a 1 3c 5 5
4. i spans the set m(1, 0, 0). This is any vector The y-component:
along the x-axis. Examples: (2, 0, 0), (221, 0, > 0) 6 1 21 5 b 1 c
5. As in question 2, it is not possible to use 0 in a The z-component:
spanning set. 2c 1 3c 5 15
5c 5 15
c53

Substituting this into the first and second equation: Substitute this result into the x-components:
2a 1 9 5 5 a 5 14 2 3 5 11
a 5 22 Check by substituting into z-components:
27 5 b 1 3 3a 2 2b 5 16
b 5 24 33 1 5 5 16
11. (210, 234) 5 a(21, 3) 1 b(1, 5) Therefore:
Looking at the x-component: a(21, 2, 3) 1 b(4, 1, 22) 2 (214, 21, 16) for
210 5 2a 1 b a 5 10 1 b any a and b. They do not lie on the same plane.
Looking at the y-component: b. a(21, 3, 4) 1 b(0, 21, 1) 5 (23, 14, 7)
234 5 3a 1 5b x components:
Substituting in a: 2a 5 23
234 5 30 1 3b 1 5b a53
b 5 28 y components:
Substituting b into x-component equation: 3a 2 b 5 14
210 5 2a 1 (28) Substitute in a:
a 5 22 9 2 b 5 14
(210, 234) 5 22(21, 3) 2 8(1, 5) b 5 25
12. a. a(2, 21) 1 b(21, 1) 5 (x, y) Check with z components:
x 5 2a 2 b 4a 1 b 5 7
b 5 2a 2 x 12 2 5 5 7
y 5 2a 1 b Since there exists an a and b to form a linear
Substitute in b: combination of 2 of the vectors to form the third,
y 5 2a 1 2a 2 x they lie on the same plane.
a5x1y 3(21, 3, 4) 2 5(0, 21, 1) 5 (23, 14, 7)
> >
Substitute this back into the first equation: 14. Let vector a 5 (21, 3, 4) and b 5 (22, 3, 21)
b 5 2x 1 2y 2 x (vectors from the origin to points A and B,
>
b 5 x 1 2y respectively). To determine x, we let c (vector from
>
>
b. Using the formulas in part a: origin to C) be a linear combination of a and b.
For (2, 23): a(21, 3, 4) 1 b(22, 3, 21) 5 (25, 6, x)
a 5 x 1 y 5 2 2 3 5 21 x components:
b 5 x 1 2y 5 2 2 6 5 24 2a 2 2b 5 25
(2, 23) 5 21(2, 21) 2 4(21, 1) a 5 5 2 2b
For (124, 25): y components:
a 5 124 2 5 5 119 3a 1 3b 5 6
b 5 124 2 10 5 114 Substitute in a:
(124, 25) 5 119(2, 21) 1 114(21, 1) 15 2 6b 1 3b 5 6
For (4, 211) b53
a 5 4 2 11 5 27 Substitute in b in x component equation:
b 5 4 2 22 5 218 a 5 5 2 6 5 21
(4, 211) 5 27(2, 21) 2 18(21, 1) z components:
13. Try: a(21, 2, 3) 1 b(4, 1, 22) 4a 2 b 5 x
5 (214, 21, 16) Substitute in a and b:
x components: x 5 24 2 3 5 27
2a 1 4b 5 214 15. m 5 2, n 5 3. Non-parallel vectors cannot be
a 5 14 1 4b equal, unless their magnitudes equal 0.
y components: 16. Answers may vary. For example:
2a 1 b 5 21 Try linear combinations of the 2 vectors such that
Substitute in a:
28 1 8b 1 b 5 21
b 5 23

> > > > > > > >
the z component equals 5. Then calculate what p 5 4a 2 6b 2 8c 1 6a 2 9b 2 9c 1 10a 2 15b
and q would equal. >
1 25c > > >
21(4, 1, 7) 1 2(21, 1, 6) 5 (26, 1, 5) > > > > >
5 4a 1 6a 1 10a 2 6b 2 9b 2 15b 2 8c 2 9c
So p 5 26 and q 5 1 >
1 25c >
5(4, 1, 5) 2 5(21, 1, 6) 5 (25, 0, 5) > >
5 20a 2 30b 1 8c
So p 5 25 and q 5 0 b. Simplify the expression before substituting the
> > >
(4, 1, 7) 2 (21, 1, 6) 5 a , , 5b
1 13 2 given values of x , y , and z
> > > > > >
3 3 3 3(22x 2 4y 1 z ) 2 (2x 2 y 1 z )
> > >
13 2 2 2(24x 2 5y 1 z )
So p 5 and q 5 > > > > > > >
3 3 5 26x 2 12y 1 3z 2 2x 1 y 2 z 1 8x
> >
17. As in question 15, non-parallel vectors. 1 10y 2 2z
> > > > > > >
Their magnitudes must be 0 again to make the 5 26x 2 2x 1 8x 2 12y 1 y 1 10y 1 3z
> >
equality true. 2 z 2 2z
> > >
m 2 1 2m 2 3 5 (m 2 1)(m 1 3) 5 0x 2 y 1 0z
>
m 5 1, 23 5 2y >
> >
m 2 1 m 2 6 5 (m 2 2)(m 1 3) 5 2a 2 >3b 2 3c> >
m 5 2, 23 3. a. XY 5 OY 2 OX
So, when m 5 23, their sum will be 0. 5 (x2, y2, z2 ) 2 (x1, y1, z1 )
5 (x2 2 x1, y2 2 y1, z2 2 z1 )
Review Exercise, pp. 344–347 5 (24 2 (22), 4 2 1, 8 2 2)
> > 5 (22, 3, 6)
1. a. false; Let b 5 2a 2 0 then:
@ a 1 b @ 5 0 a 1 (2a ) 0 @ XY @ 5 "(x2 2 x1 )2 1 (y2 2 y1 )2 1 (z2 2 z1 )2
> > > > >
5 000 5 "(22)2 1 (3)2 1 (6)2

5 0 , 0a0
>
5 "4 1 9 1 36
b. true; @ a 1 b @ and 0 a 1 c 0 both represent the
> > > >
lengths of the diagonal of a parallelogram, the first 5 "49
> > > 57
with sides a and b and the second with sides a and
> > b. The components of a unit vector in the same
c ; since both parallelograms> have a as a side and
diagonals of equal length @ b @ 5 0 c 0 .
>
> direction as XY are 17 (22, 3, 6) 5 ( 2 27, 37, 67) .
> > >
c.> true; Subtracting a from both sides shows that 4. a. The position vector OP is equivalent to YX.
> > >
b5c > OP 5 YX
d. true; > Draw
> the> parallelogram formed by RF and 5 (x2, y2, z2 ) 2 (x1, y1, z1 )
SW . FW and RS are the opposite sides of a paral- 5 (x2 2 x1, y2 2 y1, z2 2 z1 )
lelogram and must be equal. 5 (21 2 5, 2 2 5, 6 2 12)
e. true; The distributive > law for scalars
> 5 (26, 23, 26)
> >
b. @ YX @ 5 "(26)2 1 (23)2 1 (26)2
f. false; Let b 5 > 2a and let c >5 d 2 0. Then,
0 a 0 5 0 2a 0 5 @ b @ and 0 c 0 5 @ d @
>
> > >
but @ a 1 b @ 5 0 a 1 (2 a )0 5 0 5 "81
> > > >
@ c 1 d @ 5 0 c 1 c 0 5 0 2c 0
> > > > > 59
so @ a 1 b @ 2 @ c 1 d @
> > > > The components> of a unit vector in the same
> > > direction as YX are 19 (26, 23, 26) 5 ( 2 23, 2 13, 2 23)
> >
2. a. Substitute the given values of x , y , and z into 5. 2MN 5 NM
> > >
the expression 2x 2 3y 1 5z 5 (x2, y2, z2 ) 2 (x1, y1, z1 )
> > >
2x 2 3y 1 5z 5 (x2 2 x1, y2 2 y1, z2 2 z1 )
> > > > > >
5 2(2a 2 3b 2 4c ) 2 3 (22a 1 3b 1 3c ) 5 (2 28, 3 2 1, 5 2 2)
> > >
1 5(2a 2 3b 1 5c ) 5 (26, 2, 3)

@ NM @ 5 "(26)2 1 (2)2 1 (3)2 @ BC @ 5 "(3 2 2)2 1 (3 2 0)2 1 (24 2 3)2
> >
5 "49 5 "(1)2 1 (3)2 1 (27)2

57 5 "1 1 9 1 49
The components> of the unit vector with the opposite
direction to MN are 17 (26, 2, 3) 5 ( 2 67, 27, 37) 5 "59
0 CA 0 5 "(21 2 3)2 1 (1 2 3)2 1 (1 2 (24))2
>
6. a.> The two
> diagonals
> can> be found by calculating
OA 1 OB and OA 2 OB. 5 "(24)2 1 (22)2 1 (5)2
A
5 "16 1 4 1 25
OA – OB
OA + OB 5 "45
Triangle ABC is a right triangle if and only if
@ AB @ 2 1 @ CA @ 2 5 @ BC @ 2.
> > >
O B
@ AB @ 2 1 @ CA @ 2 5 ("14)2 1 ("45)2
> >
> >
OA 1 OB 5 (3, 2, 26) 1 (26, 6, 22)
5 14 1 45
5 (3 1 26, 2 1 6, 26 1 22)
> 5 59
@ BC @ 2 5 ("59 )2
> > 5 (23, 8, 28)
OA 2 OB 5 (3, 2, 26) 1 (26, 6, 22)
5 59
5 (3 2 (26), 2 2 6, 26 2 (22))
So triangle ABC is a right triangle.
5 (9, 24, 24)
b. Area of a triangle 5 12bh. For triangle ABC the
b. To determine the angle between the sides of the
@ @ @ @
> > >
> >
parallelogram, calculate OA , OB , and longest side BC is the hypotenuse, so AB and CA
@ OA 2 OB @ and apply
> >
are the base and height of the triangle.
Area 5 ( 0 AB 0 )( 0 CA 0 )
the cosine law. 1 > >
@ OA @ 5 "(3)2 1 (2)2 1 (26)2

> 2
5 "14"45
1
5 "49 2
57
5 "630
1
@ OB @ 5 "(26)2 1 (6)2 1 (22)2
>
2
5 "76 5 "70 or 12.5
3
2
5 2"19
c. Perimeter of a triangle equals the sum of the sides.
@ OA 2 OB @ 5 "(9)2 1 (24)2 1 (24)2
> >
Perimeter 5 @ AB @ 1 @ BC @ 1 @ CA @
> > >
5 "113
5 "14 1 "59 1 "45
@ OA @ 2 1 @ OB @ 2 2 @ OA 2 OB @ 2
> > > >
8 18.13
2 @ OA @ @ OB @
cos u 5 > >
d. The fourth vertex D is the
> head of
> the diagonal
>
(7)2 1 (2"19)2 2 ("113)2 vector from A. To find AD take AB 1 AC .
>
cos u 5 AB 5 (2 2 (21), 0 2 1, 3 2 1) 5 (3, 21, 2)
2(7)(2"19) >
cos u 8 0.098 AC 5 (3 2 (21), 3 2 1, 24 2 1) 5 (4, 2, 25)
> > >
u 8 84.4° AD 5 AB 1 AC
7. a. @ AB @ 5 "(2 2 (21))2 1 (0 2 1)2 1 (3 2 1)2 5 (3 1 4, 21 1 2, 2 1 (25))
>
5 "(3)2 1 (21)2 1 (2)2

5 (7, 1, 23)
So the fourth vertex is D(21 1 7, 1 1 1, 1 1 (23))
5 "9 1 1 1 4 or D(6, 2, 22).
5 "14

8. a. Solve for a and b:
> > >
p 5 aq 1 br
(211, 7) 5 a(23, 1) 1 b(21, 2)
a–b a–b
b a–b+c (211, 7) 5 (23a, a) 1 (2b, 2b)
(211, 7) 5 (23a 2 b, a 1 2b)
a c Solve the system of equations:
> > 211 5 23a 2 b
b. Since > the vectors a> and b are perpendicular,
0 a 1 b 0 2 5 0 a 0 2 1 0 b 0 2. So,
> > 7 5 a 1 2b
Use the method of elimination:
0 a 1 b 0 2 5 (4)2 1 (3)2
> >
2(211) 5 2(23a 2 b)
5 16 1 9 222 5 26a 2 2b
> 5 25 1 75 a 1 2b
0 a 1 b 0 5 "25 5 5
>
> > > 215 5 25a
9. Express r as a linear combination of p and q : 35a
Solve for a and b: By substitution, 2 5 b
> > >
r 5 ap 1 bq Therefore 3(23, 1) 1 2(21, 2) 5 (211, 7)
(21, 2) 5 a(211, 7) 1 b(23, 1)
(21, 2) 5 (211a, 7a) 1 (23b, b) 10. a. Let P(x, y, z) be a point equidistant from A
and B. Then @ PA @ 5 @ PB @ .
> >
(21, 2) 5 (211a 2 3b, 7a 1 b)
Solve the system of equations: (x 2 2)2 1 (y 2 (21))2 1 (z 2 3)2
21 5 211a 2 3b 5 (x 2 1)2 1 (y 2 2)2 1 (z 2 (23))2
2 5 7a 1 b
x2 2 4x 1 4 1 y2 1 2y 1 1 1 z2 2 6z 1 9
5 x2 2 2x 1 1 1 y2 2 4y 1 4 1 z2 1 6z 1 9
3(2) 5 3(7a 1 b)
22x 1 6y 2 12z 5 0
6 5 21a 1 3b
x 2 3y 1 6z 5 0
1 21 5 211a 2 3b
5 5 10a b. (0, 0, 0) and ( 1, 13, 0) clearly satisfy the equation
1 and are equidistant from A and B.
5a 11. a.
2
By substitution, b 5 2 32 1
(224, 3, 25) 5 2(a, b, 4) 1 (6, 8, c) 2 3(7, c, 24)
2
Therefore 12 (211, 7) 1 2 32 (23, 1) 5 (21, 2)
(224, 3, 25) 5 (2a, 2b, 8) 1 a3, 4, b
> > > c
Express q as a linear combination of p and r . 2
Solve for a and b: 2 (21, 3c, 212)
> > >
q 5 ap 1 br
(224, 3, 25) 5 a2a 2 18, 2b 1 4 2 3c, 1 20b
c
(23, 1) 5 a(211, 7) 1 b(21, 2)
2
(23, 1) 5 (211a, 7a) 1 (2b, 2b)
(23, 1) 5 (211a 2 b, 7a 1 2b)
Solve the equations:
Solve the system of equations: i. 224 5 2a 2 18
26 5 2a
23 5 211a 2 b
23 5 a
1 5 7a 1 2b
c
Use the method of elimination: ii. 25 5 1 20
2(23) 5 2(211a 2 b) 2
c
26 5 222a 2 2b 55
2
115 7a 1 2b
10 5 c
25 5 215a
iii. 3 5 2b 1 4 2 3c
1
5a 3 5 2b 1 4 2 3(18)
3 3 5 2b 2 50
By substitution, 2 23 5 b 53 5 2b
Therefore 13 (211, 7) 1 2 23 (21, 2) 5 (23, 1) 26.5 5 b
> > >
Express p as a linear combination of q and r .
b. (3, 222, 54) 1Q 5 (2, 4, 6)
1 3 22R 5 (2, 4, 6)
5 2aa, a, ab 1 (3b, 0, 25c) 1 2ac, c, 0b
13. a. Find 0 AB 0, 0 BC 0, 0 CA 0
> > >
2 2
@ AB @ 5 "(1 2 3)2 1 (2 2 0)2 1 (5 2 4)2
(3, 222, 54) >
5 (2a, 2a, a) 1 (3b, 0, 25c) 1 (2c, 3c, 0)
(3, 222, 54) 5 (2a 1 3b 1 2c, 2a 1 3c, a 2 5c) 5 "(22)2 1 (2)2 1 (1)2
Solve the system of equations: 5 "9
222 5 2a 1 3c 53
54 5 a 2 5c
@ BC @ 5 "(2 2 1)2 1 (1 2 2)2 1 (3 2 5)2
>
5 "(1)2 1 (21)2 1 (22)2

22(54) 5 22(a 2 5c)
2108 5 22a 1 10c 5 "6
1 2 22 5 2a 1 3c @ CA @ 5 "(2 2 3)2 1 (1 2 0)2 1 (3 2 4)2
>
2130 5 13c
210 5 c 5 "(21)2 1 (1)2 1 (21)2
By substitution, 8 5 a 5 "3
Test @ AB @ , @ BC @ , @ CA @ in the Pythagorean theorem:
Solve the equation: > > >
3 5 2a 1 3b 1 2c
@ BC @ 2 1 @ CA @ 2 5 A"6B 2 1 A"3B 2
> >
3 5 2(8) 1 3b 1 2(210)
3 5 16 1 3b 2 20 5613
3 5 3b 2 4 > 59
7 5 3b @ AB @ 2 5 (3)2
7 59
5b So triangle ABC is a right triangle.
3
12. a. Find @ AB @ , @ BC @ , @ CA @
> > >
b. Since triangle ABC is a right triangle,
@ AB @ 5 "(2 2 1)2 1 (2 2 (21))2 1 (2 2 1)2
>
6
Å3
cos/ABC 5
5 "(1)2 1 (3)2 1 (1)2 > > > >
14. a. DA, BC and EB, ED
5 "11 > > > >
@ BC @ 5 "(4 2 2)2 1 (22 2 2)2 1 (1 2 2)2

> b. DC, AB and CE, EA
c. @ AD @ 2 1 @ DC @ 2 5 @ AC @ 2,
> > >
5 "(2)2 1 (24)2 1 (21)2 But @ AC @ 2 5 @ DB @ 2

> >
5 "21 Therefore, @ AD @ 2 1 @ DC @ 2 5 @ DB @ 2
> > >
@ CA @ 5 "(4 2 1)2 1 (22 2 (21))2 1 (1 2 1)2

>
15. a. C(3, 0, 5); P(3, 4, 5); E(0, 4, 5); F(0, 4, 0)
5 "(3) 1 (21)
2 2 >
b. DB 5 (3 2 0, 4 2 0, 0 2 5)
5 "10 5 (3, 4, 25)

> > > >
CF 5 (0 2 3, 4 2 0, 0 2 5)
@ AB @ 2 1 @ CA @ 2 5 ("11)2 1 ("10)2
> > 5 (23, 4, 25)
c. D P
5 11 1 10
> 5 21
@ BC @ 2 5 ("21)2 u
5 21
So triangle ABC is a right triangle. X
b. Yes, P(1, 2, 3), Q(2, 4, 6), and R(21, 22, 23)
are collinear because:
2P 5 (2, 4, 6) O B

0 OD 0 5 5
> >
Let > A represent the air speed of the airplane and let
0 DP 0 5 5 by the Pythagorean theorem
>
W represent the velocity of the wind. In one hour,
the plane will travel 0 A 1 W 0 kilometers. Because
> >
Thus ODPB is a square and cos u 5 0, so the angle
> >
between the vectors is 90°. A and W make a right angle, use the Pythagorean
d. E P theorem:
0 A 1 W 02 5 0 A 02 1 0 W 02
> > > >
5 (400)2 1 (100)2
u 5 170 000
0 A 1 W 0 5 "170 000
> >
O A 8 412.3 km
@ OA @ 5 3, @ OP @ 5 "5
> >
So in 3 hours, the plane will travel
u 5 180° 2 2(m/POA) 3(412.3)km 8 1236.9 km
0W0
>
5 180° 2 2acos21 a bb
3
0A0
b. tan u 5 >
!50
8 50.2° 100
5
16. a. 400
d+e
u 5 tan21 a b
1
150° 30° d
e 4
Use the cosine law to evaluate 0 d 1 e 0
> >
8 14.0°
0 d 1 e 0 2 5 0 d 0 2 1 0 e 0 2 2 2 0 d 0 0 e 0 cos u
> > > > > > The direction of the airplane is S14.0°W.
18. a. Any pair of nonzero, noncollinear vectors
5 (3)2 1 (5)3 2 2(3)(5) cos 150° will span R 2. To show that (2, 3) and (3, 5) are
2"3 noncollinear, show that there does not exist any
5 9 1 25 2 30
2 number k such that k(2, 3) 5 (3, 5). Solve the
8 59.98 system of equations:
0 d 1 e 0 8 "59.98
> >
2k 5 3
8 7.74 3k 5 5
b. Solving both equations gives two different values
d d –e for k, 32 and 53, so (2, 3) and (3, 5) are noncollinear
and thus span R 2
e b. (323, 795) 5 m(2, 3) 1 n(3, 5)
> >
(323, 795) 5 (2m, 3m) 1 (3n, 5n)
0 d 2 e 0 2 5 0 d 0 2 1 0 e 0 2 2 2 0 d 0 0 e 0 cos u
> > > >
> > (323, 795) 5 (2m 1 3n, 3m 1 5n)
Solve the system of equations:
5 (3)2 1 (5)3 2 2(3)(5) cos 30° 323 5 2m 1 3n
"3 795 5 3m 1 5n
5 9 1 25 2 30
2 Use the method of elimination:
8 8.02 23(323) 5 23(2m 1 3n)
0 d 2 e 0 8 "8.02
> >
2(795) 5 2(3m 1 5n)
>8 2.83 >
2969 5 26m 2 9n
c. 0 e 2 d 0 5 0 2 (d 2 e ) 0 5 0 d 2 e 0 8 2.83
> > > >
1 1590 5 6m 1 10n
17. a. 621 5 n
By substitution, m 5 2770.
u
A:
400 km/h
W: 100 km/h
19. a. Find a and b such that b. z
(0, 0, 4)
(5, 9, 14) 5 a(22, 3, 1) 1 b(3, 1, 4) (0, 4, 4)
(5, 9, 14) 5 (22a, 3a, a) 1 (3b, b, 4b) (4, 4, 4)
(5, 9, 14) 5 (22a 1 3b, 3a 1 b, a 1 4b) (4, 0, 4)
i. 5 5 22a 1 3b (0, 0, 0)
ii. 9 5 3a 1 b y
iii. 14 5 a 1 4b
(0, 4, 0)
Use the method of elimination with i. and iii.
2(14) 5 2(a 1 4b) (4, 0, 0) (4, 4, 0)
x
28 5 2a 1 8b
1 5 5 22a 1 3b
33 5 11b >
35b PO 5 (4, 4, 4) so,
> >
By substitution, a 5 2. OP 5 2PO 5 2 (4, 4, 4) 5 (24, 24, 24)
> > >
a lies in the plane determined by b and c because it c. z
> > (0, 0, 4)
can be written as a linear combination of b and c . (0, 4, 4)
> > > >
b. If vector a is in the span of b and c ,> then a can (4, 4, 4)
>
be written as a linear combination of b and c . Find (4, 0, 4)
m and n such that
(213, 36, 23) 5 m(22, 3, 1) 1 n(3, 1, 4) (0, 0, 0)
y
5 (22m, 3m, m) 1 (3n, n, 4n)
5 (22m 1 3n, 3m 1 n, m 1 4n) (0, 4, 0)
x (4, 0, 0) (4, 4, 0)
213 5 22m 1 3n
36 5 3m 1 n
23 5 m 1 4n >
Use the method of elimination: The vector PQ from P(4, 4, 4) to Q(0, 4, 0) can be
>
2(23) 5 2(m 1 4n) written as PQ 5 (24, 0, 24).
46 5 2m 1 8n d. z
1 213 5 22m 1 3n (0, 0, 4)
(0, 4, 4)
33 5 11n
35n (4, 4, 4)
(4, 0, 4)
By substitution, m 5 11. >
> >
So, vector a is in the span of b and c . (0, 0, 0)
20. a. z y
(0, 0, 4)
(0, 4, 4) (0, 4, 0)
(4, 4, 4)
(4, 0, 4) x (4, 0, 0) (4, 4, 0)
(0, 0, 0)
y
The vector with the coordinates (4, 4, 0).
(0, 4, 0)
21. 0 2(a 1 b 2 c ) 2 (a 1 2b ) 1 3(a 2 b 1 c ) 0
> > > > > > > >
5 0 2a 1 2b 2 2c 2 a 2 2b 1 3a 2 3b 1 3c 0
> > > > > > > >
x (4, 0, 0) (4, 4, 0)
5 0 4a 2 3b 1 c 0
> > >
5 0 4(1, 1, 21) 2 3(2, 21, 3) 1 (2, 0, 13) 0
5 0 (4, 4, 24) 1 (26, 3, 29) 1 (2, 0, 13) 0
5 0 (0, 7, 0) 0
57

> >
22. y Case 2> If b and c are not collinear, then> by spanning
> >
sets, b and c span a plane in R3, and> 2b 1 4c is in
> >
that plane. If a is perpendicular to b and c , then it is
A(–3, 4)
perpendicular to the plane and all vectors
> in the
> >
plane. So, a is perpendicular to 2b 1 4c .
C(5, 0)
x
Chapter 6 Test, p. 348
> >
B(3, –4) 1. Let P be the tail of a and let Q be the head
> of c> .
The vector sums 3a 1 (b 1 c )4 and 3 (a 1 b ) 1 c 4
> > > >
can be depicted as in the diagram below, using the
a. @ AB @ 5 10 because it is the diameter of the circle.
> triangle
> law of> addition. We see > that>
> > >
PQ 5 a 1 (b 1 c ) 5 (a 1 b ) 1 c . This is the
@ BC @ 5 "(5 2 3)2 1 (0 2 (24))2
>
associative property for vector addition.
5 "(2)2 1 (4)2
a
5 "20 P
5 2"5 or 4.47
(a + b)
@ CA @ 5 "(5 2 (23))2 1 (0 2 4)2
>
b
5 "(8)2 1 (24)2 (b + c)
5 "80 or 8.94
b. If A, B, and C are vertices of a right triangle, then c
@ BC @ 2 1 @ CA @ 2 5 @ AB @ 2
> > >
PQ= (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
@ BC @ 2 1 @ CA @ 2 5 A2"5B 2 1 A"80B 2
> >
Q
5 20 1 80
>
> 5 100
@ AB @ 2 5 102
2. a. AB 5 (6 2 (22), 7 2 3, 3 2 (25)) 5 (8, 4, 8)
b. @ AB> @ 5 "82 1 > 42 1 82 5 12
>
5 100
c. BA 5 (21)AB 5 (28, 24, 28);
So, triangle ABC is a right triangle.
@ BA @ 5 @ AB @ 5 12; unit vector in direction of
> > > > > > >
> >
23. a. FL 5 FG 1 GH 1 HL 5 a 1 b 1 c
@ BA @ 5
> > > > > > 1 >
b. MK 5 JK 2 JM 5 a 2 b
@ BA @
> > > > >
> BA
> >
c. HJ 5 HG 1 GF 1 FJ 5 2b 2 a 1 c
> > > > 1
d. IH 1 KJ 5 FG 1 GF 5 0 5 (28, 24, 28)
> > > > > > 12
e. IK 2 IH 5 HK 5 IJ 5 b 2 c
5 a2 2 , 2 b
2 1 2
24. b 3 3 3
> > > > > >
a 3. Let x 5 PQ, y 5 QR, and > 2y 5 QS, as in the
diagram below. Note that 0 RS 0 5 0 2y 0 5 6 and that
>
25. a. " 0 a 0 1 0 b 0 by the Pythagorean theorem
>2 >
2
triangle PQR and triangle PRS share angle u.
b. " 0 a 0 2 1 0 b 0 2 by the Pythagorean theorem
> >
c. "40 a 0 2 1 9 0 b 0 2 by the Pythagorean theorem

> >
> > > >

26. Case 1 If b and c are > collinear, then 2b 1 4c is
> >
also collinear
> with both b and c . But a is perpendi-
>
> > >
cular to b and c , so a is perpendicular to 2b 1 4c .

R a 5 1 and simplifying yields b 5 5. Third,
c 1 1 2 12 5 > 2c, so c 5 211.
>
5. a. a and b span R 2, because any vector (x, y) in >
>
u R 2 can be written as a linear combination of a and b.
x+y These two vectors are not multiples of each other.
y
b. First, conduct scalar multiplication on the vectors,
yielding: (22p, 3p) 1 (3q, 2q) 5 (13, 29).
x Now, each component corresponds to an equation.
P Q First, 22p 1 3q 5 13. Second, 3p 2 q 5 29.
Multiplying the second equation by 3 and adding
the result to the first equation yields: 7p 5 214,
–y which implies p 5 22. Substituting this into the
x–y
first equation and simplifying
> yields q 5 3.
> >
6. a. a 5 mb 1 nc
(1, 12, 229) 5 m(3, 1, 4) 1 n(1, 2, 23)
(1, 12, 229) 5 (3m, m, 4m) 1 (n, 2n, 23n)
S Each of the three components corresponds to an
By the cosine law: equation. First, 1 5 3m 1 n. Second, 12 5 m 1 2n.
0 y 02 1 0 x 1 y 02 2 0 x 02
> > > >
Third, 229 5 4m 2 3n. Multiplying the first
20 y 0 0 x 1 y 0
cos u 5 > > > and equation by 22 and adding the result to the second
0 2y 0 2 1 0 x 1 y 0 2 2 0 x 2 y 0 2
> > > > > equation yields m 5 22. Substituting m 5 22 into
20 2y 0 0 x 1 y 0
cos u 5 > > > . the first equation yields n 5 7. Since m 5 22 and
n 5 7 also solves the third component’s equation,
Hence, > > > >
0 y 02 1 0 x 1 y 02 2 0 x 02
> > > > a 5 mb 1 nc for m 5 22 and n 5 7. > Hence, a can
>
20 y 0 0 x 1 y 0
> > > be written as a linear combination of b and c .
> > >
b. r 5 mp 1 nq
0 2y 0 2 1 0 x 1 y 0 22 0 x 2 y 0 2
> > > > >
(16, 11, 224) 5 m(22, 3, 4) 1 n(4, 1, 26)
2 0 2y 0 0 x 1 y 0
5 > > >
(16, 11, 224) 5 (22m, 3m, 4m) 1 (4n, n, 26n)
2( 0 y 0 2 1 0 x 1 y 0 2 2 0 x 0 2 )
> > > > Each of the three components corresponds to an
5 0 2y 0 2 1 0 x 1 y 0 2 2 0 x 2 y 0 2 equation. First, 16 5 22m 1 4n. Second,
> > > > >
0 x 2 y 0 5 20 y 0 2 0 x 1 y 0 1 20 x 0 2
> >2 >2 > >2 > 11 5 3m 1 n. Third, 224 5 4m 2 6n. Multiplying
the first equation by 2 and adding the result to the
0 x 2 y 0 5 "2 0 y 0 2 2 0 x 1 y 0 2 1 "2 0 x 0 2
> > > > > >
third equation yields n 5 4. Substituting n 5 4 into
0 x 2 y 0 5 "2(3)2 2 ( "17 )2 1 "2(3)2
> > the first equation yields m 5 0. We have that n 5 4
and m 5 0 is the unique solution to the first and
0 x 2 y 0 5 "19
> >
third equations, but n 5 4 and m 5 0 does not
> > > > > >
4. a. We have 3x 2 2y 5 a and 5x 2 3y 5 b. solve the second equation. Hence, this system of
>
Multiplying the first equation by 23 and the second equations has no solution, and r cannot be written
> > > > >
equation by 2 yields: 29x 1 6y 5 23a and as a linear combination of p and q . In other words,
> > > > > >
10x 2 >6y 5 2b. Adding these equations, we have: r does not lie in the plane determined by p and q .
> > > >
x 5 2b 2 3a> . Substituting this into the first equation 7. x and y have magnitudes of 1 and 2, respectively,
> > > and have an angle of 120° between them, as depicted
yields: 3(2b 2 3a ) 2 2y 5 a . Simplifying, we
> > > in the picture below.
have: y 5 3b 2 5a .
b. First, conduct scalar multiplication on the third
vector, yielding:
(2, 21, c) 1 (a, b, 1) 2 (6, 3a, 12) 5 (23, 1, 2c). y
Now, each of the three components corresponds to 120˚
an equation. First, 2 1 a 2 6 5 23, which implies
x
a 5 1. Second, 21 1 b 2 3a 5 1. Substituting

0 2y 0 sin 60
> > >
Since 60° is the complement of 120° 3x 1 2y can
u 5 sin21 a > b
0 3x 1 2y 0
be depicted as below. >
u 5 sin21 a b
(4) sin 60
2y
"13
3x + 2y u 8 73.9° relative to x
> > >
u 60˚ 8. DE> 5 CE > 2> CD
DE 5 b 2 a
3x Also,
> > >
By the cosine law: BA> 5 CA > 2 CB
0 3x 1 2y 0 2 5 0 3x 0 2 1 0 2y 0 2 2 20 3x 0 0 2y 0 cos 60
> > > > > > >
BA 5 2b 2 2a
0 3x 1 2y 0 2 5 90 x 0 2 1 40 y 0 2 2 60 x 0 0 y 0
> > > > > > Thus,
0 3x 1 2y 0 5 9 1 16 2 12
> >2 > 1 >
DE 5 BA
2
0 3x 1 2y 0 5 "13 or 3.61
> >
> > >
The direction of 3x 1 2y is u, the angle from x .
This can be computed from the sine law:
0 3x 1 2y 0 0 2y 0
> > >
5
sin 60 sin u
0 2y 0 sin 60
>
0 3x 1 2y 0
sin u 5 > >

CHAPTER 6
Introduction to Vectors
Review of Prerequisite Skills, p. 273 52 1 82 2 102
5
2(5)(8)
"3 1 "2 211
1. a. c. e. 5
2 2 2 80
"3 /A 8 97.9°
b. 2"3 d. f. 1 Find /B using the sine law.
2
2. Find BC using the Pythagorean theorem, sin B sin A
5
AC 2 5 AB 2 1 BC 2. b a
BC 2 5 AC 2 2 AB 2 sin B sin (97.9°)
5 102 2 62 5
5 10
5 64 sin B 8 0.5
BC 5 8 /B 8 29.7°
opposite
Next, use the ratio tan A 5 adjacent . Find /C using the sine law.
BC sin C sin A
tan A 5 5
AB c a
8 sin C sin (97.9°)
5 5
6 8 10
4 sin C 8 0.8
5
3 /C 8 52.4°
3. a. To solve D ABC, find measures of the sides and 4. Since the sum of the internal angles of a triangle
angles whose values are not given: AB, /B, and equals 180°, determine the measure of /Z using
/C. Find AB using the Pythagorean theorem, /X 5 60° and /Y 5 70°.
BC 2 5 AB 2 1 AC 2. /Z 5 180°2 (/X 1 /Y)
AB 2 5 BC 2 2 AC 2 5 180°2 (60° 1 70°)
5 (37.0)2 2 (22.0)2 5 50°
5 885 Find XY and YZ using the sine law.
AB 5 "885 XY XY
5
8 29.7 sin Y sin Z
opposite
Find /B using the ratio sin B 5 hypotenuse. XY 6
5
AC sin 70° sin 50°
sin B 5
BC XZ 8 7.36
22.0 YZ XY
5 5
37.0 sin X sin Z
/B 8 36.5° YZ 6
5
/C 5 90° 2 /B sin 60° sin 50°
/C 5 90° 2 36.5° YZ 8 6.78
/C 8 53.5° 5. Find each angle using the cosine law.
b. Find measures of the angles whose values are not RS 2 1 RT 2 2 ST 2
given. Find /A using the cosine law, cos R 5
2(RS)(RT)
b2 1 c2 2 a2 42 1 72 2 52
cos A 5 . 5
2bc 2(4)(7)

5 8. C
5
7
/R 8 44°
RS 2 1 ST 2 2 RT 2 100 km/h
cos S 5
2(RS)(ST)
42 1 5 2 2 72
5 48°
2(4)(5) A T
1 80 km/h
52
5 Find AC and AT using the speed of each vehicle and
/S 8 102° the elapsed time (in hours) until it was located,
RT 2 1 ST 2 2 RS 2 distance 5 speed 3 time.
cos T 5
2(RT)(ST) 1
AC 5 100 km>h 3 h
72 1 52 2 42 4
5
2(7)(5) 5 25 km
29 1
5 AT 5 80 km>h 3 h
35 3
/T 8 34° 2
5 26 km
6. A 3
3.5 km Find CT using the cosine law.
T CT 2 5 AC 2 1 AT 2 2 2(AC)(AT) cos A
70°
5 (25 km)2 1 a26 kmb
2
2
3
2 2(25 km) a26 kmb cos 48°
2
6 km 3
8 443.94 km2
CT 8 21.1 km
9. A
B
5 cm
Find AB (the distance between the airplanes) using
the cosine law.
AB 2 5 AT 2 1 BT 2 2 2(AT)(BT)cos T 5 cm
5 (3.5 km)2 1 (6 km)2 B C
2 2(3.5 km)(6 km) cos 70° C
8 33.89 km2 The pentagon can be divided into 10 congruent
AB 8 5.82 km right triangles with height AC and base BC.
7. P 10 3 /A 5 360°
2 km 7 km
142° /A 5 36°
Q R
Find AC and BC using trigonometric ratios.
Find QR using the cosine law. AC 5 AB 3 cos A
QR 2 5 PQ 2 1 PR 2 2 2(PQ)(PR) cos P 5 5 cos 36°
5 (2 km)2 1 (7 km)2 8 4.0 cm
2 2(2 km)(7 km) cos 142° BC 5 AB 3 sin A
8 75.06 km2 5 5 sin 36°
QR 8 8.66 km 8 2.9 cm
The area of the pentagon is the sum of the areas of
the 10 right triangles. Use the area of ÂBC to
determine the area of the pentagon.
2
> > > > > > >
> ; DE 5 > EB
B H
D
opposite.
F I
b. AB > 5 2EF>
of a vector. > >
direction.

2
> > > > > > >
> ; DE 5 > EB
B H
D
opposite.
F I
b. AB > 5 2EF>
of a vector. > >
direction.

@ AB @ 5 " (xA 2 xB )2 1 (yB 2 yA )2
>
5 " (24 1 1)2 1 (3 2 2)2
b. E H
F G
5> "10> or 3.16
>
to find point D.
(xD, yD ) 5 (xC 1 3, yC 1 1)
5 (26 1 3, 0 1 1)
5 (23, 1)
> >
(xA, yA ) 5 (xB 2 3, yB 2 1).
A (xE, yE ) 5 (xF 2 3, yF 2 1)
D
5 (3 2 3, 22 2 1)
B C 5 (0, 23)
> >
>
BD 2 5 AB 2 1 AD 2 (xH, yH ) 5 (xG 2 3, yG 2 1)
5 32 1 32 5 (3 2 3, 1 2 1)
BD 5 "18 5 (0, 0)
BE 2 5 AB 2 1 AE 2
BE 5 "73
BH 2 5 BD 2 1 DH 2 1. a. x
y
5 ("18)2 1 82
BH 5 "82
every point. y –x
d. Point C
7 –x

@ AB @ 5 " (xA 2 xB )2 1 (yB 2 yA )2
>
5 " (24 1 1)2 1 (3 2 2)2
b. E H
F G
5> "10> or 3.16
>
to find point D.
(xD, yD ) 5 (xC 1 3, yC 1 1)
5 (26 1 3, 0 1 1)
5 (23, 1)
> >
(xA, yA ) 5 (xB 2 3, yB 2 1).
A (xE, yE ) 5 (xF 2 3, yF 2 1)
D
5 (3 2 3, 22 2 1)
B C 5 (0, 23)
> >
>
BD 2 5 AB 2 1 AD 2 (xH, yH ) 5 (xG 2 3, yG 2 1)
5 32 1 32 5 (3 2 3, 1 2 1)
BD 5 "18 5 (0, 0)
BE 2 5 AB 2 1 AE 2
BE 5 "73
BH 2 5 BD 2 1 DH 2 1. a. x
y
5 ("18)2 1 82
BH 5 "82
every point. y –x
d. Point C
7 –x

d. –x c.
–b
–y
a
–y –x –c
>
2. a. BA A a–b–c
d.
–b
C B
> c
b. 0 A a
a–b+c
C B
>
c. CB A
4. a. b
(b + c)
a c
C B
>
d. CA A
a + (b + c)
b. b
C B
a c
3. a. c (a + b)
b (a + b) + c
c. The resultant vectors are the same. The order in
which you add vectors does not matter.
Aa 1 b B 1 c 5 a 1 Ab 1 c B
> > > > > >
>
5. a. PS
a+b+c a R –RQ Q
RS
PR PQ
b. –c S
PS P
b >
b. 0 Q
–RS
S RQ R –PQ
a+b–c
a
PS P
> > > >
6. x 1 y 5 MR 1 RS
>
> 5 MS> >
>
z 1 t 5 ST > 1 TQ
5 SQ
so > > >
> > >
(x 1 y ) 1 (z 1 t ) 5 MS >1 SQ
5 MQ
>
7. a. 2x 11. w
>
b. y
> >
c. x 1 y
> >
d. 2x 1 y a+w a
> > >
e. x 1 y 1 z
> >
f. 2x 2 y u
> > >
g. 2x 1 y 1 z
Find 0 a 1 w 0 using the Pythagorean theorem.
> > > >
h. 2x 2z
0 a 1 w 0 5 0 a 02 1 0 w 02
> >2 > >
8. a. y
y B C
u 5 (150 km>h)2 1 (80 km>h)2
u 5 28 900
x –y
0 a 1 w 0 2 5 170
x > >
y –x x > >
D Find the direction of a 1 w using the ratio
0w0
>
A y
0a0
tan(u) 5 >
b. See the figure in part a. for the drawn vectors.
0 y 2 x 0 2 5 0 y 0 2 1 0 x 0 2 2 20 y 0 0 2x 0 cos (u) and
> > > > > > 80 km>h
u 5 tan21
0 2x 0 5 0 x 0 , so 0 y 2 x 0 2 5 0 x 2 y 0 2
> > > > > > 150 km>h
9. a. Maria’s velocity is 11 km> h downstream.
8 N 28.1° W
> >
a 1 w 5 170 km>h, N 28.1° W
b. > > > >
12. x , y , and x 1 y form a right triangle. Find
0 x 1 y 0 using the Pythagorean theorem.
4 km/h > >
0 x 1 y 02 5 0 x 02 1 0 y 02
> > > >
11 km/h 5 72 1 242
5 625
0 x 1 y 0 5 25
7 km/h > >
> > >
Find the angle between x and x 1 y using the ratio
0y0
>
0x0
tan (u) 5 >
c.
24
4 km/h u 5 tan21
7
7 km/h 8 73.7°
13. Find @ AB 1 AC @ using the cosine> law and> the
> >
3 km/h supplement to the angle between AB and AC.

@ AB 1 AC @ 2
> >
Maria’s speed is 3 km> h. 5 @ AB @ 2 1 @ AC @ 2 2 2 @ AB @ @ AC @ cos (30°)

> > > >
"3
10. a.
f1 + f2 5 12 1 12 2 2(1)(1)
2
u f1 5 2> 2 "3>
ship @ AB 1 AC @ 8 0.52
f2 14. D C
b. The vectors form a triangle with side lengths
@ f1 @ , @ f2 @ and @ f1 1 f2 @ . Find @ f1 1 f2 @ using the E
S S S S S S
cosine law.
@ f1 1 f @ 2 5 @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 2 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos (u)
S S S S S S
2
A B
@ f1 1 f2 0 5 $ @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 2 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos (u)
S S S S S S The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
> > > >
So EA 5 2EC > and ED
> 5 2EB
> . > >
Therefore, EA 1 EB 1 EC 1 ED 5 0.

a Q
T
R
b 2. a.
S
3 cm
> > > > b.
> > > >
undrawn vector RQ )
c. 2 cm
> > > > > > >
2 RM 1 a 1 b> 5 a 1> b 1 TP > 1 SQ d.
2> RM 5 TP> 1 SQ
> >
>
6 cm
a+b
a–b
b

G >
v
Q R
M
of the
> Triangle
GQ 1 QM 1 MG 5 0
> > > > >
GR 1 RM 1 MG 5 0 2v
> > > > > >
GQ 1 QM 1 2 MG 1 GR 1 RM 5 0
2 MG 5 GP > and v
> >
2 2 v
> v
> > > >
>
22v

a Q
T
R
b 2. a.
S
3 cm
> > > > b.
> > > >
undrawn vector RQ )
c. 2 cm
> > > > > > >
2 RM 1 a 1 b> 5 a 1> b 1 TP > 1 SQ d.
2> RM 5 TP> 1 SQ
> >
>
6 cm
a+b
a–b
b

G >
v
Q R
M
of the
> Triangle
GQ 1 QM 1 MG 5 0
> > > > >
GR 1 RM 1 MG 5 0 2v
> > > > > >
GQ 1 QM 1 2 MG 1 GR 1 RM 5 0
2 MG 5 GP > and v
> >
2 2 v
> v
> > > >
>
22v

5. a. b. c.
y
3b –3b
y d. a
a b
b
y
x + 3y b
2a + 3b
e. –b
x
2a – 3b –b
–b
b.
–y
x a
a
> > > 3 >
–y 7. a. c 5 2a , b 5 a
> 2>
>
mc 1 nb 5 0
m(2a ) 1 n a a b 5 0
–y > 3 > >
x – 3y 2
> > >
m(4a ) 1 n (3a ) 5 0
m 5 3 and n 5 24 satisfy the equation, as does any
c.
multiple of the pair (3, 24). There are infinitely
–2x + y many values possible.
–x > > > 3 >
b. c 5 2a , b 5 a
> > 2
> >
da 1 eb 1 f c 5 0
–x
da 1 ea a b 1 f(2a ) 5 0
y > 3 > > >
2
> > > >
d. 2da 1 3ea 1 4f a 5 0
d 5 2, e 5 0, and f 5 21 satisfy the equation, as
–x
does any multiple of the triple (2, 0, 21). There are
infinitely many values possible.
8. or
–x
–2x – y > > > >
a and b are collinear, so a 5 kb, where k is a nonzero
scalar. Since 0 a 0 5 @ b @ , k can only be 21 or 1.
> >
9.
–y
b a
6. Answers may vary. For example: 4a
a b
a. –2b
2a
Yes

10. Two vectors are collinear if and only if they can >
1
2
> sin u 8 (1)
be related by a scalar multiple. In this case a 2 kb 2.91
a. collinear > >
u 8 9.9° from x towards y
b. not collinear > 1 >
0a0
c. not collinear 16. b 5 > a
d. collinear
@b@ 5 ` > a `
> 1 >
0a0
1 >
11. a. 0 x> 0 x is a vector with length 1 unit in the same
@b@ 5 > 0 a 0
> > 1 >
direction as x .
1 > 0a0
b. 2 0 x> 0 x is a vector with length 1 unit in the @b@ 5 1
>
> > >
opposite direction of x . b is a positive multiple of a , so it points in the
12. >
a a same direction as a and has magnitude 1. It is a
>
unit vector in the same direction as a .
17. A
b b b
2
m5
3
2 > c b
13. a. 2 a
3
1 >
b. a AD
3
B
c. 0 a 0
1 >
D
3 C
d. 0 a 0
2 > > > >
AD> 5 c> 1 CD>
3 AD> 5 b 1 BD
4 > > > > >
e. a 2 AD 5> c 1 b> 1 CD 1 BD
3
> > But CD >1 BD 5 > 0.
14. x and y make an angle of 90°, so you may find > > 1 > 1 >
0 2x 1 y 0 using the Pythagorean theorem.
> > So 2 AD 5 c 1 b, or AD 5 2 c 1 2 b.
0 2x 1 y 0 2 5 0 2x 0 2 1 0 y 0 2
> > > > > > > >
18. PM> 5 a and > PN >5 b
52 11 2 2 so MN 5 PN > 2> PM
0 2x 1 y 0 5 "5 or 2.24
> >
> 5 b 2a> >
> > >
Find the direction of 2x 1 y using the ratio PQ 5 > 2a and> PR 5> 2b
0y0
>
so QR 5 PR> 2 PQ
0 2x 0
tan (u) 5 > 5 2b 2 2a
>
1 Notice > that>

u 5 tan21 >
2 2MN 5 2b 2 > 2a
>
8 26.6° from x towards 2x 1 y
> > 5 QR > >
15. Find 0 2x 1 y 0 using the cosine law, and the We can conclude that QR is parallel to MN and
> >
@ QR @ 5 2 @ MN @ .
> >
> >
supplement to the angle between x and y .
0 2x 1 y 0 2 5 0 2x 0 2 1 0 y 0 2 2 20 2x 0 0 y 0 cos (150°) 19. A B
> > > > > >
2"3
5 22 1 12 2 2(2)(1)
2 E
0 2x 1 y 0 8 2.91
> >
> >
Find the direction of 2x 1 y using the sine law.
sin u sin (150°)
0y0 0 2x 1 y 0
> 5 > > C D

> > > >
Answers may >
vary. For example:
> 2. a 1 b 5 b 1 a
> >
> > a
> >
> >
> b b
> >
>
0 n 0 5 30 m 0. a
> >
21. a. > CD 5> b 2 a
> b
b. BE 5 2b 2 2a
> (b + c)
> >
5 2(b 2 a ) (a + b)
> a
5 2CD (a + b)+ c = a + (b+ c)
@ BE @ 5 2 @ CD @
>

b
E
D C a
that> k(a + b)
> > ka
AC 5 AD 1 DC
kb
> 2 > 5. PQ 5 RQ 1 >
SR 1 >
TS 1 >PT >
AB 5 DC 5 (RQ> 1 SR>) 1 (TS> 1 PT>)
3
3 > > 5 (SR 1 RQ ) 1 (PT 1 TS )
AB 5 DC > >
2 5 SQ> 1 PS>
> > 5 PS >1 SQ
3
> > >
> 3 > > 3 > b. 0
2 2
AE 5 AD 1 AB > > > > >
2 2 7. 5 3a 2 >6b 2 15c 2 6a 1 12b 2 6c 2 a
>
> 2 > 3 > 1 3b 2 3c >
AE 5 AD 1 AB > >
5 5 5 24a> 1 9b> 2 24c > > > >
8. a. 5 6i 2 >
8j 1> 2k 1> 6i 2 9j 1 3k
5> 12i 2 > 17j> 1 5k > > >
> > >
1. a. 0 5 27i> 1 11j > 2 >4k > > >
b. 1> c. 5 2(3i 2 4j> 1 k> 1 6i> 2 9j 1 >
3k )> >
c. 0 23(26i
> 1> 8j 2 > 2k 1 14i 2 21j 1 7k )
d. 1 5 26i 1 13j 2 7k
>
> 1 > 3 >
x5 a2 y
2 2

> > > >
Answers may >
vary. For example:
> 2. a 1 b 5 b 1 a
> >
> > a
> >
> >
> b b
> >
>
0 n 0 5 30 m 0. a
> >
21. a. > CD 5> b 2 a
> b
b. BE 5 2b 2 2a
> (b + c)
> >
5 2(b 2 a ) (a + b)
> a
5 2CD (a + b)+ c = a + (b+ c)
@ BE @ 5 2 @ CD @
>

b
E
D C a
that> k(a + b)
> > ka
AC 5 AD 1 DC
kb
> 2 > 5. PQ 5 RQ 1 >
SR 1 >
TS 1 >PT >
AB 5 DC 5 (RQ> 1 SR>) 1 (TS> 1 PT>)
3
3 > > 5 (SR 1 RQ ) 1 (PT 1 TS )
AB 5 DC > >
2 5 SQ> 1 PS>
> > 5 PS >1 SQ
3
> > >
> 3 > > 3 > b. 0
2 2
AE 5 AD 1 AB > > > > >
2 2 7. 5 3a 2 >6b 2 15c 2 6a 1 12b 2 6c 2 a
>
> 2 > 3 > 1 3b 2 3c >
AE 5 AD 1 AB > >
5 5 5 24a> 1 9b> 2 24c > > > >
8. a. 5 6i 2 >
8j 1> 2k 1> 6i 2 9j 1 3k
5> 12i 2 > 17j> 1 5k > > >
> > >
1. a. 0 5 27i> 1 11j > 2 >4k > > >
b. 1> c. 5 2(3i 2 4j> 1 k> 1 6i> 2 9j 1 >
3k )> >
c. 0 23(26i
> 1> 8j 2 > 2k 1 14i 2 21j 1 7k )
d. 1 5 26i 1 13j 2 7k
>
> 1 > 3 >
x5 a2 y
2 2

TO 5 TZ 1 TX
6b 5 2 a a 2 y b 1 5y
> 1 > 3 > > 2 2
2 2 > 2 > 1 >
TO 5 TZ 1 TX
> 1 > 12 > 3 3
y5 a1 b
13 13 >
> >
x5 a2 a a1 bb
> 1 > 3 1 > 12 > > >
1. a. AB> 5 DC>
2 2 13 13 BA> 5 CD>
5 > 18 > AD> 5 BC >
5 a2 b
13
> >
13
> CB 5 DA
b. @ PD @ 5 @ DA @
5 y 1 z 2 (b 1 z )
3 3
>
2 > 2 > >
5 y2 z2b >
3 3 2. a. RV >
2 > > >
b. RV>
5 (y 2 z ) 2 b
3 c. PS >
2 > >
d. RU>
5 b2b
3 e. PS >
1 > f. PQ
52 b > >
>3 > > >
@ a 1 b @ 2 5 0 a 0 2 1 @ b @ 2 2 2 0 a 0 @ b @ cos 60°
> > > > > > > >
BH> 5 2a 1 b> 1 c
> >
CE> 5 2a 2> b 1 c 1
> > 5 32 1 42 2 2(3)(4)
DF >5 a 2 b 1 c >
b. @ AG @ 5 0 a 0 1 @ b @ 1 0 c 0 2
2 >2 2 > 2
53
5 0 2a 0 2 1 @ b @ 1 0 c 0 2 @ a 1 b @ 5 "3
> > > > >
2
5 @ BH @ 2
>
@b@
>
> >
0a0
tan u 5 >
12. T X 4
5
3
O
4
Z Y u 5 tan21
3
8 53°
shows that
> > > 4. t 5 4 or t 5 24
> >
TX 5 ZY
> > > > >
1
> >
> > > >
> 1 > > 1 >
0 u 2 v 0 5 0 u 0 1 0 2v 0 2 2 0 u 0 0 2v 0 cos 60°
TO 1 TO 5 TZ 1 TX > >2 >2 >2 > >
2 2

TO 5 TZ 1 TX
6b 5 2 a a 2 y b 1 5y
> 1 > 3 > > 2 2
2 2 > 2 > 1 >
TO 5 TZ 1 TX
> 1 > 12 > 3 3
y5 a1 b
13 13 >
> >
x5 a2 a a1 bb
> 1 > 3 1 > 12 > > >
1. a. AB> 5 DC>
2 2 13 13 BA> 5 CD>
5 > 18 > AD> 5 BC >
5 a2 b
13
> >
13
> CB 5 DA
b. @ PD @ 5 @ DA @
5 y 1 z 2 (b 1 z )
3 3
>
2 > 2 > >
5 y2 z2b >
3 3 2. a. RV >
2 > > >
b. RV>
5 (y 2 z ) 2 b
3 c. PS >
2 > >
d. RU>
5 b2b
3 e. PS >
1 > f. PQ
52 b > >
>3 > > >
@ a 1 b @ 2 5 0 a 0 2 1 @ b @ 2 2 2 0 a 0 @ b @ cos 60°
> > > > > > > >
BH> 5 2a 1 b> 1 c
> >
CE> 5 2a 2> b 1 c 1
> > 5 32 1 42 2 2(3)(4)
DF >5 a 2 b 1 c >
b. @ AG @ 5 0 a 0 1 @ b @ 1 0 c 0 2
2 >2 2 > 2
53
5 0 2a 0 2 1 @ b @ 1 0 c 0 2 @ a 1 b @ 5 "3
> > > > >
2
5 @ BH @ 2
>
@b@
>
> >
0a0
tan u 5 >
12. T X 4
5
3
O
4
Z Y u 5 tan21
3
8 53°
shows that
> > > 4. t 5 4 or t 5 24
> >
TX 5 ZY
> > > > >
1
> >
> > > >
> 1 > > 1 >
0 u 2 v 0 5 0 u 0 1 0 2v 0 2 2 0 u 0 0 2v 0 cos 60°
TO 1 TO 5 TZ 1 TX > >2 >2 >2 > >
2 2

>
5 8 1 10 2 2(8)(10)a b
2 2 1 13. a.> PT
2 b. PT>
0 u 2 v 0 5 2"21
> > c. SR
> > 14. a. 1 a 1
3 3
sin u sin 60°
0 2v 0 0u 2 v0
> 5 > >
b
5 b.
sin u 5
"21
sin 60° 3
2
a
5 –2 b
u 5 sin21
"28 c.
8 71° –b
1 > > 1 > > a
0u 1 v0
c. > > (u 1 v ) 5 (u 1 v )
2"21
> >
d. 1
a
0 5u 1 2v 0 2 5 0 5u 0 2 1 0 2v 0 2 2 2 0 5u 0 0 2v 0 cos 120°
> > > > > > 2
1
5 402 1 202 2 2(40)(20)a2 b
1 2 b
2 > > >
15. PS 5 PQ 1 QS
0 5u 1 2v 0 5 20"7
> > > >
5 2 a >
> > >
3b >
RS 5 QS 2 QR
0 2p 2 q 0 2 5 0 2p 0 2 1 0 2q 0 2 2 2 0 2p 0 0 2q 0 cos 60°
> > > > > > >
5 23a
5 22 1 12 2 2(2)(1)a b 5 3
1
2
8. 0 m 1 n 0 5 0 m 02 0 n 0
> > > >
> >
DC> 5 x
BD> 5 2x 2 y
> > > > > > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> >
> > >
> >
> > >
> >
BC 5 2x 2 y >
>
Vground 5 Vair 2 W
b 5 23, and c 5 8.

>
5 8 1 10 2 2(8)(10)a b
2 2 1 13. a.> PT
2 b. PT>
0 u 2 v 0 5 2"21
> > c. SR
> > 14. a. 1 a 1
3 3
sin u sin 60°
0 2v 0 0u 2 v0
> 5 > >
b
5 b.
sin u 5
"21
sin 60° 3
2
a
5 –2 b
u 5 sin21
"28 c.
8 71° –b
1 > > 1 > > a
0u 1 v0
c. > > (u 1 v ) 5 (u 1 v )
2"21
> >
d. 1
a
0 5u 1 2v 0 2 5 0 5u 0 2 1 0 2v 0 2 2 2 0 5u 0 0 2v 0 cos 120°
> > > > > > 2
1
5 402 1 202 2 2(40)(20)a2 b
1 2 b
2 > > >
15. PS 5 PQ 1 QS
0 5u 1 2v 0 5 20"7
> > > >
5 2 a >
> > >
3b >
RS 5 QS 2 QR
0 2p 2 q 0 2 5 0 2p 0 2 1 0 2q 0 2 2 2 0 2p 0 0 2q 0 cos 60°
> > > > > > >
5 23a
5 22 1 12 2 2(2)(1)a b 5 3
1
2
8. 0 m 1 n 0 5 0 m 02 0 n 0
> > > >
> >
DC> 5 x
BD> 5 2x 2 y
> > > > > > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> >
> > >
> >
> > >
> >
BC 5 2x 2 y >
>
Vground 5 Vair 2 W
b 5 23, and c 5 8.

>
b. From part a., A(5, 23, 8), so OA 5 (5, 23, 8). z
Here is a depiction of this vector.
z
OA (5, –3, 8) O(0, 0, 0) (0, 4, 0)

y
(0, 0, –2)
(4, 0, 0)
(0, 4, –2)
x (4, 4, 0)
y
(4, 0, –2) C(4, 4, –2)
6. a. A(0, 21, 0) is located on the y-axis.

x
B(0, 22, 0), C(0, 2, 0), and D(0, 10, 0) are three
other points on this axis.
>
b. OA 5 (0, 21, 0), the vector with tail at the
4. This is not an acceptable vector in I 3 as the origin O(0, 0, 0) and head at A.
z-coordinate is not an integer. However, since all of 7. a.> Answers may vary. For example:
>
the coordinates are real numbers, this is acceptable OA> 5 (0, 0, 1), OB 5 (0, 0, 21),
as a vector in R 3. OC 5 (0, 0, 25)
5. z b. Yes, these vectors are collinear (parallel), as they
all lie on the same line, in this case the z-axis.
c. A general vector
> lying on the z-axis would be of
O(0, 0, 0) the form OA 5 (0, 0, a) for any real number a.
Therefore, this vector would be represented by
(0, –4, –2)
(0, –4, 0) placing the tail at O, and the head at the point
y (0, 0, a) on the z-axis.
(4, –4, 0) 8. z
(0, 0, –2)
F(0, 2, 3)
(4, 0, 0)
E(2, 0, 3)
x
A(4, –4, –2) (4, 0, –2) B(0, –2, 0)
y
z A(1, 0, 0)
(–4, 0, 2) B(–4, 4, 2) D(2, 3, 0)
(–4, 0, 0) x C(0, 0, –3)

(0, 0, 2)
O(0, 0, 0) 9. a. z
(–4, 4, 0)
y
(0, 4, 2) (0, 4, 0)
y
x
x C(0, 1, –4)
B(1, 1, –4)
A(3, 2, –4)
b. Every point on the plane containing points A, B, d. z
and C has z-coordinate equal to 24. Therefore, the
equation of the plane containing these points is D(1, 1, 1)
(0, 0, 1)
z 5 24 (a plane parallel to the xy-plane through
the point z 5 24). (1, 0, 1) (0, 1, 1)
10. a. A(1, 2, 3) y
z
(0, 0, 3) (0, 2, 3) O(0, 0, 0) (0, 1, 0)
(1, 0, 3) (1, 1, 0)
x (1, 0, 0)
O(0, 0, 0)
(0, 2, 0)
y
e. z
(1, 0, 0)
(1, 2, 0)
(0, –1, 1)
x (0, 0, 1)
E(1, –1, 1)
(0, –1, 0) (1, 0, 1)

z y
b.
B(–2, 1, 1) O(0, 0, 0)
(–2, 0, 1) (1, –1, 0)
(–2, 0, 0)
(–2, 1, 0) (1, 0, 0)
x
(0, 0, 1) (0, 1, 1)
y f. z
(0, 1, 0)
(1, 0, 0)
x O(0, 0, 0)
(0, –1, 0)
(1, –1, 0)
y
c. z O(0, 0, 0)
(0, –1, –1)
(0, –2, 1) (0, 0, –1)
(0, 0, 1) x
F(1, –1, –1)
C(1, –2, 1) (0, –2, 0) (1, 0, –1)
>
y 11. a. OA 5 (1, 2, 3)
O(0, 0, 0) z A(1, 2, 3)
(1, –2, 0)
(0, 0, 3) (0, 2, 3)
(1, 0, 0)
(1, 0, 1) (1, 0, 3)
OA
O(0, 0, 0)
(0, 2, 0)
y
(1, 0, 0)
(1, 2, 0)

> >
b. OB 5 (22, 1, 1) f. OF 5 (1, 21, 21)
z (–2, 0, 1) z
B(–2, 1, 1)
(–2, 0, 0) OB
(–2, 1, 0) (1, 0, 0)
(0, –1, 0)
(0, 0, 1) (1, –1, 0)
(0, 1, 1)
y y
(0, 1, 0) (0, –1, –1) O(0, 0, 0)
F(1, –1, –1)
(0, 0, –1)
x O(0, 0, 0) x
OF
(1, 0, –1)
>
c. OC 5 (1, 22, 1) 12. a. Since P and Q represent the same point,
z we can equate their y- and z-coordinates to get the
system of equations
(0, –2, 1) a2c56
(0, –2, 0) (1, 0, 1) a 5 11
(0, 0, 1)
C(1, –2, 1) Substituting this second equation into the first gives
OC 11 2 c 5 6
y
c55
O(0, 0, 0)
(1, –2, 0) So a 5 11 and c 5 5.
(1, 0, 0) b. Since P and Q represent the same point in R 3,
x they will> have >the same associated position vector,
i.e. OP 5 OQ. So, since these vectors are equal,
they will certainly have equal magnitudes,
i.e. @ OP @ 5 @ OQ @ .
> > >
d. OD 5 (1, 1, 1)
z 13. P(x, y, 0) represents a general point on the
xy-plane, since the z-coordinate is 0. Similarly,
Q(x, 0, z) represents a general point in the xz-plane,
(0, 0, 1) D(1, 1, 1) and R(0, y, z) represents a general point in the
(0, 1, 1)
(1, 0, 1) yz-plane.
OD 14. a. Every point on the plane containing points M,
y
O(0, 0, 0) (0, 1, 0) N, and P has y-coordinate equal to 0. Therefore, the
(1, 1, 0) equation of the plane containing these points is
(1, 0, 0) y 5 0 (this is just the xz-plane).
x b. The plane y 5 0 contains the origin O(0, 0, 0),
and so since it also contains the points M, N, and P
> as well, it will contain the position vectors associated
e. OE 5 (1, 21, 1) with these points joining O (tail) to the given point
z (head). That is, the plane y 5 0 contains the vectors
> > >
(0, –1, 1)
OM, ON, and OP.
(0, 0, 1) 15. a. A(22, 0, 0), B(22, 4, 0), C(0, 4, 0),
E(1, –1, 1)
D(0, 0, 27), E(0, 4, 27), F(22, 0, 27)
(0, –1, 0) (1, 0, 1) > >
y b. OA 5 (22, 0, 0), OB 5 (22, 4, 0),
> >
O(0, 0, 0) OC 5 (0, 4, 0), OD 5 (0, 0, 27),
(1, –1, 0)
OE > >
(1, 0, 0) OE 5 (0, 4, 27), OF 5 (22, 0, 27)
x c. Rectangle DEPF is 7 units below the xy-plane.

d. Every point on the plane containing points B, C, d. z
E, and P has y-coordinate equal to 4. Therefore, the
equation of the plane containing these points is
y 5 4 (a plane parallel to the xz-plane through the
point y 5 4).
e. Every point contained in rectangle BCEP has O(0, 0, 0)
y-coordinate equal to 4, and so is of the form y
(x, 4, z) where x and z are real numbers such that
22 # x # 0 and 27 # z # 0. M(–1, 3, –2)
16. a. y x
e. z
F(0, 0, 5)
O(0, 0)
x
P(4, –2) O(0, 0, 0)

y
b. y x
D(–3, 4)
f. z
O(0, 0)
x
J(–2, –2, 0)
y
O(0, 0, 0)
c. z x
C(2, 4, 5)
17. The following box illustrates the three dimensional
solid consisting of the set of all points (x, y, z) such
O(0, 0, 0) that 0 # x # 1, 0 # y # 1, and 0 # z # 1.
y
z
(0, 0, 1) (0, 1, 1)
x O(0, 0, 0)
(1, 0, 1) (1, 1, 1)
y
(0, 1, 0)
(1, 0, 0)
(1, 1, 0)
x

> > > >
vector
> 5 (5,> 210, 0), 5 (3, 2)
> >
perpendicular
> > to the
2
>
2
AB
B(2, 5)
> > >
>
> BA
@ OA @ 2 5 0 a 0 2 1 @ b @ 2
> > >
5 25 1 100
5 125 >
@ OP @ 2 5 @ OA @ 2 1 @ OB @ 2
> > >
b. 0 OA 0 5 "(21)2 1 32
>
5 125 1 100
5 225 5 "10
@ OP @ 5 "225
>
8 3.16
0 OB 0 5 "22 1 52
>
5 15 >
> 8 5.39
5 "13
8 3.61>
0BA 0 5 0 2AB 0
5 0 21 0 ? 0 AB 0
5 0 AB 0
>
8 3.61
30
25
1. y 20
15
B(2, 5) A(6, 10)
A(–1, 3) 10
5
O(0, 0) OA x
–9 –6 –3 0 3 6 9
x –5
–10

> > > >
vector
> 5 (5,> 210, 0), 5 (3, 2)
> >
perpendicular
> > to the
2
>
2
AB
B(2, 5)
> > >
>
> BA
@ OA @ 2 5 0 a 0 2 1 @ b @ 2
> > >
5 25 1 100
5 125 >
@ OP @ 2 5 @ OA @ 2 1 @ OB @ 2
> > >
b. 0 OA 0 5 "(21)2 1 32
>
5 125 1 100
5 225 5 "10
@ OP @ 5 "225
>
8 3.16
0 OB 0 5 "22 1 52
>
5 15 >
> 8 5.39
5 "13
8 3.61>
0BA 0 5 0 2AB 0
5 0 21 0 ? 0 AB 0
5 0 AB 0
>
8 3.61
30
25
1. y 20
15
B(2, 5) A(6, 10)
A(–1, 3) 10
5
O(0, 0) OA x
–9 –6 –3 0 3 6 9
x –5
–10

a. y 1 2
(12, 20) c. 2 (6, 22) 1 (6, 15)
20 2 3
15
5 a2 (6) 1 (6), 2 (22) 1 (15)b
1 2 1 2
10 2 3 2 3
5 (3, 5) 5 (1, 11)
O(0, 0) x > > > > > >
–12 –9 –6 –3 0 3 6 9 12 7. x 5 2i 2 j, y 5 > 2i> 1 5j > >
> >
(–3, –5) –5 a. 3x 2 y 5 3(2i 2 j ) 2 (2i 1 5j )
> >
–10 5 (6 1 1)i 1 (23 2 5)j
–15 > >
5 7i 2 8j
–20 >
b. 2 (x 1 2y ) 1 3(2x 2 3y )
> > >
(–12, –20) > >
5 24x 2> 11y > > >
b. The vectors with the same magnitude are 5 24(2i 2 j ) 2 11(2i 1 5j )
1 > 1 > > >
OA and 2 OA, 5 3i 2 51j
2 2 > > > >
> > c. 2(x 1 3y ) 2 3(y 1 5x )
2OA and 22OA > >
5 213x 1> 3y>
3. @ OA @ 5 "32 1 (24)2
> > >
5 213(2i 2 j ) 1 3(2i 1 5j )
> >
5 "25 5 229i 1 28j >
> > > > >
5> 5 8. a. x 1 y 5 (2i 2 j ) 1 (2i 1 5j )
> >
4. a. The i -component will be equal to the first 5 i >1 4j >
0x 1 y 0 5 @ i 1 4j @
> >
coordinate in component form, and so a 5 23.
5 "12 1 42
>
Similarly, the j -component will be equal to the
second coordinate in component form, and so b 5 5. 5 "17
b. 0 ( 23, b)0 5 0 ( 23, 5)0 8 4.12
5 "(23)2 1 52
> > > > > >
b. x 2 y 5 (2i 2 j ) 2 (2i 1 5j )
5 "34
> >
5 3i 2 6j
0x 2 y 0 5 @ 3i 2 6j @
> > > >
8 5.83
5. a. 0 a 0 5 "(260)2 1 112 5 "32 1 (26)2
>
5 "3721 5 "45
5 61 8 6.71 >
@ b @ 5 "(240)2 1 (29)2
> > > > > >
c. 2x 2 3y 5 2(2i 2 j ) 2 3(2i 1 5j )
5 "1681
> >
5 7i 2 17j
0 2x 2 3y 0 5 @ 7i 2 17j @
> > > >
>5 41
5 "72 1 (217)2
>
b. a 1 b 5 (260, 11) 1 (240, 29)
5 "338
5 (2100, 2)
@ a 1 b @ 5 "(2100)2 1 22
> >
8 18.38
5 "10 004 d. 0 3y 2 2x 0 5 0 2 (2x 2 3y ) 0
> > > >
5 0 21 0 0 2x 2 3y 0
> >
> > 8 100.02
a 2 b 5 (260, 11) 2 (240, 29) 5 0 2x 2 3y 0
> >
5 (220, 20)
@ a 2 b @ 5 "(220)2 1 20 2
so, from part c.,
0 3y 2 2x 0 5 0 2x 2 3y 0
> >
> > > >
5 "800 5 "338
8 28.28 8 18.38
6. a. 2(22, 3) 1 (2, 1) 5 (2(22) 1 2, 2(3) 1 1)
5 (22, 7)
b. 23(4, 29) 2 9(2, 3)
5 (23(4) 2 9(2), 23(29) 2 9(3))
5 (230, 0)
so obviously we will have @ OA @ 5 @ BC @ .
> >
9. y
8 (It turns out that their common magnitude is
"62 1 32 5 "45.)
6 D(4, 5)
B(–4, 4)
4
11. a. y
2
A(–8, 2) C(2, 1) x
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 C(–4, 11)
F(–7, 0) –2
H(6, –2) B(6, 6)
–4 G(1, –2)
E(–1, –4)
–6 A(2, 3)
–8
x
>
a. AB 5 (24, 4) 2 (28, 2)
>
5 (4, 2) b. AB 5 (6, 6) 2 (2, 3)
>
CD 5 (4, 5) 2 (2, 1) 5 (4, 3)
@ AB @ 5 "42 1 32
>
5 (2, 4)
>
EF 5 (27, 0) 2 (21, 24) 5 "25
5 (26, 4)
> >55
GH 5 (6, 22) 2 (1, 22) AC 5 (24, 11) 2 (2, 3)
5 (5, 0) 5 (26, 8)
b. @ AB @ 5 "42 1 22 @ AC @ 5 "(26)2 1 82
> >
5 "20 5 "100
> 8 4.47 > 5 10
@ CD @ 5 "22 1 42 CB 5 (6, 6) 2 (24, 11)
5 "20 5 (10, 25)
@ CB @ 5 "102 1 (25)2
>
8 4.47
@ EF @ 5 "(26)2 1 42
>
5 "125
5 "52 > 8 11.18
c. CB @ 2 5 125 @ AC @ 2 5 100, @ AB @ 2 5 25
@
> >
8 7.21
@ GH @ 5 "52 1 02 Since @ CB @ 2 5 @ AC @ 2 1 @ AB @ 2, the triangle is a right
> > > >
5 "25 triangle.
55 12. a. y
10. a. By the parallelogram law of vector addition,
> > >
OC 5 OA 1 OB
C(2, 8)
5 (6, 3) 1 (11, 26)
5 (17, 23)
For> the other
> vectors,
> A(–1, 2)
BA 5 OA 2 OB x
5 (6, 3) 2 (11, 26)
5 (25, 9) B(7, –2)
> > >
BC 5 OC 2 OB
5 (17, 23) 2 (11, 26)
5 (6, 3)
>
b. OA 5 (6, 3)
>
5 BC,

b. y Substituting this into the last equation above, we
X(–6, 12)
can now solve for y.
22(212) 2 5y 5 4
C(2, 8)
y54
Z(10, 4) So x 5 212 and y 5 4.
14. a. y
A(–1, 2)
x C(x, y)
B(7, –2)
B(–6, 9) D(8, 11)
Y(4, –8) A(2, 3)

x
c. As a first possibility for the fourth vertex, there is
X(x1, x2 ). From the sketch in part b., we see that we b. Because ABCD> is a rectangle,
> we will have
would then have> > BC 5 AD
CX 5 BA (x, y) 2 (26, 9) 5 (8, 11) 2 (2, 3)
(x1 2 2, x2 2 8) 5 (21 2 7, 2 2 (22)) (x 1 6, y 2 9) 5 (6, 8)
5 (28, 4) x1656
x1 2 2 5 28 y2958
x2 2 8 5 4 So, x 5 0 and y 5 17, i.e., C(0, 17).
15. a. Since 0 PA 0 5 0 PB 0, and
> >
So X(26, 12). By similar reasoning for the other
>
points labelled in the> sketch> in part b., PA 5 (5, 0) 2 (a, 0)
AY 5 CB 5 (5 2 a, 0),
(y1 2 (21), y2 2 2) 5 (7 2 2, 22 2 8) >
PB 5 (0, 2) 2 (a, 0)
5 (5, 210)
5 (2a, 2),
y1 1 1 5 5
this means that
y2 2 2 5 210
(5 2 a)2 5 (2a)2 1 22
So Y(4, 28). Finally,
> > 25 2 10a 1 a 2 5 a 2 1 4
BZ 5 AC 10a 5 21
(z1 2 7, z2 2 (22)) 5 (2 2 (21), 8 2 2) 21
5 (3, 6) a5
10
z1 2 7 5 3 21
z2 1 2 5 6 So Pa , 0b.
10
So Z(10, 4). In conclusion, the three possible b. This point Q on the y-axis will be of the form
locations for a fourth vertex in a parallelogram Q(0, b) for some real number b. Reasoning
with vertices A, B, and C are X(26, 12), Y(4, 28), similarly to part a., we have
>
and Z(10, 4). QA 5 (5, 0) 2 (0, b)
13. a. 3(x, 1) 2 5(2, 3y) 5 (11, 33) 5 (5, 2b)
(3x 2 5(2), 3 2 5(3y)) 5 (11, 33) >
QB 5 (0, 2) 2 (0, b)
(3x 2 10, 3 2 15y) 5 (11, 33)
5 (0, 2 2 b)
So since @ QA @ 5 @ QB @ ,
3x 2 10 5 11 > >
3 2 15y 5 33
So x 5 7 and y 5 22. (2b)2 1 52 5 (2 2 b)2
b. 22(x, x 1 y) 2 3(6, y) 5 (6, 4) b 2 1 25 5 4 2 4b 1 b 2
(22x 2 18, 22x 2 5y) 5 (6, 4) 4b 5 221
22x 2 18 5 6 21
b52
22x 2 5y 5 4 4
So Qa0, 2 b.
To solve for x, use 21
22x 2 18 5 6 4
x 5 212
> >
> > > > > >
5 (11, 19) 2 (2, 221) 5 (28, 21) 1 (27, 24)
5 (9, 40) 5 (215, 23)
@ QP @ 5 "92 1 402 @ OQ @ 2 5 (215)2 1 232
> >
5 "1681
5 754> >
> 1 >
41 >
v 5 RP 2 OQ
5a , b
9 40
5 (1, 25) 2 (215, 23)
41 41 > 5 (16, 2)
>
0 v 0 5 162 1 22
>
0u0 5 a b 1 a b
Å 41 41 satisfies
@ RP @ 2 1 @ OQ @ 2 2 @ v @ 2
> > >
81 1 1600
2 @ RP @ ? @ OQ @
cos u 5
Å 1681
5 > >
51 626 1 754 2 260

2 !626 ? !754
of a triangle.
u 5 cos21 a b
> > > 626 1 754 2 260
PR 5 OR 2 OP 2 !626 ? !754
5 (28, 21) 2 (27, 24) 8 35.4° > >
5 (21, 225)
@ PR @ 2 5 (21)2 1 (225)2
> 5 626
@ OR @ 2 5 (28)2 1 (21)2
5 625 >
OP satisfies
@ OR @ 2 1 @ OP @ 2 2 @ PR @ 2 pp. 332–333
> > >
2 @ OR @ ? @ OP @
cos u 5 > > > > > >
1. a. OA 5 21i 1 2j 1 4k
b. @ OA @ 5 "(21)2 1 22 1 42 5 "21 8 4.58
>
65 1 625 2 626
2 !65 ? !625
5 >
2. OB 5 (3, 4, 24)
@ OB @ 5 "32 1 42 1 (24)2 5 "41 8 6.40
>
u 5 cos21 a b
65 1 625 2 626
2!65 ? !625 > 1 > >
3. a 1 b 2 c 5 (1, 3, 23) 1 (21, 2, 4)
8 80.9° > > 3
>
so RP 5 2PR 5 (1, 25) and (23) 1 4 2 1)
@ RP @ 2 5 @ PR @ 2
> >
5 (0, 23, 0)
` a 1 b 2 c ` 5 "02 1 (23)2 1 02
5 626 > 1 > >
3
53

> >
> > > > > >
5 (11, 19) 2 (2, 221) 5 (28, 21) 1 (27, 24)
5 (9, 40) 5 (215, 23)
@ QP @ 5 "92 1 402 @ OQ @ 2 5 (215)2 1 232
> >
5 "1681
5 754> >
> 1 >
41 >
v 5 RP 2 OQ
5a , b
9 40
5 (1, 25) 2 (215, 23)
41 41 > 5 (16, 2)
>
0 v 0 5 162 1 22
>
0u0 5 a b 1 a b
Å 41 41 satisfies
@ RP @ 2 1 @ OQ @ 2 2 @ v @ 2
> > >
81 1 1600
2 @ RP @ ? @ OQ @
cos u 5
Å 1681
5 > >
51 626 1 754 2 260

2 !626 ? !754
of a triangle.
u 5 cos21 a b
> > > 626 1 754 2 260
PR 5 OR 2 OP 2 !626 ? !754
5 (28, 21) 2 (27, 24) 8 35.4° > >
5 (21, 225)
@ PR @ 2 5 (21)2 1 (225)2
> 5 626
@ OR @ 2 5 (28)2 1 (21)2
5 625 >
OP satisfies
@ OR @ 2 1 @ OP @ 2 2 @ PR @ 2 pp. 332–333
> > >
2 @ OR @ ? @ OP @
cos u 5 > > > > > >
1. a. OA 5 21i 1 2j 1 4k
b. @ OA @ 5 "(21)2 1 22 1 42 5 "21 8 4.58
>
65 1 625 2 626
2 !65 ? !625
5 >
2. OB 5 (3, 4, 24)
@ OB @ 5 "32 1 42 1 (24)2 5 "41 8 6.40
>
u 5 cos21 a b
65 1 625 2 626
2!65 ? !625 > 1 > >
3. a 1 b 2 c 5 (1, 3, 23) 1 (21, 2, 4)
8 80.9° > > 3
>
so RP 5 2PR 5 (1, 25) and (23) 1 4 2 1)
@ RP @ 2 5 @ PR @ 2
> >
5 (0, 23, 0)
` a 1 b 2 c ` 5 "02 1 (23)2 1 02
5 626 > 1 > >
3
53

> > > > > > > > > > >
4. a. OP 5 OA 1 OB c. 2p 2 5q 5 2(2i 2 j 1 k ) 2 5(2i 2 j 1 k )
> > > > > >
5 ((23) 1 2, 4 1 2, 12 1 (21)) 5 (4i 2 2j 1 2k ) 2 (25i 2 5j 1 5k )
5 (21, 6, 11) > > >
5 (4 1 5)i 1 (22 1 5)j 1 (2 2 5)k
b. @ OA @ 5 "(23)2 1 42 1 122 5 13
> > > >
5 9i 1 3j 2 3k
@ OB @ 5 "22 1 22 1 (21)2 5 3
> > > > > > > > >
d. 22p 1 5q 5 22(2i 2 j 1 k ) 1 5(2i 2 j 1 k )
@ OP @ 5 "(21)2 1 62 1 112 8 12.57
> > > > > > >
5 (24i 1 2j 2 2k ) 1 (25i 2 5j 1 5k )
> > > > > >
c. AB 5 OB 2 OA 5 (24 2 5)i 1 (2 2 5)j 1 (22 1 5)k
> > >
5 (2, 2, 21) 2 (23, 4, 12) 5 29i 2 3j 1 3k
> > > > >
5 (2 2 (23), 2 2 4, (21) 2 12) > >
7. a. m 2 n 5 (2i 2 k )2 (22i 1 j 1 2k )
5 (5, 22, 213) > > >
5 (2 2 (22))i 1 (21)j 1 (21 2 2)k
@ AB @ 5 "52 1 (22)2 1 (213)2 5 "198 8 14.07
> > > >
> > 5 4i 2 j 2 3k
0 m 2 n 0 5 "42 1 (21)2 1 (23)2 5 "26 8 5.10
AB represents the vector from the tip of OA to the tip > >
>
> > > > >
of OB. It is the difference between the two vectors. > >
b. m 1 n 5 (2i 2 k ) 1 (22i 1 j 1 2k )
> > >
5. a. x 2 2y 2 z > > >
5 (2 1 (22))i 1 j 1 (21 1 2)k
5 (1, 4, 21) 2 2(1, 3, 22) 2 (22, 1, 0) > > >
5 (1, 4, 21) 2 (2, 6, 24) 2 (22, 1, 0) 5 0i 1 j 1 k
0 m 1 n 0 5 "02 1 12 1 12 5 "2 8 1.41
> >
5 (1 2 2 2 (22), 4 2 6 2 1, 21 2 (24) 2 0)
> > > > > > >
5 (1, 23, 3) c. 2m 1 3n 5 2(2i 2 k ) 1 3(22i 1 j 1 2k )
> > > > > > > >
b. 22x 2 3y 1 z 5 (4i 2 2k ) 1 (26i 1 3j 1 6k )
5 22(1, 4, 21) 2 3(1, 3, 22) 1 (22, 1, 0) > > >
5 (4 1 (26))i 1 3j 1 (22 1 6)k
5 (22, 28, 2) 2 (3, 9, 26) 1 (22, 1, 0) > > >
5 (22 2 3 2 2, 28 2 9 1 1, 2 1 6 1 0) 5 22i 1 3j 1 4k
0 2m 1 3n 0 5 "(22)2 1 32 1 42 5 "29 8 5.39
> >
5 (27, 216, 8) > > > >
>
1 > > > d. 25m 5 25(2i 2 k ) 5 210i 1 5k
c. x 2 y 1 3z
0 25m 0 5 "(210)2 1 (5)2 5 "125 8 11.18
2 >
1 > > > > >
5 (1, 4, 21) 2 (1, 3, 22) 1 3(22, 1, 0) 8. x 1 y 5 2i 1 2j 1 5k
2 > > > > >
1 x 2 y 5 3i 1 6j 2 7k
5 a , 2, 2 b 2 (1, 3, 22) 1 (26, 3, 0)
1 1 > > > >
2 2 2x 5 2i 1 8j 2 2k
Divide > by >2 on > both sides to get:
5 a 2 1 1 (26), 2 2 3 1 3, 2 2 (22) 1 0b
1 1 >
x 5 i 1 4j 2 k
2 2 Plug this equation into the first given equation:
> > > > > >
5 a2 , 2, b
13 3 >
i 1 4j 2 k 1 y 5 2i 1 2j 1 5k
> > > > > > >
2 2 y 5 2i 1 2j 1 5k 2 (i 1 4j 2 k )
> > >
d. 3x 1 5y 1 3z >
y 5 (21 2 1)i 1 (2 2 4)j 1 (5 1 1)k
> > >
5 3(1, 4, 21) 1 5(1, 3, 22) 1 3(22, 1, 0) > > > >

y 5 22i 2 2j 1 6k
5 (3, 12, 23) 1 (5, 15, 210) 1 (26, 3, 0) > > >
5 (3 1 5 2 6, 12 1 15 1 3, 23 2 10 1 0) 9. a. The vectors OA, OB , and OC represent the
5 (2, 30, 213) xy-plane, xz-plane, and yz-plane, respectively.
> > > > > > > > They are also the vector from the origin to points
6. a. p 1 q 5 (2i 2 j 1 k ) 1 (2i 2 j 1 k ) (a, b, 0), (a, 0, c), and (0, b, c), respectively.
> > >
5 (2 2 1)i 1 (21 2 1)j 1 (1 1 1)k >
b. OA 5 ai 1 bj 1 0k
> > >
> > >
5 i 2 2j 1 2k >
OB 5 ai 1 0j 1 ck
> > >
> > > > > > > >
b. p 2 q 5 (2i 2 j 1 k ) 2 (2i 2 j 1 k ) >
OC 5 0i 1 bj 1 ck
> > >
c. @ OA @ 5 "a 2 1 b 2
> > >
5 (2 1 1)i 1 (21 1 1)j 1 (1 2 1)k >
> > >
@ OB @ 5 "a 2 1 c 2
5 3i 1 0j 1 0k >
@ OB @ 5 "b 2 1 c 2
>

> > > >
d. AB 5 (a, 0, c) 2 (a, b, 0) 5 (0, 2b, c) 12. 2x 1 y 2 2z
>
AB is a direction vector from A to B. 5 2(21, b, c) 1 (a, 22, c) 2 2(2a, 6, c)
10. a. @ OA @ 5 "(22)2 1 (26)2 1 32 5 "49 5 7
> 5 (22, 2b, 2c) 1 (a, 22, c) 2 (22a, 12, 2c)
5 (22 1 a 1 2a, 2b 2 2 2 12, 2c 1 c 2 2c)
b. @ OB @ 5 "(3)2 1 (24)2 1 122 5 "169 5 13
>
> > > 5 (22 1 3a, 2b 2 14, c)
c. AB 5 OB 2 OA 5 (0, 0, 0)
5 (3, 24, 12) 2 (22, 26, 3) 22 1 3a 5 0; 2b 2 14 5 0; c 5 0
5 (3 2 (22), 24 2 (26), 12 2 3) 2
5 (5, 2, 9) 3a 5 2; a 5
3
d. @ AB @ 5 "52 1 22 1 92 5 "110 8 10.49
>
2b 5 14; b 5 7
> > > c50
e. BA 5 OA 2 OB 13. a. z
5 (22, 26, 3) 2 (3, 24, 12)
5 (25, 22, 29)
f. @ BA @ 5 "(25)2 1 (22)2 1 (29)2
> A
OA
5 "110 8 10.49
OB B
11. z O y
B(3, –1, 17) OC C
BC
C(7, –3, 15) AB
A(0, 3, 5) x
DC
D(4, 1, 3) b. V1 5 (0, 0, 0), the origin
AD >
y V2 5 end point of OA 5 (22, 2, 5)
>
V3 5 end point of OB 5 (0, 4, 1)
>
x V4 5 end point of OC 5 (0, 5, 21)
> >
In order to show that> ABCD > is a parallelogram,
> > we V5 5 OA 1 OB 5 (22, 2, 5) 1 (0, 4, 1)
must show that AB 5 DC or BC 5 AD. This will 5 (22 1 0, 2 1 4, 5 1 1)
show they have the same direction, thus the oppo- 5 (22, 6, 6)
> >
site sides are parallel. By showing the vectors are V6 5 OA 1 OC 5 (22, 2, 5) 1 (0, 5, 21)
equal they will have the same magnitude, implying 5 (22 1 0, 2 1 5, 5 2 1)
the opposite sides having congruency.
>
5 (22, 7, 4)
> >
AB 5 (3, 21, 17) 2 (0, 3, 5) V7 5 OB 1 OC 5 (0, 4, 1) 1 (0, 5, 21)
5 (3 2 0, 21 2 3, 17 2 5) 5 (0 1 0, 4 1 5, 1 2 1)
5 (3, 24, 12) 5 (0, 9, 0)
> > > >
DC 5 (7, 23, 15) 2 (4, 1, 3) V8 5 OA 1 OB 1 OC
5 (7 2 4, 23 2 1, 15 2 3) 5 (22, 2, 5) 1 (0, 9, 0) (by V7)
5 (3, 24, 12) 5 (22 1 0, 2 1 9, 5 1 0)
> >
Thus AB 5 DC. Do the calculations for the other 5 (22, 11, 5)
pair> as a check. 14. Any point on the x-axis has y-coordinate 0 and
BC 5 (7, 23, 15) 2 (3, 21, 17) z-coordinate 0. The z-coordinate of each of A and B
5 (7 2 3, 23 2 (21), 15 2 17) is 3, so the z-component of the distance from the
5 (4, 22, 22) desired point is the same for each of A and B. The
>
AD 5 (4, 1, 3) 2 (0, 3, 5) y-component of the distance from the desired point
5 (4 2 0, 1 2 3, 3 2 5) will be 1 for each of A and B, 12 5 (21)2. So, the
5 (4, 22, 22) x-coordinate of the desired point has to be halfway
> > between the x-coordinates of A and B. The desired
So BC 5 AD. > > > >
We have shown AB 5 DC and BC 5 AD, so point is (1, 0, 0).
ABCD is a parallelogram.

15. 6. 5 (21, 2), (21, 1)6, 5 (2, 24), (21, 1)6,
b
a > > > >
a 7. a. 2(2a 2 3b 1 c ) 5 4a 2 6b 1 2c
> > > > > >
a–b C 5 4i 2 8j 2 6j 1 18k 1 2i 2 6j 1 4k
A
> > >
5 6i 2 20j 1 22k
> >
b >
4(2a 1 b 2 c ) 5 24a 1 4b 2 4c
> > >
> > > > > >
> >
5 28i 1 24j 2 20k
> >
> (a 2 c ) 5 i 2 2j 2 i 1 3j 2 2k
> > > > > 5 j 2 2k
b, 12 a 1 b , and 12 a 2 b. > > > > > > > >
2(2a 2 3b 1 c )24(2a 1 b 2 c ) 1 (a 2 c )
@b@ 2 1 @a 1 b@ 2 2 @a @ 2 5 6i 2 20j 1 22k 1 8i 2 24j 1 20k 1 j 2 2k
> > >
> > >
2 @b@ @a 1 b@
cos (A) 5 > > > 5 14i 2 43j 1 40k
1 > > > > > >
25 1 49 2 9 b. (2a 2 4b 2 8c ) 5 a 2 2b 2 4c
5 2> > > > > > >
70 5 i 2 2j 2 2j 1 6k 2 4i 1 12j 2 8k
13 > > >
5 5 23i 1 8j 2 2k
14 > >
> 1 > > > > > >
> 3 >
@b@ 2 1 2 @a 1 b@ 2 2 @a 2 b@
> 2 > 2 5 i 2 2j 2 2j 1 6k 1 3i 2 9j 1 6k
>
( 1 >
) ( )
1 > >
5 4i 2 15j 1 12k
> >
@b@ @a 1 b@
cos (A) 5 > > >
1 > > > 1 > > >
(2a 2 4b 2 8c )2 (3a 2 6b 1 9c )
2 2 @a 2 b @
> 2 2 3
13
149
4
( 1 >
) 5 23i> 1 8j 2
> > >
> 2k 2> 4i 1 15j 2 12k
> > >
5
14 35 5 27i 1 23j 2 14k
8. 5 (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0)6:
@ a 2 b @ 2 5 24a 2 b
> > 65 149
2 4 (21, 2, 0) 5 21(1, 0, 0) 1 2(0, 1, 0)
@ a 2 b @ 2 5 19 (3, 4, 0) 5 3(1, 0, 0) 1 4(0, 1, 0)
> >
5 (1, 1, 0), (0, 1, 0)6
@ a 2 b @ 5 "19 or 4.36
> >
(21, 2, 0) 5 21(1, 1, 0) 1 3(0, 1, 0)
(3, 4, 0) 5 3(1, 1, 0) 1 (0, 1, 0)
Sets, pp. 340–341 b. (22, 4, 0) 5 22(1, 0, 0) 1 4(0, 1, 0)
If we let m 5 21, then m(0, 1) 5 (0, 21).
> 2a 1 3c 5 5
5c 5 15
c53

15. 6. 5 (21, 2), (21, 1)6, 5 (2, 24), (21, 1)6,
b
a > > > >
a 7. a. 2(2a 2 3b 1 c ) 5 4a 2 6b 1 2c
> > > > > >
a–b C 5 4i 2 8j 2 6j 1 18k 1 2i 2 6j 1 4k
A
> > >
5 6i 2 20j 1 22k
> >
b >
4(2a 1 b 2 c ) 5 24a 1 4b 2 4c
> > >
> > > > > >
> >
5 28i 1 24j 2 20k
> >
> (a 2 c ) 5 i 2 2j 2 i 1 3j 2 2k
> > > > > 5 j 2 2k
b, 12 a 1 b , and 12 a 2 b. > > > > > > > >
2(2a 2 3b 1 c )24(2a 1 b 2 c ) 1 (a 2 c )
@b@ 2 1 @a 1 b@ 2 2 @a @ 2 5 6i 2 20j 1 22k 1 8i 2 24j 1 20k 1 j 2 2k
> > >
> > >
2 @b@ @a 1 b@
cos (A) 5 > > > 5 14i 2 43j 1 40k
1 > > > > > >
25 1 49 2 9 b. (2a 2 4b 2 8c ) 5 a 2 2b 2 4c
5 2> > > > > > >
70 5 i 2 2j 2 2j 1 6k 2 4i 1 12j 2 8k
13 > > >
5 5 23i 1 8j 2 2k
14 > >
> 1 > > > > > >
> 3 >
@b@ 2 1 2 @a 1 b@ 2 2 @a 2 b@
> 2 > 2 5 i 2 2j 2 2j 1 6k 1 3i 2 9j 1 6k
>
( 1 >
) ( )
1 > >
5 4i 2 15j 1 12k
> >
@b@ @a 1 b@
cos (A) 5 > > >
1 > > > 1 > > >
(2a 2 4b 2 8c )2 (3a 2 6b 1 9c )
2 2 @a 2 b @
> 2 2 3
13
149
4
( 1 >
) 5 23i> 1 8j 2
> > >
> 2k 2> 4i 1 15j 2 12k
> > >
5
14 35 5 27i 1 23j 2 14k
8. 5 (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0)6:
@ a 2 b @ 2 5 24a 2 b
> > 65 149
2 4 (21, 2, 0) 5 21(1, 0, 0) 1 2(0, 1, 0)
@ a 2 b @ 2 5 19 (3, 4, 0) 5 3(1, 0, 0) 1 4(0, 1, 0)
> >
5 (1, 1, 0), (0, 1, 0)6
@ a 2 b @ 5 "19 or 4.36
> >
(21, 2, 0) 5 21(1, 1, 0) 1 3(0, 1, 0)
(3, 4, 0) 5 3(1, 1, 0) 1 (0, 1, 0)
Sets, pp. 340–341 b. (22, 4, 0) 5 22(1, 0, 0) 1 4(0, 1, 0)
If we let m 5 21, then m(0, 1) 5 (0, 21).
> 2a 1 3c 5 5
5c 5 15
c53

Substituting this into the first and second equation: Substitute this result into the x-components:
2a 1 9 5 5 a 5 14 2 3 5 11
a 5 22 Check by substituting into z-components:
27 5 b 1 3 3a 2 2b 5 16
b 5 24 33 1 5 5 16
11. (210, 234) 5 a(21, 3) 1 b(1, 5) Therefore:
Looking at the x-component: a(21, 2, 3) 1 b(4, 1, 22) 2 (214, 21, 16) for
210 5 2a 1 b a 5 10 1 b any a and b. They do not lie on the same plane.
Looking at the y-component: b. a(21, 3, 4) 1 b(0, 21, 1) 5 (23, 14, 7)
234 5 3a 1 5b x components:
Substituting in a: 2a 5 23
234 5 30 1 3b 1 5b a53
b 5 28 y components:
Substituting b into x-component equation: 3a 2 b 5 14
210 5 2a 1 (28) Substitute in a:
a 5 22 9 2 b 5 14
(210, 234) 5 22(21, 3) 2 8(1, 5) b 5 25
12. a. a(2, 21) 1 b(21, 1) 5 (x, y) Check with z components:
x 5 2a 2 b 4a 1 b 5 7
b 5 2a 2 x 12 2 5 5 7
y 5 2a 1 b Since there exists an a and b to form a linear
Substitute in b: combination of 2 of the vectors to form the third,
y 5 2a 1 2a 2 x they lie on the same plane.
a5x1y 3(21, 3, 4) 2 5(0, 21, 1) 5 (23, 14, 7)
> >
Substitute this back into the first equation: 14. Let vector a 5 (21, 3, 4) and b 5 (22, 3, 21)
b 5 2x 1 2y 2 x (vectors from the origin to points A and B,
>
b 5 x 1 2y respectively). To determine x, we let c (vector from
>
>
b. Using the formulas in part a: origin to C) be a linear combination of a and b.
For (2, 23): a(21, 3, 4) 1 b(22, 3, 21) 5 (25, 6, x)
a 5 x 1 y 5 2 2 3 5 21 x components:
b 5 x 1 2y 5 2 2 6 5 24 2a 2 2b 5 25
(2, 23) 5 21(2, 21) 2 4(21, 1) a 5 5 2 2b
For (124, 25): y components:
a 5 124 2 5 5 119 3a 1 3b 5 6
b 5 124 2 10 5 114 Substitute in a:
(124, 25) 5 119(2, 21) 1 114(21, 1) 15 2 6b 1 3b 5 6
For (4, 211) b53
a 5 4 2 11 5 27 Substitute in b in x component equation:
b 5 4 2 22 5 218 a 5 5 2 6 5 21
(4, 211) 5 27(2, 21) 2 18(21, 1) z components:
13. Try: a(21, 2, 3) 1 b(4, 1, 22) 4a 2 b 5 x
5 (214, 21, 16) Substitute in a and b:
x components: x 5 24 2 3 5 27
2a 1 4b 5 214 15. m 5 2, n 5 3. Non-parallel vectors cannot be
a 5 14 1 4b equal, unless their magnitudes equal 0.
y components: 16. Answers may vary. For example:
2a 1 b 5 21 Try linear combinations of the 2 vectors such that
Substitute in a:
28 1 8b 1 b 5 21
b 5 23

> > > > > > > >
1 25c > > >
21(4, 1, 7) 1 2(21, 1, 6) 5 (26, 1, 5) > > > > >
5 4a 1 6a 1 10a 2 6b 2 9b 2 15b 2 8c 2 9c
So p 5 26 and q 5 1 >
1 25c >
5(4, 1, 5) 2 5(21, 1, 6) 5 (25, 0, 5) > >
5 20a 2 30b 1 8c
> > >
(4, 1, 7) 2 (21, 1, 6) 5 a , , 5b
> > > > > >
3 3 3 3(22x 2 4y 1 z ) 2 (2x 2 y 1 z )
> > >
13 2 2 2(24x 2 5y 1 z )
So p 5 and q 5 > > > > > > >
3 3 5 26x 2 12y 1 3z 2 2x 1 y 2 z 1 8x
> >
> > > > > > >
> >
> > >
m 2 1 2m 2 3 5 (m 2 1)(m 1 3) 5 0x 2 y 1 0z
>
m 5 1, 23 5 2y >
> >
m 2 1 m 2 6 5 (m 2 2)(m 1 3) 5 2a 2 >3b 2 3c> >
m 5 2, 23 3. a. XY 5 OY 2 OX
5 (x2 2 x1, y2 2 y1, z2 2 z1 )
> > 5 (22, 3, 6)
@ a 1 b @ 5 0 a 1 (2a ) 0 @ XY @ 5 "(x2 2 x1 )2 1 (y2 2 y1 )2 1 (z2 2 z1 )2
> > > > >
5 000 5 "(22)2 1 (3)2 1 (6)2

5 0 , 0a0
>
5 "4 1 9 1 36
> > > >
> > > 57
>
> > >
> > >
b5c > OP 5 YX
d. true; > Draw
> 5 (26, 23, 26)
> >
b. @ YX @ 5 "(26)2 1 (23)2 1 (26)2
0 a 0 5 0 2a 0 5 @ b @ and 0 c 0 5 @ d @
>
> > >
but @ a 1 b @ 5 0 a 1 (2 a )0 5 0 5 "81
> > > >
@ c 1 d @ 5 0 c 1 c 0 5 0 2c 0
> > > > > 59
so @ a 1 b @ 2 @ c 1 d @
> >
> > >
> > >
2x 2 3y 1 5z 5 (x2 2 x1, y2 2 y1, z2 2 z1 )
> > > > > >
5 2(2a 2 3b 2 4c ) 2 3 (22a 1 3b 1 3c ) 5 (2 28, 3 2 1, 5 2 2)
> > >
1 5(2a 2 3b 1 5c ) 5 (26, 2, 3)

> > > > > > > >
1 25c > > >
21(4, 1, 7) 1 2(21, 1, 6) 5 (26, 1, 5) > > > > >
5 4a 1 6a 1 10a 2 6b 2 9b 2 15b 2 8c 2 9c
So p 5 26 and q 5 1 >
1 25c >
5(4, 1, 5) 2 5(21, 1, 6) 5 (25, 0, 5) > >
5 20a 2 30b 1 8c
> > >
(4, 1, 7) 2 (21, 1, 6) 5 a , , 5b
> > > > > >
3 3 3 3(22x 2 4y 1 z ) 2 (2x 2 y 1 z )
> > >
13 2 2 2(24x 2 5y 1 z )
So p 5 and q 5 > > > > > > >
3 3 5 26x 2 12y 1 3z 2 2x 1 y 2 z 1 8x
> >
> > > > > > >
> >
> > >
m 2 1 2m 2 3 5 (m 2 1)(m 1 3) 5 0x 2 y 1 0z
>
m 5 1, 23 5 2y >
> >
m 2 1 m 2 6 5 (m 2 2)(m 1 3) 5 2a 2 >3b 2 3c> >
m 5 2, 23 3. a. XY 5 OY 2 OX
5 (x2 2 x1, y2 2 y1, z2 2 z1 )
> > 5 (22, 3, 6)
@ a 1 b @ 5 0 a 1 (2a ) 0 @ XY @ 5 "(x2 2 x1 )2 1 (y2 2 y1 )2 1 (z2 2 z1 )2
> > > > >
5 000 5 "(22)2 1 (3)2 1 (6)2

5 0 , 0a0
>
5 "4 1 9 1 36
> > > >
> > > 57
>
> > >
> > >
b5c > OP 5 YX
d. true; > Draw
> 5 (26, 23, 26)
> >
b. @ YX @ 5 "(26)2 1 (23)2 1 (26)2
0 a 0 5 0 2a 0 5 @ b @ and 0 c 0 5 @ d @
>
> > >
but @ a 1 b @ 5 0 a 1 (2 a )0 5 0 5 "81
> > > >
@ c 1 d @ 5 0 c 1 c 0 5 0 2c 0
> > > > > 59
so @ a 1 b @ 2 @ c 1 d @
> >
> > >
> > >
2x 2 3y 1 5z 5 (x2 2 x1, y2 2 y1, z2 2 z1 )
> > > > > >
5 2(2a 2 3b 2 4c ) 2 3 (22a 1 3b 1 3c ) 5 (2 28, 3 2 1, 5 2 2)
> > >
1 5(2a 2 3b 1 5c ) 5 (26, 2, 3)

@ NM @ 5 "(26)2 1 (2)2 1 (3)2 @ BC @ 5 "(3 2 2)2 1 (3 2 0)2 1 (24 2 3)2
> >
5 "49 5 "(1)2 1 (3)2 1 (27)2

57 5 "1 1 9 1 49
The components> of the unit vector with the opposite
direction to MN are 17 (26, 2, 3) 5 ( 2 67, 27, 37) 5 "59
0 CA 0 5 "(21 2 3)2 1 (1 2 3)2 1 (1 2 (24))2
>
6. a.> The two
> diagonals
> can> be found by calculating
OA 1 OB and OA 2 OB. 5 "(24)2 1 (22)2 1 (5)2
A
5 "16 1 4 1 25
OA – OB
OA + OB 5 "45
Triangle ABC is a right triangle if and only if
@ AB @ 2 1 @ CA @ 2 5 @ BC @ 2.
> > >
O B
@ AB @ 2 1 @ CA @ 2 5 ("14)2 1 ("45)2
> >
> >
OA 1 OB 5 (3, 2, 26) 1 (26, 6, 22)
5 14 1 45
5 (3 1 26, 2 1 6, 26 1 22)
> 5 59
@ BC @ 2 5 ("59 )2
> > 5 (23, 8, 28)
OA 2 OB 5 (3, 2, 26) 1 (26, 6, 22)
5 59
5 (3 2 (26), 2 2 6, 26 2 (22))
So triangle ABC is a right triangle.
5 (9, 24, 24)
b. Area of a triangle 5 12bh. For triangle ABC the
b. To determine the angle between the sides of the
@ @ @ @
> > >
> >
parallelogram, calculate OA , OB , and longest side BC is the hypotenuse, so AB and CA
@ OA 2 OB @ and apply
> >
are the base and height of the triangle.
Area 5 ( 0 AB 0 )( 0 CA 0 )
the cosine law. 1 > >
@ OA @ 5 "(3)2 1 (2)2 1 (26)2

> 2
5 "14"45
1
5 "49 2
57
5 "630
1
@ OB @ 5 "(26)2 1 (6)2 1 (22)2
>
2
5 "76 5 "70 or 12.5
3
2
5 2"19
c. Perimeter of a triangle equals the sum of the sides.
@ OA 2 OB @ 5 "(9)2 1 (24)2 1 (24)2
> >
Perimeter 5 @ AB @ 1 @ BC @ 1 @ CA @
> > >
5 "113
5 "14 1 "59 1 "45
@ OA @ 2 1 @ OB @ 2 2 @ OA 2 OB @ 2
> > > >
8 18.13
2 @ OA @ @ OB @
cos u 5 > >
d. The fourth vertex D is the
> head of
> the diagonal
>
(7)2 1 (2"19)2 2 ("113)2 vector from A. To find AD take AB 1 AC .
>
cos u 5 AB 5 (2 2 (21), 0 2 1, 3 2 1) 5 (3, 21, 2)
2(7)(2"19) >
cos u 8 0.098 AC 5 (3 2 (21), 3 2 1, 24 2 1) 5 (4, 2, 25)
> > >
u 8 84.4° AD 5 AB 1 AC
7. a. @ AB @ 5 "(2 2 (21))2 1 (0 2 1)2 1 (3 2 1)2 5 (3 1 4, 21 1 2, 2 1 (25))
>
5 "(3)2 1 (21)2 1 (2)2

5 (7, 1, 23)
So the fourth vertex is D(21 1 7, 1 1 1, 1 1 (23))
5 "9 1 1 1 4 or D(6, 2, 22).
5 "14

8. a. Solve for a and b:
> > >
p 5 aq 1 br
(211, 7) 5 a(23, 1) 1 b(21, 2)
a–b a–b
b a–b+c (211, 7) 5 (23a, a) 1 (2b, 2b)
(211, 7) 5 (23a 2 b, a 1 2b)
a c Solve the system of equations:
> > 211 5 23a 2 b
b. Since > the vectors a> and b are perpendicular,
0 a 1 b 0 2 5 0 a 0 2 1 0 b 0 2. So,
> > 7 5 a 1 2b
0 a 1 b 0 2 5 (4)2 1 (3)2
> >
2(211) 5 2(23a 2 b)
5 16 1 9 222 5 26a 2 2b
> 5 25 1 75 a 1 2b
0 a 1 b 0 5 "25 5 5
>
> > > 215 5 25a
9. Express r as a linear combination of p and q : 35a
Solve for a and b: By substitution, 2 5 b
> > >
r 5 ap 1 bq Therefore 3(23, 1) 1 2(21, 2) 5 (211, 7)
(21, 2) 5 a(211, 7) 1 b(23, 1)
(21, 2) 5 (211a, 7a) 1 (23b, b) 10. a. Let P(x, y, z) be a point equidistant from A
and B. Then @ PA @ 5 @ PB @ .
> >
(21, 2) 5 (211a 2 3b, 7a 1 b)
Solve the system of equations: (x 2 2)2 1 (y 2 (21))2 1 (z 2 3)2
21 5 211a 2 3b 5 (x 2 1)2 1 (y 2 2)2 1 (z 2 (23))2
2 5 7a 1 b
x2 2 4x 1 4 1 y2 1 2y 1 1 1 z2 2 6z 1 9
5 x2 2 2x 1 1 1 y2 2 4y 1 4 1 z2 1 6z 1 9
3(2) 5 3(7a 1 b)
22x 1 6y 2 12z 5 0
6 5 21a 1 3b
x 2 3y 1 6z 5 0
1 21 5 211a 2 3b
5 5 10a b. (0, 0, 0) and ( 1, 13, 0) clearly satisfy the equation
1 and are equidistant from A and B.
5a 11. a.
2
By substitution, b 5 2 32 1
(224, 3, 25) 5 2(a, b, 4) 1 (6, 8, c) 2 3(7, c, 24)
2
Therefore 12 (211, 7) 1 2 32 (23, 1) 5 (21, 2)
(224, 3, 25) 5 (2a, 2b, 8) 1 a3, 4, b
> > > c
Express q as a linear combination of p and r . 2
Solve for a and b: 2 (21, 3c, 212)
> > >
q 5 ap 1 br
(224, 3, 25) 5 a2a 2 18, 2b 1 4 2 3c, 1 20b
c
(23, 1) 5 a(211, 7) 1 b(21, 2)
2
(23, 1) 5 (211a, 7a) 1 (2b, 2b)
(23, 1) 5 (211a 2 b, 7a 1 2b)
Solve the equations:
Solve the system of equations: i. 224 5 2a 2 18
26 5 2a
23 5 211a 2 b
23 5 a
1 5 7a 1 2b
c
Use the method of elimination: ii. 25 5 1 20
2(23) 5 2(211a 2 b) 2
c
26 5 222a 2 2b 55
2
115 7a 1 2b
10 5 c
25 5 215a
iii. 3 5 2b 1 4 2 3c
1
5a 3 5 2b 1 4 2 3(18)
3 3 5 2b 2 50
By substitution, 2 23 5 b 53 5 2b
Therefore 13 (211, 7) 1 2 23 (21, 2) 5 (23, 1) 26.5 5 b
> > >
Express p as a linear combination of q and r .
b. (3, 222, 54) 1Q 5 (2, 4, 6)
1 3 22R 5 (2, 4, 6)
5 2aa, a, ab 1 (3b, 0, 25c) 1 2ac, c, 0b
13. a. Find 0 AB 0, 0 BC 0, 0 CA 0
> > >
2 2
@ AB @ 5 "(1 2 3)2 1 (2 2 0)2 1 (5 2 4)2
(3, 222, 54) >
5 (2a, 2a, a) 1 (3b, 0, 25c) 1 (2c, 3c, 0)
(3, 222, 54) 5 (2a 1 3b 1 2c, 2a 1 3c, a 2 5c) 5 "(22)2 1 (2)2 1 (1)2
Solve the system of equations: 5 "9
222 5 2a 1 3c 53
54 5 a 2 5c
@ BC @ 5 "(2 2 1)2 1 (1 2 2)2 1 (3 2 5)2
>
5 "(1)2 1 (21)2 1 (22)2

22(54) 5 22(a 2 5c)
2108 5 22a 1 10c 5 "6
1 2 22 5 2a 1 3c @ CA @ 5 "(2 2 3)2 1 (1 2 0)2 1 (3 2 4)2
>
2130 5 13c
210 5 c 5 "(21)2 1 (1)2 1 (21)2
By substitution, 8 5 a 5 "3
Solve the equation: > > >
3 5 2a 1 3b 1 2c
@ BC @ 2 1 @ CA @ 2 5 A"6B 2 1 A"3B 2
> >
3 5 2(8) 1 3b 1 2(210)
3 5 16 1 3b 2 20 5613
3 5 3b 2 4 > 59
7 5 3b @ AB @ 2 5 (3)2
7 59
5b So triangle ABC is a right triangle.
3
12. a. Find @ AB @ , @ BC @ , @ CA @
> > >
b. Since triangle ABC is a right triangle,
@ AB @ 5 "(2 2 1)2 1 (2 2 (21))2 1 (2 2 1)2
>
6
Å3
cos/ABC 5
5 "(1)2 1 (3)2 1 (1)2 > > > >
14. a. DA, BC and EB, ED
5 "11 > > > >
@ BC @ 5 "(4 2 2)2 1 (22 2 2)2 1 (1 2 2)2

> b. DC, AB and CE, EA
c. @ AD @ 2 1 @ DC @ 2 5 @ AC @ 2,
> > >
5 "(2)2 1 (24)2 1 (21)2 But @ AC @ 2 5 @ DB @ 2

> >
5 "21 Therefore, @ AD @ 2 1 @ DC @ 2 5 @ DB @ 2
> > >
@ CA @ 5 "(4 2 1)2 1 (22 2 (21))2 1 (1 2 1)2

>
15. a. C(3, 0, 5); P(3, 4, 5); E(0, 4, 5); F(0, 4, 0)
5 "(3) 1 (21)
2 2 >
b. DB 5 (3 2 0, 4 2 0, 0 2 5)
5 "10 5 (3, 4, 25)

> > > >
CF 5 (0 2 3, 4 2 0, 0 2 5)
@ AB @ 2 1 @ CA @ 2 5 ("11)2 1 ("10)2
> > 5 (23, 4, 25)
c. D P
5 11 1 10
> 5 21
@ BC @ 2 5 ("21)2 u
5 21
So triangle ABC is a right triangle. X
b. Yes, P(1, 2, 3), Q(2, 4, 6), and R(21, 22, 23)
are collinear because:
2P 5 (2, 4, 6) O B

0 OD 0 5 5
> >
Let > A represent the air speed of the airplane and let
0 DP 0 5 5 by the Pythagorean theorem
>
W represent the velocity of the wind. In one hour,
the plane will travel 0 A 1 W 0 kilometers. Because
> >
Thus ODPB is a square and cos u 5 0, so the angle
> >
between the vectors is 90°. A and W make a right angle, use the Pythagorean
d. E P theorem:
0 A 1 W 02 5 0 A 02 1 0 W 02
> > > >
5 (400)2 1 (100)2
u 5 170 000
0 A 1 W 0 5 "170 000
> >
O A 8 412.3 km
@ OA @ 5 3, @ OP @ 5 "5
> >
So in 3 hours, the plane will travel
u 5 180° 2 2(m/POA) 3(412.3)km 8 1236.9 km
0W0
>
5 180° 2 2acos21 a bb
3
0A0
b. tan u 5 >
!50
8 50.2° 100
5
16. a. 400
d+e
u 5 tan21 a b
1
150° 30° d
e 4
> >
8 14.0°
0 d 1 e 0 2 5 0 d 0 2 1 0 e 0 2 2 2 0 d 0 0 e 0 cos u
> > > > > > The direction of the airplane is S14.0°W.
18. a. Any pair of nonzero, noncollinear vectors
5 (3)2 1 (5)3 2 2(3)(5) cos 150° will span R 2. To show that (2, 3) and (3, 5) are
2"3 noncollinear, show that there does not exist any
5 9 1 25 2 30
2 number k such that k(2, 3) 5 (3, 5). Solve the
8 59.98 system of equations:
0 d 1 e 0 8 "59.98
> >
2k 5 3
8 7.74 3k 5 5
b. Solving both equations gives two different values
d d –e for k, 32 and 53, so (2, 3) and (3, 5) are noncollinear
and thus span R 2
e b. (323, 795) 5 m(2, 3) 1 n(3, 5)
> >
(323, 795) 5 (2m, 3m) 1 (3n, 5n)
0 d 2 e 0 2 5 0 d 0 2 1 0 e 0 2 2 2 0 d 0 0 e 0 cos u
> > > >
> > (323, 795) 5 (2m 1 3n, 3m 1 5n)
5 (3)2 1 (5)3 2 2(3)(5) cos 30° 323 5 2m 1 3n
"3 795 5 3m 1 5n
5 9 1 25 2 30
2 Use the method of elimination:
8 8.02 23(323) 5 23(2m 1 3n)
0 d 2 e 0 8 "8.02
> >
2(795) 5 2(3m 1 5n)
>8 2.83 >
2969 5 26m 2 9n
c. 0 e 2 d 0 5 0 2 (d 2 e ) 0 5 0 d 2 e 0 8 2.83
> > > >
1 1590 5 6m 1 10n
17. a. 621 5 n
By substitution, m 5 2770.
u
A:
400 km/h
W: 100 km/h
19. a. Find a and b such that b. z
(0, 0, 4)
(5, 9, 14) 5 a(22, 3, 1) 1 b(3, 1, 4) (0, 4, 4)
(5, 9, 14) 5 (22a, 3a, a) 1 (3b, b, 4b) (4, 4, 4)
(5, 9, 14) 5 (22a 1 3b, 3a 1 b, a 1 4b) (4, 0, 4)
i. 5 5 22a 1 3b (0, 0, 0)
ii. 9 5 3a 1 b y
iii. 14 5 a 1 4b
(0, 4, 0)
Use the method of elimination with i. and iii.
2(14) 5 2(a 1 4b) (4, 0, 0) (4, 4, 0)
x
28 5 2a 1 8b
1 5 5 22a 1 3b
33 5 11b >
35b PO 5 (4, 4, 4) so,
> >
By substitution, a 5 2. OP 5 2PO 5 2 (4, 4, 4) 5 (24, 24, 24)
> > >
a lies in the plane determined by b and c because it c. z
> > (0, 0, 4)
can be written as a linear combination of b and c . (0, 4, 4)
> > > >
b. If vector a is in the span of b and c ,> then a can (4, 4, 4)
>
be written as a linear combination of b and c . Find (4, 0, 4)
m and n such that
(213, 36, 23) 5 m(22, 3, 1) 1 n(3, 1, 4) (0, 0, 0)
y
5 (22m, 3m, m) 1 (3n, n, 4n)
5 (22m 1 3n, 3m 1 n, m 1 4n) (0, 4, 0)
x (4, 0, 0) (4, 4, 0)
213 5 22m 1 3n
36 5 3m 1 n
23 5 m 1 4n >
Use the method of elimination: The vector PQ from P(4, 4, 4) to Q(0, 4, 0) can be
>
2(23) 5 2(m 1 4n) written as PQ 5 (24, 0, 24).
46 5 2m 1 8n d. z
1 213 5 22m 1 3n (0, 0, 4)
(0, 4, 4)
33 5 11n
35n (4, 4, 4)
(4, 0, 4)
By substitution, m 5 11. >
> >
So, vector a is in the span of b and c . (0, 0, 0)
20. a. z y
(0, 0, 4)
(0, 4, 4) (0, 4, 0)
(4, 4, 4)
(4, 0, 4) x (4, 0, 0) (4, 4, 0)
(0, 0, 0)
y
The vector with the coordinates (4, 4, 0).
(0, 4, 0)
21. 0 2(a 1 b 2 c ) 2 (a 1 2b ) 1 3(a 2 b 1 c ) 0
> > > > > > > >
5 0 2a 1 2b 2 2c 2 a 2 2b 1 3a 2 3b 1 3c 0
> > > > > > > >
x (4, 0, 0) (4, 4, 0)
5 0 4a 2 3b 1 c 0
> > >
5 0 4(1, 1, 21) 2 3(2, 21, 3) 1 (2, 0, 13) 0
5 0 (4, 4, 24) 1 (26, 3, 29) 1 (2, 0, 13) 0
5 0 (0, 7, 0) 0
57

> >
> >
> >
A(–3, 4)
> in the
> >
C(5, 0)
x
> >
> of c> .
> > > >
> triangle
> > >
@ BC @ 5 "(5 2 3)2 1 (0 2 (24))2
>
5 "(2)2 1 (4)2
a
5 "20 P
5 2"5 or 4.47
(a + b)
@ CA @ 5 "(5 2 (23))2 1 (0 2 4)2
>
b
5 "(8)2 1 (24)2 (b + c)
5 "80 or 8.94
@ BC @ 2 1 @ CA @ 2 5 @ AB @ 2
> > >
PQ= (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
@ BC @ 2 1 @ CA @ 2 5 A2"5B 2 1 A"80B 2
> >
Q
5 20 1 80
>
> 5 100
@ AB @ 2 5 102
2. a. AB 5 (6 2 (22), 7 2 3, 3 2 (25)) 5 (8, 4, 8)
b. @ AB> @ 5 "82 1 > 42 1 82 5 12
>
5 100
c. BA 5 (21)AB 5 (28, 24, 28);
> > > > > > >
> >
23. a. FL 5 FG 1 GH 1 HL 5 a 1 b 1 c
@ BA @ 5
> > > > > > 1 >
b. MK 5 JK 2 JM 5 a 2 b
@ BA @
> > > > >
> BA
> >
c. HJ 5 HG 1 GF 1 FJ 5 2b 2 a 1 c
> > > > 1
d. IH 1 KJ 5 FG 1 GF 5 0 5 (28, 24, 28)
> > > > > > 12
e. IK 2 IH 5 HK 5 IJ 5 b 2 c
5 a2 2 , 2 b
2 1 2
24. b 3 3 3
> > > > > >
>
>2 >
2
> >

> >
> > > >

> >
also collinear
>
> > >

> >
> >
> >
A(–3, 4)
> in the
> >
C(5, 0)
x
> >
> of c> .
> > > >
> triangle
> > >
@ BC @ 5 "(5 2 3)2 1 (0 2 (24))2
>
5 "(2)2 1 (4)2
a
5 "20 P
5 2"5 or 4.47
(a + b)
@ CA @ 5 "(5 2 (23))2 1 (0 2 4)2
>
b
5 "(8)2 1 (24)2 (b + c)
5 "80 or 8.94
@ BC @ 2 1 @ CA @ 2 5 @ AB @ 2
> > >
PQ= (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
@ BC @ 2 1 @ CA @ 2 5 A2"5B 2 1 A"80B 2
> >
Q
5 20 1 80
>
> 5 100
@ AB @ 2 5 102
2. a. AB 5 (6 2 (22), 7 2 3, 3 2 (25)) 5 (8, 4, 8)
b. @ AB> @ 5 "82 1 > 42 1 82 5 12
>
5 100
c. BA 5 (21)AB 5 (28, 24, 28);
> > > > > > >
> >
23. a. FL 5 FG 1 GH 1 HL 5 a 1 b 1 c
@ BA @ 5
> > > > > > 1 >
b. MK 5 JK 2 JM 5 a 2 b
@ BA @
> > > > >
> BA
> >
c. HJ 5 HG 1 GF 1 FJ 5 2b 2 a 1 c
> > > > 1
d. IH 1 KJ 5 FG 1 GF 5 0 5 (28, 24, 28)
> > > > > > 12
e. IK 2 IH 5 HK 5 IJ 5 b 2 c
5 a2 2 , 2 b
2 1 2
24. b 3 3 3
> > > > > >
>
>2 >
2
> >

> >
> > > >

> >
also collinear
>
> > >

R a 5 1 and simplifying yields b 5 5. Third,
c 1 1 2 12 5 > 2c, so c 5 211.
>
5. a. a and b span R 2, because any vector (x, y) in >
>
u R 2 can be written as a linear combination of a and b.
x+y These two vectors are not multiples of each other.
y
b. First, conduct scalar multiplication on the vectors,
yielding: (22p, 3p) 1 (3q, 2q) 5 (13, 29).
x Now, each component corresponds to an equation.
P Q First, 22p 1 3q 5 13. Second, 3p 2 q 5 29.
Multiplying the second equation by 3 and adding
the result to the first equation yields: 7p 5 214,
–y which implies p 5 22. Substituting this into the
x–y
first equation and simplifying
> yields q 5 3.
> >
6. a. a 5 mb 1 nc
(1, 12, 229) 5 m(3, 1, 4) 1 n(1, 2, 23)
(1, 12, 229) 5 (3m, m, 4m) 1 (n, 2n, 23n)
S Each of the three components corresponds to an
By the cosine law: equation. First, 1 5 3m 1 n. Second, 12 5 m 1 2n.
0 y 02 1 0 x 1 y 02 2 0 x 02
> > > >
Third, 229 5 4m 2 3n. Multiplying the first
20 y 0 0 x 1 y 0
cos u 5 > > > and equation by 22 and adding the result to the second
0 2y 0 2 1 0 x 1 y 0 2 2 0 x 2 y 0 2
> > > > > equation yields m 5 22. Substituting m 5 22 into
20 2y 0 0 x 1 y 0
cos u 5 > > > . the first equation yields n 5 7. Since m 5 22 and
n 5 7 also solves the third component’s equation,
Hence, > > > >
0 y 02 1 0 x 1 y 02 2 0 x 02
> > > > a 5 mb 1 nc for m 5 22 and n 5 7. > Hence, a can
>
20 y 0 0 x 1 y 0
> > > be written as a linear combination of b and c .
> > >
b. r 5 mp 1 nq
0 2y 0 2 1 0 x 1 y 0 22 0 x 2 y 0 2
> > > > >
(16, 11, 224) 5 m(22, 3, 4) 1 n(4, 1, 26)
2 0 2y 0 0 x 1 y 0
5 > > >
(16, 11, 224) 5 (22m, 3m, 4m) 1 (4n, n, 26n)
2( 0 y 0 2 1 0 x 1 y 0 2 2 0 x 0 2 )
> > > > Each of the three components corresponds to an
5 0 2y 0 2 1 0 x 1 y 0 2 2 0 x 2 y 0 2 equation. First, 16 5 22m 1 4n. Second,
> > > > >
0 x 2 y 0 5 20 y 0 2 0 x 1 y 0 1 20 x 0 2
> >2 >2 > >2 > 11 5 3m 1 n. Third, 224 5 4m 2 6n. Multiplying
the first equation by 2 and adding the result to the
0 x 2 y 0 5 "2 0 y 0 2 2 0 x 1 y 0 2 1 "2 0 x 0 2
> > > > > >
third equation yields n 5 4. Substituting n 5 4 into
0 x 2 y 0 5 "2(3)2 2 ( "17 )2 1 "2(3)2
> > the first equation yields m 5 0. We have that n 5 4
and m 5 0 is the unique solution to the first and
0 x 2 y 0 5 "19
> >
third equations, but n 5 4 and m 5 0 does not
> > > > > >
4. a. We have 3x 2 2y 5 a and 5x 2 3y 5 b. solve the second equation. Hence, this system of
>
Multiplying the first equation by 23 and the second equations has no solution, and r cannot be written
> > > > >
equation by 2 yields: 29x 1 6y 5 23a and as a linear combination of p and q . In other words,
> > > > > >
10x 2 >6y 5 2b. Adding these equations, we have: r does not lie in the plane determined by p and q .
> > > >
x 5 2b 2 3a> . Substituting this into the first equation 7. x and y have magnitudes of 1 and 2, respectively,
> > > and have an angle of 120° between them, as depicted
yields: 3(2b 2 3a ) 2 2y 5 a . Simplifying, we
> > > in the picture below.
have: y 5 3b 2 5a .
b. First, conduct scalar multiplication on the third
vector, yielding:
(2, 21, c) 1 (a, b, 1) 2 (6, 3a, 12) 5 (23, 1, 2c). y
Now, each of the three components corresponds to 120˚
an equation. First, 2 1 a 2 6 5 23, which implies
x
a 5 1. Second, 21 1 b 2 3a 5 1. Substituting

0 2y 0 sin 60
> > >
Since 60° is the complement of 120° 3x 1 2y can
u 5 sin21 a > b
0 3x 1 2y 0
be depicted as below. >
u 5 sin21 a b
(4) sin 60
2y
"13
3x + 2y u 8 73.9° relative to x
> > >
u 60˚ 8. DE> 5 CE > 2> CD
DE 5 b 2 a
3x Also,
> > >
By the cosine law: BA> 5 CA > 2 CB
0 3x 1 2y 0 2 5 0 3x 0 2 1 0 2y 0 2 2 20 3x 0 0 2y 0 cos 60
> > > > > > >
BA 5 2b 2 2a
0 3x 1 2y 0 2 5 90 x 0 2 1 40 y 0 2 2 60 x 0 0 y 0
> > > > > > Thus,
0 3x 1 2y 0 5 9 1 16 2 12
> >2 > 1 >
DE 5 BA
2
0 3x 1 2y 0 5 "13 or 3.61
> >
> > >
The direction of 3x 1 2y is u, the angle from x .
This can be computed from the sine law:
0 3x 1 2y 0 0 2y 0
> > >
5
sin 60 sin u
0 2y 0 sin 60
>
0 3x 1 2y 0
sin u 5 > >

CHAPTER 7
Applications of Vectors
Review of Prerequisite Skills, p. 350 m 2 5 52 1 122 2 2(5)(12) cos 135
2 !2
1. The velocity relative to the ground has a 5 25 1 144 2 120a b
magnitude equivalent to the hypotenuse of a 2
triangle with sides 800 and 100. So, by the 5 169 1 84.85
Pythagorean theorem we can find the magnitude of 5 253.85
the velocity. m 5 "253.85
v 2 5 8002 1 1002 8 15.93 units
5 640 000 1 10 000 122 5 15.932 1 52 2 2(15.93)(5) cos u
5 650 000 144 5 253.76 1 25 2 159.3 cos u
v 5 "650 000 2134.76 5 2159.3 cos u
8 806 km>h 134.76
cos u 5
100 159.3
u 5 cos21 a b
134.76
159.3
8 32.2°
So the displacement is 15.93 units, W 32.2° N.
800
3. z
u
C(–2, 0, 1)
B(–3, 2, 0)
y
A(0, 1, 0)
100
tan u 5
800 x D(0, 2, –3)
a b
21 100
u 5 tan
800
u 8 7.1° 4. a. (3, 22, 7)
The velocity of the airplane relative to the ground is l 5 magnitude
about 806 km> h N 7.1° E. 5 "32 1 (22)2 1 72
5 "9 1 4 1 49
2.
displacement 5 "62
12 8 7.87
b. (29, 3, 14)
u l 5 magnitude
5 5 "(29)2 1 32 1 142
5 !81 1 9 1 196
The angle between the two displacements is 135°.
The magnitude, m, and the angle, u, of the
displacement can be found using the cosine law. 5 !286
8 16.91

c. (1, 1, 0) 7.1 Vectors as Forces, pp. 362–364
l 5 magnitude
5 "12 1 12 1 02
1. a. 10 N is a melon, 50 N is a chair, 100 N is a
computer
5 "2 b. Answers will vary.
8 1.41 2. a. 10 N
d. (2, 0, 29)
l 5 magnitude 20 N
5 "22 1 02 1 (29)2 30 N
5 "4 1 0 1 81
5 "85
b. 180°
3.
8 9.22
10 N
5. a. A(x, y, 0)
In the xy-plane at the point (x, y). 20 N
b. B(x, 0, z)
In the xz-plane at the point (x, z). The forces should be placed in a line along the
c. C(0, y, z) same direction.
In the yz-plane at the point (y, z). 4. For three forces to be in equilibrium, they must
6. a. (26, 0) 1 7(1, 21) form a triangle, which is a planar figure.
> > > >
5 (26i 1 0j ) 1 7(i 2 j ) 5.
> > > >
5 (26i 1 0j ) 1 (7i 2 7j )
> >
5 i 2 7j f2
b. (4, 21, 3) 2 (22, 1, 3) equilibrant resultant
> > > > > >
5 (4i 2 j 1 3k ) 2 (22i 1 j 1 3k )
> >
5 6i 2 2j
c. 2(21, 1, 3) 1 3(22, 3, 21) f1
> > > > > >
5 2(2i 1 j 1 3k ) 1 3(22i 1 3j 2 k )
> > > > > >
5 (22i 1 2j 1 6k ) 1 (26i 1 9j 2 3k ) a. The resultant is equivalent in magnitude to the
> > > hypotenuse, h, of the triangle with 5 and 12 as sides
5 28i 1 11j 1 3k 12
1 3 and is directed northeast at an angle of sin21 h .
d. 2 (4, 26, 8) 1 (4, 26, 8)
2 2 Thus, the resultant is "52 1 122 5 13 N at an angle
1 > > > 3 > > > of sin21 12
13 5 N 22.6° E. The equlibrant is equal in
5 2 (4i 2 6j 1 8k ) 1 (4i 2 6j 1 8k )
2 > 2> magnitude and opposite in direction of the resultant.
> > > >
5 (22i 1 3j 2 4k ) 1 (6i 2 9j 1 12k ) Thus, the equilibrant is 13 N at an angle of S 22.6° W.
b. The resultant is "92 1 122 5 15 N at an angle of
> > >
5 4i 2 6j 1 8k
> > sin21 12
15 5 S 36.9° W. The equilibrant, then, is 15 N
7. a. a> 1 b > > > > at N 36.9° E.
5 (3i 1 2j 2 k ) 1 (22i 1 j )
> > > 6. For three forces to form equilibrium, they must
5 i 1 3j 2 k
> > be able to form a triangle or a balanced line, so
b. a 2> b > > > > a. Yes, since 3 1 4 . 7 these can form a triangle.
5 (3i> 1 2j> 2 k>) 2 (22i >
1>
j ) b. Yes, since 9 1 40 . 41 these can form a triangle.
5 (3i >
1 >
2j 2 >
k ) 1 (2i 2 j ) c. No, since "5 1 6 , 9 these cannot form a
5 5i 1 j 2 k triangle.
> >
c. 2a 2> 3b > > > >
d. Yes, since 9 1 10 5 19, placing the 9 N and 10 N
5 2(3i 1 2j 2 k>) 2 3(22i 1> j ) force in a line directly opposing the 19 N force
> > >
5 (6i> 1 4j 2 2k ) 1 (6i 2 3j ) achieves equilibrium.
> >
5 12i 1 j 2 2k
7-2 Chapter 7: Applications of Vectors

7. Arms 90 cm apart will yield a resultant with a Now we look at x1 and x2. We know
x1 5 @ f1 @ sin 15
>
smaller magnitude than at 30 cm apart. A resultant
x2 5 @ f2 @ sin 75
with a smaller magnitude means less force to >
counter your weight, hence a harder chin-up.
8. Using the cosine law, the resultant has a magnitude, x1 1 x2 5 10
So @ f1 @ sin 15 1 @ f2 @ sin 75 5 10
> >
r, of
r 2 5 @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 2 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos 120°
> > > > >
Substituting then solving for f2 yields
@ f2 @ sin 15 1 @ f2 @ sin 75 5 10
> cos 75
5 62 1 82 2 2(6)(8)a2 b
>
1
2 cos 15
@ f2 @ a
> cos 75
5 36 1 64 1 48 sin 15 1 sin 75b 5 10
5 148 cos 15
r 5 "148 @ f2 @ (1.035) 5 10
>
@ f2 @ 5 9.66 N
>
8 12.17 N
Using the sine law, the resultant’s angle, u, can be >
Now we solve for f1 :
found by
@ f1 @ 5 @ f2 @
sin u sin 120°
> cos 75
>
5 cos 15
8 12.17
@ f1 @ 5 (9.66)
"3
> cos 75
2
sin u 5 8 cos 15
@ f1 @ 5 (9.66)(0.268)
12.17 >
"3
@ f1 @ 5 2.59 N
>
u 5 sin21 8 2
12.17
8 34.7° from the 6 N force toward the 8 N So the force 15° from the 10 N force is 9.66 N and
force. The equilibrant, then, would be 12.17 N at the force perpendicular to it is 2.59 N.
180° 2 34.7° 5 145.3° from the 6 N force away 10. The force of the block is
from the 8 N force. (10 kg)(9.8 N>kg) 5 98 N. The component of this
9. force parallel to the ramp is
(98) sin 30° 5 (98)A 12 B 5 49 N, directed down the
ramp. So the force preventing this block from
moving would be 49 N directed up the ramp.
10 N 11. a.
f1
7N
f2
13 N
>
f1 5 force 15° from the 10 N force
> >
f2 5 force perpendicular to f1
> 8N
x1 5 component of f1 parallel to the 10 N force
>
>
We know that the components of f1 and f2
>
b. Using the cosine law for the angle, u, we have
perpendicular to the 10 N force must be equal, so we 132 5 82 1 72 2 2(8)(7) cos u
can write 169 5 64 1 49 2 112 cos u
@ f1 @ cos 15 5 @ f2 @ cos 75
> > 56 5 2112 cos u
256
@ f1 @ 5 @ f2 @
> > cos 75 cos u 5
112
cos 15 21
u 5 cos21
2
5 120
This is the angle between the vectors when placed of an equilateral triangle are 60°, the resultant will be
head to tail. So the angle between the vectors when at a 60° angle with the other two vectors.
placed tail to tail is 180° 2 120° 5 60°. b. Since the equilibrant is directed opposite the
12. The 10 N force and the 5 N force result in a 5 N resultant, the angle between the equilibrant and the
force east. The 9 N force and the 14 N force result other two vectors
> >is 180° 2 60° 5 120°.
in a 5 N force south. The resultant of these is now 15. Since f1 and f2 act opposite one another,
> they
>
equivalent to the hypotenuse of the right triangle net a 10 N force directed west. Since f3 and f4 act
with 5 N as both bases and is directed 45° south of opposite one another, they net a 10 N force directed
east. So the resultant is "52 1 52 5 "50 8 7.1 N 45° north of east. > So using the cosine law to find
45° south of east. the resultant, fr,
@ fr @ 2 5 102 1 102 2 2(10)(10) cos 45°
>
13.
5 200 2 200 cos 45°
"2 b
5 200 2 200 a
f1 = 24 N
2
@ fr @ 5 "2
b
>
Å
resultant = 25 N 200 2 200a
equlibrant 2
f2 8 7.65 N
a. Using the Pythagorean theorem, Since our net forces are equal at 10 N, the angle of
@ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 5 252
> > the resultant is directed halfway between the two, or
> >
@ f2 @ 2 5 252 2 @ f1 @ 2
1
> > at 2 (135°) 5 67.5° from f2 toward f3.
16.
5 252 2 242 T2 T1
5 49
@ f2 @ 5 7
>
>
20 kg
b. The angle, u, between f1 and the resultant is
given by
@ f2 @
> Let T1 be the tension in the 30° rope and T2 be the
sin u 5 tension in the 45° rope.
25 Since this system is in equilibrium, we know that
7 the horizontal components of T1 and T2 are equal
sin u 5
25 and opposite and the vertical components add to be
7 opposite the action of the mass. Also, the force
u 5 sin21 produced by the mass is (20 kg)(9.8 N>kg) 5 196 N.
25
8 16.3° So we have a system of two equations: the first,
>
So the angle between f1 and the equilibrant is (T1 ) cos 30° 5 (T2 ) cos 45° represents the balance
180° 2 16.3° 5 163.7°. of the horizontal components, and the second,
14. a. (T1 ) sin 30° 1 (T2 ) sin 45° 5 196 represents the
60° balance of the vertical components with the mass.
So solving this system of two equations with two
variable gives the desired tensions.
1N 1N
T1 cos 30° 5 T2 cos 45°
cos 45°
T1 5 T2
cos 30°
60° 60° T1 sin 30° 1 T2 sin 45° 5 196
aT2 b sin 30° 1 T2 sin 45° 5 196

1N cos 45°
For these three equal forces to be in equilibrium, they cos 30°
must form an equilateral triangle. Since the resultant
T2 aa b sin 30° 1 sin 45°b 5 196
cos 45°
will lie along one of these lines, and since all angles
cos 30°

T2 (1.12) 5 196 Thus the tension in the 24 cm string is 39.2 N and
T2 8 175.73 N the tension in the 32 cm string is 29.4 N.
cos 45° 18.
T1 5 (175.73)
cos 30°
8 143.48 N resultant
Thus the tension in the 45° rope is 175.73 N and the u
x 35° 2x
tension in the 30° rope is 143.48 N.
17.
40 cm
24 cm 32 cm
5 kg
N
First, use the Cosine Law to find the angles the
W E
strings make at the point of suspension. Let u1 be the
angle made by the 32 cm string and u2 be the angle S
made by the 24 cm string.
(Port means left and starboard means right.) We are
242 5 322 1 402 2 2(32)(40) cos u1
looking for the resultant of these two force vectors
22048 5 22560 cos u1
that are 35° apart. We don’t know the exact value
2048
u1 5 cos21 of the force, so we will call it x. So the small tug
2560
is pulling with a force of x and the large tug is
8 36.9°
pulling with a force of 2x. To find the magnitude
322 5 242 1 402 2 2(24)(40) cos u2
of the resultant, r, in terms of x, we use the cosine
21152 5 21920 cos u2
law.
1152
u2 5 cos21 r 2 5 x 2 1 (2x)2 2 2(x)(2x) cos 145°
1920 5 x 2 1 4x 2 2 4x 2 cos 145°
8 53.1° 8 5x 2 2 4x 2 (20.8192)
A keen eye could have recognized this triangle as a 8 5x 2 1 3.2768x 2
3-4-5 right triangle and simply used the Pythagorean 8 8.2768x 2
r 8 "8.2768x 2
theorem as well. Now we set up the same system of
equations as in problem 16, with T1 being the tension
8 2.8769x
in the 32 cm string and T2 being the tension in the
Now we use the cosine law again to find the angle,
24 cm string, and the force of the mass being
u, made by the resultant.
(5 kg)(9.8 N>kg) 5 49 N.
x 2 5 r 2 1 (2x)2 2 2(2.8769x)(2x) cos u
T1 cos 36.9° 5 T2 cos 53.1°
x 2 5 8.2768x 2 1 4x 2 2 11.5076x 2 cos u
cos 53.1°
T1 5 T2 x 2 5 12.2768x 2 2 11.5076x 2 cos u
cos 36.9° 211.2768x 2 5 211.5076x 2 cos u
T1 sin 36.9° 1 T2 sin 53.1° 5 49 11.2768
cos u 5
aT2 b sin 36.9° 1 T2 sin 53.1° 5 49
cos 53.1° 11.5076
cos 36.9°
u 5 cos21 a b
11.2768
T2 aa b sin 36.9° 1 sin 53.1°b 5 49
cos 53.1° 11.5076
cos 36.9° 8 11.5° from the large tug toward the
T2 (1.25) 5 49 small tug, for a net of 8.5° to the starboard side.
T2 8 39.2 N
cos 53.1°
T1 5 (39.2)
cos 36.9°
8 29.4 N

19.
u10N 5 cos21 a b
10
213.75
5N 8 136.7°
20. We know that the resultant of these two forces is
equal in magnitude and angle to the> diagonal > line
8N of the parallelogram formed with f1 and f2 as legs
10N
and has diagonal length @ f1 1 f2 @ . We also know
> >
from the cosine law that

@ f1 1 f2 @ 2 5 @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 2 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos f
> > > > > >
a. First we will find the resultant of the 5 N and
where f is the supplement to u in our parallelogram.
8 N forces. Use the Pythagorean theorem to find the
Since we know f 5 180 2 u, then
magnitude, m.
cos f 5 cos (180 2 u) 5 2cos u.
m 2 5 52 1 82
Thus we> have >
@ f1 1 f2 @ 2 5 @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 2 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos f
5 25 1 64 > > > >
5 89
5 @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 1 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos u
> > > >
m 5 "89 8 9.4
@ f1 1 f2 @ 5 " @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 1 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos u
> > > > > >
Next we use the Pythagorean theorem again to find
the magnitude, M, of the resultant of this net force
and the 10 N force. 7.2 Velocity, pp. 367–370
M 2 5 m 2 1 102
5 89 1 100 1. a. Both the woman and the train’s velocities are
5 189 in the same direction, so we add them.
M 5 "189 8 13.75
80 km>h 1 4 km>h 5 84 km>h
b. The woman’s velocity is directed opposite that of
Since the equilibrant is equal in magnitude to the
train, so we subtract her velocity from the train’s.
resultant, we have the magnitude of the equilibrant
80 km>h 2 4 km>h 5 76 km>h. The resultant is in
equal to approximately 13.75 N.
the same direction as the train’s movement.
b. To find each angle, use the definition of cosine
2. a. The velocity of the wind is directed opposite that
with respect each force as a leg and the resultant as
of the airplane, so we subtract the wind’s velocity
the hypotenuse. Let u5N be the angle from the
from the airplane’s.
5 N force to the resultant, u8N be the angle from the
600 km>h 2 100 km>h 5 500 km>h north.
8 N force to the resultant, and u10N be the angle
b. Both the wind and the airplane’s velocities are in
from the 10 N force to the resultant.
the same direction, so we add them.
Let the sign of the resultant be negative, since it is
600 km>h 1 100 km>h 5 700 km>h north.
in a direction away from the head of each of the
3. We use the Pythagorean theorem to find the
given forces.
magnitude, m, of the resultant velocity and we use
5
cos u5N 5 the definition of sine to find the angle, u, made.
213.75 m 2 5 3002 1 502
u5N 5 cos21 a b
5 5 90 000 1 2500
213.75 5 92 500
8 111.3° m 5 "92 500
8 8 304.14 km>h
cos u8N 5
213.75 50
tan u 5
u8N 5 cos21 a b
8 300
213.75 50
u 5 tan21
8 125.6° 300
10 8 9.5°. The resultant is 304.14 km> h, W 9.5° S.
cos u10N 5
213.75

4. Adam must swim at an angle, u, upstream so as b. The airplane is travelling at approximately
to counter the 1 km> h velocity of the stream. This is 732.71 km> h, so in 1 hour the airplane will travel
equivalent to Adam swimming along the hypotenuse about 732.71 km.
of a right traingle with 1 km> h leg and a 2 km> h 8. a. First we find the velocity of the airplane. We
hypotenuse. So the angle is found using the definition use the Pythagorean theorem to find the magnitude,
of cosine. m, of the resultant.
1 m 2 5 4502 1 1002
cos u 5
2 5 202 500 1 10 000
1 5 212 500
u 5 cos21
2 m 5 "212 500
5 60° upstream 8 461 km>h
5. a. 2 m> s forward So in 3 hours, the airplane will travel about
b. 20 m> s 1 2 m> s 5 22 m> s in the direction of the car (461 km>h)(3 h) 5 1383 km.
6. Since the two velocities are at right angles we b. To find the angle, u, the airplane travels, we use
can use the Pythagorean theorem to find the the definition of sine.
magnitude, m, of the resultant velocity and we use 100
sin u 5
the definition of sine to find the angle, u, made. 461
m 2 5 122 1 52 100
u 5 sin21
5 144 1 25 461
5 169 8 12.5° east of north.
m 5 "169 9. a. To find the angle, u, at which to fly is the
5 13 m>s equivalent of the angle of a right triangle with 44 as
5 the opposite leg and 244 as the hypotenuse. So we
sin u 5 use the definition of sine to find this angle.
13
5 44
u 5 sin21 sin u 5
13 244
8 22.6° from the direction of the boat toward 44
u 5 sin21
the direction of the current. This results in a net of 244
22.6° 1 15° 5 37.6°, or N 37.6° W. 8 10.4° south of west.
7. a. First we find the components of the resultant b. By the Pythagorean Theorem, the resultant ground
directed north and directed west. The component speed of the airplane is "(2442 2 442 ) 5 240 km>h.
directed north is the velocity of the airplane, 800, Since time 5 distance>rate, the duration of the
minus 100 sin 45°, since the wind forms a 45° flight is simply (480 km)> (240 km>h) 5 2 h.
angle south of west. The western component of 10. a. Since Judy is swimming perpendicular to
the resultant is simply 100 cos 45°. So we use the the flow of the river, her resultant velocity is simply
Pythagorean theorem to find the magnitude, m, of the hypotenuse of a right triangle with 3 and 4 as
the resultant and the definition of sine to find the bases, which is a 3-4-5 right triangle. Thus, Judy’s
angle, u, of the resultant. resultant velocity is 5 km> h. The direction is
m 2 5 (800 2 100 sin 45°)2 1 (100 cos 45°)2 determined by tan u 5 43. u 8 53.1° downstream
8 (729.29)2 1 (71.71)2 b. Judy’s distance traveled down the river would be the
8 536 863.8082 “4” leg of the 3-4-5 triangle formed by the vectors, but
m 8 732.71 km>h scaled down so that 1m (the width of the river) is
Use the sine law to determine the direction. equivalent to the “3” leg. So her distance traveled is
4
sin u sin 45° 3 8 1.33 km. This makes her about 0.67 km from
5 Helen’s cottage.
100 732.71
u 8 5.5°
c. While in the river, Judy is swimming at
The direction is N 5.5° W.
5 km> h for a distance of 53 km. Since
time 5 distance>rate, her time taken is
5
3 km
5 1 hours 5 20 minutes.
5 km>h 3
11. h v 2 5 32 1 42 2 2(3)(4) cos 150°
m/
5k 5 9 1 16 2 24 cos 150°
20 30°
v 5 25 1 20.8
u 212 km/h 5 45.8
a. and b. Here, 205 km> h directed 30° north of east v 5 "45.8
is the resultant of 212 km> h directed east, and the 8 6.8 m>s
wind speed, v, directed at some angle. This problem So in 10 seconds, Mary travels about
is more easily approached finding the wind speed, (6.8 m>s)(10 s) 5 68 m.
v, first. So we will do that using the cosine law. b. Since Mary is travelling at 3 m>s at an angle of 30°,
v 2 5 2052 1 2122 2 2(205)(212) cos 30° to find the component of her velocity, v, perpendicular
5 42 025 1 44 944 2 86 920 cos 30° to the current, we use the definition of sine.
5 86 969 2 75 275 v 5 3 sin 30
5 11 694
5 3a b
1
v 5 "11 694 2
8 108 km>h 5 1.5 m>s perpendicular to the current.
Now to find the wind’s direction, we simply find the So since time 5 distance>rate, the time taken is
angle supplementary to the lesser angle, u, formed (150 m)> (1.5 m>s) 5 100 s.
by the parallelogram of these three velocities. We 14. a. So we have a 5.5 m> s vector and a 4 m> s
can use the sine law for this. vector with a resultant vector that is directed 45°
sin u sin 30° south of west. Letting u be the angle between the
4 km> h vector and the resultant, we can construct
5
205 108
a parallelogram using these three vectors and a
b
sin 30°
sin u 5 205a
108 subsequent triangle with u opposite the 5.5 m> s
vector and 45° opposite the 4 m> s vector. We now
u 5 sin21 a205a bb
sin 30°
108 use the sine law to find u.
8 71.6° sin u sin 45°
5
Thus, the direction of v is the angle supplementary 5.5 4
b
to u in the parallelogram: sin 45°
sin u 5 5.5a
180° 2 71.6° 5 108.4° 5 18.4° west of north. 4
u 5 sin21 a5.5a bb
12. sin 45°
4
8 76.5° from the resultant.
Since the resultant is 45° west of south, Dave’s
4 direction is 76.5° 1 45° 5 121.5° west of south,
which is equivalent to about 180° 2 121.5° 5 58.5°
upstream.
b. First, we find the magnitude, m, of Dave’s 4 m> s
velocity in the direction perpendicular to the river.
5 This is done using the definition of sine.
Since her swimming speed is a maximum of 4 km> h, m 5 4 sin 58.5°
this is her maximum resultant magnitude, which is 8 3.41 m>s perpendicular to the river.
also the hypotenuse of the triangle formed by her and Since time is distance>rate, we have
the river’s velocity vector. Since one of these legs is (200 m)> (3.41 m>s) 8 58.6 s.
5 km> h, we have a triangle with a leg larger than its 15. Let b represent the speed of the steamboat and c
hypotenuse, which is impossible. represent the speed of the current. On the way
13. a. First we need to find Mary’s resultant downstream, the effective speed is b 1 c, and
velocity, v. Since this resultant is the diagonal of the upstream is b 2 c. The distance upstream and
parallelogram formed by hers and the river’s downstream is the same, so 5(b 1 c) 5 7(b 2 c).
velocity, we can use the cosine law with the angle, u, So, b 5 6c. This means that the speed of the boat
of the parallelogram adjacent 30°. is 6 times the speed of the current. So, (6c 1 c) ? 5
b. m ? n 5 0 m 0 0 n 0cos u
> > > >
or 35c is the distance. This means that it would take
a raft 35 hours moving with the speed of the current (6) 5 (6)(6) cos u
to get from A to B. 1
5 cos u
6
7.3 The Dot Product of Two Geometric u 8 80°
c. p ? q 5 0 p 0 0 q 0cos u
> > > >
Vectors, pp. 377–378
3 5 (5)(1) cos u
1. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u 5 0. This means 0 a 0 5 0,
> > > > >
3
or @ b @ 5 0, or cos u 5 0. To be guaranteed that the 5 cos u
>
5
two vectors are perpendicular, the vectors must be u 8 53°
d. p ? q 5 0 p 0 0 q 0cos u
> > > >
nonzero.
> >
2. a ? b is a scalar, and a dot product is only defined 23 5 (5)(1) cos u
> > >
for vectors, so (a ? b ) ? c is meaningless. 3
> > > > > > 2 5 cos u
3. Answers
> may vary. Let a 5 i, b 5 j, c 5 2i.
>
5
> > > >
a ? b 5 0, b ? c 5 0, but a 5 2c . u 8 127°>
e. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u
> > > > > > > > > > >
4. a ? b 5 b ? a 5 b ? c because c 5 a
5. Since a and b are unit vectors, 0 a 0 5 @ b @ 5 1 and 10.5 5 (7)(3) cos u
> > > >
1
since they are pointing in opposite directions then 5 cos u
> > 2
u 5 180° so cos u 5 21. Therefore a ? b 5 21.
6. a. p ? q 5 0 p 0 0 q 0cos u u 5 60°
> > > >
f. u ? v 5 0 u 0 0 v 0cos u
> > > >
5 (4)(8) cos (60°)
5 (32)(.5) 250 5 (10)(10) cos u
5 16 1
2 5 cos u
b. x ? y 5 0 x 0 0 y 0cos u
> > > > 2
5 (2)(4) cos (150°) u 5 120°>
8. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u
> > >
"3
5 (8)a2 b 5 (7.5)(6) cos (180° 2 120°)
2
5 (45)a b
1
8 26.93
c. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u
> > > > 2
5 (0)(8) cos (100°) 5 22.5
50 Note: u is the angle between the two vectors when
d. p ? q 5 0 p 0 0 q 0cos u they are tail to> tail, so u 2> 120°.
> > > >
> > > > > >
5 (1)(1) cos (180°) 9. a. (a 1 5b ) ? (2a 2 3b ) 5 a ? 2a 2 a ? 3b
> > > >
5 (1)(21) 1 5b ? 2a 2> 5b ? 3b
5 2 0 a 0 2 15 @ b @ 2
>2
5 21
e. m ? n 5 0 m 0 0 n 0cos u
> > > > > > > >
2 3a ? b 1 10a ?b
5 2 0 a 0 2 2 15 @ @
> >
5 (2)(5) cos (90°) b 2
> >
5 (10)(0) 1 7a ? b
> > > > > > >
50 b. 3x ? (x 2 3y ) 2 (x 2 3y ) ? (23x 1 y )
f. u ? v 5 0 u 0 0 v 0cos u 5 3 0 x 0 2 2 3x ? 3y 1 3 0 x 0 2 2 x ? y 2 (23y ? 23x )
> > > > > > > > > > > >
1 30 y 0
>2
5 (4)(8) cos 145°
5 6 0 x 0 2 2 9x ? y 2 x ? y 2 9x ? y 1 3 0 y 0 2
> > > > > > > >
8 226.2
7. a. x ? y 5 0 x 0 0 y 0cos u 5 6 0 x 0 2 19x ? y 1 30 y 0
> > > > >2 > > >2
10. @ 0 @ 5 0 so the dot product of any vector with

>
12"3 5 (8)(3) cos u
"3
>
0 is 0.
5 cos u
2
u 5 30°

11. (a 2 5b ) ? (a 2 b ) 5 @ a 2 5b @ @ a 2 b @ cos (90°)
> > > > > > > > > > > > > >
1 1 4 1 9 1 2(a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? c ) 5 0
0 a 0 2 2 a ? b 2 5b ? a 1 5 @ b @ 2 5 0
> > > > > > > > > > > >
2(a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? c ) 5 214
0 a 0 2 1 5 @ b @ 2 5 6a ? b
> > > > > > > > > >
> > a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? c 5 27
>
a ? b 5 ( 0 a 0 2 1 5 @ b @ 2)
> > 1 > > 18. d> 5 b> 2 c
>
6 b 5 d 1> c
> > > > >
5 1 c ? a 5 ((b ? a ) a ) ? a
> > > > > > > > > > > > > > > >
12. a. (a 1 b ) ? (a 1 b ) 5 a ? >a 1 a ? b > > c ? a 5 (b ? a )(a ? a ) because b ? a is a scalar
c ? a 5 (b ? a ) 0 a 0 2
> > > > > >
1 b ? a 1 b> ? b
5 0 a 02 1 a ? b 1 a ? b
> > > >
c ? a 5 (d 1 c ) ? a because 0 a 0 5 1
> > > > > >
1 @b@ 2
>
> > > > > >
@ @2
c> ? a 5 d ? a 1 c ? a
0 0
>2 > > >
> >
5 a 1 2a ? b 1 b d?a50
>
> > > > > > > >
b. (a 1 b ) ? (a 2 b ) 5 a ? a 2 a ? b 1 b ? a
> >
2b?b
5 0 a 02 2 a ? b 1 a ? b 2 @b@ 2
> > > > > > 7.4 The Dot Product for Algebraic
5 0 a 02 2 @b@ 2
> > Vectors, pp. 385–387
13. a. 0 a 0 2 5 a ?> a
> > > > >
1. a?b50
> > >
5 (b 1 c ) ? (b 1 c ) (21)b1 1 b2 5 0
5 @ b @ 2 1 2b ? c 1 0 c 0 2
> > > > b2 5 b1
b. b ? c 5 @ b @ 0 c 0cos (90°) 5 0
> > > > Any vector of the form (c, c) is perpendicular
>
Therefore 0 a 0 2 5 @ b @ 2 1 0 c 0 2.
> > > to a . Therefore there are infinitely many vectors
>
perpendicular to a . Answers may vary. For example:
This is just what the Pythagorean theorem says, (1, 1), (2, > 2), (3, 3).
> > >
where b and c are the legs of the right triangle. 2. a. a ? b 5 (22)(1) 1 (1)(2)
> > > > > >
14. (u 1 v 1 w ) ? (u 1 v 1 w ) 50
> > > > > > > > > >
5u?u1u?v1u?w1v?u1v?v u 5 90°
> > > > > > > > > >
1v?w1w?u1w?v1w?w b. a ? b 5 (2)(4) 1 (3)(3) 1 (21)(217)
5 0 u 0 1 0 v 0 1 0 w 0 1 2 0 u 0 0 v 0cos (90°)
>2 >2 >2 > >
5 8 1 9 1 17
1 2 0 u 0 0 w 0cos (90°) 1 2 0 v 0 0 w 0cos (90°)
> > > >
5 34 . 0
5 (1)2 1 (2)2 1 (3)2 cos u . 0
5 14 u is acute
> >
15. 0 u 1 v 0 2 1 0 u 2 v 0 2 c. a ? b 5 (1)(3) 1 (22)(22) 1 (5)(22)
> > > >
> > > > > > > > 5 3 1 4 2 10
5 (u 1 v ) ? (u 1 v ) 1 (u 2 v ) ? (u 2 v )
5 23 , 0
5 0 u 0 2 1 2u ? v 1 0 v 0 2 1 0 u 0 2 2 2u ? v 1 0 v 0 2
> > > > > > > >
cos u , 0
5 20 u 0 2 1 2 0 v 0 2
> >
u is obtuse
> > > > >
16. (a 1 b ) ? (a 1 b 1 c ) 3. Any vector in the xy-plane
> is of the form
>
5 0 a 02 1 a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? a 1 @b@ 2 1 b ? c
> > > > > > > > > > a 5 (a1, a2, 0). Let b 5 (0, 0, 1).
> >
5 1 1 20 a 0 @ b @ cos (60°) 1 0 a 0 0 c 0cos (60°) 1 1
> > > > a ? b 5 (0)(a1 ) 1 (0)(a2 ) 1 (0)(1)
1 @ b @ 0 c 0cos (120°)
> > 50
Therefore (0, 0, 1) is perpendicular to every vector
5 2 1 2a b 1 2
1 1 1 in the xy-plane.
2 2 2 Any vector in the xz-plane> is of the form
>
53 > >
c 5 (c1, 0, c3 ). Let d 5 (0, 1, 0).
> > > >
17. a 1 b >1 c 5 0 > > c ? d 5 (0)(c1 ) 1 (0)(1) 1 (0)(c3 )
> > > > >
a ? (a 1 b 1 c ) 1 b ? (a 1 b 1 c ) 50
> > > >
1 c ? (a 1 b 1 c ) 5 0 Therefore (0, 1, 0) is perpendicular to every vector
0 a 02 1 a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? a 1 @b@ 2 1 b ? c
> > > > > > > > > > in the xz-plane.
1 c ? a 1 c ? b 1 0 c 02 5 0
> > > > >

Any vector in the yz-plane is of the form > >
> a?b
0 a 0 @b@
> c. cos u 5 > >
e 5 (0, e2, e3 ). Let f 5 (1, 0, 0).
> >
e ? f 5 (1)(0) 1 (0)(e2 ) 1 (0)(e3 ) (2)(2) 1 (2)(1) 1 (1)(22)
5
"4 1 4 1 1"4 1 1 1 4
50
Therefore (1, 0, 0) is perpendicular to every vector 4
in the yz-plane. 5
(3)(3)
4. a. (1, 2, 21) ? (4, 3, 10) 5 4 1 6 2 10
4
50 5
9
(24, 25, 26) ? a5, 23, 2 b 5 220 1 15 1 5
5
u 8 64° >
6 >
a?b
0 a 0 @b@
50 d. cos u 5 > >
b. If any of the vectors were collinear then one
would be a scalar multiple of the other. Comparing (2)(25) 1 (3)(0) 1 (26)(12)
5
the signs of the individual components of each "4 1 9 1 36"25 1 144
vector eliminates (1, 2, 21) and ( 5, 23, 2 56) . All of 282
the components of (24, 25, 26) have the same 5
(7)(13)
sign and the same is true for (4, 3, 10), but (4, 3, 10) 282
is not a scalar multiple of (24, 25, 26). Therefore 5
91
none of the vectors are collinear. u 8 154°
a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u
5. a. Using the strategy of Example 5 yields > > > >
7. a.
(21)(26k) 1 (2)(21) 1 (23)(k) 5 0 a 0 @ b @
(x, y) ? (1, 22) 5 0 and (x, y) ? (1, 1) 5 0 > >
x 2 2y 5 0 and x 1 y 5 0
3y 5 0 cos (90°)
Therefore the only result is x 5 y 5 0, or (0, 0). 6k 2 2 2 3k 5 0
This is because (1, 22) and (1, 1) both lie on the 3k 5 2
xy-plane and are not collinear, so any vector that is 2
k5
perpendicular to both vectors must be in R 3 which 3
a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u
> > > >
does not exist in R 2. b.
b. If we select any two vectors that are not collinear (1)(0) 1 (1)(k) 5 "1 1 1"k 2 cos (45°)
in R 2, then any vector that is perpendicular to both
k 5 "2 0 k 0
1
cannot be in R 2 and must be in R 3. This is not
"2
k 5 0k0
possible since R 3 does not exist in R 2.
> >
a?b
k$0
0 a 0 @b@
6. a. cos u 5 > >
8. a. y
(5)(21) 1 (3)(22) 2
5
"25 1 9"1 1 4
(0, 1)
1
211 (1, 0) x
5
"(34)(5)
–2 –1 0 1 2
–1
211 –2
5
"170
u 8 148°
b. y
> > 2
a?b (0, 1)
0 a 0 @b@
b. cos u 5 > > 1
(1, 0) x
(21)(6) 1 (4)(22) –2 –1 0 1 2
5
"1 1 16"36 1 4
–1
–2
214
5
"680
u 8 123°

> > >
The diagonals are (1, 0) 1 (0, 1) 5 (1, 1) and 11. AB 5 (2, 6), BC 5 (25, 25), CA 5 (3, 21)
(1, 0) 2 (0, 1) 5 (1, 21) or > >
AB ? CA
(1, 0) 1 (0, 1) 5 (1, 1) and cos (180° 2 uA ) 5
@ AB @ @ CA @
> >
(0, 1) 2 (1, 0) 5 (21, 0).
626
5
@ AB @ @ CA @
c. (1, 1) ? (1, 21) > >
5121
50
50
180° 2 uA 5 90°
or (1, 1) ? (21, 1)
uA 5 90° >
5 21 1 1 >
AB ? BC
50 cos (180° 2 uB ) 5
@ AB @ @ BC @
> > > >
a?b
0 a 0 @b@
9. a. cos u 5 > > 210 2 30
5
(1 2 "2)(1) 1 ("2 2 1)(1) "4 1 36"25 1 25
5 240
0 a 0 @b@
> > 5
50 "(40)(50)
u 5> 90°> 4
Å5
52
a?b
0 a 0 @b@
b. cos u 5 > >
180° 2 uB 8 153.4°
"2 2 1 1 "2 1 1 1 "2
uB 8 26.6°
5 uC 5 180° 2 uA 2 uB
" (2 2 2"2 1 1) 1 (2 1 2"2 1 1) 1 2 "1 1 1 1 1
uC 8 63.4°
3"2 12. a. O 5 (0, 0, 0), A 5 (7, 0, 0), B 5 (7, 4, 0),
5
"8"3 C 5 (0, 4, 0), D 5 (7, 0, 5), E 5 (0, 4, 5),
"3 F 5 (0, 0, 5)
AE ? BF 5 @ AE @ @ BF @ cos u
5 > > > >
2 b.
u 5 30°
> > (27, 4, 5) ? (27, 24, 5) 5 "49 1 16 1 25
10. a. i. a 5 kb
3 "49 1 16 1 25 cos u
8 5 12k
2 49 2 16 1 25 5 90 cos u
k5 58
3 5 cos u
90
p 5 4a b
2
u 8 50°
3
13. a. Answers may vary. For example:
8
p5 (x, y, z) ? (21, 3, 0) 5 0
3 2x 1 3y 5 0
2
25 q x 5 3y
3 (x, y, z) ? (1, 25, 2) 5 0
q53 x 2 5y 1 2z 5 0
ii. Answers may vary. For example: 22y 1 2z 5 0
> >
a?b50 y5z
2q 1 4p 1 96 5 0 Let y 5 1.
q 5 22p 2 48 (3, 1, 1) is perpendicular to (21, 3, 0) and
Let p 5 1 (1, 25, 2).
q 5 250 b. Answers may vary. For example:
b. In part a., the values are unique because both (x, y, z) ? (1, 3, 24) 5 0
vectors have their third component specified, and > x 1 3y 2 4z 5 0
the ratios must be the same for each component b. x 5 4z 2 3y
In part b. the values are not unique; any value of (x, y, z) ? (21, 22, 3) 5 0
p could have been chosen, each resulting in a
different value of q.
2x 2 2y 1 3z 5 0 > 1 > >
b. AB 5 (a 1 b )
3y 2 4z 2 2y 1 3z 5 0 2
y5z 5 (1, 2, 21)
Let y 5 1. > 1 > >
(1, 1, 1) is perpendicular to (1, 3, 24) and BC 5 (a 2 b )
2
(21, 22, 3). 5 (2, 1, 1)
14. (p, p, 1) ? (p, 22, 23) 5 0
@ AB @ 5 @ BC @ 5 "6
> >
c. AB ? BC 5 @ AB @ @ BC @ cos u1
p 2 2 2p 2 3 5 0 > > > >
2 6 "22 2 4(23)
p5 2 1 2 2 1 5 6 cos u1
2 1
p5162 5 cos u1
2
p 5 3 or 21
u1 5 60°
15. a. (23, p, 21) ? (1, 24, q) 5 0 2u1 1 2u2 5 360°
23 2 4p 2 q 5 0
u2 5 120°
3 1 4p 1 q 5 0 > >
b. 3 1 4p 2 3 5 0 19. a. AB 5 (3, 4, 212), DA 5 (24, 2 2 q, 25)
> >
p50 AB ? DA 5 0
16. Answers may vary. For example: Note that 212 1 8 2 4q 1 60 5 0
> >
s 5 22r , so they are collinear. Therefore any 21 2 q 1 15 5 0
>
vector that is perpendicular to s is also q 5 14
> > >
perpendicular to r . DA 5 CB
(x, y, z) ? (1, 2, 21) 5 0 (24, 212, 25) 5 (2 2 x, 6 2 y, 29 2 z)
x 1 2y 2 z 5 0 x 5 6, y 5 18, z 5 24
Let x 5 z 5 1. The coordinates of vertex C are (6, 18, 24).
AC ? BD 5 @ AC @ @ BD @ cos u
> > > >
(1, 0, 1) is perpendicular to (1, 2, 21) and b.
(7, 16, 27) ? (1, 8, 17) 5 "49 1 256 1 49
(22, 24, 2).
Let x 5 y 5 1.
(1, 1, 3) is perpendicular to (1, 2 2 1) and 3 "1 1 64 1 289 cos u
(22, 24, 2). 7 1 128 2 119 5 354 cos u
17. x ? y 5 0 x 0 0 y 0cos u
> > > > 16
5 cos u
(24, p, 22) ? (22, 3, 6) 354
5 "16 1 p 2 1 4"4 1 9 1 36 cos u
u 8 87.4°
20. The two vectors representing the body diagonals
8 1 3p 2 12 5 "20 1 p 2 (7) cos u are (0 2 1, 1 2 0, 1 2 0) 5 (21, 1, 1) and
(3p 2 4)2 5 a7"20 1 p 2 cos ub
2
(0 2 1, 0 2 1, 1 2 0) 5 (21, 21, 1)
(21, 1, 1) ? (21, 21, 1) 5 "3"3 cos u
b
4 2
9p 2 2 24p 1 16 5 49(20 1 p 2 )a 1 2 1 1 1 5 3 cos u
21 1
320 16 5 cos u
9p 2 2 24p 1 16 5 1 p2 3
9 9 u 8 70.5°
65p 2 2 216p 2 176 5 0 a 5 180° 2 u
216 6 "(2216)2 2 4(65)(2176) a 8 109.5°
p5
2(65)
p 5 4 or 2
44 Mid-Chapter Review, pp. 388–389
65 > >
> > 1. a. a ? b 5 (3)(2) cos (60°)
18. a. a ? b 5 23 1 3 1
50 5 (6)
2
Therefore, since the two diagonals are perpendicular, 53
all the sides must be the same length.

b. (3a 1 2b ) ? (4a 2 3b ) 5 12 0 a 0 2> 2 9a ? b >
> > > > > > > By the cosine law:
1 8b ? a 2 6 @ b @ 2
> sin (a) sin (135°)
5
5 12(3) 2 2 3 2 6(2) 2 100 575.1
sin (a) 8 0.123
5 81
a 8 7.06°
2. 20 cm The resultant velocity of the airplane is 575.1 km>h
u2 at S7.06°E
b. (distance) 5 (rate)(time)
15 cm
25 cm 1000 km
t8 ?
u1 575.1 (km/h)
t 8 1.74 hours
Let T1 be the tension in the 15 cm cord and T2 be 5. a.
the tension in the 20 cm cord. Let u1 be the angle
the 15 cm cord makes with the ceiling and u2 be the E
F
angle the 20 cm cord makes with the ceiling. By the
cosine law:
(15)2 5 (20)2 1 (25)2 2 2(20)(25) cos (u2 )
@ E ' @ 5 @ E @ cos (40°)
> >
cos (u2 ) 5 0.8
@ E ' @ 5 (9.8)(15)cos (40°)
>
sin (u2 ) 5 "1 2 cos2 (u2 )
@ E ' @ 8 112.61 N
>
sin (u2 ) 5 0.6
b. @ F @ 5 @ E @ sin (40°)
> >
(20)2 5 (15)2 1 (25)2 2 (2)(15)(25) cos (u1 )
cos (u1 ) 5 0.6
@ F @ 8 94.49 N
>
sin (u1 ) 5 0.8
6. 6u 5 360°
Horizontal Components:
u 5 60° >
a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos (60°)
2T1 cos (u1 ) 1 T2 cos (u2 ) 5 0 > > >
(0.8)T2 5 (0.6)T1
T2 5 (0.75)T1 5 (3)(3)(0.5)
Vertical Components: 5 4.5
> >
T1 sin (u1 ) 1 T2 sin (u2 ) 2 (15)(9.8) 5 0 7. a. a ? b 5 (4)(1) 1 (25)(2) 1 (20)(2)
(0.8)T1 1 (0.6)(0.75)T1 5 147 5 34>
b. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos (u)
> > >
(1.25)T1 5 147
T1 5 117.6 N 34 5 "16 1 25 1 400 "1 1 4 1 4 cos (u)
T2 5 (0.75)T1 34
T2 5 88.2 N cos (u) 5
63 >
Therefore the tension in the 15 cm cord is 117.60 N > > > > > > >
8. a. a ? b 5 (i 1 2j 1 k ) ? (2i 2 3j 1 4k )
and the tension in the 20 cm cord is 88.20 N.
522614
3. The diagonals of a square are perpendicular, so 5 0>
> > > > > > >
the dot product is 0. b. b ? c 5 (2i 2 3j 1 4k ) ? (3i 2 j 2 k )
4. a. 561324
a 55 >
> > > > > > >
v c. b 1 c 5 (2i 2 3j 1 4k ) 1 (3i 2 j 2 k )
v +w > > >
>
5 5i 2 4j >1 3k> > > > >
> >
135° d. a ? (b 1 c ) 5 (i 1 2j 1 k ) ? (5i 2 4j 1 3k )
w> 552813
0 v 0 5 500, 0 w 0 5 100
> 5
> > > 0> > > >
By the cosine law: e. (a 1 b ) ? (b 1 c ) 5 (3i 2 j 1 5k )
0 v 1 w 0 2 5 (500)2 1 (100)2
> > > > >
? (5j 2 4j 1 3k )
2 2(500)(100) cos (135°) 5 15 1 4 1 15
0 v 1 w 0 8 575.1
> >
5 34
> > > > > > > > > > > > > > >
f. (2a 2 3b ) ? (2a 1 c ) 5 ((2i 1 4j 1 2k ) e. 2x ? y 2 5y ? x 5 2x ? y 2 5x ? y
> > > > >
2 (6i 2 9j 1 12k )) 5 23x ? y
> > > > > > > >
? ((2i 1 4j 1 2k ) 5 23(i 2 2j 2 k) ? (i 2 j 2 k )
>
1 (3i 2 j 1 k ))
> > 5 23(1 1 2 1 1)
> > > 5 212
5 (24i 1 13j 2 10k )
> > > 11.
? (5i 1 3j 1 k )
5 220 1 39 2 10
59
> >
9. a.>
p >
? q 5 >
0 > > >
(xi 1 j 1 3k ) ? (3xi 1 10xj 1 k ) 5 0 4N 5N
3x 2 1 10x 1 3 5 0
210 6 "(10)2 2 4(3)(3)
x5
2(3)
210 6 8 180° - u
x5
6 3N
1
x 5 23 or x 5 2 (4) 5 (5) 1 (3)2 2 2(3)(5) cos (180° 2 u)
2 2
3 0.6 5 cos (180° 2 u)
> >
b. If p and q are parallel then one is a scalar 180° 2 u 8 53.1
multiple of the other. u 8 126.9°
> >
p 5 nq where n is a constant 12. (F)2 5 (3)2 1 (4)2 2 2(3)(4) cos (180° 2 60°)
> > > > > >
xi 1 j 1 3k 5 n(3xi 1 10xj 1 k ) (F)2 5 25 2 24 cos (120°)
>
n 5 3 by the k > component (F)2 5 37
x 5 9x by the i component F 8 6.08 N
(3)2 5 (4)2 1 "37 )2 2 2(4)("37) cos u
x50
1 5 30(0) by the j component
> (
120 44
cos u 5
Therefore there is no value of x that will make these 8"37
two vectors parallel. u 8 25.3°
> > > > > > > > >
10. a. 3x 2 2y 5 (3i 2 6j 2 3k ) 2 (2i 2 2j 2 2k ) F 8 6.08 N, 25.3° from the 4 N force towards the
> > >
5 i 2 4j 2 k 3 >N force.
> > > > > > > >
b. 3x ? 2y 5 (3i 2 6j 2 3k ) ? (2i 2 2j 2 2k ) E 8 6.08 N, 180° 2 25.3° 5 154.7° from the
5 6 1 12 1 6 4 N force away from the 3 N force.
> > > >
5 24 > 13. a. The diagonals are m 1 n and m 2 n
c. 0 x 2 2y 0 5 @ (i 2 2j 2 k ) 2 (2i 2 2j 2 2k ) @
> > > > > > > > >
m 1 n 5 (1, 4, 10)
5 @ 2i 1 k @
> > > >
m 2 n 5 (3, 210, 0)
5 " (2i 1 k ) ? (2i 1 k ) (m 1 n ) ? (m 2 n ) 5 0 m 1 n 0 0 m 2 n 0cos u
> > > > > > > > > > > >
5 "2 or 1.41 3 2 40 5 "1 1 16 1 100 "9 1 100 cos u

> > > > > > >
d. (2x 2 3y ) ? (x 1 4y ) 5 ((2i 2 4j 2 2k ) cos u 8 20.3276
> > > u 8 109.1°
b. 0 m 2 n 0 2 5 0 m 0 2 1 0 n 0 2 2 2 0 m 0 0 n 0cos u
2 (3i 2 3j 2 3k )) ? > > > > > >
> > >
1 (( i 2 2j 2 k )
> > > (9 1 100) 5 (4 1 9 1 25) 1 (1 1 49 1 25)
2 2"38 "75 cos u
1 (4i 2 4j 2 4k )
> > >
5 (2i 2 j 1 k )
> > > cos u 8 0.0374
? (5i 2 6j 2 5k ) u 8 87.9°
5 25 1 6 2 5
5 24

14. a. 45 sin (150°) 5 500 sin u 7.5 Scalar and Vector Projections,
u 8 N 2.6° E
b. v 5 500 cos (2.6°) 2 45 cos (30°) pp. 398–400
8 460.5 km> h > > a ?b
> >
@b@
1000 1. a. Scalar projection of a on b is > where
t8 >
460.5 >
a 5 (2, 3) and b is the positive x-axis (X, 0).
t 8 2.17 hours
> > > >
15. a?x50 a ? b 5 (2X) 1 (3 3 0)
2x1 1 2x2 1 5x3 5 0 5 2X 1 0
x 5 2x2 1 5x3 5 2X
@ b @ 5 "X 2 1 02
> 1> >
b?x50
x1 1 3x2 1 5x3 5 0 5X
> >
2x2 1 5x3 1 3x2 1 5x3 5 0 a?b 2X
@b@
> 5
x2 1 2x3 5 0 X
choose x3 5 1 5 2;
x2 5 22 The vector projection is the scalar projection
> >
x1 5 1 b b
@ b@ @ b@
> 1 multiplied by > where > is the x-axis divided by
x5 (1, 22, 1)
!6
>
the magnitude of the x-axis which is equal > to i. >
x5a b or a2 b
> 1 2 1 1 2 1 The scalar projection of 2 multiplied> by i equals 2i.
,2
!6 !6 !6 !6 !6 !6
,2 , , >
> > a ?b
@b@
b. Scalar projection of a on b is > where
16. a. v 5 4 1 3 cos (45°)
8 6.12 m> s
> >
a 5 (2, 3) and b is now the positive y-axis (0, Y).
d 8 (6.12)(10) > >
a ? b 5 (2 3 0) 1 (3Y)
8 61.2 m 5 0 1 3Y
b. w 5 3 sin (45°)
> 5 3Y
8 2.12 m> s @ b @ 5 "02 1 Y 2
180 5Y
a @b@
t8 > >
2.12 3Y
@b@
> 5
t 8 84.9 seconds Y
> > > >
17. a. (x 1 y ) ? (x 2 y ) 5 0 5 3;
0x0 2 x ? y 1 y ? x 2 0y0 5 0
>2 > > > > >2
The vector projection is the scalar projection
0 x 02 5 0 y 02
> > > >
> > > > > > b b
(x 1 y ) ? (x 2 y ) 5 0 when x and y have
@ b@ @ b@
multiplied by > where > is the y-axis divided
the same length. > >
> by the magnitude of the y-axis which is equal to j. >
b. Vectors >a and b determine a parallelogram. Their >
> The scalar projection of 3 multiplied by j equals 3j.
sum a 1 b is one diagonal of the parallelogram
2. Using the formula would cause a division by 0.
formed, with > its tail in the same location> as the tails >
> > Generally the 0 has any direction and 0 magnitude.
of a and b. Their difference a 2 b is the other
You can not project onto nothing.
diagonal of the parallelogram. > >
18. @ F @ 5 350 cos (40°)
> 3. You are projecting a onto the tail of b which
>
is a point with magnitude
> 0. Therefore it is 0; the
8 268.12 N >
projections
> of b onto the tail of a are also 0
and 0.

> >
4. Answers may vary. For example: p 5 AE , Without having to use formulae, a projection of
> > > > >
q 5 AB (21, 2, 5) on i, j, or k is the same as a projection
> > >
D of (21, 0, 0) on i, (0, 2, 0) on j, and (0, 0, 5) on k
E which intuitively yields the same result.
> >
p 6. a. p ? q 5 (3 3 24) 1 (6 3 5)
1 (222 3 220)
A C q B 5 212 1 30 1 440
Scalar projection p on q 5 @ AC @ ;
>
> > 5 458
0 q 0 5 "(24)2 1 52 1 (220)2
> > > >
Vector projection p on q 5 AC;
Scalar projection q on p 5 @ AD @ ; 5 "16 1 25 1 400
> > >
5 "441
> > >
Vector projection q on p 5 AD
> > 5 21
5. When a 5 (21, 2, 5) and b 5 (1, 0, 0) then > >
> > p?q 458
0q0
a ? b 5 (21 3 1 1 2 3 0 1 5 3 0) Therefore the scalar projection is > 5 ,
21
5 21 >
@ b @ 5 "12 1 02 1 02
> 458 q
0q0
The vector equation 5 3 >
21
51
> > 458 (24, 5, 220)
a ?b 21 5 .
@b@
Therefore the scalar projection is > 5 21 21
1 458
5 21; 5 (24, 5, 20).
> 441
b (1, 0, 0)
@b@
The vector equation is 21 3 > 5 21 3 > >
b. Direction angles for p where p 5 (a, b, c)
1
a
5 21; include a, b, and g. cos a 5
"a 2 1 b 2 1 c 2
>
Under> the same approach, when a 5 (21, 2, 5)
and b 5 (0, 1, 0), then 3
5
"32 1 62 1 (222)2
> >
a ? b 5 (21 3 0 1 2 3 1 1 5 3 0)
3
52 5
@ b @ 5 "02 1 1 1 02 "9 1 36 1 484
>
3
51 5
> >
a ?b 2 "529
@b@
Therefore the scalar projection is > 5 3
1 5 ,
5 2, 23
Therefore a 5 cos21 a b
> 3
b (0, 1, 0)
@b@
The vector equation is 2 3 > 5 2 3 23
1
8 82.5°;
5 2; b
>
same is also true when a 5 (21, 2, 5) and cos b 5
"a 2 1 b 2 1 c 2
The
>
b 5 (0, 0, 1) then
> > 6
5
"3 1 6 1 (222)2
a ? b 5 (21 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 5 3 1) 2 2
55
@ b @ 5 "02 1 02 1 12
> 6
5
"9 1 36 1 484
51 6
> >
a ?b 5
"529
5
@b@
Therefore the scalar projection is > 5
1 6
5 5, 5 ,
> 23
b (0, 0, 1)
Therefore b 5 cos21 a b
6
@b@
The vector equation is 5 3 > 5 5 3
1 23
5 5; 8 74.9°;
c >
cos g 5 8. a. The scalar projection of a on the x-axis
"a 2 1 b 2 1 c 2
>
a ? (X, 0, 0)
0 (X, 0, 0) 0
222 (X, 0, 0) is
5
"3 1 6 1 (222)
2 2 2 >
a ? (X, 0, 0) (21 3 X) 1 (2 3 0) 1 (4 3 0)
0 (X, 0, 0) 0
5
"X 2 1 02 1 02
222
5
"9 1 36 1 484 2X
222 5
5 X
"529 5 21;
222 >
The vector projection of a on the x-axis is
5 ,
23 (X, 0, 0) (X, 0, 0)
21 3 5 21 3
Therefore g 5 cos21 a b "X 1 0 1 0
222 2 2 2 X
>
23 5 2i;
8 163.0° >
> > The scalar projection of a on the y-axis (0, Y, 0) is
7. a. x ? y 5 (1 3 1) 1 (1 3 21) >
a ? (0, Y, 0) (21 3 0) 1 (2 3 Y) 1 (4 3 0)
0 (0, Y, 0) 0
5 1 1 (21) 5
"02 1 Y 2 1 02
50
0 y 0 5 "12 1 (21)2
> 2Y
5
Y
5 "2 52
> > >
x ?y 0 The vector projection of a on the y-axis is
0y0
The scalar projection is > 5
"2 (0, Y, 0) (0, Y, 0)
23 523
5 0;
> "0 1 Y 1 0
2 2 2
>
Y
y >
5 2j;
0y0
The vector projection is 0 3 > 5 0 >
The scalar projection of a on the z-axis (0, 0, Z) is
> > >
b. x ? y 5 (2 3 1) 1 (2"3 3 0) a ? (0, 0, Z) (21 3 0) 1 (2 3 0) 1 (4 3 Z)
0 (0, 0, Z) 0
5
52 "02 1 02 1 Z 2
0 y 0 5 "12 1 02
>
4Z
5
51 Z
> >
x ?y 2 5 4;
0y0
The scalar projection is > 5 >
1 The vector projection of a on the z-axis is
5 2; (0, 0, Z) (0, 0, Z)
43 543
"0 1 0 1 Z
>
y (1, 0) 2 2 2 Z
0y0
>
The vector projection is 2 3 > 5 2 3 5 4k.
1 >
> b. The scalar projection of m a on the x-axis
5 2i
> >
c. x ? y 5 (2 3 25) 1 (5 3 12) (X, 0, 0) is
>
5 210 1 60 ma ? (X, 0, 0) (2m 3 X) 1 (2m 3 0)
0 (X, 0, 0) 0
5
5 50 "X 2 1 02 1 02
0 y 0 5 "(25)2 1 122 (4m 3 0)
>
1
5 "25 1 144 "X 2 1 02 1 02
5 "169
2mX
5
5 13 X
> >
x ?y 50 5 2m
>
0y0
The scalar projection is > 5 . The vector projection of ma on the x-axis is
13
> (X, 0, 0) (X, 0, 0)
2m 3 5 2m 3
"X 1 0 1 0
50 y 50 (25, 12)
0y0
The vector projection is 3 > 5 3 2 2 2
> X
13 13 13
5 2mi;
50
5 (25, 12)
169

> >
The scalar projection of ma on the y-axis (0, Y, 0) is
> 11. a. AB 5 Point B 2 Point A
ma ? (0, Y, 0) (2m 3 0) 1 (2m 3 Y) 5 (21, 3, 4) 2 (1, 2, 2)
0 (0, Y, 0) 0
5
"0 2 1 Y 2 1 02 5 (22, 1, 2)
>
(4m 3 0) The scalar projection of AB on the x-axis (X, 0, 0) is
1 >
"0 2 1 y2 1 02 a ? (X, 0, 0) (22 3 X) 1 (1 3 0) 1 (2 3 0)
0 (X, 0, 0) 0
5
2mY "X 2 1 02 1 02
5 22X
Y 5
5 2m; X
>
The vector projection of ma on the y-axis is 5 22;
>
(0, Y, 0) (0, Y, 0) The vector projection of AB on the x-axis is
2m 3 5 2m 3
"0 1 Y 1 0
2 2 2
> Y
22 3
(X, 0, 0)
5 22 3
(X, 0, 0)
5 2mj;
> "X 2 1 02 1 02 >
X
The scalar projection of ma on the z-axis (0, 0, Z) is 5 22i;
> >
ma ? (0, 0, Z) (2m 3 0) 1 (2m 3 0) The scalar projection of AB on the y-axis (0, Y, 0) is
0 (0, 0, Z) 0
5
"0 2 1 02 1 Z2
>
a ? (0, Y, 0) (22 3 0) 1 (1 3 Y) 1 (2 3 0)
0 (0, Y, 0) 0
5
1
(4m 3 Z) "02 1 Y 2 1 02
"0 2 1 02 1 Z2 Y
4mZ 5
5 Y
Z 5 1;
>
5 4m; The vector projection of AB on the y-axis is
>
The vector projection of ma on the z-axis is (0, Y, 0) (0, Y, 0)
13 513
"0 1 Y 1 0
(0, 0, Z) (0, 0, Z) 2 2 2 Y
4m 3 5 4m 3
"0 1 0 1 Z
>
2 2 2
>
Z 5 j;
>
5 4mk. The scalar projection of AB on the z-axis (0, 0, Z) is
9. a. >
a ? (0, 0, Z) (22 3 0) 1 (1 3 0) 1 (2 3 Z)
0 (0, 0, Z) 0
5
"02 1 02 1 Z 2
a
2Z
5
Z
>
a projected onto itself will yield itself. The scalar 5 2;
>
projection will be the magnitude of itself. The vector projection of AB on the z-axis is
b. Using the formula for the scalar projection (0, 0, Z) (0, 0, Z)
0 a 0cos u 5 0 a 0cos 0
23 523
"0 1 0 1 Z
> > 2 2 2 Z
5 0 a 0 (1)
> >
5 2k
5 0 a 0.
>
b. The angle made with the y-axis is b
The vector projection is the scalar projection b
cos b 5
"a 1 b 2 1 c 2
> >
multiplied by 0 > 0 , 0 a 0 3 0 > 0 5 a .
a > a > 2
a a 1
5
"(22) 1 12 1 22
10. a. B –a O a A 2
1
2 0 a 02
> > > 5
"4 1 1 1 4
(2a ) ? a
0a0 0a0
b. > 5 >
1
5 20a 0 5
>
"9
> 0a0
>
So the vector projection is 2 0 a 0 a > b 5 2 a .
> 1
0a0 5 ,
3

21
1
5
3 "9
8 70.5° 1
12. a. @ BD @
> 52
C > 3
a b b. BC 5 Point C 2 Point B
5 (26, 7, 5) 2 (1, 3, 3)
B u u A
D c
5 (27, 4, 2)
> >
b. @ BD @
> The scalar projection of BC on OD is
C > >
b a BC ? OD (27 3 21) 1 (4 3 2) 1 (2 3 2)
@ OD @
b 5
"(21)2 1 22 1 22
>
u u
B D A 71814
c 5
"1 1 4 1 4
c. In an isosceles triangle, CD is a median > and a 19
>
5
"9
right bisector of BA. Therefore a and b have the
>
same magnitude projected on c .
19
d. Yes, not only do they have the same magnitude, 5
but they are in the same direction as well which 3
> > > >
makes them have equivalent vector projections. AB ? OD BC ? OD 1 19
@ OD @ @ OD @
> > 1 > 52 1
13.
> a. Use the formula for the scalar projection of a on 3 3
b 5 0 a 0cos u
>
18
5 10 cos 135° 5
3
5 27.07 > 5 6
>
And the> formula for the scalar projection of b on AC 5 Point C 2 Point A
a 5 @ b @ cos u
>
5 (26, 7, 5) 2 (22, 1, 4)
5 12 cos 135° 5 (24, 6, 1)
5 28.49 The> scalar
> >
b. > projection of AC on OD is
b AC ? OD (24 3 21) 1 (6 3 2) 1 (1 3 2)
@ OD @
5
"(21)2 1 22 1 22
>
12 4 1 12 1 2
5
135° 10 "1 1 4 1 4
a 18
Q O 5
"9
P
18
5
3
> > > 56 >
OQ> is the vector projection of b on a> c. Same lengths and both are in the direction of OD.
>
OP is the vector projection of a on b Add to get one vector.
>
14. a. AB 5 Point B 2 Point A 15. a. 1 5 cos2 a 1 cos2 b 1 cos2 g
5a b 1a b
2 2
5 (1, 3, 3) 2 (22, 1, 4) a b
5 (3, 2, 21)
> > "a 2 1 b 2 1 c 2 "a 2 1 b 2 1 c 2
1a b
2
The scalar projection of AB on OD is c
"a 1 b 2 1 c 2
> >
AB ? OD (3 3 21) 1 (2 3 2) 1 (21 3 2) 2
@ OD @
5
"(21)2 1 22 1 22
>
a2 b2
5 2 1
(23) 1 4 1 (22) a 1 b2 1 c2 a2 1 b2 1 c2
5
"1 1 4 1 4
2
c
1 2
a 1 b2 1 c2

a2 1 b2 1 c2 18. Answers may vary. For example:
5 z
a2 1 b2 1 c2
B (0, c, d)
51
b. a 5 90°, b 5 30°, g 5 60°
cos a 5 cos 90°
5 0,
x50
cos b 5 cos 30° y
"3
5 ,
2
y is a multiple of "3
2 . x
cos g 5 cos 60°
1 A (a, b, 0)
5 ,
2
1
z is a multiple of . 7.6 The Cross Product of Two
2
Answers include Q 0, "3 2 , 2 R , Q 0, "3, 1 R , etc.
1
1. a. z
c. If two angles add to 90°, then all three will add to
180°.
16. a. a 5 b 5 g
cos a 5 cos b 5 cos g axb b
cos2 a 5 cos2 b 5 cos2 g y
1 5 cos2 a 1 cos2 b 1 cos2 g
1 5 3 cos2 x a
1 x
5 cos2 x > > >
3 a 3 b is perpendicular to a . Thus, their dot product
1 must equal 0. The same applies to the second case.
Å3
5 cos x z
1
x 5 cos21
Å3 b
a3b a1b
x 8 54.7° y
1
a
Å3
b. For obtuse, use cos x 5 2 .
x >
> >
b.> a 1 b is still
> in the same plane formed > by a and
x 5 cos21 a2 b
1 > >
Å3
b, thus a 1 b is perpendicular to a 3 b making the
dot product 0 again. >
x 8 125.3° >
c. Once again, a 2> b is still in> the same plane
17. cos2 x 1 sin2 x 5 1 > >
cos2 x 5 1 2 sin2 x
formed
> > by a and b, thus a 2 b is perpendicular to
a 3 b making the dot product 0 again.
1 5 cos2 a 1 cos2 b 1 cos2 g > >
2. a 3 b produces a vector, not a scalar. Thus, the
1 5 (1 2 sin2 a) 1 (1 2 sin2 b) 1 (1 2 sin2 g)
equality is meaningless.
1 5 3 2 (sin2 a 1 sin2 b 1 sin2 g)
3. a. It’s possible because there is a vector crossed
sin2 a 1 sin2 b 1 sin2 g 5 2
with a vector, then dotted with another vector,
producing a scalar.
> >
b. This is meaningless because a ? b produces a
scalar. This results in a scalar crossed with a vector,
which is meaningless.

> >
c. This> is possible. a 3 b produces a vector, and If we look at the x component, we know that:
> 3(1) 2 5(a) 5 22
c 1 d also produces a vector. The result is a vector
dotted with a vector producing a scalar. 25(a) 5 25
> >
d. This> is possible. a ? b produces a scalar, and > >a 5 1
> 6. a. a 3 b 5 (1(1) 2 1(5), 1(0) 2 0(1),
c 3 d produces a vector. The product of a scalar
and vector produces a vector. 0(5) 2 0(1))
> >
e. This> is possible. a 3 b produces a vector, and 5 (24, 0, 0)
> b. Vectors of the form (0, b, c) are in the
c 3 d produces a vector. The cross product of a
vector and vector produces yz-plane. Thus, the only vectors perpendicular to the
> > a vector.
f. This is possible. a 3 b produces a vector. When yz-plane are those of the form (a, 0, 0) because they
added to another vector, it produces another vector. are parallel to the x-axis.
4. a. (2, 23, 5) 3 (0, 21, 4) 7. a. (1, 2, 1) 3 (2, 4, 2)
5 (23(4) 2 5(21), 5(0) 2 2(4), 5 (2(2) 2 1(4), 1(2) 2 1(2), 1(4) 2 2(2))
2(21) 2 (23)(0)) 5 (0, 0, 0)
5 (27, 28, 22) b. (a, b, c) 3 (ka, kb, kc)
(2, 23, 5) ? (27, 28, 22) 5 0 5 (b(kc) 2 c(kb), c(ka) 2 a(kc),
(0, 21, 4) ? (27, 28, 22) 5 0 a(kb) 2 b(ka))
b. (2, 21, 3) 3 (3, 21, 2) Using the commutative law of multiplication we
5 (21(2) 2 3(21), 3(3) 2 2(2), can rearrange this:
2(21) 2 (21)(3)) 5 (bck 2 bck, ack 2 ack, abk 2 abk)
5 (1, 5, 1) 5 (0, 0, 0)
8. a. p 3 (q 1 r ) 5 (1, 22, 4) 3 3(1, 2, 7)
> > >
(2, 21, 3) ? (1, 5, 1) 5 0
(3, 21, 2) ? (1, 5, 1) 5 0 1 (21, 1, 0)4
c. (5, 21, 1) 3 (2, 4, 7) 5 (1, 22, 4) 3 (1 2 1, 2 1 1, 7 1 0)
5 (21(7) 2 1(4), 1(2) 2 5(7), 5 (1, 22, 4) 3 (0, 3, 7)
5(4) 2 (21)(2)) 5 (22(7) 2 4(3), 4(0) 2 1(7),
5 (211, 233, 22) 1(3) 1 2(0))
(5, 21, 1) ? (211, 233, 22) 5 0 5 (226, 27, 3)
> > > >
(2, 4, 7) ? (211, 233, 22) 5 0 p 3 q 1 p 3 r 5 (22(7) 2 4(2),
d. (1, 2, 9) 3 (22, 3, 4) 4(1) 2 1(7), 1(2) 1 2(1))
5 (2(4) 2 9(3), 9(22) 2 1(4), 1 (22(0) 2 4(1),
1(3) 2 2(22)) 4(21) 2 1(0), 1(1) 1 2(21))
5 (219, 222, 7) 5 (222, 23, 4) 1 (24, 24, 21)
(1, 2, 9) ? (219, 222, 7) 5 0 5 (226, 27, 3)
b. p 3 (q 1 r ) 5 (4, 1, 2) 3 3(3, 1, 21)
> > >
(22, 3, 4) ? (219, 222, 7) 5 0
e. (22, 3, 3) 3 (1, 21, 0) 1 (0, 1, 2)4
5 (3(0) 2 3(21), 3(1) 2 (22)(0), 5 (4, 1, 2) 3 (3, 1 1 1, 21 1 2)
22(21) 2 3(1)) 5 (4, 1, 2) 3 (3, 2, 1)
5 (3, 3, 21) 5 (1(1) 2 2(2), 3(2) 2 4(1),
(22, 3, 3) ? (3, 3, 21) 5 0 4(2) 2 1(3))
(1, 21, 0) ? (3, 3, 21) 5 0 5 (23, 2, 5)
> > > >
f. (5, 1, 6) 3 (21, 2, 4) p 3 q 1 p 3 r 5 (1(21) 2 2(1), 2(3) 2 4(21),
5 (1(4) 2 6(2), 6(21) 2 5(4), 4(1) 2 1(3)) 1 (1(2) 2 2(1),
5(2) 2 1(21)) 2(0) 2 4(2), 4(1) 2 1(0))
5 (28, 226, 11) 5 (23, 10, 1) 1 (0, 28, 4)
(5, 1, 6) ? (28, 226, 11) 5 0 5 (23, 2, 5)
> >
(21, 2, 4) ? (28, 226, 11) 5 0 9. a. i 3 j 5 (1, 0, 0) 3 (0, 1, 0)
5. (21, 3, 5) 3 (0, a, 1) 5 (0 2 0, 0 2 0, 1 2 0)
5 (3(1) 2 5(a), 5(0) 2 (21)(1), 5 (0, 0, 1)
>
21(a) 2 3(0)) 5k

> > > >
2j 3 i 5 (0, 21, 0) 3 (1, 0, 0) y 3 z 5 (3 2 2, 1 2 3, 2 2 1)
5 (0 2 0, 0 2 0, 0 2 (21)) 5 (1, 22, 1)
> > >
5 (0, 0, 1) x 3 (y 3 z ) 5 (0 1 2, 1 2 1, 22 2 0)
>
5 (2, 0, 22)
> > 5k > > > > > >
b. j 3 k 5 (0, 1, 0) 3 (0, 0, 1) Thus (x 3> y ) 3 z 2 x> 3 (y 3 z ).
> >
5 (1 2 0, 0 2 0, 0 2 0) 13. (a 2 b ) 3 (a 1 b )
5 (1, 0, 0) By the distributive property of cross product:
> > > > > > >
5 (a 2 b ) 3 a 1 (a 2 b ) 3 b
> >5i
2k 3 j 5 (0, 0, 21) 3 (0, 1, 0) By the distributive > property >again:
> >
> > > >
5 (0 2 (21), 0 2 0, 0 2 0) 5 a 3 a 2 b 3 a 1 a 3 b 2 b 3 >b
5 (1, 0, 0) A vector > crossed with> itself equals 0, thus:
> > >
5 2b 3> a 1> a 3 b
> >5i > >
c. k 3 i 5 (0, 0, 1) 3 (1, 0, 0) 5 a 3 b> 2 b 3 a >
> >
5 (0 2 0, 1 2 0, 0 2 0) 5 a 3 b 2 (2a 3 b )
> >
5 (0, 1, 0) 5 2a 3 b
>
> >5j
2i 3 k 5 (21, 0, 0) 3 (0, 0, 1) 7.7 Applications of the Dot Product
5 (0 2 0, 0 2 (21), 0 2 0) and Cross Product, pp. 414–415
5 (0, 1, 0)
> 1. By pushing as far away from the hinge as
5j
possible, 0 r 0 is increased making the cross product
>
10. k(a2b3 2 a3b2, a3b1 2 a1b3, a1b2 2 a2b1 )
? (a1, a2, a3 ) bigger. By pushing at right angles, sine is its largest
5 k(a1a2b3 2 a1a3b2 1 a2a3b1 2 a2a1b3 value, 1, making
> the cross product larger.
>
1 a3a1b2 2 a3a2b1 ) 2. a. a 3 b 5 (1, 2, 1) 3 (2, 4, 2)
5 k(0) 5 (2(2) 2 1(4), 1(2)
50 2 1(2), 1(4) 2 2(2))
> > > 5 (0, 0, 0)
@a 3 b @ 5 0
a is perpendicular > to k(a 3 b ). > >
>
11. a. a 3 b 5 (2, 0, 0) 3 (0, 3, 0)
5 (0 2 0, 0 2 0, 6 2 0) b. This makes sense because the vectors lie on the
5 (0, 0, 6) same line. Thus, the parallelogram would just be a
> > line making its area 0.
c 3 d 5 (2, 3, 0) 3 (4, 3, 0) > >
3. a. f ? s 5 3 ? 150 5 450 J
5 (0 2 0, 0 2 0, 6 2 12)
5 (0, 0,> 26)
b. y x
> > >
b. (a 3 b ) 3 (c 3 d ) 5 (0, 0, 6) 3 (0, 0, 26)
(by part a.)
5 (0 2 0, 0 2 0, 0 2 0) 50° 392 N
5 (0, 0, 0) 40 m
c. All the vectors are in the xy-plane. Thus, the cross
product in part b. is between vectors parallel to the
The axes are tilted to illustrate the force of gravity
z-axis and so parallel to each other. The cross
> can be split up into components to find the part in
product of parallel vectors is 0.
> the direction of the motion. Let x be the component
12. Let x 5 (1, 0, 1)
> of force going in the motion’s direction.
y 5 (1, 1, 1)
> x
z 5 (1, 2, 3) cos (50°) 5
> >
Then x 3 y 5 (0 2 1, 1 2 1, 1 2 0) 392
5 (21, 0, 1) x 5 (392) cos (50°)
> > >
(x 3 y ) 3 z 5 (0 2 2, 1 2 (23), 23 2 0) Now we have our force, so:
5 (22, 4, 23) (392) cos 50° N ? 40 m 8 10 078.91 J

> >
c. 6. p 3 q 5 (a, 1, 21) 3 (1, 1, 2)
5 (2 1 1, 22a 2 1, a 2 1)
5 (3, 2a 1 1, a 2 1)
0 p 3 q 0 5 "9 1 (2a 1 1)2 1 (a 2 1)2 5 "35
140 N > >
20°
9 1 (2a 1 1)2 1 (a 2 1)2 5 35
250 m
9 1 4a 1 4a 1 1 1 a 2 2 2a 1 1 5 35
2
First find the x component of the force: 5a 2 1 2a 2 24 5 0

(140) cos (20°) 5 x 22 6 "22 2 4(5)(224)
Calculate work: a5
2(5)
140 cos 20° N ? 250 m 8 32 889.24 J 22 6 22
d. 5
10
100 N 212
5 2,
5
45° 7. a. B
500 m AB
A
First calculate the x component of the force:
AC C
x 5 (100) cos (45°)
Calculate work: As we see from the picture, the area of the triangle
ABC is just half the area of> the parallelogram
100 cos > 45° > ? 500
> m 5 35 355.34 J >
4. a. i 3 j 5 k determined by vectors AB and AC. Thus, we use the
The square formed by the 2 vectors has an area of 1. magnitude of the cross product to calculate the area.
>
The 2 vectors are >on the xy-plane, thus, the cross AB> 5 (1 1 2, 0 2 1, 1 2 3) 5 (3, 21, 22)
product must be k by the right hand rule. AC> 5 (2 1 > 2, 3 2 1, 2 2 3) 5 (4, 2, 21)
> > >
b. 2i 3 j 5 2k AB 3 AC 5 (1 1 4, 23 1 8, 6 1 4) 5 (5, 5, 10)
@ AB 3 AC @ 5 "25 1 25 1 100 5 5"6
> >
Once again, the area is 1, making the possible vector
have a magnitude of 1. Also, the 2 vectors are on the Since triangle ABC is half the area of the
xy-plane again so the cross product must lie on the parallelogram, its area is 5"6 2 square units.
z axis. However, because > of the right hand rule, the b. This is just a different way of describing the first
product must be 2k this time. triangle, thus the area is 5"6
> > > 2 square units.
c. i 3 k 5 2j c. Any two sides of a triangle can be used to
The square has an area of 1, so the magnitude of the calculate> its area.
8. @ r 3 f @ 5 ( 0 r 0sin (u)) @ f @
> > >
vector produced must be 1. The 2 vectors are on the
xz-plane. The> new vector must be on the y axis 5 (0.14) sin (45°) ? 10
making it – j because of the right hand rule. 8 0.99 J
> > >
d. 2i 3 k 5 2j 9. A
The square has an area of 1. The 2 vectors OA BN
> are on
the xz-plane. So the new vector must be j because O C
of the right> hand rule. OB
>
5. a. a 3 b 5 (1, 1, 0) 3 (1, 0, 1) B
5 (1 2 0, 0 2 1, 0 2 1) We know that the area of a parallelogram is equal to
5 (1, 21, 21) its height multiplied with its base. Its height is BN
@ a 3 b @ 5 "1 1 1 1 1 5 "3
> > >
> and its base is AC 5 OB as can be seen from the
> of the parallelogram is "3 square units.
So the area picture. We can calculate the area using the given
> vectors, then
b. a 3 b 5 (1, 22, 3) 3 (1, 2, 4) > > use the area to find BN.
5 (28 2 6, 3 2 4, 2 1 2) OA 3 OB 5 (8 2 4, 12 2 16, 4 2 6)
5 (214, 21, 4) 5 (4, 24, 22)
@ a 3 b @ 5 "196 1 1 1 16 5 "213 @ OA 3 OB @ 5 "16 1 16 1 4 5 "36 5 6
> > >
>
So the area of the parallelogram is "213 square units.

Now we need to calculate @ OB @ to know the length
> > >
d. a 1 b 5 (2 1 6, 21 1 3, 2 2 2)
of the base. 5 (8, 2, 0)
AC 5 @ OB @ 5 "9 1 1 1 16 5 "26 @ a 1 b> @ 5 "82 1 22 1 02 5 2"17
> > > >
>
Substituting these results into the equation for area: e. a ? b 5 2(6) 2 1(3) 1 2(22) 5 5
@ OB @ ? BN 5 6
> >
>
f. a 2 2b 5 (2 2 12, 21 2 6, 2 1 4)
> 5 (210, 27, 6)
"26 BN 5 6 > >
a ? (a 2 2b ) 5 2(210) 2 1(27) 1 2(6) 5 21
6 > >
BN 5 or about 1.18 3. a. If a 5> 6, then y will be twice x , thus collinear.
"26 b.
>
x 3 y 5 (3, a, 9) ? (a, 12, 18) 5 0
> >
10. a. p 3 q 5 (26 2 3, 6 2 3, 1 1 4) 3a 1 12a 1 162 5 0
5 (29, 3, 5) 15a 5 2162
> > >
(p 3 q ) 3 r 5 (0 2 5, 5 1 0, 29 2 3) 254
5 (25, 5, 212) a5
5
a(1, 22, 3) 1 b(2, 1, 3) 5 (25, 5, 212) > >
a?b
0 a 0 @b@
Looking at x components: 4. cos (u) 5 > >
a 1 2b 5 25; a 5 25 2 2b > >
y components: a ? b 5 4(23) 1 5(6) 1 20(22) 5 458
0 a 0 5 "42 1 52 1 202 5 21
>
22a 1 b 5 5
@ b @ 5 "(23)2 1 62 1 222 5 23
>
Substitute in a:
10 1 4b 1 b 5 5
u 5 cos21 a b
458
5b 5 25 483
b 5 21 u 8 18.52°
Substitute b back into the x components: 5. a. y
a 5 25 1 2; a 5 23 4
Check in z components: 2 OA
3a 1 3b 5 212 OB x
29 2 3 5 212 –4 –2 0 2 4
> > –2
b. p ? r 5 1 2 2 1 0 5 21
> > –4
q?r52111053
> > > > > >
(p ? r )q 2 (q ? r )p 5 21(2, 1, 3) 2 3(1, 22, 3)
5 (2, 21, 23) 2 (3, 26, 9) b. We can use the dot product of the 2 diagonals to
5 (22 2 3, 21 1 6, 23 2 9) calculate
>
the
>
angle. >The diagonals
>
are the vectors
5 (25, 5, 212) OA> 1 OB> and OA 2 OB.
OA 1 OB 5 (5 2 1, 1 1 4) 5 (4, 5)
> >
Review Exercise, pp. 418–421 OA 2 OB 5 (5 1 1, 1 2 4) 5 (6, 23)
> > > >
> > (OA 1 OB ) ? (OA 2 OB )
1. a. a 3 b 5 (2 2 0, 21 1 1, 0 1 2)
@ OA 1 OB @ @ OA 2 OB @
cos (u) 5 > > > >
5 (2, 0, 2) > > > >
> >
b. b 3 c 5 (0 2 4, 25 1 5, 24 2 0) (OA 1 OB ) ? (OA 2 OB ) 5 4(6) 1 5(23) 5 9
@ OA 1 OB @ 5 "42 1 52 5 "41
> >
5 (24, 0, 24)
c. 16 @ OA 2 OB @ 5 "62 1 (23)2 5 3"5
> >
d. The cross products are parallel, so the original
u 5 cos21 a b
9
vectors are in the same plane.
2. a.> 0 a 0 5 "22 1 (21)2 1 22 5 3
> 3"205
b. @ b @ 5> "62 1 32 1 (22)2 5 7
u 8 77.9°
>
c. a 2 b 5 (2 2 6, 21 2 3, 2 1 2)
5 (24, 24, 4)
@ a 2 b @ 5 "(24)2 1 (24)2 1 42 5 4"3
> >

> >
6. y b. x 3 y 5 (215 2 35, 25 2 15, 21 2 3)
5 (250, 220, 18)
0 x 3 y 0 5 "502 1 202 1 182 5 "3224 8 56.78
> >
T1 T2
9. (0, 3, 25) 3 (2, 3, 1)
30° 45° 5 (3 1 15, 210 2 0, 0 2 6) 5 (18, 210, 26)
x
The cross product is perpendicular to the given
vectors, but its magnitude is
"18 2 1 (210)2 1 (26)2, or 2"115. A unit vector
98 N
perpendicular to the given vectors is

The vertical components of the tensions must equal
a !115, 2 !115, 2 !115 b.
9 5 3
the downward force:
T1 sin (30°) 1 T2 sin (45°) 5 98 N
> >
1 1 AB ? AC
T 1 T 5 98
@ AB @ @ AC @
2 1 "2 2
10. a.cos (a) 5 > >
T1 5 196 2 "2T2
>
AB> 5 (0, 23, 4) 2 (2, 3, 7) 5 (22, 26, 23)
The horizontal components:
> AC> 5 (5, 2, 24) 2 (2, 3, 7) 5 (3, 21, 211)
T1 cos (30°) 1 T2 cos (45°) 5 0 N AB ? AC 5 22(3) 2 6(21) 2 3(211) 5 33
"3 @ AB @ 5 "(22)2 1 (26)2 1 (23)2 5 7
>
1
@ AC @ 5 "32 1 (21)
T 2 T 50
2 1 "2 2 (211)2 5 "131
>
2
>
1 >
Substitute in T1: AB ? AC
"6
a 5 cos21
@ AB @ @ AC @
> >
98"3 2 T 5 298"3
2 2 33
2"6 2 "2
5 cos21
T2 5 298"3 7"131
2 8 65.68° > >
T2 8 87.86N 21 BA ? BC
@ @ @ @
b 5 cos > >
Substitute this back in to get T1: BA BC
> >
T1 8 71.74N BA> 5 2AB 5 (2, 6, 3)
7.
x > BC> 5 (5 2 0, 2 1 3, 24 2 4, ) 5 (5, 5, 28)
50 km/h BA ? BC 5 2(5) 1 6(5) 1 3(28) 5 16
@ BA @ 5 "22 1 62 1 32 5 7
>
@ BC @ 5 "52 1 52 1 (28)2 5 "144

300 km/h >
x 5 "50 1 3002 8 304.14
2
16
tan21 a b 8 9.46°
50 b 5 cos21
300 7"114
The resultant velocity is 304.14 km> h, W 9.46° N. 8 77.64°
8. a. g 5 180 2 a 2 b 8 36.68°
z
So b 8 77.64° is the largest angle.
b. The area is >half the magnitude
> of the cross
y product of AB and AC.
AB 3 AC 5 0 (63, 231, 20) 0 8 36.50
1 > > 1
x 2 2
y 11. The triangle formed by the two strings and the
ceiling is similar to a 3-4-5 right triangle, with the
30 cm and 40 cm strings as legs. So the angle
x adjacent to the 30 cm leg satisfies
3
cos u 5
5

The angle adjacent to the 40 cm leg satisfies If u is the angle west of north, then
4 5
cos f 5 sin u 5
5 13
Also, u 8 22.6°
4 3 So the resultant is 13 N in a direction
sin u 5 and sin f 5 .
5 5 N22.6°W. The equilibrant is 13 N in a direction
Let T1 be the tension in the 30 cm string, and T2 be S22.6°E.
the tension in the 40 cm string. Then 13. a. Let D be the origin, then:
T1 cos u 2 T2 cos f 5 0 A 5 (2, 0, 0), B 5 (2, 4, 0), C 5 (0, 4, 0),
3 4 D 5 (0, 0, 0), E 5 (2, 0, 3), F 5 (2, 4, 3),
T1 2 T2 5 0 G 5 (0, 4, 3) H 5 (0, 0, 3)
5 5 >
4 b. AF> 5 (0, 4, 3)
T1 5 T2
3 AC 5 (22, 4, 0)
> >
Also, AF ? AC> 5 0 1 16 1 0 5 16
T1 sin u 1 T2 sin f 5 (10)(9.8) 5 98 @ AF @ 5 "02 1 42 1 32 5 5
@ AC @ 5 "(22)2 1 42 1 02 5 2"5
>
4 3
T1 2 T2 5 98 > >
5 5 AF ? AC
@ AF @ @ AC @
cos (u) 5
a T2 b 1 T2 5 98
4 4 3 > >
3 5 5
u 5 cos21 a b
16
5
T 5 98 10"5
3 2
u 8 44.31°
c. Scalar projection 5 @ AF @ cos (u)
T2 5 58.8 N >
4
T1 5 (58.8) By part b.:
3
5 78.4 N 5 (5) cos (44.31°)
8 3.58 >
14. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos (u) 5 cos (u)
So the tension in the 30 cm string is 78.4 N and the > > >
tension in the 40 cm string is 58.8 N.
12. a. 1
cos (u) 5 2 (cosine law)
> 2 >
> >
(2a 2 5b ) ? (b 1 3a )
> > > > > >
5 213a ? b 1 6a ? a 2 5b ? b
54 N > >
5 213a ? b 1 1
5 213 cos (u) 1 1
5 7.5
15. a. The angle to the bank, u, will satisfy
30 N 25 N 2
sin (90° 2 u) 5 3
42 N 90° 2 u 8 41.8°
u 8 48.2°
b. By the Pythagorean theorem, Kayla’s net
swimming speed will be
b. The east- and west-pulling forces result in a force "32 2 22 5 "5 km> h.
of 5 N west. The north- and south-pulling forces So since distance 5 rate 3 time, it will take her
result in a force of 12 N north. The 5 N west and 0.3
t5
"5
12 N north forces result in a force pulling in the
north-westerly direction with a force of
"52 1 122 5 13 N,
8 0.13 h
8 8 min 3 sec
by using the Pythagorean theorem. To find the exact to swim across.
direction of this force, use the definition of sine.

> >
c. Such a situation would have resulted in a right d. m ? k 5 23
triangle where one of the legs is longer than the
u 5 cos21 a b
23
hypotenuse, which is impossible. > > 4
16. > a. The > diagonals are OA 1 OB and 8 138.59°
OA> 2 OB>. 19. a. If the dot product is 0, then the vectors are
OA 1 OB 5 (3 2 6, 2 1 6, 26 2 2) perpendicular:
> >
5 (23, 8, 28) (1, 0, 0) ? (0, 0, 21) 5 0 1 0 1 0 5 0
OA 2 OB 5 (3 1 6, 2 2 6, 26 1 2) (1, 0, 0) ? (0, 1, 0) 5 0 1 0 1 0 5 0
5 (9, 24, 24) (0, 0, 21) ? (0, 1, 0) 5 0 1 0 1 0 5 0 special
> >
b. OA ? OB> 5 3(26) 1 2(6) 2 6(22) 5 6
b. a , , 0b ? a b
1 1 21 1 1
@ OA @ 5 "32 1 22 1 (26)2 5 7 !2 !2 !3 !3 !3
, ,
@ OB @ 5 "(26)
>
2
1 62 1 (22)2 5 2"19 1 1
52 1 10
!6 !6
> >
OA ? OB
@ OA @ @ OB @
cos (u) 5 > >
50
a
1 1
u 5 cos21 5 a b
6 , 0b ? (0, 0, 21) 5 0 1 0 1 0 5 0
!2 !2
,
14"19
a b ? (0, 0, 21)
8 84.36° 21 1 1
!3 !3 !3
, ,
17. a. The z value is >double, so if a 5 4 and
b 5 24, the vector q will be collinear. 1 1
501012 52
> !3 !3
> > not special
b. If p and q are perpendicular, then their dot >
product will equal 0. 20. a. p 3 q
> >
p ? q 5 2a 2 2b 2 18 5 0 5 (22(1) 2 1(21), 1(2) 2 1(1), 1(21) 1 2(2))
c. Let a 5 9, and b> 5 0, then we have a vector 5 (21, 1, 3)
> >
perpendicular to p . Now it must be divided by its b. p> 2 q> 5 (21, 21, 0)
magnitude to make it a unit vector: p 1 q 5 (3, 23, 2)
> > > >
0 p 0 5 "81 1 0 1 324 5 9"5 (p 2 q ) 3 (p 1 q ) 5 (22 2 0, 0 1 2, 3 2 (23))
>
So the unit vector is: 5 (22, 2, 6)
> >
c. p 3 r 5 (4 2 1, 0 1 2, 1 2 0)
a b
1 2
!5 !5
, 0, 5 (3, 2, 1)
> > >
> > (p 3 r ) ? r 5 0 1 2 2 2 5 0
18. a. m ? n 5 2"3 2 2"3 1 3 5 3 > >
d. p 3 q 5 (22 1 1, 2 2 1, 21 1 4)
0 m 0 5 "3 1 4 1 9 5 4
>
5 (21, 1, 3)
0 n 0 5 "4 1 3 1 1 5 2"2
>
> >
21. Since the angle between the two vectors is 60°,
m?n the angle formed when they are placed head-to-tail
0m00n0
cos (u) 5 > >
is 120°. So the resultant, along with these two
u 5 cos21 a b
3 vectors, forms an isosceles triangle with top angle
8"2 120° and two equal angles 30°. By the cosine law,
8 74.62° the two equal forces satisfy
b. Scalar projection 5 0 n 0cos (u)
> 202 5 2F 2 2 2F 2 cos 120°
5 2"2 cos (74.62°) 400
F2 5
8 0.75 3
c. Scalar projection multiplied with the unit vector 20
F5
"3
>
in the direction of m :
>
m 8 11.55 > N
0m0
5 (0.75) > >
22. a 3 b 5 (2 2 0, 25 2 3, 0 2 10)
("3, 22, 23) 5 (2, 28, 210)
5 (0.75)
4
5 (0.1875)("3, 22, 23)

@ d 1 e @ 2 5 32 1 52 2 2(3)(5) cos 130°
> >
23.
>
First we need to determine the dot product of
>
@ d 1 e @ 8 7.30
x and y : >
x ? y 5 0 x 0 0 y 0cos u
> > > > >
5 (10) cos (60°) b. Using the cosine law,

@ d 2 e @ 2 5 32 1 52 2 2(3)(5) cos 50°
> >
55
> > > >
@ d 2 e @ 8 3.84
(x 2 2y ) ? (x 1 3y ) > >
By the distributive property:
> > > > > > > > > >
5 x ? x 1 3x ? y 2 2x ? y 2 6y ? y c.> e 2> d is the vector in the opposite direction of
5 4 1 15 2 10 2 150 d 2 e , but with the same magnitude. So:
@ e 2 d @ 5 @ d 2 >e @ 8> 3.84>
> >
5 2141 > >
24. 0 (2, 2, 1) 0 5 "22 1 22 1 12 5 3 (i 1 j ) ? (i )
@i@
Since the magnitude of the scalar projection is 4, 28. a. Scalar: > 51
the scalar projection itself has value 4 or 24. >
Vector: 1a > b 5 i
If it is 4, we get i >
(1, m, 0) ?(2, 2, 1) @i@

54 > >
(i 1 j ) ? (j )
>
3
@ j@
b. Scalar: > 51
2 1 2m 5 12
>
m 5 5
b5j
j >
@ j@
If it is 24, we get Vector: 1a >
(1, m, 0) ?(2, 2, 1) > > > >
5 24 (i 1 j ) ? (k 1 j ) 1
@k 1 j@
3 c. Scalar: 5
"2
> >
2 1 2m 5 212
> >
m 5 27 1 (k 1 j ) 1 > >
@k 1 j@
? 5 (k 1 j )
"2
So the two possible values for m are 5 and 27. Vector: > >
> > 2
25. a ? j 5 23
0 a 0 5 "144 1 9 1 16 5 13
> 29. a. If its magnitude is 1, it’s a unit vector:
0 a 0 5 "14 1 19 1 361 2 1 not a unit vector
>
u 5 cos21 a b
23
@ b @ 5 "13 1 13 1 13 5 1, unit vector
>
13
0 c 0 5 "14 1 12 1 14 5 1, unit vector
8 103.34° >
26. a.> C 5 (3, 0, 5), F 5 (0, 4, 0)
@ d @ 5 "1 1 1 1 1 2 1, not a unit vector
>
b. CF 5 (0, 4, 0) 2 (3, 0, 5) 5 (23, 4, 25)
c. @ CF @ > 5 "9 1 16 1 25 5 5"2
> > >
b. a is. When dotted with d, it equals 0.
OP 5 (3, 4, 5) 30. 25 ? sin> (30°) ? 0.6 5 7.50 J
@ @ > 5 "9 1 16 1 25 5 5"2
>
OP
> 31. >a. a ? b 5 6 2 5 2 1 5 0
>
CF ? OP 5 29 1 16 2 25 5 218
b. a with the x-axis:
0 a 0 5 "4 1 25 1 1 5 "30
>
u 5 cos21 a b
218
2
50 cos (a) 5
8 111.1° > "30
27. a with the y-axis:
d 130° 5
cos (b) 5
"30
50°
>
a with the z-axis:
e 21
cos (g) 5
"30
a. Using properties of parallelograms, we know that @ b> @ 5 "9 1 1 1 1 5 "11
>
the other angle is 130° (Angles must add up to
b with the x-axis:
360°, opposite angles are congruent).
3
Using the cosine law, cos (a) 5
"11

> > >
b with the y-axis: a 2 b 5 (1, 9, 24)
@ a 2 b @ 5 "1 1 81 1 16 5 "98
> >
21
cos (b) 5
"11
@a 1 b@ 2 2 @a 2 b@ 2 5
1 > > 1 > > 66 98
> 2 5 28
b with the z-axis: 4 4 4 4
> > >
1 36.> c 5 b >2 a >
0 c 02 5 @b 2 a @ 2
cos (g) 5
"11 > >
6 5 1 > >
> > 5 (b 2 a ) ? (b 2 a )
c. m 1 ? m 2 5 2 2 50
!330 !330 !330
> > > > > > > >
5b?b2a?b1a?a2a?b
5 0 a 0 2 1 @ b @ 2 2 2a ? b
> > >
32. Need to show that the magnitudes of the >
5 0 a 0 2 1 @ b @ 2 2 2 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u
diagonals are equal to show that it is a rectangle. > > > >
@ 3i 1 3j 1 10k @ 5 "9 1 9 1 100 5 "118
> > >
>
@ 2i 1 9j 2 6k @ 5 "1 1 81 1 36 5 "118
> > > 37. AB> 5 (2, 0, 4)
@ AB @ 5 "4 1 0 1 16 5 2"5
@ AC @ 5 (1, 0, 2)
33. a. Direction cosine for x-axis:
"3
>
cos (30°) 5 @ AC @ 5 "1 1 0 1 4 5 "5

>
2 >
We know the identity BC 5 (21, 0, 22)
cos2 a 1 cos2 b 1 cos2 g 5 1. @ BC @ 5 "1 1 0 1 4 5 "5
>
Since a 5 30g, and b 5 g, we get > >

3 AB ? AC
@ AB @ @ AC @
2 cos2 b 5 1 2 cos A 5 > >
4
1 10
cos b 5 cos g 5 6 5
2"2 10
"3 51
cos a 5
2 But this means that angle A 5 0°, so that this
So there are two possibilities, depending upon triangle is degenerate. For completeness, though,
whether b 5 g is acute or obtuse. > > >
notice that BC 5 2AC and AB 5 2 AC . This
>
b. If g is acute, then means that point C sits at the midpoint of the line
1 segment joining A and B. So angle
cos g 5
2"2 C 5 180° and angle B 5 0°. So
g 8 69.3° cos B 5 1;
If Á is obtuse, then cos C 5 21.
1 The area of triangle ABC is, of course, 0.
cos g 5
2"2
g 8 110.7°
34. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos (u) 5
> > > > 1 >
>
> > 2 1. a. We use the diagram to calculate a 3 b, noting
> > a1 5 21, a2 5 1, a3 5 1 and b1 5 2, b2 5 1,
(a 2 3b ) ? (ma 1 b ) 5 0
> > > > > > > >
b3 5 23.>
ma ? a 1 a ? b 2 3ma ? b 2 3b ? b 5 0 >
1 3 6 a b
m1 2 m2 50 1 1
2 2 2 x
1 5 x 5 1(23) 2 1(1) 5 24
2 m5 1 23
2 2 y
y 5 1(2) 2 (21)(23) 5 21
m 5 25
> > 21 2
35. a ? b> 5 0 2 20 1 12 5 28 z
> z 5 21(1) 2 1(2) 5 23
a 1 b 5 (21, 21, 28)
@ a 1 b @ 5 "1 1 1 1 64 5 "66
> > 1 1>
>
So, a 3 b 5 (24, 21, 23)

b. We
> use the diagram again:
>
c. The area of the parallelogram is the magnitude of
b c the cross >product.
>
1 1 a b
x
x 5 1(27) 2 (23)(1) 5 24 21 21
23 27 x x 5 (21)(22) 2 1(21) 5 3
y
y 5 23(5) 2 (2)(27) 5 21 1 22
y
2 5 y 5 1(2) 2 (1)(22) 5 4
z
z 5 2(1) 2 1(5) 5 23 1 2
1 > 1 z z 5 (1)(21) 2 (21)(2) 5 1
>
So, b 3 >c 5 (24, 21, 23) 21 21 >
> > >
c. a ? (b 3 c ) 5 (21, 1, 1) ? (24, 21, 23) So, a 3 b 5 (3, 4, 1) and thus,
@ a 3 b @ 5 "32 1 42 1 12
> >
5 (21)(24) 1 (1)(21)
1 (1)(23) 5 "26 >
50 >
So the area of the parallelogram formed by a and b
d. We could use the diagram > > >
method again, or, we
> > > is "26 or 5.10 square units.
note that for any vectors x , y , x 3 y 5 2 (y 3 x ), 3. We first draw a diagram documenting the
> > > >
so letting y 5 x , we have > x> 3 x 5 0 from the last situation:
> >
equation. Since a 3 b 5 b 3> c from > the> first two E F
>
parts of the problem, (a 3 b ) 3 (b 3 c ) 5 0.
> 120°
2. a.> To find the scalar and vector projections of a
@ @ "b
> > > > >
on b, we need to calculate a ? b and b 5 ? b 40 N 40 N
> > R
a ? b 5 (1, 21, 1) ? (2, 21, 22)
60°
5 (1)(2) 1 (21)(21) 1 (1)(22) 60°
> 51 D G
@ b @ 5 "22 1 (21)2 1 (22)2
50 N 50 N
In triangle DEF, we use the cosine law:
> 53
So, @ b @ 5 3 @ R @ 5 "402 1 502 2 2(40)(50) cos (120°)
>
@ R @ 8 78.10
> > >
> > The scalar projection of a on b is
a?b 1
> 5 3 , and
@b@
We now use the sine law to find /EDF:
> > sin /EDF sin /DEF
@ EF @ @R@
>
the vector projection of a on b is > 5 >
>
a bb 5 19 (2, 21, 22).
a?b >
@b@ sin /EDF sin 120°
>2
> 8
b. We find the direction cosines for b: 50 78.10
b1 2 sin /EDF 8 0.5544
@b@
cos (a) 5 > 5 /EDF 8 33.7°
3
The equilibrant force is equal in magnitude and
a 8 48.2°.
opposite in direction to the resultant force, so both
b 21
cos (b) 5 2> 5
@b@
forces have a magnitude of 78.10 N. The resultant
3
makes an angle 33.7° to the 40 N force and 26.3° to
b 8 109.5°. the 50 N force. The equilibrant makes an angle 146.3°
b 22 to the 40 N force and 153.7° to the 50 N force.
cos (g) 5 3> 5
@b@ 3
g 8 131.8°.

4. We find the resultant velocity of the airplane. Since the resultant velocity is perpendicular to the
F E F current, the direction in which the canoeist should
head is determined by the sine ratio.
1.2
sin /EDF 5
2.5
R /EDF 8 28.7°
1000 km/h The canoeist should head 28.7° upstream.
6. The area of the triangle is exactly:
ADABC 5 @ AB 3 BC @
1 > >
> 2
AB 5 (2, 1, 3) 2 (21, 3, 5)
5 (3, 22, 22)
>
G D BC 5 (21, 1, 4) 2 (2, 1, 3)
Position diagram Vector diagram 5 (23, 0, 1)
> >
Since the airplane’s velocity is perpendicular to the AB BC
wind, the resultant’s magnitude is given by the 22 x 0
Pythagorean theorem: x 5 (22)(1) 2 (22)(0) 5 22
@ R @ 5 "10002 1 1002 22 y 1
>
@ R @ 8 1004.99
> y 5 (22)(23) 2 (3)(1) 5 3
3 z 23
The angle is determined using the tangent ratio: z 5 (3)(0) 2 (22)(23) 5 26
100 22 0
tan /EDF 5 > >
1000 So, AB 3 BC 5 (22, 3, 26) and
/EDF 8 5.7°
@ AB 3 BC @ 5 "(22)2 1 32 1 (26)2
> >
Thus, the resultant velocity is 1004.99 km> h,
N 5.7° W (or W 84.3° N). 5 "49
5. a. The canoeist will travel 200 m across the 57
So, ADABC 5 @ AB 3 BC @ 5 .
1 > > 7
stream, so the total time he will paddle is:
d 2 2
t5 The area of the triangle is 3.50 square units.
rcanoeist
200 m
7.
t5
2.5 m>s 458
t 5 80 s 708
T1
The current is flowing 1.2 m> s downstream, so the T2
distance that the canoeist travels downstream is:
d 5 rcurrent 3 t
d 5 (1.2 m>s)(80 s)
d 5 96 m
So, the canoeist will drift 96 m south. 25 kg
b. In order to arrive directly across stream, the
canoeist must take into account the change in his The system is in equilibrium (i.e. it is not moving),
>
velocity caused by the current. That is, he must so we> know that the horizontal components of T1
initially paddle upstream in a direction such that and T2 are equal:
@ T1 @ sin (45°) 5 @ T2 @ sin (70°)
> >
the resultant velocity is directed straight across
the stream. The resultant velocity:
@ T2 @ 5 @T @
E
> sin (45°) >
2.5 m/s
sin (70°) 1
1.2 m/s
D R F

0 x 1 y 0 2 5 (x 1 y ) ? (x 1 y )
> > > > > > > >
Also, the vertical component of T1 1 T2 must equal
the> gravitational > force on the block: 5 22 1 52 1 (22)2
@ T1 @ cos 45° 1 @ T2 @ cos 70° 5 (25 kg)(9.8 m>s2 ) > >
5 33
> x 2 y 5 (3, 3, 1) 2 (21, 2, 23)
Substituting in for T2, we find that:
@ T1 @ cos 45° 1
> 5 (4, 1, 4)
0 x 2 y 0 5 (x 2 y ) ? (x 2 y )
> >2 > > > >
@ T1 @
> sin 45°
cos 70° 5 (25 kg) (9.8 m>s 2 ) 5 42 1 12 1 42
sin 70° 5 33
@ T1 @ acos 45° 1
> sin 45° Thus, the right side is
cos 70°b 5 245 N
0 x 1 y 0 2 2 0 x 2 y 0 2 5 (33) 2 (33)
sin 70° 1 > > 1 > > 1 1
@ T1 @ (0.9645) 8 245 N
> 4 4 4 4
50
@ T1 @ 8 254.0 N
> So, the equation holds for these vectors.
b. We now verify that the formula holds in general.
So, we can now find We will compute the right side of the equation, but
@ T2 @ 5 @T @
> sin (45°) > we first perform some intermediary computations:
0 x 1 y 0 2 5 (x 1 y ) ? (x 1 y )
sin (70°) 1 > > > > > >
@ T2 @ 8
sin (45°) > > > > > > > >
>
(254.0 N) 5 (x ? x ) 1 (x ? y ) 1 (y ? x ) 1 (y ? y )
> > > > > >
sin (70°) 5 (x ? x ) 1 2(x ? y ) 1 (y ? y )
@ T2 @ 8 191.1 N 0 x 2 y 0 2 5 (x 2 y ) ? (x 2 y )
> > > > > > >
> > > > > >
5 (x ? x ) 1 (x ? 2y ) 1 (2y ? x )
The direction of the tensions are indicated in the > >
1 (2y ? 2y )
diagram. > > > > > >
5 (x ? x ) 2 2(x ? y ) 1 (y ? y )
8. a. We explicitly calculate both sides of the
So, the right side of the equation is:
equation. The left side is:
0 x 1 y 0 2 2 0 x 2 y 0 2 5 (4(x ? y ))
> > 1 > > 1 > > 1 > >
x ? y 5 (3, 3, 1) ? (21, 2, 23)
5 (3)(21) 1 (3)(2) 1 (1)(23) 4 4 4
> >
50 5x?y
We perform a few computations before computing Thus, the equation holds for arbitrary vectors.
the right side:
> >
x 1 y 5 (3, 3, 1) 1 (21, 2, 23)
5 (2, 5, 22)

CHAPTER 7
Applications of Vectors
Review of Prerequisite Skills, p. 350 m 2 5 52 1 122 2 2(5)(12) cos 135
2 !2
1. The velocity relative to the ground has a 5 25 1 144 2 120a b
magnitude equivalent to the hypotenuse of a 2
triangle with sides 800 and 100. So, by the 5 169 1 84.85
Pythagorean theorem we can find the magnitude of 5 253.85
the velocity. m 5 "253.85
v 2 5 8002 1 1002 8 15.93 units
5 640 000 1 10 000 122 5 15.932 1 52 2 2(15.93)(5) cos u
5 650 000 144 5 253.76 1 25 2 159.3 cos u
v 5 "650 000 2134.76 5 2159.3 cos u
8 806 km>h 134.76
cos u 5
100 159.3
u 5 cos21 a b
134.76
159.3
8 32.2°
So the displacement is 15.93 units, W 32.2° N.
800
3. z
u
C(–2, 0, 1)
B(–3, 2, 0)
y
A(0, 1, 0)
100
tan u 5
800 x D(0, 2, –3)
a b
21 100
u 5 tan
800
u 8 7.1° 4. a. (3, 22, 7)
The velocity of the airplane relative to the ground is l 5 magnitude
about 806 km> h N 7.1° E. 5 "32 1 (22)2 1 72
5 "9 1 4 1 49
2.
displacement 5 "62
12 8 7.87
b. (29, 3, 14)
u l 5 magnitude
5 5 "(29)2 1 32 1 142
5 !81 1 9 1 196
The angle between the two displacements is 135°.
The magnitude, m, and the angle, u, of the
displacement can be found using the cosine law. 5 !286
8 16.91

l 5 magnitude
5 "12 1 12 1 02
computer
8 1.41 2. a. 10 N
d. (2, 0, 29)
l 5 magnitude 20 N
5 "22 1 02 1 (29)2 30 N
5 "4 1 0 1 81
5 "85
b. 180°
3.
8 9.22
10 N
5. a. A(x, y, 0)
b. B(x, 0, z)
> > > >
5 (26i 1 0j ) 1 7(i 2 j ) 5.
> > > >
5 (26i 1 0j ) 1 (7i 2 7j )
> >
5 i 2 7j f2
> > > > > >
5 (4i 2 j 1 3k ) 2 (22i 1 j 1 3k )
> >
5 6i 2 2j
c. 2(21, 1, 3) 1 3(22, 3, 21) f1
> > > > > >
5 2(2i 1 j 1 3k ) 1 3(22i 1 3j 2 k )
> > > > > >
5 28i 1 11j 1 3k 12
d. 2 (4, 26, 8) 1 (4, 26, 8)
1 > > > 3 > > > of sin21 12
5 2 (4i 2 6j 1 8k ) 1 (4i 2 6j 1 8k )
> > > >
> > >
5 4i 2 6j 1 8k
> > sin21 12
7. a. a> 1 b > > > > at N 36.9° E.
5 (3i 1 2j 2 k ) 1 (22i 1 j )
5 i 1 3j 2 k
5 (3i> 1 2j> 2 k>) 2 (22i >
1>
5 (3i >
1 >
2j 2 >
> >
c. 2a 2> 3b > > > >
> > >
> >
5 12i 1 j 2 2k

l 5 magnitude
5 "12 1 12 1 02
computer
8 1.41 2. a. 10 N
d. (2, 0, 29)
l 5 magnitude 20 N
5 "22 1 02 1 (29)2 30 N
5 "4 1 0 1 81
5 "85
b. 180°
3.
8 9.22
10 N
5. a. A(x, y, 0)
b. B(x, 0, z)
> > > >
5 (26i 1 0j ) 1 7(i 2 j ) 5.
> > > >
5 (26i 1 0j ) 1 (7i 2 7j )
> >
5 i 2 7j f2
> > > > > >
5 (4i 2 j 1 3k ) 2 (22i 1 j 1 3k )
> >
5 6i 2 2j
c. 2(21, 1, 3) 1 3(22, 3, 21) f1
> > > > > >
5 2(2i 1 j 1 3k ) 1 3(22i 1 3j 2 k )
> > > > > >
5 28i 1 11j 1 3k 12
d. 2 (4, 26, 8) 1 (4, 26, 8)
1 > > > 3 > > > of sin21 12
5 2 (4i 2 6j 1 8k ) 1 (4i 2 6j 1 8k )
> > > >
> > >
5 4i 2 6j 1 8k
> > sin21 12
7. a. a> 1 b > > > > at N 36.9° E.
5 (3i 1 2j 2 k ) 1 (22i 1 j )
5 i 1 3j 2 k
5 (3i> 1 2j> 2 k>) 2 (22i >
1>
5 (3i >
1 >
2j 2 >
> >
c. 2a 2> 3b > > > >
> > >
> >
5 12i 1 j 2 2k

7. Arms 90 cm apart will yield a resultant with a Now we look at x1 and x2. We know
x1 5 @ f1 @ sin 15
>
smaller magnitude than at 30 cm apart. A resultant
x2 5 @ f2 @ sin 75
with a smaller magnitude means less force to >
counter your weight, hence a harder chin-up.
8. Using the cosine law, the resultant has a magnitude, x1 1 x2 5 10
So @ f1 @ sin 15 1 @ f2 @ sin 75 5 10
> >
r, of
r 2 5 @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 2 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos 120°
> > > > >
Substituting then solving for f2 yields
@ f2 @ sin 15 1 @ f2 @ sin 75 5 10
> cos 75
5 62 1 82 2 2(6)(8)a2 b
>
1
2 cos 15
@ f2 @ a
> cos 75
5 36 1 64 1 48 sin 15 1 sin 75b 5 10
5 148 cos 15
r 5 "148 @ f2 @ (1.035) 5 10
>
@ f2 @ 5 9.66 N
>
8 12.17 N
Using the sine law, the resultant’s angle, u, can be >
Now we solve for f1 :
found by
@ f1 @ 5 @ f2 @
sin u sin 120°
> cos 75
>
5 cos 15
8 12.17
@ f1 @ 5 (9.66)
"3
> cos 75
2
sin u 5 8 cos 15
@ f1 @ 5 (9.66)(0.268)
12.17 >
"3
@ f1 @ 5 2.59 N
>
u 5 sin21 8 2
12.17
8 34.7° from the 6 N force toward the 8 N So the force 15° from the 10 N force is 9.66 N and
force. The equilibrant, then, would be 12.17 N at the force perpendicular to it is 2.59 N.
180° 2 34.7° 5 145.3° from the 6 N force away 10. The force of the block is
from the 8 N force. (10 kg)(9.8 N>kg) 5 98 N. The component of this
9. force parallel to the ramp is
(98) sin 30° 5 (98)A 12 B 5 49 N, directed down the
ramp. So the force preventing this block from
moving would be 49 N directed up the ramp.
10 N 11. a.
f1
7N
f2
13 N
>
f1 5 force 15° from the 10 N force
> >
f2 5 force perpendicular to f1
> 8N
>
>
We know that the components of f1 and f2
>
b. Using the cosine law for the angle, u, we have
perpendicular to the 10 N force must be equal, so we 132 5 82 1 72 2 2(8)(7) cos u
can write 169 5 64 1 49 2 112 cos u
@ f1 @ cos 15 5 @ f2 @ cos 75
> > 56 5 2112 cos u
256
@ f1 @ 5 @ f2 @
> > cos 75 cos u 5
112
cos 15 21
u 5 cos21
2
5 120
This is the angle between the vectors when placed of an equilateral triangle are 60°, the resultant will be
head to tail. So the angle between the vectors when at a 60° angle with the other two vectors.
placed tail to tail is 180° 2 120° 5 60°. b. Since the equilibrant is directed opposite the
12. The 10 N force and the 5 N force result in a 5 N resultant, the angle between the equilibrant and the
force east. The 9 N force and the 14 N force result other two vectors
> >is 180° 2 60° 5 120°.
in a 5 N force south. The resultant of these is now 15. Since f1 and f2 act opposite one another,
> they
>
equivalent to the hypotenuse of the right triangle net a 10 N force directed west. Since f3 and f4 act
with 5 N as both bases and is directed 45° south of opposite one another, they net a 10 N force directed
east. So the resultant is "52 1 52 5 "50 8 7.1 N 45° north of east. > So using the cosine law to find
45° south of east. the resultant, fr,
@ fr @ 2 5 102 1 102 2 2(10)(10) cos 45°
>
13.
5 200 2 200 cos 45°
"2 b
5 200 2 200 a
f1 = 24 N
2
@ fr @ 5 "2
b
>
Å
resultant = 25 N 200 2 200a
equlibrant 2
f2 8 7.65 N
a. Using the Pythagorean theorem, Since our net forces are equal at 10 N, the angle of
@ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 5 252
> > the resultant is directed halfway between the two, or
> >
@ f2 @ 2 5 252 2 @ f1 @ 2
1
> > at 2 (135°) 5 67.5° from f2 toward f3.
16.
5 252 2 242 T2 T1
5 49
@ f2 @ 5 7
>
>
20 kg
b. The angle, u, between f1 and the resultant is
given by
@ f2 @
> Let T1 be the tension in the 30° rope and T2 be the
sin u 5 tension in the 45° rope.
25 Since this system is in equilibrium, we know that
7 the horizontal components of T1 and T2 are equal
sin u 5
25 and opposite and the vertical components add to be
7 opposite the action of the mass. Also, the force
u 5 sin21 produced by the mass is (20 kg)(9.8 N>kg) 5 196 N.
25
8 16.3° So we have a system of two equations: the first,
>
So the angle between f1 and the equilibrant is (T1 ) cos 30° 5 (T2 ) cos 45° represents the balance
180° 2 16.3° 5 163.7°. of the horizontal components, and the second,
14. a. (T1 ) sin 30° 1 (T2 ) sin 45° 5 196 represents the
60° balance of the vertical components with the mass.
So solving this system of two equations with two
variable gives the desired tensions.
1N 1N
T1 cos 30° 5 T2 cos 45°
cos 45°
T1 5 T2
cos 30°
60° 60° T1 sin 30° 1 T2 sin 45° 5 196
aT2 b sin 30° 1 T2 sin 45° 5 196

1N cos 45°
For these three equal forces to be in equilibrium, they cos 30°
must form an equilateral triangle. Since the resultant
T2 aa b sin 30° 1 sin 45°b 5 196
cos 45°
will lie along one of these lines, and since all angles
cos 30°

T2 (1.12) 5 196 Thus the tension in the 24 cm string is 39.2 N and
T2 8 175.73 N the tension in the 32 cm string is 29.4 N.
cos 45° 18.
T1 5 (175.73)
cos 30°
8 143.48 N resultant
Thus the tension in the 45° rope is 175.73 N and the u
x 35° 2x
tension in the 30° rope is 143.48 N.
17.
40 cm
24 cm 32 cm
5 kg
N
First, use the Cosine Law to find the angles the
W E
strings make at the point of suspension. Let u1 be the
angle made by the 32 cm string and u2 be the angle S
made by the 24 cm string.
(Port means left and starboard means right.) We are
242 5 322 1 402 2 2(32)(40) cos u1
looking for the resultant of these two force vectors
22048 5 22560 cos u1
that are 35° apart. We don’t know the exact value
2048
u1 5 cos21 of the force, so we will call it x. So the small tug
2560
is pulling with a force of x and the large tug is
8 36.9°
pulling with a force of 2x. To find the magnitude
322 5 242 1 402 2 2(24)(40) cos u2
of the resultant, r, in terms of x, we use the cosine
21152 5 21920 cos u2
law.
1152
u2 5 cos21 r 2 5 x 2 1 (2x)2 2 2(x)(2x) cos 145°
1920 5 x 2 1 4x 2 2 4x 2 cos 145°
8 53.1° 8 5x 2 2 4x 2 (20.8192)
A keen eye could have recognized this triangle as a 8 5x 2 1 3.2768x 2
3-4-5 right triangle and simply used the Pythagorean 8 8.2768x 2
r 8 "8.2768x 2
theorem as well. Now we set up the same system of
equations as in problem 16, with T1 being the tension
8 2.8769x
in the 32 cm string and T2 being the tension in the
Now we use the cosine law again to find the angle,
24 cm string, and the force of the mass being
u, made by the resultant.
(5 kg)(9.8 N>kg) 5 49 N.
x 2 5 r 2 1 (2x)2 2 2(2.8769x)(2x) cos u
T1 cos 36.9° 5 T2 cos 53.1°
x 2 5 8.2768x 2 1 4x 2 2 11.5076x 2 cos u
cos 53.1°
T1 5 T2 x 2 5 12.2768x 2 2 11.5076x 2 cos u
cos 36.9° 211.2768x 2 5 211.5076x 2 cos u
T1 sin 36.9° 1 T2 sin 53.1° 5 49 11.2768
cos u 5
aT2 b sin 36.9° 1 T2 sin 53.1° 5 49
cos 53.1° 11.5076
cos 36.9°
u 5 cos21 a b
11.2768
T2 aa b sin 36.9° 1 sin 53.1°b 5 49
cos 53.1° 11.5076
cos 36.9° 8 11.5° from the large tug toward the
T2 (1.25) 5 49 small tug, for a net of 8.5° to the starboard side.
T2 8 39.2 N
cos 53.1°
T1 5 (39.2)
cos 36.9°
8 29.4 N

19.
u10N 5 cos21 a b
10
213.75
5N 8 136.7°
10N
> >

@ f1 1 f2 @ 2 5 @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 2 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos f
> > > > > >
magnitude, m.
cos f 5 cos (180 2 u) 5 2cos u.
m 2 5 52 1 82
Thus we> have >
@ f1 1 f2 @ 2 5 @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 2 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos f
5 25 1 64 > > > >
5 89
5 @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 1 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos u
> > > >
m 5 "89 8 9.4
@ f1 1 f2 @ 5 " @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 1 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos u
> > > > > >
M 2 5 m 2 1 102
M 5 "189 8 13.75
80 km>h 1 4 km>h 5 84 km>h
600 km>h 2 100 km>h 5 500 km>h north.
600 km>h 1 100 km>h 5 700 km>h north.
given forces.
5
213.75 m 2 5 3002 1 502
u5N 5 cos21 a b
5 5 90 000 1 2500
213.75 5 92 500
8 111.3° m 5 "92 500
8 8 304.14 km>h
cos u8N 5
213.75 50
tan u 5
u8N 5 cos21 a b
8 300
213.75 50
u 5 tan21
8 125.6° 300
cos u10N 5
213.75

19.
u10N 5 cos21 a b
10
213.75
5N 8 136.7°
10N
> >

@ f1 1 f2 @ 2 5 @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 2 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos f
> > > > > >
magnitude, m.
cos f 5 cos (180 2 u) 5 2cos u.
m 2 5 52 1 82
Thus we> have >
@ f1 1 f2 @ 2 5 @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 2 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos f
5 25 1 64 > > > >
5 89
5 @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 1 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos u
> > > >
m 5 "89 8 9.4
@ f1 1 f2 @ 5 " @ f1 @ 2 1 @ f2 @ 2 1 2 @ f1 @ @ f2 @ cos u
> > > > > >
M 2 5 m 2 1 102
M 5 "189 8 13.75
80 km>h 1 4 km>h 5 84 km>h
600 km>h 2 100 km>h 5 500 km>h north.
600 km>h 1 100 km>h 5 700 km>h north.
given forces.
5
213.75 m 2 5 3002 1 502
u5N 5 cos21 a b
5 5 90 000 1 2500
213.75 5 92 500
8 111.3° m 5 "92 500
8 8 304.14 km>h
cos u8N 5
213.75 50
tan u 5
u8N 5 cos21 a b
8 300
213.75 50
u 5 tan21
8 125.6° 300
cos u10N 5
213.75

4. Adam must swim at an angle, u, upstream so as b. The airplane is travelling at approximately
to counter the 1 km> h velocity of the stream. This is 732.71 km> h, so in 1 hour the airplane will travel
equivalent to Adam swimming along the hypotenuse about 732.71 km.
of a right traingle with 1 km> h leg and a 2 km> h 8. a. First we find the velocity of the airplane. We
hypotenuse. So the angle is found using the definition use the Pythagorean theorem to find the magnitude,
of cosine. m, of the resultant.
1 m 2 5 4502 1 1002
cos u 5
2 5 202 500 1 10 000
1 5 212 500
u 5 cos21
2 m 5 "212 500
5 60° upstream 8 461 km>h
5. a. 2 m> s forward So in 3 hours, the airplane will travel about
b. 20 m> s 1 2 m> s 5 22 m> s in the direction of the car (461 km>h)(3 h) 5 1383 km.
6. Since the two velocities are at right angles we b. To find the angle, u, the airplane travels, we use
can use the Pythagorean theorem to find the the definition of sine.
magnitude, m, of the resultant velocity and we use 100
sin u 5
the definition of sine to find the angle, u, made. 461
m 2 5 122 1 52 100
u 5 sin21
5 144 1 25 461
5 169 8 12.5° east of north.
m 5 "169 9. a. To find the angle, u, at which to fly is the
5 13 m>s equivalent of the angle of a right triangle with 44 as
5 the opposite leg and 244 as the hypotenuse. So we
sin u 5 use the definition of sine to find this angle.
13
5 44
u 5 sin21 sin u 5
13 244
8 22.6° from the direction of the boat toward 44
u 5 sin21
the direction of the current. This results in a net of 244
22.6° 1 15° 5 37.6°, or N 37.6° W. 8 10.4° south of west.
7. a. First we find the components of the resultant b. By the Pythagorean Theorem, the resultant ground
directed north and directed west. The component speed of the airplane is "(2442 2 442 ) 5 240 km>h.
directed north is the velocity of the airplane, 800, Since time 5 distance>rate, the duration of the
minus 100 sin 45°, since the wind forms a 45° flight is simply (480 km)> (240 km>h) 5 2 h.
angle south of west. The western component of 10. a. Since Judy is swimming perpendicular to
the resultant is simply 100 cos 45°. So we use the the flow of the river, her resultant velocity is simply
Pythagorean theorem to find the magnitude, m, of the hypotenuse of a right triangle with 3 and 4 as
the resultant and the definition of sine to find the bases, which is a 3-4-5 right triangle. Thus, Judy’s
angle, u, of the resultant. resultant velocity is 5 km> h. The direction is
m 2 5 (800 2 100 sin 45°)2 1 (100 cos 45°)2 determined by tan u 5 43. u 8 53.1° downstream
8 (729.29)2 1 (71.71)2 b. Judy’s distance traveled down the river would be the
8 536 863.8082 “4” leg of the 3-4-5 triangle formed by the vectors, but
m 8 732.71 km>h scaled down so that 1m (the width of the river) is
Use the sine law to determine the direction. equivalent to the “3” leg. So her distance traveled is
4
sin u sin 45° 3 8 1.33 km. This makes her about 0.67 km from
5 Helen’s cottage.
100 732.71
u 8 5.5°
c. While in the river, Judy is swimming at
The direction is N 5.5° W.
5 km> h for a distance of 53 km. Since
time 5 distance>rate, her time taken is
5
3 km
5 1 hours 5 20 minutes.
5 km>h 3
11. h v 2 5 32 1 42 2 2(3)(4) cos 150°
m/
5k 5 9 1 16 2 24 cos 150°
20 30°
v 5 25 1 20.8
u 212 km/h 5 45.8
a. and b. Here, 205 km> h directed 30° north of east v 5 "45.8
is the resultant of 212 km> h directed east, and the 8 6.8 m>s
wind speed, v, directed at some angle. This problem So in 10 seconds, Mary travels about
is more easily approached finding the wind speed, (6.8 m>s)(10 s) 5 68 m.
v, first. So we will do that using the cosine law. b. Since Mary is travelling at 3 m>s at an angle of 30°,
v 2 5 2052 1 2122 2 2(205)(212) cos 30° to find the component of her velocity, v, perpendicular
5 42 025 1 44 944 2 86 920 cos 30° to the current, we use the definition of sine.
5 86 969 2 75 275 v 5 3 sin 30
5 11 694
5 3a b
1
v 5 "11 694 2
8 108 km>h 5 1.5 m>s perpendicular to the current.
Now to find the wind’s direction, we simply find the So since time 5 distance>rate, the time taken is
angle supplementary to the lesser angle, u, formed (150 m)> (1.5 m>s) 5 100 s.
by the parallelogram of these three velocities. We 14. a. So we have a 5.5 m> s vector and a 4 m> s
can use the sine law for this. vector with a resultant vector that is directed 45°
sin u sin 30° south of west. Letting u be the angle between the
4 km> h vector and the resultant, we can construct
5
205 108
a parallelogram using these three vectors and a
b
sin 30°
sin u 5 205a
108 subsequent triangle with u opposite the 5.5 m> s
vector and 45° opposite the 4 m> s vector. We now
u 5 sin21 a205a bb
sin 30°
108 use the sine law to find u.
8 71.6° sin u sin 45°
5
Thus, the direction of v is the angle supplementary 5.5 4
b
to u in the parallelogram: sin 45°
sin u 5 5.5a
180° 2 71.6° 5 108.4° 5 18.4° west of north. 4
u 5 sin21 a5.5a bb
12. sin 45°
4
8 76.5° from the resultant.
Since the resultant is 45° west of south, Dave’s
4 direction is 76.5° 1 45° 5 121.5° west of south,
which is equivalent to about 180° 2 121.5° 5 58.5°
upstream.
b. First, we find the magnitude, m, of Dave’s 4 m> s
velocity in the direction perpendicular to the river.
5 This is done using the definition of sine.
Since her swimming speed is a maximum of 4 km> h, m 5 4 sin 58.5°
this is her maximum resultant magnitude, which is 8 3.41 m>s perpendicular to the river.
also the hypotenuse of the triangle formed by her and Since time is distance>rate, we have
the river’s velocity vector. Since one of these legs is (200 m)> (3.41 m>s) 8 58.6 s.
5 km> h, we have a triangle with a leg larger than its 15. Let b represent the speed of the steamboat and c
hypotenuse, which is impossible. represent the speed of the current. On the way
13. a. First we need to find Mary’s resultant downstream, the effective speed is b 1 c, and
velocity, v. Since this resultant is the diagonal of the upstream is b 2 c. The distance upstream and
parallelogram formed by hers and the river’s downstream is the same, so 5(b 1 c) 5 7(b 2 c).
velocity, we can use the cosine law with the angle, u, So, b 5 6c. This means that the speed of the boat
of the parallelogram adjacent 30°. is 6 times the speed of the current. So, (6c 1 c) ? 5
b. m ? n 5 0 m 0 0 n 0cos u
> > > >
5 cos u
6
c. p ? q 5 0 p 0 0 q 0cos u
> > > >
3 5 (5)(1) cos u
> > > > >
3
>
5
d. p ? q 5 0 p 0 0 q 0cos u
> > > >
nonzero.
> >
> > >
> > > > > > 2 5 cos u
3. Answers
>
5
> > > >
a ? b 5 0, b ? c 5 0, but a 5 2c . u 8 127°>
e. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u
> > > > > > > > > > >
> > > >
1
> > 2
6. a. p ? q 5 0 p 0 0 q 0cos u u 5 60°
> > > >
f. u ? v 5 0 u 0 0 v 0cos u
> > > >
5 (4)(8) cos (60°)
5 (32)(.5) 250 5 (10)(10) cos u
5 16 1
2 5 cos u
b. x ? y 5 0 x 0 0 y 0cos u
> > > > 2
5 (2)(4) cos (150°) u 5 120°>
8. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u
> > >
"3
5 (8)a2 b 5 (7.5)(6) cos (180° 2 120°)
2
5 (45)a b
1
8 26.93
c. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u
> > > > 2
5 (0)(8) cos (100°) 5 22.5
> > > >
> > > > > >
5 (1)(1) cos (180°) 9. a. (a 1 5b ) ? (2a 2 3b ) 5 a ? 2a 2 a ? 3b
> > > >
5 (1)(21) 1 5b ? 2a 2> 5b ? 3b
5 2 0 a 0 2 15 @ b @ 2
>2
5 21
e. m ? n 5 0 m 0 0 n 0cos u
> > > > > > > >
2 3a ? b 1 10a ?b
5 2 0 a 0 2 2 15 @ @
> >
5 (2)(5) cos (90°) b 2
> >
5 (10)(0) 1 7a ? b
> > > > > > >
50 b. 3x ? (x 2 3y ) 2 (x 2 3y ) ? (23x 1 y )
> > > > > > > > > > > >
1 30 y 0
>2
5 (4)(8) cos 145°
5 6 0 x 0 2 2 9x ? y 2 x ? y 2 9x ? y 1 3 0 y 0 2
> > > > > > > >
8 226.2
7. a. x ? y 5 0 x 0 0 y 0cos u 5 6 0 x 0 2 19x ? y 1 30 y 0
> > > > >2 > > >2

>
12"3 5 (8)(3) cos u
"3
>
0 is 0.
5 cos u
2
u 5 30°

b. m ? n 5 0 m 0 0 n 0cos u
> > > >
5 cos u
6
c. p ? q 5 0 p 0 0 q 0cos u
> > > >
3 5 (5)(1) cos u
> > > > >
3
>
5
d. p ? q 5 0 p 0 0 q 0cos u
> > > >
nonzero.
> >
> > >
> > > > > > 2 5 cos u
3. Answers
>
5
> > > >
a ? b 5 0, b ? c 5 0, but a 5 2c . u 8 127°>
e. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u
> > > > > > > > > > >
> > > >
1
> > 2
6. a. p ? q 5 0 p 0 0 q 0cos u u 5 60°
> > > >
f. u ? v 5 0 u 0 0 v 0cos u
> > > >
5 (4)(8) cos (60°)
5 (32)(.5) 250 5 (10)(10) cos u
5 16 1
2 5 cos u
b. x ? y 5 0 x 0 0 y 0cos u
> > > > 2
5 (2)(4) cos (150°) u 5 120°>
8. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u
> > >
"3
5 (8)a2 b 5 (7.5)(6) cos (180° 2 120°)
2
5 (45)a b
1
8 26.93
c. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u
> > > > 2
5 (0)(8) cos (100°) 5 22.5
> > > >
> > > > > >
5 (1)(1) cos (180°) 9. a. (a 1 5b ) ? (2a 2 3b ) 5 a ? 2a 2 a ? 3b
> > > >
5 (1)(21) 1 5b ? 2a 2> 5b ? 3b
5 2 0 a 0 2 15 @ b @ 2
>2
5 21
e. m ? n 5 0 m 0 0 n 0cos u
> > > > > > > >
2 3a ? b 1 10a ?b
5 2 0 a 0 2 2 15 @ @
> >
5 (2)(5) cos (90°) b 2
> >
5 (10)(0) 1 7a ? b
> > > > > > >
50 b. 3x ? (x 2 3y ) 2 (x 2 3y ) ? (23x 1 y )
> > > > > > > > > > > >
1 30 y 0
>2
5 (4)(8) cos 145°
5 6 0 x 0 2 2 9x ? y 2 x ? y 2 9x ? y 1 3 0 y 0 2
> > > > > > > >
8 226.2
7. a. x ? y 5 0 x 0 0 y 0cos u 5 6 0 x 0 2 19x ? y 1 30 y 0
> > > > >2 > > >2

>
12"3 5 (8)(3) cos u
"3
>
0 is 0.
5 cos u
2
u 5 30°

11. (a 2 5b ) ? (a 2 b ) 5 @ a 2 5b @ @ a 2 b @ cos (90°)
> > > > > > > > > > > > > >
1 1 4 1 9 1 2(a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? c ) 5 0
0 a 0 2 2 a ? b 2 5b ? a 1 5 @ b @ 2 5 0
> > > > > > > > > > > >
2(a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? c ) 5 214
0 a 0 2 1 5 @ b @ 2 5 6a ? b
> > > > > > > > > >
> > a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? c 5 27
>
a ? b 5 ( 0 a 0 2 1 5 @ b @ 2)
> > 1 > > 18. d> 5 b> 2 c
>
6 b 5 d 1> c
> > > > >
5 1 c ? a 5 ((b ? a ) a ) ? a
> > > > > > > > > > > > > > > >
c ? a 5 (b ? a ) 0 a 0 2
> > > > > >
1 b ? a 1 b> ? b
5 0 a 02 1 a ? b 1 a ? b
> > > >
c ? a 5 (d 1 c ) ? a because 0 a 0 5 1
> > > > > >
1 @b@ 2
>
> > > > > >
@ @2
c> ? a 5 d ? a 1 c ? a
0 0
>2 > > >
> >
5 a 1 2a ? b 1 b d?a50
>
> > > > > > > >
b. (a 1 b ) ? (a 2 b ) 5 a ? a 2 a ? b 1 b ? a
> >
2b?b
5 0 a 02 2 a ? b 1 a ? b 2 @b@ 2
5 0 a 02 2 @b@ 2
> > Vectors, pp. 385–387
13. a. 0 a 0 2 5 a ?> a
> > > > >
1. a?b50
> > >
5 (b 1 c ) ? (b 1 c ) (21)b1 1 b2 5 0
5 @ b @ 2 1 2b ? c 1 0 c 0 2
> > > > b2 5 b1
b. b ? c 5 @ b @ 0 c 0cos (90°) 5 0
>
Therefore 0 a 0 2 5 @ b @ 2 1 0 c 0 2.
>
> > >
> > > > > >
14. (u 1 v 1 w ) ? (u 1 v 1 w ) 50
> > > > > > > > > >
5u?u1u?v1u?w1v?u1v?v u 5 90°
> > > > > > > > > >
1v?w1w?u1w?v1w?w b. a ? b 5 (2)(4) 1 (3)(3) 1 (21)(217)
5 0 u 0 1 0 v 0 1 0 w 0 1 2 0 u 0 0 v 0cos (90°)
>2 >2 >2 > >
5 8 1 9 1 17
1 2 0 u 0 0 w 0cos (90°) 1 2 0 v 0 0 w 0cos (90°)
> > > >
5 34 . 0
5 (1)2 1 (2)2 1 (3)2 cos u . 0
5 14 u is acute
> >
15. 0 u 1 v 0 2 1 0 u 2 v 0 2 c. a ? b 5 (1)(3) 1 (22)(22) 1 (5)(22)
> > > >
> > > > > > > > 5 3 1 4 2 10
5 (u 1 v ) ? (u 1 v ) 1 (u 2 v ) ? (u 2 v )
5 23 , 0
5 0 u 0 2 1 2u ? v 1 0 v 0 2 1 0 u 0 2 2 2u ? v 1 0 v 0 2
> > > > > > > >
cos u , 0
5 20 u 0 2 1 2 0 v 0 2
> >
u is obtuse
> > > > >
> is of the form
>
5 0 a 02 1 a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? a 1 @b@ 2 1 b ? c
> > > > > > > > > > a 5 (a1, a2, 0). Let b 5 (0, 0, 1).
> >
5 1 1 20 a 0 @ b @ cos (60°) 1 0 a 0 0 c 0cos (60°) 1 1
> > > > a ? b 5 (0)(a1 ) 1 (0)(a2 ) 1 (0)(1)
1 @ b @ 0 c 0cos (120°)
> > 50
5 2 1 2a b 1 2
>
53 > >
c 5 (c1, 0, c3 ). Let d 5 (0, 1, 0).
> > > >
17. a 1 b >1 c 5 0 > > c ? d 5 (0)(c1 ) 1 (0)(1) 1 (0)(c3 )
> > > > >
a ? (a 1 b 1 c ) 1 b ? (a 1 b 1 c ) 50
> > > >
0 a 02 1 a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? a 1 @b@ 2 1 b ? c
> > > > > > > > > > in the xz-plane.
1 c ? a 1 c ? b 1 0 c 02 5 0
> > > > >

11. (a 2 5b ) ? (a 2 b ) 5 @ a 2 5b @ @ a 2 b @ cos (90°)
> > > > > > > > > > > > > >
1 1 4 1 9 1 2(a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? c ) 5 0
0 a 0 2 2 a ? b 2 5b ? a 1 5 @ b @ 2 5 0
> > > > > > > > > > > >
2(a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? c ) 5 214
0 a 0 2 1 5 @ b @ 2 5 6a ? b
> > > > > > > > > >
> > a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? c 5 27
>
a ? b 5 ( 0 a 0 2 1 5 @ b @ 2)
> > 1 > > 18. d> 5 b> 2 c
>
6 b 5 d 1> c
> > > > >
5 1 c ? a 5 ((b ? a ) a ) ? a
> > > > > > > > > > > > > > > >
c ? a 5 (b ? a ) 0 a 0 2
> > > > > >
1 b ? a 1 b> ? b
5 0 a 02 1 a ? b 1 a ? b
> > > >
c ? a 5 (d 1 c ) ? a because 0 a 0 5 1
> > > > > >
1 @b@ 2
>
> > > > > >
@ @2
c> ? a 5 d ? a 1 c ? a
0 0
>2 > > >
> >
5 a 1 2a ? b 1 b d?a50
>
> > > > > > > >
b. (a 1 b ) ? (a 2 b ) 5 a ? a 2 a ? b 1 b ? a
> >
2b?b
5 0 a 02 2 a ? b 1 a ? b 2 @b@ 2
5 0 a 02 2 @b@ 2
> > Vectors, pp. 385–387
13. a. 0 a 0 2 5 a ?> a
> > > > >
1. a?b50
> > >
5 (b 1 c ) ? (b 1 c ) (21)b1 1 b2 5 0
5 @ b @ 2 1 2b ? c 1 0 c 0 2
> > > > b2 5 b1
b. b ? c 5 @ b @ 0 c 0cos (90°) 5 0
>
Therefore 0 a 0 2 5 @ b @ 2 1 0 c 0 2.
>
> > >
> > > > > >
14. (u 1 v 1 w ) ? (u 1 v 1 w ) 50
> > > > > > > > > >
5u?u1u?v1u?w1v?u1v?v u 5 90°
> > > > > > > > > >
1v?w1w?u1w?v1w?w b. a ? b 5 (2)(4) 1 (3)(3) 1 (21)(217)
5 0 u 0 1 0 v 0 1 0 w 0 1 2 0 u 0 0 v 0cos (90°)
>2 >2 >2 > >
5 8 1 9 1 17
1 2 0 u 0 0 w 0cos (90°) 1 2 0 v 0 0 w 0cos (90°)
> > > >
5 34 . 0
5 (1)2 1 (2)2 1 (3)2 cos u . 0
5 14 u is acute
> >
15. 0 u 1 v 0 2 1 0 u 2 v 0 2 c. a ? b 5 (1)(3) 1 (22)(22) 1 (5)(22)
> > > >
> > > > > > > > 5 3 1 4 2 10
5 (u 1 v ) ? (u 1 v ) 1 (u 2 v ) ? (u 2 v )
5 23 , 0
5 0 u 0 2 1 2u ? v 1 0 v 0 2 1 0 u 0 2 2 2u ? v 1 0 v 0 2
> > > > > > > >
cos u , 0
5 20 u 0 2 1 2 0 v 0 2
> >
u is obtuse
> > > > >
> is of the form
>
5 0 a 02 1 a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? a 1 @b@ 2 1 b ? c
> > > > > > > > > > a 5 (a1, a2, 0). Let b 5 (0, 0, 1).
> >
5 1 1 20 a 0 @ b @ cos (60°) 1 0 a 0 0 c 0cos (60°) 1 1
> > > > a ? b 5 (0)(a1 ) 1 (0)(a2 ) 1 (0)(1)
1 @ b @ 0 c 0cos (120°)
> > 50
5 2 1 2a b 1 2
>
53 > >
c 5 (c1, 0, c3 ). Let d 5 (0, 1, 0).
> > > >
17. a 1 b >1 c 5 0 > > c ? d 5 (0)(c1 ) 1 (0)(1) 1 (0)(c3 )
> > > > >
a ? (a 1 b 1 c ) 1 b ? (a 1 b 1 c ) 50
> > > >
0 a 02 1 a ? b 1 a ? c 1 b ? a 1 @b@ 2 1 b ? c
> > > > > > > > > > in the xz-plane.
1 c ? a 1 c ? b 1 0 c 02 5 0
> > > > >

Any vector in the yz-plane is of the form > >
> a?b
0 a 0 @b@
> c. cos u 5 > >
e 5 (0, e2, e3 ). Let f 5 (1, 0, 0).
> >
e ? f 5 (1)(0) 1 (0)(e2 ) 1 (0)(e3 ) (2)(2) 1 (2)(1) 1 (1)(22)
5
"4 1 4 1 1"4 1 1 1 4
50
Therefore (1, 0, 0) is perpendicular to every vector 4
in the yz-plane. 5
(3)(3)
4. a. (1, 2, 21) ? (4, 3, 10) 5 4 1 6 2 10
4
50 5
9
(24, 25, 26) ? a5, 23, 2 b 5 220 1 15 1 5
5
u 8 64° >
6 >
a?b
0 a 0 @b@
50 d. cos u 5 > >
b. If any of the vectors were collinear then one
would be a scalar multiple of the other. Comparing (2)(25) 1 (3)(0) 1 (26)(12)
5
the signs of the individual components of each "4 1 9 1 36"25 1 144
vector eliminates (1, 2, 21) and ( 5, 23, 2 56) . All of 282
the components of (24, 25, 26) have the same 5
(7)(13)
sign and the same is true for (4, 3, 10), but (4, 3, 10) 282
is not a scalar multiple of (24, 25, 26). Therefore 5
91
none of the vectors are collinear. u 8 154°
a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u
5. a. Using the strategy of Example 5 yields > > > >
7. a.
(21)(26k) 1 (2)(21) 1 (23)(k) 5 0 a 0 @ b @
(x, y) ? (1, 22) 5 0 and (x, y) ? (1, 1) 5 0 > >
x 2 2y 5 0 and x 1 y 5 0
3y 5 0 cos (90°)
Therefore the only result is x 5 y 5 0, or (0, 0). 6k 2 2 2 3k 5 0
This is because (1, 22) and (1, 1) both lie on the 3k 5 2
xy-plane and are not collinear, so any vector that is 2
k5
perpendicular to both vectors must be in R 3 which 3
a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u
> > > >
does not exist in R 2. b.
b. If we select any two vectors that are not collinear (1)(0) 1 (1)(k) 5 "1 1 1"k 2 cos (45°)
in R 2, then any vector that is perpendicular to both
k 5 "2 0 k 0
1
cannot be in R 2 and must be in R 3. This is not
"2
k 5 0k0
possible since R 3 does not exist in R 2.
> >
a?b
k$0
0 a 0 @b@
6. a. cos u 5 > >
8. a. y
(5)(21) 1 (3)(22) 2
5
"25 1 9"1 1 4
(0, 1)
1
211 (1, 0) x
5
"(34)(5)
–2 –1 0 1 2
–1
211 –2
5
"170
u 8 148°
b. y
> > 2
a?b (0, 1)
0 a 0 @b@
b. cos u 5 > > 1
(1, 0) x
(21)(6) 1 (4)(22) –2 –1 0 1 2
5
"1 1 16"36 1 4
–1
–2
214
5
"680
u 8 123°

> > >
The diagonals are (1, 0) 1 (0, 1) 5 (1, 1) and 11. AB 5 (2, 6), BC 5 (25, 25), CA 5 (3, 21)
(1, 0) 2 (0, 1) 5 (1, 21) or > >
AB ? CA
(1, 0) 1 (0, 1) 5 (1, 1) and cos (180° 2 uA ) 5
@ AB @ @ CA @
> >
(0, 1) 2 (1, 0) 5 (21, 0).
626
5
@ AB @ @ CA @
c. (1, 1) ? (1, 21) > >
5121
50
50
180° 2 uA 5 90°
or (1, 1) ? (21, 1)
uA 5 90° >
5 21 1 1 >
AB ? BC
50 cos (180° 2 uB ) 5
@ AB @ @ BC @
> > > >
a?b
0 a 0 @b@
9. a. cos u 5 > > 210 2 30
5
(1 2 "2)(1) 1 ("2 2 1)(1) "4 1 36"25 1 25
5 240
0 a 0 @b@
> > 5
50 "(40)(50)
u 5> 90°> 4
Å5
52
a?b
0 a 0 @b@
b. cos u 5 > >
180° 2 uB 8 153.4°
"2 2 1 1 "2 1 1 1 "2
uB 8 26.6°
5 uC 5 180° 2 uA 2 uB
" (2 2 2"2 1 1) 1 (2 1 2"2 1 1) 1 2 "1 1 1 1 1
uC 8 63.4°
3"2 12. a. O 5 (0, 0, 0), A 5 (7, 0, 0), B 5 (7, 4, 0),
5
"8"3 C 5 (0, 4, 0), D 5 (7, 0, 5), E 5 (0, 4, 5),
"3 F 5 (0, 0, 5)
AE ? BF 5 @ AE @ @ BF @ cos u
5 > > > >
2 b.
u 5 30°
> > (27, 4, 5) ? (27, 24, 5) 5 "49 1 16 1 25
10. a. i. a 5 kb
3 "49 1 16 1 25 cos u
8 5 12k
2 49 2 16 1 25 5 90 cos u
k5 58
3 5 cos u
90
p 5 4a b
2
u 8 50°
3
8
p5 (x, y, z) ? (21, 3, 0) 5 0
3 2x 1 3y 5 0
2
25 q x 5 3y
3 (x, y, z) ? (1, 25, 2) 5 0
q53 x 2 5y 1 2z 5 0
ii. Answers may vary. For example: 22y 1 2z 5 0
> >
a?b50 y5z
2q 1 4p 1 96 5 0 Let y 5 1.
q 5 22p 2 48 (3, 1, 1) is perpendicular to (21, 3, 0) and
Let p 5 1 (1, 25, 2).
q 5 250 b. Answers may vary. For example:
b. In part a., the values are unique because both (x, y, z) ? (1, 3, 24) 5 0
vectors have their third component specified, and > x 1 3y 2 4z 5 0
the ratios must be the same for each component b. x 5 4z 2 3y
In part b. the values are not unique; any value of (x, y, z) ? (21, 22, 3) 5 0
p could have been chosen, each resulting in a
different value of q.
2x 2 2y 1 3z 5 0 > 1 > >
b. AB 5 (a 1 b )
3y 2 4z 2 2y 1 3z 5 0 2
y5z 5 (1, 2, 21)
Let y 5 1. > 1 > >
2
(21, 22, 3). 5 (2, 1, 1)
14. (p, p, 1) ? (p, 22, 23) 5 0
@ AB @ 5 @ BC @ 5 "6
> >
c. AB ? BC 5 @ AB @ @ BC @ cos u1
p 2 2 2p 2 3 5 0 > > > >
2 6 "22 2 4(23)
p5 2 1 2 2 1 5 6 cos u1
2 1
p5162 5 cos u1
2
p 5 3 or 21
u1 5 60°
15. a. (23, p, 21) ? (1, 24, q) 5 0 2u1 1 2u2 5 360°
23 2 4p 2 q 5 0
u2 5 120°
3 1 4p 1 q 5 0 > >
b. 3 1 4p 2 3 5 0 19. a. AB 5 (3, 4, 212), DA 5 (24, 2 2 q, 25)
> >
p50 AB ? DA 5 0
> >
>
> > >
(x, y, z) ? (1, 2, 21) 5 0 (24, 212, 25) 5 (2 2 x, 6 2 y, 29 2 z)
x 1 2y 2 z 5 0 x 5 6, y 5 18, z 5 24
> > > >
(7, 16, 27) ? (1, 8, 17) 5 "49 1 256 1 49
(22, 24, 2).
Let x 5 y 5 1.
(22, 24, 2). 7 1 128 2 119 5 354 cos u
17. x ? y 5 0 x 0 0 y 0cos u
> > > > 16
5 cos u
(24, p, 22) ? (22, 3, 6) 354
5 "16 1 p 2 1 4"4 1 9 1 36 cos u
u 8 87.4°
8 1 3p 2 12 5 "20 1 p 2 (7) cos u are (0 2 1, 1 2 0, 1 2 0) 5 (21, 1, 1) and
(3p 2 4)2 5 a7"20 1 p 2 cos ub
2
(0 2 1, 0 2 1, 1 2 0) 5 (21, 21, 1)
(21, 1, 1) ? (21, 21, 1) 5 "3"3 cos u
b
4 2
9p 2 2 24p 1 16 5 49(20 1 p 2 )a 1 2 1 1 1 5 3 cos u
21 1
320 16 5 cos u
9p 2 2 24p 1 16 5 1 p2 3
9 9 u 8 70.5°
65p 2 2 216p 2 176 5 0 a 5 180° 2 u
216 6 "(2216)2 2 4(65)(2176) a 8 109.5°
p5
2(65)
p 5 4 or 2
65 > >
> > 1. a. a ? b 5 (3)(2) cos (60°)
18. a. a ? b 5 23 1 3 1
50 5 (6)
2

2x 2 2y 1 3z 5 0 > 1 > >
b. AB 5 (a 1 b )
3y 2 4z 2 2y 1 3z 5 0 2
y5z 5 (1, 2, 21)
Let y 5 1. > 1 > >
2
(21, 22, 3). 5 (2, 1, 1)
14. (p, p, 1) ? (p, 22, 23) 5 0
@ AB @ 5 @ BC @ 5 "6
> >
c. AB ? BC 5 @ AB @ @ BC @ cos u1
p 2 2 2p 2 3 5 0 > > > >
2 6 "22 2 4(23)
p5 2 1 2 2 1 5 6 cos u1
2 1
p5162 5 cos u1
2
p 5 3 or 21
u1 5 60°
15. a. (23, p, 21) ? (1, 24, q) 5 0 2u1 1 2u2 5 360°
23 2 4p 2 q 5 0
u2 5 120°
3 1 4p 1 q 5 0 > >
b. 3 1 4p 2 3 5 0 19. a. AB 5 (3, 4, 212), DA 5 (24, 2 2 q, 25)
> >
p50 AB ? DA 5 0
> >
>
> > >
(x, y, z) ? (1, 2, 21) 5 0 (24, 212, 25) 5 (2 2 x, 6 2 y, 29 2 z)
x 1 2y 2 z 5 0 x 5 6, y 5 18, z 5 24
> > > >
(7, 16, 27) ? (1, 8, 17) 5 "49 1 256 1 49
(22, 24, 2).
Let x 5 y 5 1.
(22, 24, 2). 7 1 128 2 119 5 354 cos u
17. x ? y 5 0 x 0 0 y 0cos u
> > > > 16
5 cos u
(24, p, 22) ? (22, 3, 6) 354
5 "16 1 p 2 1 4"4 1 9 1 36 cos u
u 8 87.4°
8 1 3p 2 12 5 "20 1 p 2 (7) cos u are (0 2 1, 1 2 0, 1 2 0) 5 (21, 1, 1) and
(3p 2 4)2 5 a7"20 1 p 2 cos ub
2
(0 2 1, 0 2 1, 1 2 0) 5 (21, 21, 1)
(21, 1, 1) ? (21, 21, 1) 5 "3"3 cos u
b
4 2
9p 2 2 24p 1 16 5 49(20 1 p 2 )a 1 2 1 1 1 5 3 cos u
21 1
320 16 5 cos u
9p 2 2 24p 1 16 5 1 p2 3
9 9 u 8 70.5°
65p 2 2 216p 2 176 5 0 a 5 180° 2 u
216 6 "(2216)2 2 4(65)(2176) a 8 109.5°
p5
2(65)
p 5 4 or 2
65 > >
> > 1. a. a ? b 5 (3)(2) cos (60°)
18. a. a ? b 5 23 1 3 1
50 5 (6)
2

b. (3a 1 2b ) ? (4a 2 3b ) 5 12 0 a 0 2> 2 9a ? b >
> > > > > > > By the cosine law:
1 8b ? a 2 6 @ b @ 2
> sin (a) sin (135°)
5
5 12(3) 2 2 3 2 6(2) 2 100 575.1
sin (a) 8 0.123
5 81
a 8 7.06°
2. 20 cm The resultant velocity of the airplane is 575.1 km>h
u2 at S7.06°E
b. (distance) 5 (rate)(time)
15 cm
25 cm 1000 km
t8 ?
u1 575.1 (km/h)
t 8 1.74 hours
Let T1 be the tension in the 15 cm cord and T2 be 5. a.
the tension in the 20 cm cord. Let u1 be the angle
the 15 cm cord makes with the ceiling and u2 be the E
F
angle the 20 cm cord makes with the ceiling. By the
cosine law:
(15)2 5 (20)2 1 (25)2 2 2(20)(25) cos (u2 )
@ E ' @ 5 @ E @ cos (40°)
> >
cos (u2 ) 5 0.8
@ E ' @ 5 (9.8)(15)cos (40°)
>
sin (u2 ) 5 "1 2 cos2 (u2 )
@ E ' @ 8 112.61 N
>
sin (u2 ) 5 0.6
b. @ F @ 5 @ E @ sin (40°)
> >
(20)2 5 (15)2 1 (25)2 2 (2)(15)(25) cos (u1 )
cos (u1 ) 5 0.6
@ F @ 8 94.49 N
>
sin (u1 ) 5 0.8
6. 6u 5 360°
Horizontal Components:
u 5 60° >
a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos (60°)
2T1 cos (u1 ) 1 T2 cos (u2 ) 5 0 > > >
(0.8)T2 5 (0.6)T1
T2 5 (0.75)T1 5 (3)(3)(0.5)
Vertical Components: 5 4.5
> >
T1 sin (u1 ) 1 T2 sin (u2 ) 2 (15)(9.8) 5 0 7. a. a ? b 5 (4)(1) 1 (25)(2) 1 (20)(2)
(0.8)T1 1 (0.6)(0.75)T1 5 147 5 34>
b. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos (u)
> > >
(1.25)T1 5 147
T1 5 117.6 N 34 5 "16 1 25 1 400 "1 1 4 1 4 cos (u)
T2 5 (0.75)T1 34
T2 5 88.2 N cos (u) 5
63 >
Therefore the tension in the 15 cm cord is 117.60 N > > > > > > >
8. a. a ? b 5 (i 1 2j 1 k ) ? (2i 2 3j 1 4k )
and the tension in the 20 cm cord is 88.20 N.
522614
3. The diagonals of a square are perpendicular, so 5 0>
> > > > > > >
the dot product is 0. b. b ? c 5 (2i 2 3j 1 4k ) ? (3i 2 j 2 k )
4. a. 561324
a 55 >
> > > > > > >
v c. b 1 c 5 (2i 2 3j 1 4k ) 1 (3i 2 j 2 k )
v +w > > >
>
5 5i 2 4j >1 3k> > > > >
> >
135° d. a ? (b 1 c ) 5 (i 1 2j 1 k ) ? (5i 2 4j 1 3k )
w> 552813
0 v 0 5 500, 0 w 0 5 100
> 5
> > > 0> > > >
By the cosine law: e. (a 1 b ) ? (b 1 c ) 5 (3i 2 j 1 5k )
0 v 1 w 0 2 5 (500)2 1 (100)2
> > > > >
? (5j 2 4j 1 3k )
2 2(500)(100) cos (135°) 5 15 1 4 1 15
0 v 1 w 0 8 575.1
> >
5 34
> > > > > > > > > > > > > > >
f. (2a 2 3b ) ? (2a 1 c ) 5 ((2i 1 4j 1 2k ) e. 2x ? y 2 5y ? x 5 2x ? y 2 5x ? y
> > > > >
2 (6i 2 9j 1 12k )) 5 23x ? y
> > > > > > > >
? ((2i 1 4j 1 2k ) 5 23(i 2 2j 2 k) ? (i 2 j 2 k )
>
1 (3i 2 j 1 k ))
> > 5 23(1 1 2 1 1)
> > > 5 212
5 (24i 1 13j 2 10k )
> > > 11.
? (5i 1 3j 1 k )
5 220 1 39 2 10
59
> >
9. a.>
p >
? q 5 >
0 > > >
(xi 1 j 1 3k ) ? (3xi 1 10xj 1 k ) 5 0 4N 5N
3x 2 1 10x 1 3 5 0
210 6 "(10)2 2 4(3)(3)
x5
2(3)
210 6 8 180° - u
x5
6 3N
1
x 5 23 or x 5 2 (4) 5 (5) 1 (3)2 2 2(3)(5) cos (180° 2 u)
2 2
3 0.6 5 cos (180° 2 u)
> >
b. If p and q are parallel then one is a scalar 180° 2 u 8 53.1
multiple of the other. u 8 126.9°
> >
p 5 nq where n is a constant 12. (F)2 5 (3)2 1 (4)2 2 2(3)(4) cos (180° 2 60°)
> > > > > >
xi 1 j 1 3k 5 n(3xi 1 10xj 1 k ) (F)2 5 25 2 24 cos (120°)
>
n 5 3 by the k > component (F)2 5 37
x 5 9x by the i component F 8 6.08 N
(3)2 5 (4)2 1 "37 )2 2 2(4)("37) cos u
x50
1 5 30(0) by the j component
> (
120 44
cos u 5
Therefore there is no value of x that will make these 8"37
two vectors parallel. u 8 25.3°
> > > > > > > > >
10. a. 3x 2 2y 5 (3i 2 6j 2 3k ) 2 (2i 2 2j 2 2k ) F 8 6.08 N, 25.3° from the 4 N force towards the
> > >
5 i 2 4j 2 k 3 >N force.
> > > > > > > >
b. 3x ? 2y 5 (3i 2 6j 2 3k ) ? (2i 2 2j 2 2k ) E 8 6.08 N, 180° 2 25.3° 5 154.7° from the
5 6 1 12 1 6 4 N force away from the 3 N force.
> > > >
5 24 > 13. a. The diagonals are m 1 n and m 2 n
c. 0 x 2 2y 0 5 @ (i 2 2j 2 k ) 2 (2i 2 2j 2 2k ) @
> > > > > > > > >
m 1 n 5 (1, 4, 10)
5 @ 2i 1 k @
> > > >
m 2 n 5 (3, 210, 0)
5 " (2i 1 k ) ? (2i 1 k ) (m 1 n ) ? (m 2 n ) 5 0 m 1 n 0 0 m 2 n 0cos u
> > > > > > > > > > > >
5 "2 or 1.41 3 2 40 5 "1 1 16 1 100 "9 1 100 cos u

> > > > > > >
d. (2x 2 3y ) ? (x 1 4y ) 5 ((2i 2 4j 2 2k ) cos u 8 20.3276
> > > u 8 109.1°
b. 0 m 2 n 0 2 5 0 m 0 2 1 0 n 0 2 2 2 0 m 0 0 n 0cos u
2 (3i 2 3j 2 3k )) ? > > > > > >
> > >
1 (( i 2 2j 2 k )
> > > (9 1 100) 5 (4 1 9 1 25) 1 (1 1 49 1 25)
2 2"38 "75 cos u
1 (4i 2 4j 2 4k )
> > >
5 (2i 2 j 1 k )
> > > cos u 8 0.0374
? (5i 2 6j 2 5k ) u 8 87.9°
5 25 1 6 2 5
5 24

u 8 N 2.6° E
b. v 5 500 cos (2.6°) 2 45 cos (30°) pp. 398–400
8 460.5 km> h > > a ?b
> >
@b@
t8 >
460.5 >
t 8 2.17 hours
> > > >
15. a?x50 a ? b 5 (2X) 1 (3 3 0)
2x1 1 2x2 1 5x3 5 0 5 2X 1 0
x 5 2x2 1 5x3 5 2X
@ b @ 5 "X 2 1 02
> 1> >
b?x50
x1 1 3x2 1 5x3 5 0 5X
> >
2x2 1 5x3 1 3x2 1 5x3 5 0 a?b 2X
@b@
> 5
x2 1 2x3 5 0 X
choose x3 5 1 5 2;
> >
x1 5 1 b b
@ b@ @ b@
x5 (1, 22, 1)
!6
>
x5a b or a2 b
,2
!6 !6 !6 !6 !6 !6
,2 , , >
> > a ?b
@b@
16. a. v 5 4 1 3 cos (45°)
8 6.12 m> s
> >
d 8 (6.12)(10) > >
a ? b 5 (2 3 0) 1 (3Y)
8 61.2 m 5 0 1 3Y
b. w 5 3 sin (45°)
> 5 3Y
8 2.12 m> s @ b @ 5 "02 1 Y 2
180 5Y
a @b@
t8 > >
2.12 3Y
@b@
> 5
t 8 84.9 seconds Y
> > > >
17. a. (x 1 y ) ? (x 2 y ) 5 0 5 3;
0x0 2 x ? y 1 y ? x 2 0y0 5 0
>2 > > > > >2
0 x 02 5 0 y 02
> > > >
> > > > > > b b
@ b@ @ b@
18. @ F @ 5 350 cos (40°)
>
8 268.12 N >
projections
and 0.

u 8 N 2.6° E
b. v 5 500 cos (2.6°) 2 45 cos (30°) pp. 398–400
8 460.5 km> h > > a ?b
> >
@b@
t8 >
460.5 >
t 8 2.17 hours
> > > >
15. a?x50 a ? b 5 (2X) 1 (3 3 0)
2x1 1 2x2 1 5x3 5 0 5 2X 1 0
x 5 2x2 1 5x3 5 2X
@ b @ 5 "X 2 1 02
> 1> >
b?x50
x1 1 3x2 1 5x3 5 0 5X
> >
2x2 1 5x3 1 3x2 1 5x3 5 0 a?b 2X
@b@
> 5
x2 1 2x3 5 0 X
choose x3 5 1 5 2;
> >
x1 5 1 b b
@ b@ @ b@
x5 (1, 22, 1)
!6
>
x5a b or a2 b
,2
!6 !6 !6 !6 !6 !6
,2 , , >
> > a ?b
@b@
16. a. v 5 4 1 3 cos (45°)
8 6.12 m> s
> >
d 8 (6.12)(10) > >
a ? b 5 (2 3 0) 1 (3Y)
8 61.2 m 5 0 1 3Y
b. w 5 3 sin (45°)
> 5 3Y
8 2.12 m> s @ b @ 5 "02 1 Y 2
180 5Y
a @b@
t8 > >
2.12 3Y
@b@
> 5
t 8 84.9 seconds Y
> > > >
17. a. (x 1 y ) ? (x 2 y ) 5 0 5 3;
0x0 2 x ? y 1 y ? x 2 0y0 5 0
>2 > > > > >2
0 x 02 5 0 y 02
> > > >
> > > > > > b b
@ b@ @ b@
18. @ F @ 5 350 cos (40°)
>
8 268.12 N >
projections
and 0.

> >
4. Answers may vary. For example: p 5 AE , Without having to use formulae, a projection of
> > > > >
q 5 AB (21, 2, 5) on i, j, or k is the same as a projection
> > >
D of (21, 0, 0) on i, (0, 2, 0) on j, and (0, 0, 5) on k
E which intuitively yields the same result.
> >
p 6. a. p ? q 5 (3 3 24) 1 (6 3 5)
1 (222 3 220)
A C q B 5 212 1 30 1 440
Scalar projection p on q 5 @ AC @ ;
>
> > 5 458
0 q 0 5 "(24)2 1 52 1 (220)2
> > > >
Vector projection p on q 5 AC;
Scalar projection q on p 5 @ AD @ ; 5 "16 1 25 1 400
> > >
5 "441
> > >
Vector projection q on p 5 AD
> > 5 21
5. When a 5 (21, 2, 5) and b 5 (1, 0, 0) then > >
> > p?q 458
0q0
a ? b 5 (21 3 1 1 2 3 0 1 5 3 0) Therefore the scalar projection is > 5 ,
21
5 21 >
@ b @ 5 "12 1 02 1 02
> 458 q
0q0
The vector equation 5 3 >
21
51
> > 458 (24, 5, 220)
a ?b 21 5 .
@b@
Therefore the scalar projection is > 5 21 21
1 458
5 21; 5 (24, 5, 20).
> 441
b (1, 0, 0)
@b@
The vector equation is 21 3 > 5 21 3 > >
b. Direction angles for p where p 5 (a, b, c)
1
a
5 21; include a, b, and g. cos a 5
"a 2 1 b 2 1 c 2
>
Under> the same approach, when a 5 (21, 2, 5)
and b 5 (0, 1, 0), then 3
5
"32 1 62 1 (222)2
> >
a ? b 5 (21 3 0 1 2 3 1 1 5 3 0)
3
52 5
@ b @ 5 "02 1 1 1 02 "9 1 36 1 484
>
3
51 5
> >
a ?b 2 "529
@b@
Therefore the scalar projection is > 5 3
1 5 ,
5 2, 23
Therefore a 5 cos21 a b
> 3
b (0, 1, 0)
@b@
The vector equation is 2 3 > 5 2 3 23
1
8 82.5°;
5 2; b
>
same is also true when a 5 (21, 2, 5) and cos b 5
"a 2 1 b 2 1 c 2
The
>
b 5 (0, 0, 1) then
> > 6
5
"3 1 6 1 (222)2
a ? b 5 (21 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 5 3 1) 2 2
55
@ b @ 5 "02 1 02 1 12
> 6
5
"9 1 36 1 484
51 6
> >
a ?b 5
"529
5
@b@
Therefore the scalar projection is > 5
1 6
5 5, 5 ,
> 23
b (0, 0, 1)
6
@b@
The vector equation is 5 3 > 5 5 3
1 23
5 5; 8 74.9°;
c >
cos g 5 8. a. The scalar projection of a on the x-axis
"a 2 1 b 2 1 c 2
>
a ? (X, 0, 0)
0 (X, 0, 0) 0
222 (X, 0, 0) is
5
"3 1 6 1 (222)
2 2 2 >
a ? (X, 0, 0) (21 3 X) 1 (2 3 0) 1 (4 3 0)
0 (X, 0, 0) 0
5
"X 2 1 02 1 02
222
5
"9 1 36 1 484 2X
222 5
5 X
"529 5 21;
222 >
The vector projection of a on the x-axis is
5 ,
23 (X, 0, 0) (X, 0, 0)
21 3 5 21 3
Therefore g 5 cos21 a b "X 1 0 1 0
222 2 2 2 X
>
23 5 2i;
8 163.0° >
> > The scalar projection of a on the y-axis (0, Y, 0) is
7. a. x ? y 5 (1 3 1) 1 (1 3 21) >
a ? (0, Y, 0) (21 3 0) 1 (2 3 Y) 1 (4 3 0)
0 (0, Y, 0) 0
5 1 1 (21) 5
"02 1 Y 2 1 02
50
0 y 0 5 "12 1 (21)2
> 2Y
5
Y
5 "2 52
> > >
x ?y 0 The vector projection of a on the y-axis is
0y0
The scalar projection is > 5
"2 (0, Y, 0) (0, Y, 0)
23 523
5 0;
> "0 1 Y 1 0
2 2 2
>
Y
y >
5 2j;
0y0
The vector projection is 0 3 > 5 0 >
The scalar projection of a on the z-axis (0, 0, Z) is
> > >
b. x ? y 5 (2 3 1) 1 (2"3 3 0) a ? (0, 0, Z) (21 3 0) 1 (2 3 0) 1 (4 3 Z)
0 (0, 0, Z) 0
5
52 "02 1 02 1 Z 2
0 y 0 5 "12 1 02
>
4Z
5
51 Z
> >
x ?y 2 5 4;
0y0
The scalar projection is > 5 >
1 The vector projection of a on the z-axis is
5 2; (0, 0, Z) (0, 0, Z)
43 543
"0 1 0 1 Z
>
y (1, 0) 2 2 2 Z
0y0
>
The vector projection is 2 3 > 5 2 3 5 4k.
1 >
> b. The scalar projection of m a on the x-axis
5 2i
> >
c. x ? y 5 (2 3 25) 1 (5 3 12) (X, 0, 0) is
>
5 210 1 60 ma ? (X, 0, 0) (2m 3 X) 1 (2m 3 0)
0 (X, 0, 0) 0
5
5 50 "X 2 1 02 1 02
0 y 0 5 "(25)2 1 122 (4m 3 0)
>
1
5 "25 1 144 "X 2 1 02 1 02
5 "169
2mX
5
5 13 X
> >
x ?y 50 5 2m
>
0y0
The scalar projection is > 5 . The vector projection of ma on the x-axis is
13
> (X, 0, 0) (X, 0, 0)
2m 3 5 2m 3
"X 1 0 1 0
50 y 50 (25, 12)
0y0
The vector projection is 3 > 5 3 2 2 2
> X
13 13 13
5 2mi;
50
5 (25, 12)
169

> >
The scalar projection of ma on the y-axis (0, Y, 0) is
> 11. a. AB 5 Point B 2 Point A
ma ? (0, Y, 0) (2m 3 0) 1 (2m 3 Y) 5 (21, 3, 4) 2 (1, 2, 2)
0 (0, Y, 0) 0
5
"0 2 1 Y 2 1 02 5 (22, 1, 2)
>
(4m 3 0) The scalar projection of AB on the x-axis (X, 0, 0) is
1 >
"0 2 1 y2 1 02 a ? (X, 0, 0) (22 3 X) 1 (1 3 0) 1 (2 3 0)
0 (X, 0, 0) 0
5
2mY "X 2 1 02 1 02
5 22X
Y 5
5 2m; X
>
The vector projection of ma on the y-axis is 5 22;
>
(0, Y, 0) (0, Y, 0) The vector projection of AB on the x-axis is
2m 3 5 2m 3
"0 1 Y 1 0
2 2 2
> Y
22 3
(X, 0, 0)
5 22 3
(X, 0, 0)
5 2mj;
> "X 2 1 02 1 02 >
X
The scalar projection of ma on the z-axis (0, 0, Z) is 5 22i;
> >
ma ? (0, 0, Z) (2m 3 0) 1 (2m 3 0) The scalar projection of AB on the y-axis (0, Y, 0) is
0 (0, 0, Z) 0
5
"0 2 1 02 1 Z2
>
a ? (0, Y, 0) (22 3 0) 1 (1 3 Y) 1 (2 3 0)
0 (0, Y, 0) 0
5
1
(4m 3 Z) "02 1 Y 2 1 02
"0 2 1 02 1 Z2 Y
4mZ 5
5 Y
Z 5 1;
>
5 4m; The vector projection of AB on the y-axis is
>
The vector projection of ma on the z-axis is (0, Y, 0) (0, Y, 0)
13 513
"0 1 Y 1 0
(0, 0, Z) (0, 0, Z) 2 2 2 Y
4m 3 5 4m 3
"0 1 0 1 Z
>
2 2 2
>
Z 5 j;
>
5 4mk. The scalar projection of AB on the z-axis (0, 0, Z) is
9. a. >
a ? (0, 0, Z) (22 3 0) 1 (1 3 0) 1 (2 3 Z)
0 (0, 0, Z) 0
5
"02 1 02 1 Z 2
a
2Z
5
Z
>
a projected onto itself will yield itself. The scalar 5 2;
>
projection will be the magnitude of itself. The vector projection of AB on the z-axis is
b. Using the formula for the scalar projection (0, 0, Z) (0, 0, Z)
0 a 0cos u 5 0 a 0cos 0
23 523
"0 1 0 1 Z
> > 2 2 2 Z
5 0 a 0 (1)
> >
5 2k
5 0 a 0.
>
b. The angle made with the y-axis is b
The vector projection is the scalar projection b
cos b 5
"a 1 b 2 1 c 2
> >
multiplied by 0 > 0 , 0 a 0 3 0 > 0 5 a .
a > a > 2
a a 1
5
"(22) 1 12 1 22
10. a. B –a O a A 2
1
2 0 a 02
> > > 5
"4 1 1 1 4
(2a ) ? a
0a0 0a0
b. > 5 >
1
5 20a 0 5
>
"9
> 0a0
>
So the vector projection is 2 0 a 0 a > b 5 2 a .
> 1
0a0 5 ,
3

21
1
5
3 "9
8 70.5° 1
12. a. @ BD @
> 52
C > 3
a b b. BC 5 Point C 2 Point B
5 (26, 7, 5) 2 (1, 3, 3)
B u u A
D c
5 (27, 4, 2)
> >
b. @ BD @
> The scalar projection of BC on OD is
C > >
b a BC ? OD (27 3 21) 1 (4 3 2) 1 (2 3 2)
@ OD @
b 5
"(21)2 1 22 1 22
>
u u
B D A 71814
c 5
"1 1 4 1 4
c. In an isosceles triangle, CD is a median > and a 19
>
5
"9
right bisector of BA. Therefore a and b have the
>
same magnitude projected on c .
19
d. Yes, not only do they have the same magnitude, 5
but they are in the same direction as well which 3
> > > >
makes them have equivalent vector projections. AB ? OD BC ? OD 1 19
@ OD @ @ OD @
> > 1 > 52 1
13.
> a. Use the formula for the scalar projection of a on 3 3
b 5 0 a 0cos u
>
18
5 10 cos 135° 5
3
5 27.07 > 5 6
>
And the> formula for the scalar projection of b on AC 5 Point C 2 Point A
a 5 @ b @ cos u
>
5 (26, 7, 5) 2 (22, 1, 4)
5 12 cos 135° 5 (24, 6, 1)
5 28.49 The> scalar
> >
b. > projection of AC on OD is
b AC ? OD (24 3 21) 1 (6 3 2) 1 (1 3 2)
@ OD @
5
"(21)2 1 22 1 22
>
12 4 1 12 1 2
5
135° 10 "1 1 4 1 4
a 18
Q O 5
"9
P
18
5
3
> > > 56 >
OQ> is the vector projection of b on a> c. Same lengths and both are in the direction of OD.
>
OP is the vector projection of a on b Add to get one vector.
>
14. a. AB 5 Point B 2 Point A 15. a. 1 5 cos2 a 1 cos2 b 1 cos2 g
5a b 1a b
2 2
5 (1, 3, 3) 2 (22, 1, 4) a b
5 (3, 2, 21)
> > "a 2 1 b 2 1 c 2 "a 2 1 b 2 1 c 2
1a b
2
The scalar projection of AB on OD is c
"a 1 b 2 1 c 2
> >
AB ? OD (3 3 21) 1 (2 3 2) 1 (21 3 2) 2
@ OD @
5
"(21)2 1 22 1 22
>
a2 b2
5 2 1
(23) 1 4 1 (22) a 1 b2 1 c2 a2 1 b2 1 c2
5
"1 1 4 1 4
2
c
1 2
a 1 b2 1 c2

5 z
a2 1 b2 1 c2
B (0, c, d)
51
b. a 5 90°, b 5 30°, g 5 60°
cos a 5 cos 90°
5 0,
x50
cos b 5 cos 30° y
"3
5 ,
2
2 . x
cos g 5 cos 60°
1 A (a, b, 0)
5 ,
2
1
2
1
1. a. z
180°.
16. a. a 5 b 5 g
1 5 3 cos2 x a
1 x
5 cos2 x > > >
Å3
5 cos x z
1
x 5 cos21
Å3 b
a3b a1b
x 8 54.7° y
1
a
Å3
x >
> >
b.> a 1 b is still
x 5 cos21 a2 b
1 > >
Å3
x 8 125.3° >
17. cos2 x 1 sin2 x 5 1 > >
cos2 x 5 1 2 sin2 x
formed
1 5 cos2 a 1 cos2 b 1 cos2 g > >
1 5 (1 2 sin2 a) 1 (1 2 sin2 b) 1 (1 2 sin2 g)
1 5 3 2 (sin2 a 1 sin2 b 1 sin2 g)
producing a scalar.
> >

5 z
a2 1 b2 1 c2
B (0, c, d)
51
b. a 5 90°, b 5 30°, g 5 60°
cos a 5 cos 90°
5 0,
x50
cos b 5 cos 30° y
"3
5 ,
2
2 . x
cos g 5 cos 60°
1 A (a, b, 0)
5 ,
2
1
2
1
1. a. z
180°.
16. a. a 5 b 5 g
1 5 3 cos2 x a
1 x
5 cos2 x > > >
Å3
5 cos x z
1
x 5 cos21
Å3 b
a3b a1b
x 8 54.7° y
1
a
Å3
x >
> >
b.> a 1 b is still
x 5 cos21 a2 b
1 > >
Å3
x 8 125.3° >
17. cos2 x 1 sin2 x 5 1 > >
cos2 x 5 1 2 sin2 x
formed
1 5 cos2 a 1 cos2 b 1 cos2 g > >
1 5 (1 2 sin2 a) 1 (1 2 sin2 b) 1 (1 2 sin2 g)
1 5 3 2 (sin2 a 1 sin2 b 1 sin2 g)
producing a scalar.
> >

> >
c. This> is possible. a 3 b produces a vector, and If we look at the x component, we know that:
> 3(1) 2 5(a) 5 22
c 1 d also produces a vector. The result is a vector
dotted with a vector producing a scalar. 25(a) 5 25
> >
d. This> is possible. a ? b produces a scalar, and > >a 5 1
> 6. a. a 3 b 5 (1(1) 2 1(5), 1(0) 2 0(1),
c 3 d produces a vector. The product of a scalar
and vector produces a vector. 0(5) 2 0(1))
> >
e. This> is possible. a 3 b produces a vector, and 5 (24, 0, 0)
> b. Vectors of the form (0, b, c) are in the
c 3 d produces a vector. The cross product of a
vector and vector produces yz-plane. Thus, the only vectors perpendicular to the
> > a vector.
f. This is possible. a 3 b produces a vector. When yz-plane are those of the form (a, 0, 0) because they
added to another vector, it produces another vector. are parallel to the x-axis.
4. a. (2, 23, 5) 3 (0, 21, 4) 7. a. (1, 2, 1) 3 (2, 4, 2)
5 (23(4) 2 5(21), 5(0) 2 2(4), 5 (2(2) 2 1(4), 1(2) 2 1(2), 1(4) 2 2(2))
2(21) 2 (23)(0)) 5 (0, 0, 0)
5 (27, 28, 22) b. (a, b, c) 3 (ka, kb, kc)
(2, 23, 5) ? (27, 28, 22) 5 0 5 (b(kc) 2 c(kb), c(ka) 2 a(kc),
(0, 21, 4) ? (27, 28, 22) 5 0 a(kb) 2 b(ka))
b. (2, 21, 3) 3 (3, 21, 2) Using the commutative law of multiplication we
5 (21(2) 2 3(21), 3(3) 2 2(2), can rearrange this:
2(21) 2 (21)(3)) 5 (bck 2 bck, ack 2 ack, abk 2 abk)
5 (1, 5, 1) 5 (0, 0, 0)
8. a. p 3 (q 1 r ) 5 (1, 22, 4) 3 3(1, 2, 7)
> > >
(2, 21, 3) ? (1, 5, 1) 5 0
(3, 21, 2) ? (1, 5, 1) 5 0 1 (21, 1, 0)4
c. (5, 21, 1) 3 (2, 4, 7) 5 (1, 22, 4) 3 (1 2 1, 2 1 1, 7 1 0)
5 (21(7) 2 1(4), 1(2) 2 5(7), 5 (1, 22, 4) 3 (0, 3, 7)
5(4) 2 (21)(2)) 5 (22(7) 2 4(3), 4(0) 2 1(7),
5 (211, 233, 22) 1(3) 1 2(0))
(5, 21, 1) ? (211, 233, 22) 5 0 5 (226, 27, 3)
> > > >
(2, 4, 7) ? (211, 233, 22) 5 0 p 3 q 1 p 3 r 5 (22(7) 2 4(2),
d. (1, 2, 9) 3 (22, 3, 4) 4(1) 2 1(7), 1(2) 1 2(1))
5 (2(4) 2 9(3), 9(22) 2 1(4), 1 (22(0) 2 4(1),
1(3) 2 2(22)) 4(21) 2 1(0), 1(1) 1 2(21))
5 (219, 222, 7) 5 (222, 23, 4) 1 (24, 24, 21)
(1, 2, 9) ? (219, 222, 7) 5 0 5 (226, 27, 3)
b. p 3 (q 1 r ) 5 (4, 1, 2) 3 3(3, 1, 21)
> > >
(22, 3, 4) ? (219, 222, 7) 5 0
e. (22, 3, 3) 3 (1, 21, 0) 1 (0, 1, 2)4
5 (3(0) 2 3(21), 3(1) 2 (22)(0), 5 (4, 1, 2) 3 (3, 1 1 1, 21 1 2)
22(21) 2 3(1)) 5 (4, 1, 2) 3 (3, 2, 1)
5 (3, 3, 21) 5 (1(1) 2 2(2), 3(2) 2 4(1),
(22, 3, 3) ? (3, 3, 21) 5 0 4(2) 2 1(3))
(1, 21, 0) ? (3, 3, 21) 5 0 5 (23, 2, 5)
> > > >
f. (5, 1, 6) 3 (21, 2, 4) p 3 q 1 p 3 r 5 (1(21) 2 2(1), 2(3) 2 4(21),
5 (1(4) 2 6(2), 6(21) 2 5(4), 4(1) 2 1(3)) 1 (1(2) 2 2(1),
5(2) 2 1(21)) 2(0) 2 4(2), 4(1) 2 1(0))
5 (28, 226, 11) 5 (23, 10, 1) 1 (0, 28, 4)
(5, 1, 6) ? (28, 226, 11) 5 0 5 (23, 2, 5)
> >
(21, 2, 4) ? (28, 226, 11) 5 0 9. a. i 3 j 5 (1, 0, 0) 3 (0, 1, 0)
5. (21, 3, 5) 3 (0, a, 1) 5 (0 2 0, 0 2 0, 1 2 0)
5 (3(1) 2 5(a), 5(0) 2 (21)(1), 5 (0, 0, 1)
>
21(a) 2 3(0)) 5k

> > > >
2j 3 i 5 (0, 21, 0) 3 (1, 0, 0) y 3 z 5 (3 2 2, 1 2 3, 2 2 1)
5 (0 2 0, 0 2 0, 0 2 (21)) 5 (1, 22, 1)
> > >
5 (0, 0, 1) x 3 (y 3 z ) 5 (0 1 2, 1 2 1, 22 2 0)
>
5 (2, 0, 22)
> > 5k > > > > > >
b. j 3 k 5 (0, 1, 0) 3 (0, 0, 1) Thus (x 3> y ) 3 z 2 x> 3 (y 3 z ).
> >
5 (1 2 0, 0 2 0, 0 2 0) 13. (a 2 b ) 3 (a 1 b )
> > > > > > >
5 (a 2 b ) 3 a 1 (a 2 b ) 3 b
> >5i
> >
> > > >
5 (0 2 (21), 0 2 0, 0 2 0) 5 a 3 a 2 b 3 a 1 a 3 b 2 b 3 >b
> > >
5 2b 3> a 1> a 3 b
> >5i > >
c. k 3 i 5 (0, 0, 1) 3 (1, 0, 0) 5 a 3 b> 2 b 3 a >
> >
5 (0 2 0, 1 2 0, 0 2 0) 5 a 3 b 2 (2a 3 b )
> >
5 (0, 1, 0) 5 2a 3 b
>
> >5j
5 (0, 1, 0)
5j
>
10. k(a2b3 2 a3b2, a3b1 2 a1b3, a1b2 2 a2b1 )
>
1 a3a1b2 2 a3a2b1 ) 2. a. a 3 b 5 (1, 2, 1) 3 (2, 4, 2)
5 k(0) 5 (2(2) 2 1(4), 1(2)
50 2 1(2), 1(4) 2 2(2))
> > > 5 (0, 0, 0)
@a 3 b @ 5 0
>
11. a. a 3 b 5 (2, 0, 0) 3 (0, 3, 0)
c 3 d 5 (2, 3, 0) 3 (4, 3, 0) > >
3. a. f ? s 5 3 ? 150 5 450 J
5 (0 2 0, 0 2 0, 6 2 12)
5 (0, 0,> 26)
b. y x
> > >
b. (a 3 b ) 3 (c 3 d ) 5 (0, 0, 6) 3 (0, 0, 26)
(by part a.)
5 (0 2 0, 0 2 0, 0 2 0) 50° 392 N
5 (0, 0, 0) 40 m
12. Let x 5 (1, 0, 1)
y 5 (1, 1, 1)
> x
z 5 (1, 2, 3) cos (50°) 5
> >
Then x 3 y 5 (0 2 1, 1 2 1, 1 2 0) 392
5 (21, 0, 1) x 5 (392) cos (50°)
> > >
5 (22, 4, 23) (392) cos 50° N ? 40 m 8 10 078.91 J

> > > >
2j 3 i 5 (0, 21, 0) 3 (1, 0, 0) y 3 z 5 (3 2 2, 1 2 3, 2 2 1)
5 (0 2 0, 0 2 0, 0 2 (21)) 5 (1, 22, 1)
> > >
5 (0, 0, 1) x 3 (y 3 z ) 5 (0 1 2, 1 2 1, 22 2 0)
>
5 (2, 0, 22)
> > 5k > > > > > >
b. j 3 k 5 (0, 1, 0) 3 (0, 0, 1) Thus (x 3> y ) 3 z 2 x> 3 (y 3 z ).
> >
5 (1 2 0, 0 2 0, 0 2 0) 13. (a 2 b ) 3 (a 1 b )
> > > > > > >
5 (a 2 b ) 3 a 1 (a 2 b ) 3 b
> >5i
> >
> > > >
5 (0 2 (21), 0 2 0, 0 2 0) 5 a 3 a 2 b 3 a 1 a 3 b 2 b 3 >b
> > >
5 2b 3> a 1> a 3 b
> >5i > >
c. k 3 i 5 (0, 0, 1) 3 (1, 0, 0) 5 a 3 b> 2 b 3 a >
> >
5 (0 2 0, 1 2 0, 0 2 0) 5 a 3 b 2 (2a 3 b )
> >
5 (0, 1, 0) 5 2a 3 b
>
> >5j
5 (0, 1, 0)
5j
>
10. k(a2b3 2 a3b2, a3b1 2 a1b3, a1b2 2 a2b1 )
>
1 a3a1b2 2 a3a2b1 ) 2. a. a 3 b 5 (1, 2, 1) 3 (2, 4, 2)
5 k(0) 5 (2(2) 2 1(4), 1(2)
50 2 1(2), 1(4) 2 2(2))
> > > 5 (0, 0, 0)
@a 3 b @ 5 0
>
11. a. a 3 b 5 (2, 0, 0) 3 (0, 3, 0)
c 3 d 5 (2, 3, 0) 3 (4, 3, 0) > >
3. a. f ? s 5 3 ? 150 5 450 J
5 (0 2 0, 0 2 0, 6 2 12)
5 (0, 0,> 26)
b. y x
> > >
b. (a 3 b ) 3 (c 3 d ) 5 (0, 0, 6) 3 (0, 0, 26)
(by part a.)
5 (0 2 0, 0 2 0, 0 2 0) 50° 392 N
5 (0, 0, 0) 40 m
12. Let x 5 (1, 0, 1)
y 5 (1, 1, 1)
> x
z 5 (1, 2, 3) cos (50°) 5
> >
Then x 3 y 5 (0 2 1, 1 2 1, 1 2 0) 392
5 (21, 0, 1) x 5 (392) cos (50°)
> > >
5 (22, 4, 23) (392) cos 50° N ? 40 m 8 10 078.91 J

> >
c. 6. p 3 q 5 (a, 1, 21) 3 (1, 1, 2)
5 (2 1 1, 22a 2 1, a 2 1)
5 (3, 2a 1 1, a 2 1)
0 p 3 q 0 5 "9 1 (2a 1 1)2 1 (a 2 1)2 5 "35
140 N > >
20°
9 1 (2a 1 1)2 1 (a 2 1)2 5 35
250 m
9 1 4a 1 4a 1 1 1 a 2 2 2a 1 1 5 35
2
First find the x component of the force: 5a 2 1 2a 2 24 5 0

(140) cos (20°) 5 x 22 6 "22 2 4(5)(224)
Calculate work: a5
2(5)
140 cos 20° N ? 250 m 8 32 889.24 J 22 6 22
d. 5
10
100 N 212
5 2,
5
45° 7. a. B
500 m AB
A
First calculate the x component of the force:
AC C
x 5 (100) cos (45°)
Calculate work: As we see from the picture, the area of the triangle
ABC is just half the area of> the parallelogram
100 cos > 45° > ? 500
> m 5 35 355.34 J >
4. a. i 3 j 5 k determined by vectors AB and AC. Thus, we use the
The square formed by the 2 vectors has an area of 1. magnitude of the cross product to calculate the area.
>
The 2 vectors are >on the xy-plane, thus, the cross AB> 5 (1 1 2, 0 2 1, 1 2 3) 5 (3, 21, 22)
product must be k by the right hand rule. AC> 5 (2 1 > 2, 3 2 1, 2 2 3) 5 (4, 2, 21)
> > >
b. 2i 3 j 5 2k AB 3 AC 5 (1 1 4, 23 1 8, 6 1 4) 5 (5, 5, 10)
@ AB 3 AC @ 5 "25 1 25 1 100 5 5"6
> >
Once again, the area is 1, making the possible vector
have a magnitude of 1. Also, the 2 vectors are on the Since triangle ABC is half the area of the
xy-plane again so the cross product must lie on the parallelogram, its area is 5"6 2 square units.
z axis. However, because > of the right hand rule, the b. This is just a different way of describing the first
product must be 2k this time. triangle, thus the area is 5"6
> > > 2 square units.
c. i 3 k 5 2j c. Any two sides of a triangle can be used to
The square has an area of 1, so the magnitude of the calculate> its area.
8. @ r 3 f @ 5 ( 0 r 0sin (u)) @ f @
> > >
vector produced must be 1. The 2 vectors are on the
xz-plane. The> new vector must be on the y axis 5 (0.14) sin (45°) ? 10
making it – j because of the right hand rule. 8 0.99 J
> > >
d. 2i 3 k 5 2j 9. A
The square has an area of 1. The 2 vectors OA BN
> are on
the xz-plane. So the new vector must be j because O C
of the right> hand rule. OB
>
5. a. a 3 b 5 (1, 1, 0) 3 (1, 0, 1) B
5 (1 2 0, 0 2 1, 0 2 1) We know that the area of a parallelogram is equal to
5 (1, 21, 21) its height multiplied with its base. Its height is BN
@ a 3 b @ 5 "1 1 1 1 1 5 "3
> > >
> and its base is AC 5 OB as can be seen from the
> of the parallelogram is "3 square units.
So the area picture. We can calculate the area using the given
> vectors, then
b. a 3 b 5 (1, 22, 3) 3 (1, 2, 4) > > use the area to find BN.
5 (28 2 6, 3 2 4, 2 1 2) OA 3 OB 5 (8 2 4, 12 2 16, 4 2 6)
5 (214, 21, 4) 5 (4, 24, 22)
@ a 3 b @ 5 "196 1 1 1 16 5 "213 @ OA 3 OB @ 5 "16 1 16 1 4 5 "36 5 6
> > >
>
So the area of the parallelogram is "213 square units.

> > >
d. a 1 b 5 (2 1 6, 21 1 3, 2 2 2)
of the base. 5 (8, 2, 0)
AC 5 @ OB @ 5 "9 1 1 1 16 5 "26 @ a 1 b> @ 5 "82 1 22 1 02 5 2"17
> > > >
>
@ OB @ ? BN 5 6
> >
>
f. a 2 2b 5 (2 2 12, 21 2 6, 2 1 4)
> 5 (210, 27, 6)
"26 BN 5 6 > >
a ? (a 2 2b ) 5 2(210) 2 1(27) 1 2(6) 5 21
6 > >
"26 b.
>
x 3 y 5 (3, a, 9) ? (a, 12, 18) 5 0
> >
10. a. p 3 q 5 (26 2 3, 6 2 3, 1 1 4) 3a 1 12a 1 162 5 0
5 (29, 3, 5) 15a 5 2162
> > >
(p 3 q ) 3 r 5 (0 2 5, 5 1 0, 29 2 3) 254
5 (25, 5, 212) a5
5
a(1, 22, 3) 1 b(2, 1, 3) 5 (25, 5, 212) > >
a?b
0 a 0 @b@
a 1 2b 5 25; a 5 25 2 2b > >
y components: a ? b 5 4(23) 1 5(6) 1 20(22) 5 458
0 a 0 5 "42 1 52 1 202 5 21
>
22a 1 b 5 5
@ b @ 5 "(23)2 1 62 1 222 5 23
>
Substitute in a:
10 1 4b 1 b 5 5
u 5 cos21 a b
458
5b 5 25 483
b 5 21 u 8 18.52°
a 5 25 1 2; a 5 23 4
3a 1 3b 5 212 OB x
29 2 3 5 212 –4 –2 0 2 4
> > –2
b. p ? r 5 1 2 2 1 0 5 21
> > –4
q?r52111053
> > > > > >
(p ? r )q 2 (q ? r )p 5 21(2, 1, 3) 2 3(1, 22, 3)
5 (22 2 3, 21 1 6, 23 2 9) calculate
>
the
>
>
are the vectors
5 (25, 5, 212) OA> 1 OB> and OA 2 OB.
OA 1 OB 5 (5 2 1, 1 1 4) 5 (4, 5)
> >
> > > >
> > (OA 1 OB ) ? (OA 2 OB )
1. a. a 3 b 5 (2 2 0, 21 1 1, 0 1 2)
@ OA 1 OB @ @ OA 2 OB @
cos (u) 5 > > > >
5 (2, 0, 2) > > > >
> >
b. b 3 c 5 (0 2 4, 25 1 5, 24 2 0) (OA 1 OB ) ? (OA 2 OB ) 5 4(6) 1 5(23) 5 9
@ OA 1 OB @ 5 "42 1 52 5 "41
> >
5 (24, 0, 24)
c. 16 @ OA 2 OB @ 5 "62 1 (23)2 5 3"5
> >
u 5 cos21 a b
9
2. a.> 0 a 0 5 "22 1 (21)2 1 22 5 3
> 3"205
b. @ b @ 5> "62 1 32 1 (22)2 5 7
u 8 77.9°
>
c. a 2 b 5 (2 2 6, 21 2 3, 2 1 2)
5 (24, 24, 4)
@ a 2 b @ 5 "(24)2 1 (24)2 1 42 5 4"3
> >

> > >
d. a 1 b 5 (2 1 6, 21 1 3, 2 2 2)
of the base. 5 (8, 2, 0)
AC 5 @ OB @ 5 "9 1 1 1 16 5 "26 @ a 1 b> @ 5 "82 1 22 1 02 5 2"17
> > > >
>
@ OB @ ? BN 5 6
> >
>
f. a 2 2b 5 (2 2 12, 21 2 6, 2 1 4)
> 5 (210, 27, 6)
"26 BN 5 6 > >
a ? (a 2 2b ) 5 2(210) 2 1(27) 1 2(6) 5 21
6 > >
"26 b.
>
x 3 y 5 (3, a, 9) ? (a, 12, 18) 5 0
> >
10. a. p 3 q 5 (26 2 3, 6 2 3, 1 1 4) 3a 1 12a 1 162 5 0
5 (29, 3, 5) 15a 5 2162
> > >
(p 3 q ) 3 r 5 (0 2 5, 5 1 0, 29 2 3) 254
5 (25, 5, 212) a5
5
a(1, 22, 3) 1 b(2, 1, 3) 5 (25, 5, 212) > >
a?b
0 a 0 @b@
a 1 2b 5 25; a 5 25 2 2b > >
y components: a ? b 5 4(23) 1 5(6) 1 20(22) 5 458
0 a 0 5 "42 1 52 1 202 5 21
>
22a 1 b 5 5
@ b @ 5 "(23)2 1 62 1 222 5 23
>
Substitute in a:
10 1 4b 1 b 5 5
u 5 cos21 a b
458
5b 5 25 483
b 5 21 u 8 18.52°
a 5 25 1 2; a 5 23 4
3a 1 3b 5 212 OB x
29 2 3 5 212 –4 –2 0 2 4
> > –2
b. p ? r 5 1 2 2 1 0 5 21
> > –4
q?r52111053
> > > > > >
(p ? r )q 2 (q ? r )p 5 21(2, 1, 3) 2 3(1, 22, 3)
5 (22 2 3, 21 1 6, 23 2 9) calculate
>
the
>
>
are the vectors
5 (25, 5, 212) OA> 1 OB> and OA 2 OB.
OA 1 OB 5 (5 2 1, 1 1 4) 5 (4, 5)
> >
> > > >
> > (OA 1 OB ) ? (OA 2 OB )
1. a. a 3 b 5 (2 2 0, 21 1 1, 0 1 2)
@ OA 1 OB @ @ OA 2 OB @
cos (u) 5 > > > >
5 (2, 0, 2) > > > >
> >
b. b 3 c 5 (0 2 4, 25 1 5, 24 2 0) (OA 1 OB ) ? (OA 2 OB ) 5 4(6) 1 5(23) 5 9
@ OA 1 OB @ 5 "42 1 52 5 "41
> >
5 (24, 0, 24)
c. 16 @ OA 2 OB @ 5 "62 1 (23)2 5 3"5
> >
u 5 cos21 a b
9
2. a.> 0 a 0 5 "22 1 (21)2 1 22 5 3
> 3"205
b. @ b @ 5> "62 1 32 1 (22)2 5 7
u 8 77.9°
>
c. a 2 b 5 (2 2 6, 21 2 3, 2 1 2)
5 (24, 24, 4)
@ a 2 b @ 5 "(24)2 1 (24)2 1 42 5 4"3
> >

> >
6. y b. x 3 y 5 (215 2 35, 25 2 15, 21 2 3)
5 (250, 220, 18)
0 x 3 y 0 5 "502 1 202 1 182 5 "3224 8 56.78
> >
T1 T2
9. (0, 3, 25) 3 (2, 3, 1)
30° 45° 5 (3 1 15, 210 2 0, 0 2 6) 5 (18, 210, 26)
x
The cross product is perpendicular to the given
vectors, but its magnitude is
"18 2 1 (210)2 1 (26)2, or 2"115. A unit vector
98 N
perpendicular to the given vectors is

The vertical components of the tensions must equal
a !115, 2 !115, 2 !115 b.
9 5 3
the downward force:
T1 sin (30°) 1 T2 sin (45°) 5 98 N
> >
1 1 AB ? AC
T 1 T 5 98
@ AB @ @ AC @
2 1 "2 2
10. a.cos (a) 5 > >
T1 5 196 2 "2T2
>
AB> 5 (0, 23, 4) 2 (2, 3, 7) 5 (22, 26, 23)
The horizontal components:
> AC> 5 (5, 2, 24) 2 (2, 3, 7) 5 (3, 21, 211)
T1 cos (30°) 1 T2 cos (45°) 5 0 N AB ? AC 5 22(3) 2 6(21) 2 3(211) 5 33
"3 @ AB @ 5 "(22)2 1 (26)2 1 (23)2 5 7
>
1
@ AC @ 5 "32 1 (21)
T 2 T 50
2 1 "2 2 (211)2 5 "131
>
2
>
1 >
Substitute in T1: AB ? AC
"6
a 5 cos21
@ AB @ @ AC @
> >
98"3 2 T 5 298"3
2 2 33
2"6 2 "2
5 cos21
T2 5 298"3 7"131
2 8 65.68° > >
T2 8 87.86N 21 BA ? BC
@ @ @ @
b 5 cos > >
Substitute this back in to get T1: BA BC
> >
T1 8 71.74N BA> 5 2AB 5 (2, 6, 3)
7.
x > BC> 5 (5 2 0, 2 1 3, 24 2 4, ) 5 (5, 5, 28)
50 km/h BA ? BC 5 2(5) 1 6(5) 1 3(28) 5 16
@ BA @ 5 "22 1 62 1 32 5 7
>
@ BC @ 5 "52 1 52 1 (28)2 5 "144

300 km/h >
x 5 "50 1 3002 8 304.14
2
16
tan21 a b 8 9.46°
50 b 5 cos21
300 7"114
The resultant velocity is 304.14 km> h, W 9.46° N. 8 77.64°
8. a. g 5 180 2 a 2 b 8 36.68°
z
So b 8 77.64° is the largest angle.
b. The area is >half the magnitude
> of the cross
y product of AB and AC.
AB 3 AC 5 0 (63, 231, 20) 0 8 36.50
1 > > 1
x 2 2
y 11. The triangle formed by the two strings and the
ceiling is similar to a 3-4-5 right triangle, with the
30 cm and 40 cm strings as legs. So the angle
x adjacent to the 30 cm leg satisfies
3
cos u 5
5

The angle adjacent to the 40 cm leg satisfies If u is the angle west of north, then
4 5
cos f 5 sin u 5
5 13
Also, u 8 22.6°
4 3 So the resultant is 13 N in a direction
sin u 5 and sin f 5 .
5 5 N22.6°W. The equilibrant is 13 N in a direction
Let T1 be the tension in the 30 cm string, and T2 be S22.6°E.
the tension in the 40 cm string. Then 13. a. Let D be the origin, then:
T1 cos u 2 T2 cos f 5 0 A 5 (2, 0, 0), B 5 (2, 4, 0), C 5 (0, 4, 0),
3 4 D 5 (0, 0, 0), E 5 (2, 0, 3), F 5 (2, 4, 3),
T1 2 T2 5 0 G 5 (0, 4, 3) H 5 (0, 0, 3)
5 5 >
4 b. AF> 5 (0, 4, 3)
T1 5 T2
3 AC 5 (22, 4, 0)
> >
Also, AF ? AC> 5 0 1 16 1 0 5 16
T1 sin u 1 T2 sin f 5 (10)(9.8) 5 98 @ AF @ 5 "02 1 42 1 32 5 5
@ AC @ 5 "(22)2 1 42 1 02 5 2"5
>
4 3
T1 2 T2 5 98 > >
5 5 AF ? AC
@ AF @ @ AC @
cos (u) 5
a T2 b 1 T2 5 98
4 4 3 > >
3 5 5
u 5 cos21 a b
16
5
T 5 98 10"5
3 2
u 8 44.31°
c. Scalar projection 5 @ AF @ cos (u)
T2 5 58.8 N >
4
T1 5 (58.8) By part b.:
3
5 78.4 N 5 (5) cos (44.31°)
8 3.58 >
14. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos (u) 5 cos (u)
So the tension in the 30 cm string is 78.4 N and the > > >
tension in the 40 cm string is 58.8 N.
12. a. 1
cos (u) 5 2 (cosine law)
> 2 >
> >
(2a 2 5b ) ? (b 1 3a )
> > > > > >
5 213a ? b 1 6a ? a 2 5b ? b
54 N > >
5 213a ? b 1 1
5 213 cos (u) 1 1
5 7.5
15. a. The angle to the bank, u, will satisfy
30 N 25 N 2
sin (90° 2 u) 5 3
42 N 90° 2 u 8 41.8°
u 8 48.2°
b. By the Pythagorean theorem, Kayla’s net
swimming speed will be
b. The east- and west-pulling forces result in a force "32 2 22 5 "5 km> h.
of 5 N west. The north- and south-pulling forces So since distance 5 rate 3 time, it will take her
result in a force of 12 N north. The 5 N west and 0.3
t5
"5
12 N north forces result in a force pulling in the
north-westerly direction with a force of
"52 1 122 5 13 N,
8 0.13 h
8 8 min 3 sec
by using the Pythagorean theorem. To find the exact to swim across.
direction of this force, use the definition of sine.

> >
c. Such a situation would have resulted in a right d. m ? k 5 23
triangle where one of the legs is longer than the
u 5 cos21 a b
23
hypotenuse, which is impossible. > > 4
16. > a. The > diagonals are OA 1 OB and 8 138.59°
OA> 2 OB>. 19. a. If the dot product is 0, then the vectors are
OA 1 OB 5 (3 2 6, 2 1 6, 26 2 2) perpendicular:
> >
5 (23, 8, 28) (1, 0, 0) ? (0, 0, 21) 5 0 1 0 1 0 5 0
OA 2 OB 5 (3 1 6, 2 2 6, 26 1 2) (1, 0, 0) ? (0, 1, 0) 5 0 1 0 1 0 5 0
5 (9, 24, 24) (0, 0, 21) ? (0, 1, 0) 5 0 1 0 1 0 5 0 special
> >
b. OA ? OB> 5 3(26) 1 2(6) 2 6(22) 5 6
b. a , , 0b ? a b
1 1 21 1 1
@ OA @ 5 "32 1 22 1 (26)2 5 7 !2 !2 !3 !3 !3
, ,
@ OB @ 5 "(26)
>
2
1 62 1 (22)2 5 2"19 1 1
52 1 10
!6 !6
> >
OA ? OB
@ OA @ @ OB @
cos (u) 5 > >
50
a
1 1
u 5 cos21 5 a b
6 , 0b ? (0, 0, 21) 5 0 1 0 1 0 5 0
!2 !2
,
14"19
a b ? (0, 0, 21)
8 84.36° 21 1 1
!3 !3 !3
, ,
17. a. The z value is >double, so if a 5 4 and
b 5 24, the vector q will be collinear. 1 1
501012 52
> !3 !3
> > not special
b. If p and q are perpendicular, then their dot >
product will equal 0. 20. a. p 3 q
> >
p ? q 5 2a 2 2b 2 18 5 0 5 (22(1) 2 1(21), 1(2) 2 1(1), 1(21) 1 2(2))
c. Let a 5 9, and b> 5 0, then we have a vector 5 (21, 1, 3)
> >
perpendicular to p . Now it must be divided by its b. p> 2 q> 5 (21, 21, 0)
magnitude to make it a unit vector: p 1 q 5 (3, 23, 2)
> > > >
0 p 0 5 "81 1 0 1 324 5 9"5 (p 2 q ) 3 (p 1 q ) 5 (22 2 0, 0 1 2, 3 2 (23))
>
So the unit vector is: 5 (22, 2, 6)
> >
c. p 3 r 5 (4 2 1, 0 1 2, 1 2 0)
a b
1 2
!5 !5
, 0, 5 (3, 2, 1)
> > >
> > (p 3 r ) ? r 5 0 1 2 2 2 5 0
18. a. m ? n 5 2"3 2 2"3 1 3 5 3 > >
d. p 3 q 5 (22 1 1, 2 2 1, 21 1 4)
0 m 0 5 "3 1 4 1 9 5 4
>
5 (21, 1, 3)
0 n 0 5 "4 1 3 1 1 5 2"2
>
> >
21. Since the angle between the two vectors is 60°,
m?n the angle formed when they are placed head-to-tail
0m00n0
cos (u) 5 > >
is 120°. So the resultant, along with these two
u 5 cos21 a b
3 vectors, forms an isosceles triangle with top angle
8"2 120° and two equal angles 30°. By the cosine law,
8 74.62° the two equal forces satisfy
b. Scalar projection 5 0 n 0cos (u)
> 202 5 2F 2 2 2F 2 cos 120°
5 2"2 cos (74.62°) 400
F2 5
8 0.75 3
c. Scalar projection multiplied with the unit vector 20
F5
"3
>
in the direction of m :
>
m 8 11.55 > N
0m0
5 (0.75) > >
22. a 3 b 5 (2 2 0, 25 2 3, 0 2 10)
("3, 22, 23) 5 (2, 28, 210)
5 (0.75)
4
5 (0.1875)("3, 22, 23)

@ d 1 e @ 2 5 32 1 52 2 2(3)(5) cos 130°
> >
23.
>
First we need to determine the dot product of
>
@ d 1 e @ 8 7.30
x and y : >
x ? y 5 0 x 0 0 y 0cos u
> > > > >
5 (10) cos (60°) b. Using the cosine law,

@ d 2 e @ 2 5 32 1 52 2 2(3)(5) cos 50°
> >
55
> > > >
@ d 2 e @ 8 3.84
(x 2 2y ) ? (x 1 3y ) > >
By the distributive property:
> > > > > > > > > >
5 x ? x 1 3x ? y 2 2x ? y 2 6y ? y c.> e 2> d is the vector in the opposite direction of
5 4 1 15 2 10 2 150 d 2 e , but with the same magnitude. So:
@ e 2 d @ 5 @ d 2 >e @ 8> 3.84>
> >
5 2141 > >
24. 0 (2, 2, 1) 0 5 "22 1 22 1 12 5 3 (i 1 j ) ? (i )
@i@
Since the magnitude of the scalar projection is 4, 28. a. Scalar: > 51
the scalar projection itself has value 4 or 24. >
Vector: 1a > b 5 i
If it is 4, we get i >
(1, m, 0) ?(2, 2, 1) @i@

54 > >
(i 1 j ) ? (j )
>
3
@ j@
b. Scalar: > 51
2 1 2m 5 12
>
m 5 5
b5j
j >
@ j@
If it is 24, we get Vector: 1a >
(1, m, 0) ?(2, 2, 1) > > > >
5 24 (i 1 j ) ? (k 1 j ) 1
@k 1 j@
3 c. Scalar: 5
"2
> >
2 1 2m 5 212
> >
m 5 27 1 (k 1 j ) 1 > >
@k 1 j@
? 5 (k 1 j )
"2
So the two possible values for m are 5 and 27. Vector: > >
> > 2
25. a ? j 5 23
0 a 0 5 "144 1 9 1 16 5 13
> 29. a. If its magnitude is 1, it’s a unit vector:
0 a 0 5 "14 1 19 1 361 2 1 not a unit vector
>
u 5 cos21 a b
23
@ b @ 5 "13 1 13 1 13 5 1, unit vector
>
13
0 c 0 5 "14 1 12 1 14 5 1, unit vector
8 103.34° >
26. a.> C 5 (3, 0, 5), F 5 (0, 4, 0)
@ d @ 5 "1 1 1 1 1 2 1, not a unit vector
>
b. CF 5 (0, 4, 0) 2 (3, 0, 5) 5 (23, 4, 25)
c. @ CF @ > 5 "9 1 16 1 25 5 5"2
> > >
b. a is. When dotted with d, it equals 0.
OP 5 (3, 4, 5) 30. 25 ? sin> (30°) ? 0.6 5 7.50 J
@ @ > 5 "9 1 16 1 25 5 5"2
>
OP
> 31. >a. a ? b 5 6 2 5 2 1 5 0
>
CF ? OP 5 29 1 16 2 25 5 218
b. a with the x-axis:
0 a 0 5 "4 1 25 1 1 5 "30
>
u 5 cos21 a b
218
2
50 cos (a) 5
8 111.1° > "30
27. a with the y-axis:
d 130° 5
cos (b) 5
"30
50°
>
a with the z-axis:
e 21
cos (g) 5
"30
a. Using properties of parallelograms, we know that @ b> @ 5 "9 1 1 1 1 5 "11
>
the other angle is 130° (Angles must add up to
b with the x-axis:
360°, opposite angles are congruent).
3
Using the cosine law, cos (a) 5
"11

> > >
@ a 2 b @ 5 "1 1 81 1 16 5 "98
> >
21
cos (b) 5
"11
@a 1 b@ 2 2 @a 2 b@ 2 5
1 > > 1 > > 66 98
> 2 5 28
> > >
1 36.> c 5 b >2 a >
0 c 02 5 @b 2 a @ 2
cos (g) 5
"11 > >
6 5 1 > >
> > 5 (b 2 a ) ? (b 2 a )
c. m 1 ? m 2 5 2 2 50
!330 !330 !330
> > > > > > > >
5b?b2a?b1a?a2a?b
5 0 a 0 2 1 @ b @ 2 2 2a ? b
> > >
5 0 a 0 2 1 @ b @ 2 2 2 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u
@ 3i 1 3j 1 10k @ 5 "9 1 9 1 100 5 "118
> > >
>
@ 2i 1 9j 2 6k @ 5 "1 1 81 1 36 5 "118
> > > 37. AB> 5 (2, 0, 4)
@ AB @ 5 "4 1 0 1 16 5 2"5
@ AC @ 5 (1, 0, 2)
"3
>
cos (30°) 5 @ AC @ 5 "1 1 0 1 4 5 "5

>
2 >
cos2 a 1 cos2 b 1 cos2 g 5 1. @ BC @ 5 "1 1 0 1 4 5 "5
>

3 AB ? AC
@ AB @ @ AC @
2 cos2 b 5 1 2 cos A 5 > >
4
1 10
cos b 5 cos g 5 6 5
2"2 10
"3 51
cos a 5
>
cos g 5
2"2 C 5 180° and angle B 5 0°. So
g 8 69.3° cos B 5 1;
cos g 5
2"2
g 8 110.7°
34. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos (u) 5
> > > > 1 >
>
> > a1 5 21, a2 5 1, a3 5 1 and b1 5 2, b2 5 1,
(a 2 3b ) ? (ma 1 b ) 5 0
> > > > > > > >
b3 5 23.>
ma ? a 1 a ? b 2 3ma ? b 2 3b ? b 5 0 >
1 3 6 a b
m1 2 m2 50 1 1
2 2 2 x
1 5 x 5 1(23) 2 1(1) 5 24
2 m5 1 23
2 2 y
y 5 1(2) 2 (21)(23) 5 21
m 5 25
> > 21 2
35. a ? b> 5 0 2 20 1 12 5 28 z
> z 5 21(1) 2 1(2) 5 23
a 1 b 5 (21, 21, 28)
@ a 1 b @ 5 "1 1 1 1 64 5 "66
> > 1 1>
>
So, a 3 b 5 (24, 21, 23)

> > >
@ a 2 b @ 5 "1 1 81 1 16 5 "98
> >
21
cos (b) 5
"11
@a 1 b@ 2 2 @a 2 b@ 2 5
1 > > 1 > > 66 98
> 2 5 28
> > >
1 36.> c 5 b >2 a >
0 c 02 5 @b 2 a @ 2
cos (g) 5
"11 > >
6 5 1 > >
> > 5 (b 2 a ) ? (b 2 a )
c. m 1 ? m 2 5 2 2 50
!330 !330 !330
> > > > > > > >
5b?b2a?b1a?a2a?b
5 0 a 0 2 1 @ b @ 2 2 2a ? b
> > >
5 0 a 0 2 1 @ b @ 2 2 2 0 a 0 @ b @ cos u
@ 3i 1 3j 1 10k @ 5 "9 1 9 1 100 5 "118
> > >
>
@ 2i 1 9j 2 6k @ 5 "1 1 81 1 36 5 "118
> > > 37. AB> 5 (2, 0, 4)
@ AB @ 5 "4 1 0 1 16 5 2"5
@ AC @ 5 (1, 0, 2)
"3
>
cos (30°) 5 @ AC @ 5 "1 1 0 1 4 5 "5

>
2 >
cos2 a 1 cos2 b 1 cos2 g 5 1. @ BC @ 5 "1 1 0 1 4 5 "5
>

3 AB ? AC
@ AB @ @ AC @
2 cos2 b 5 1 2 cos A 5 > >
4
1 10
cos b 5 cos g 5 6 5
2"2 10
"3 51
cos a 5
>
cos g 5
2"2 C 5 180° and angle B 5 0°. So
g 8 69.3° cos B 5 1;
cos g 5
2"2
g 8 110.7°
34. a ? b 5 0 a 0 @ b @ cos (u) 5
> > > > 1 >
>
> > a1 5 21, a2 5 1, a3 5 1 and b1 5 2, b2 5 1,
(a 2 3b ) ? (ma 1 b ) 5 0
> > > > > > > >
b3 5 23.>
ma ? a 1 a ? b 2 3ma ? b 2 3b ? b 5 0 >
1 3 6 a b
m1 2 m2 50 1 1
2 2 2 x
1 5 x 5 1(23) 2 1(1) 5 24
2 m5 1 23
2 2 y
y 5 1(2) 2 (21)(23) 5 21
m 5 25
> > 21 2
35. a ? b> 5 0 2 20 1 12 5 28 z
> z 5 21(1) 2 1(2) 5 23
a 1 b 5 (21, 21, 28)
@ a 1 b @ 5 "1 1 1 1 64 5 "66
> > 1 1>
>
So, a 3 b 5 (24, 21, 23)

b. We
> use the diagram again:
>
c. The area of the parallelogram is the magnitude of
b c the cross >product.
>
1 1 a b
x
x 5 1(27) 2 (23)(1) 5 24 21 21
23 27 x x 5 (21)(22) 2 1(21) 5 3
y
y 5 23(5) 2 (2)(27) 5 21 1 22
y
2 5 y 5 1(2) 2 (1)(22) 5 4
z
z 5 2(1) 2 1(5) 5 23 1 2
1 > 1 z z 5 (1)(21) 2 (21)(2) 5 1
>
So, b 3 >c 5 (24, 21, 23) 21 21 >
> > >
c. a ? (b 3 c ) 5 (21, 1, 1) ? (24, 21, 23) So, a 3 b 5 (3, 4, 1) and thus,
@ a 3 b @ 5 "32 1 42 1 12
> >
5 (21)(24) 1 (1)(21)
1 (1)(23) 5 "26 >
50 >
So the area of the parallelogram formed by a and b
d. We could use the diagram > > >
method again, or, we
> > > is "26 or 5.10 square units.
note that for any vectors x , y , x 3 y 5 2 (y 3 x ), 3. We first draw a diagram documenting the
> > > >
so letting y 5 x , we have > x> 3 x 5 0 from the last situation:
> >
equation. Since a 3 b 5 b 3> c from > the> first two E F
>
parts of the problem, (a 3 b ) 3 (b 3 c ) 5 0.
> 120°
2. a.> To find the scalar and vector projections of a
@ @ "b
> > > > >
on b, we need to calculate a ? b and b 5 ? b 40 N 40 N
> > R
a ? b 5 (1, 21, 1) ? (2, 21, 22)
60°
5 (1)(2) 1 (21)(21) 1 (1)(22) 60°
> 51 D G
@ b @ 5 "22 1 (21)2 1 (22)2
50 N 50 N
In triangle DEF, we use the cosine law:
> 53
So, @ b @ 5 3 @ R @ 5 "402 1 502 2 2(40)(50) cos (120°)
>
@ R @ 8 78.10
> > >
> > The scalar projection of a on b is
a?b 1
> 5 3 , and
@b@
We now use the sine law to find /EDF:
> > sin /EDF sin /DEF
@ EF @ @R@
>
the vector projection of a on b is > 5 >
>
a bb 5 19 (2, 21, 22).
a?b >
@b@ sin /EDF sin 120°
>2
> 8
b. We find the direction cosines for b: 50 78.10
b1 2 sin /EDF 8 0.5544
@b@
cos (a) 5 > 5 /EDF 8 33.7°
3
The equilibrant force is equal in magnitude and
a 8 48.2°.
opposite in direction to the resultant force, so both
b 21
cos (b) 5 2> 5
@b@
forces have a magnitude of 78.10 N. The resultant
3
makes an angle 33.7° to the 40 N force and 26.3° to
b 8 109.5°. the 50 N force. The equilibrant makes an angle 146.3°
b 22 to the 40 N force and 153.7° to the 50 N force.
cos (g) 5 3> 5
@b@ 3
g 8 131.8°.

4. We find the resultant velocity of the airplane. Since the resultant velocity is perpendicular to the
F E F current, the direction in which the canoeist should
head is determined by the sine ratio.
1.2
sin /EDF 5
2.5
R /EDF 8 28.7°
1000 km/h The canoeist should head 28.7° upstream.
6. The area of the triangle is exactly:
ADABC 5 @ AB 3 BC @
1 > >
> 2
AB 5 (2, 1, 3) 2 (21, 3, 5)
5 (3, 22, 22)
>
G D BC 5 (21, 1, 4) 2 (2, 1, 3)
Position diagram Vector diagram 5 (23, 0, 1)
> >
Since the airplane’s velocity is perpendicular to the AB BC
wind, the resultant’s magnitude is given by the 22 x 0
Pythagorean theorem: x 5 (22)(1) 2 (22)(0) 5 22
@ R @ 5 "10002 1 1002 22 y 1
>
@ R @ 8 1004.99
> y 5 (22)(23) 2 (3)(1) 5 3
3 z 23
The angle is determined using the tangent ratio: z 5 (3)(0) 2 (22)(23) 5 26
100 22 0
tan /EDF 5 > >
1000 So, AB 3 BC 5 (22, 3, 26) and
/EDF 8 5.7°
@ AB 3 BC @ 5 "(22)2 1 32 1 (26)2
> >
Thus, the resultant velocity is 1004.99 km> h,
N 5.7° W (or W 84.3° N). 5 "49
5. a. The canoeist will travel 200 m across the 57
So, ADABC 5 @ AB 3 BC @ 5 .
1 > > 7
stream, so the total time he will paddle is:
d 2 2
t5 The area of the triangle is 3.50 square units.
rcanoeist
200 m
7.
t5
2.5 m>s 458
t 5 80 s 708
T1
The current is flowing 1.2 m> s downstream, so the T2
distance that the canoeist travels downstream is:
d 5 rcurrent 3 t
d 5 (1.2 m>s)(80 s)
d 5 96 m
So, the canoeist will drift 96 m south. 25 kg
b. In order to arrive directly across stream, the
canoeist must take into account the change in his The system is in equilibrium (i.e. it is not moving),
>
velocity caused by the current. That is, he must so we> know that the horizontal components of T1
initially paddle upstream in a direction such that and T2 are equal:
@ T1 @ sin (45°) 5 @ T2 @ sin (70°)
> >
the resultant velocity is directed straight across
the stream. The resultant velocity:
@ T2 @ 5 @T @
E
> sin (45°) >
2.5 m/s
sin (70°) 1
1.2 m/s
D R F

0 x 1 y 0 2 5 (x 1 y ) ? (x 1 y )
> > > > > > > >
Also, the vertical component of T1 1 T2 must equal
the> gravitational > force on the block: 5 22 1 52 1 (22)2
@ T1 @ cos 45° 1 @ T2 @ cos 70° 5 (25 kg)(9.8 m>s2 ) > >
5 33
> x 2 y 5 (3, 3, 1) 2 (21, 2, 23)
Substituting in for T2, we find that:
@ T1 @ cos 45° 1
> 5 (4, 1, 4)
0 x 2 y 0 5 (x 2 y ) ? (x 2 y )
> >2 > > > >
@ T1 @
> sin 45°
cos 70° 5 (25 kg) (9.8 m>s 2 ) 5 42 1 12 1 42
sin 70° 5 33
@ T1 @ acos 45° 1
> sin 45° Thus, the right side is
cos 70°b 5 245 N
0 x 1 y 0 2 2 0 x 2 y 0 2 5 (33) 2 (33)
sin 70° 1 > > 1 > > 1 1
@ T1 @ (0.9645) 8 245 N
> 4 4 4 4
50
@ T1 @ 8 254.0 N
> So, the equation holds for these vectors.
b. We now verify that the formula holds in general.
So, we can now find We will compute the right side of the equation, but
@ T2 @ 5 @T @
> sin (45°) > we first perform some intermediary computations:
0 x 1 y 0 2 5 (x 1 y ) ? (x 1 y )
sin (70°) 1 > > > > > >
@ T2 @ 8
sin (45°) > > > > > > > >
>
(254.0 N) 5 (x ? x ) 1 (x ? y ) 1 (y ? x ) 1 (y ? y )
> > > > > >
sin (70°) 5 (x ? x ) 1 2(x ? y ) 1 (y ? y )
@ T2 @ 8 191.1 N 0 x 2 y 0 2 5 (x 2 y ) ? (x 2 y )
> > > > > > >
> > > > > >
5 (x ? x ) 1 (x ? 2y ) 1 (2y ? x )
The direction of the tensions are indicated in the > >
1 (2y ? 2y )
diagram. > > > > > >
5 (x ? x ) 2 2(x ? y ) 1 (y ? y )
8. a. We explicitly calculate both sides of the
So, the right side of the equation is:
equation. The left side is:
0 x 1 y 0 2 2 0 x 2 y 0 2 5 (4(x ? y ))
> > 1 > > 1 > > 1 > >
x ? y 5 (3, 3, 1) ? (21, 2, 23)
5 (3)(21) 1 (3)(2) 1 (1)(23) 4 4 4
> >
50 5x?y
We perform a few computations before computing Thus, the equation holds for arbitrary vectors.
the right side:
> >
x 1 y 5 (3, 3, 1) 1 (21, 2, 23)
5 (2, 5, 22)

CHAPTER 8
Equations of Lines and Planes
Review of Prerequisite Skills, Since
> the ratios
> of the components are not equal,
RS and RT are not collinear. So R, S, and T do not
pp. 424– 425 lie on the same line.
3. ABC is a right triangle if its sides, @ AB @ , @ AC @ ,
> >
1. a. (3, 22, 1) 2 (1, 7, 25)
and @ BC @ , satisfy the Pythagorean theorem.
>
5 (3 2 1, 22 2 7, 1 2 (25))
>
5 (2, 29, 6) AB 5 (2, 5, 3) 2 (1, 6, 22)
b. 5(2, 23, 24) 1 3(1, 1, 27) 5 (1, 21, 5)
So @ AB @ 5 "12 1 (21)2 1 52
5 (5 3 2, 5 3 (23), 5 3 (24)) >
1 (3 3 1, 3 3 1, 3 3 (27))
5 (10, 215, 220) 1 (3, 3, 221) 5 "27.
>
5 (13, 212, 241) AC 5 (5, 3, 2) 2 (1, 6, 22)
2. a. The points A, B, and C are> collinear if and 5 (4, 23, 4)
So @ AC @ 5 "42 1 (23)2 1 42
> >
only if the vectors AB and AC are collinear.
>
AB 5 (4, 2) 2 (1, 23) 5 "41.
5 (3, 5) >
> BC 5 (5, 3, 2) 2 (2, 5, 3)
AC 5 (28, 218) 2 (1, 23) 5 (3, 22, 21)
So @ BC @ 5 "32 1 (22)2 1 (21)2
5 (29, 215) >
5 23(3, 5)
> > > > 5 "14.
Since @ AB @ 2 1 @ BC @ 2 5 @ AC @ 2, ABC is a right
So AC 5 23AB, and so AB and AC are collinear. > > >
b. The points J, K, > and L> are collinear if and only
if the vectors JK and JL are collinear. triangle.
> > >
JK 5 (4, 5) 2 (24, 3) 4. The vectors u and v are perpendicular if
> >
5 (8, 2) u ? v 5 0.
> >
> u ? v 5 (t, 21, 3) ? (2, t, 26)
JL 5 (0, 4) 2 (24, 3)
5 2t 1 (21)t 1 3(26)
5 (4, 1)
5 t 2 18
1 > >
5 (8, 2) So if t 5 18, then u ? v 5 0.
>
>2 > > > 5. a. A vector, (t1, t2 ), is perpendicular to a if
So JK 5 12 JL, and so JK and JL are collinear. >
a ? (t1, t2 ) 5 0 and t1 and t2 are not both zero.
c. The points A, B, >
> and C >are collinear if and only a ? (t1, t2 ) 5 (1, 23) ? (t1, t2 )
if the > vectors AB and AC are collinear. 5 1(t1 ) 2 3(t2 )
AB 5 (4, 7, 0) 2 (1, 2, 1) >
So if t1 5 3 and t2 5 1, then a ? (t1, t2 ) 5 0. So
5 (3, 5, 21) (3, 1) is perpendicular to a .
>
> >
AC 5 (7, 12, 21) 2 (1, 2, 1) b. A vector, (t1, t2 ), is perpendicular to b if
5 (6, 10, 22) >
b ? (t1, t2 ) 5 0 and t1 and t2 are not both zero.
5 2(3, 5, 21) >
> > > > b ? (t1, t2 ) 5 (6, 25) ? (t1, t2 )
So AC 5 2AB, and so AB and AC are collinear. 5 6(t1 ) 2 5(t2 )
d. The points R, >S, and T> are collinear if and only >
So if t1 5 5 and t2 5 6, then a ? (t1, t2 ) 5 0. So
if the> vectors RS and RT are collinear.
>
(5, 6) is perpendicular to b.
RS 5 (4, 1, 3) 2 (1, 2, 23) >
c. A vector, (t1, t2, t3 ), is perpendicular to c if
5 (3, 21, 6) >
> c ? (t1, t2, t3 ) 5 0 and t1, t2, t3 are not all zero.
RT 5 (2, 4, 0) 2 (1, 2, 23) >
c ? (t1, t2, t3 ) 5 (27, 24, 0) ? (t1, t2, t3 )
5 (1, 2, 3) 5 27(t1 ) 2 4(t2 ) 1 0(t3 )
>
So if t1 5 24, t2 5 7, and t3 5 0, then 9. a. p 5 (23, 5) 2 (4, 8)
>
c ? (t1, t2, t3 ) 5 0. So (24, 7, 0) is perpendicular 5 (27, 23)
> >
to c . b. p 5 (3, 8) 2 (27, 26)
6. The area of a parallelogram formed by two 5 (10, 14)
>
vectors is determined by the magnitude of the cross c. p 5 (3, 26, 9) 2 (1, 2, 4)
product of the vectors. 5 (2, 28, 5)
>
(4, 10, 9) 3 (3, 1, 22) d. p 5 (0, 5, 0) 2 (4, 0, 24)
5 ((10)(22) 2 (9)(1), (9)(3) 2 (4)(2), 5 (24, 5, 4)
>
(4)(1) 2 (10)(3)) 10. a. p 5 (4, 8) 2 (23, 5)
5 (229, 35, 226) 5 (7, 3)
>
A 5 area of parallelogram b. p 5 (27, 26) 2 (3, 8)
5 0 (229, 35, 226) 0 5 (210, 214)
5 "(229)2 1 352 1 (226)2
>
c. p 5 (1, 2, 4) 2 (3, 26, 9)
5 "2802 >
5 (22, 8, 25)
> >
7. a. a 3 b 5 ((1)(2) 2 (24)(25), (24)(3) d. p 5 (4, 0, 24) 2 (0, 5, 0)
2 (2)(22), (2)(25) 2 (1)(3)) 5 (4, 25, 24)
5 (222, 28, 213) 11. a. The y-intercept occurs when x 5 0.
>
a ? (222, 28, 213) 5 (2)(222) 1 (1)(28) y 5 22x 2 5
1 (24)(213) 5 22(0) 2 5
5 244 2 8 1 52 5 25
50 So the y-intercept is 25. The slope is equal to 22.
>
b ? (222, 28, 213) 5 (3)(222) 1 (25)(28) b. 4x 2 8y 5 8
1 (22)(213) 4(0) 2 8y 5 8
5 266 1 40 1 26 8
y5
50 28
So (222, 28, 213) is a vector perpendicular to 5 21
both> vectors. So the y-intercept is 21. The slope is equal to 48 5 12.
>
b. a 3 b 5 ((22)(0) 2 (0)(21), (0)(22) c. 3x 2 5y 1 1 5 0
2 (21)(0), (21)(21) 2 (22)(22)) 3(0) 2 5y 1 1 5 0
5 (0, 0, 23) So 25y 5 21
>
a ? (0, 0, 23) 5 (21)(0) 1 (22)(0) 1 (0)(23) So the y-intercept is 21 1 3
25 5 5 . The slope is equal to 5 .
50 d. 5x 5 5y 2 15
>
b ? (222, 28, 213) 5(0) 5 5y 2 15
5 (22)(0) 1 (21)(0) 1 (0)(23) So 5y 5 15
50 So the y–intercept is 3. The slope is equal to 55 5 1.
So (0, 0, 23) is a vector perpendicular to both a. –d. 3x – 5y + 1 = 0
vectors. y
6
8. z
y = –2x –5 4
2
C
A D –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 x
–2
–4
4x – 8y = 8
y –6
5x = 5y – 15
12. Any positive scalar multiple of a vector is a
x B collinear vector in the same direction. Answers may
vary. For example:
a. 2(4, 7) 5 (8, 14)
b. 3(25, 4, 3) 5 (215, 12, 9)
8-2 Chapter 8: Equations of Lines and Planes
1 > > > > > > 2. a. Simply find x and y coordinates for three
c. (2i 1 6j 2 4k ) 5 i 1 3j 2 2k values of t. Three possible values are t 5 21, t 5 0,
2 > > > > > >
d. 4(25i 1 8j 1 2k ) 5 220i 1 32j 1 8k and t 5 1. At t 5 21, x 5 1 1 3(21) 5 22 and
> y 5 5 2 2(21) 5 7. At t 5 0, x 5 1 1 3(0) 5 1
13. To simplify v can be written in algebraic
> and y 5 5 2 2(0) 5 5. At t 5 1, x 5 1 1 3(1) 5 4
notation. So v 5 (4, 22, 1)
> > and y 5 5 2 2(1) 5 3. So (22, 7), (1, 5), and
a. u ? v 5 (4)(4) 1 (29)(22) 1 (21)(1)
5 16 1 18 2 1 (4, 3) are three points on the line.
5 33 b. Find the t value when the y-coordinate is 15. So
> solve 15 5 5 2 2t for t.
b. 2v 5 21(4, 22, 1)
5 (24, 2, 21) 22t 5 10
> > t 5 25
So 2v ? u 5 (24)(4) 1 (2)(29) 1 (21)(21)
5 216 2 18 1 1 If t 5 25, the x 5 1 1 3(25) 5 214. So
5 233 P(214, 15) is a point on the line.
> > 3. Answers may vary. For example:
c. u 1 v 5 (4, 29, 21) 1 (4, 22, 1)
5 (8, 211, 0) a. (3, 4) is a point on the line and (2, 1) is a
> > direction vector for the line.
u 2 v 5 (4, 29, 21) 2 (4, 22, 1)
5 (0, 27, 22) b. (1, 3) is a point on the line and (2, 27) is a
> > > > direction vector for the line.
(u 1 v ) ? (u 2 v ) 5 (8)(0) 1 (211)(27)
1 (0)(22) c. (4, 1) is a point on the line and (0, 2) is a direction
5 77 vector for the line.
> > d. (0, 6) is a point on the line and (25, 0) is a
d. u 3 v 5 ((29)(1) 2 (21)(22), (21)(4)
2 (4)(1), (4)(22) 2 (29)(4)) direction vector for the line.
5 (211, 28, 28) 4. Answers may vary. For example: One possible >
> >
e. v 3 u is merely the negative of u 3 v .
> > line has A(2, 1) as its origin point and AB as its
> >
So v 3 u 5 2 (211, 28, 28) direction vector, while> another has B(23, 5) as its
5 (11, 8, 228) origin point and BA as its direction vector.
>
> > AB 5 (23, 5) 2 (2, 1) 5 (25, 4)
f. 2u 1 v 5 2(4, 29, 21) 1 (4, 22, 1) >
5 (8, 218, 22) 1 (4, 22, 1) So the first case is r 5 (2, 1) 1 t(25, 4), tPR.
>
5 (12, 220, 21) BA 5 (2, 1) 2 (23, 5) 5 (5, 24)
> > >
u 2 2v 5 (4, 29, 21) 2 2(4, 22, 1) The second case is q 5 (23, 5) 1 s(5, 24), sPR.
5 (4, 29, 21) 2 (8, 24, 2) 5. a. Find the t value when the y-coordinate is 18.
5 (24, 25, 23) So solve 18 5 4 1 2t for t.
> > > > 2t 5 14
(2u 1 v ) 3 (u 2 2v ) 5 ((220)(23) 2 (21)(25),
(21)(24) 2 (12)(23), t57
(12)(25) 2 (220)(24)) If t 5 7, the x 5 22 2 7 5 29. So R(29, 18) is a
5 (55, 40, 2140) point on the line.
14. The dot product of two vectors yields a real b. Answers may vary. For example: A directional
number, while the cross product of two vectors vector for the line is (21, 2). Since R(29, 18) is a
gives another vector. point on the line, a possible vector equation is
>
r 5 (29, 18) 1 t(21, 2), tPR.
c. Answers may vary. For example: We may take
8.1 Vector and Parametric t 5 0 to find another point on the line. So
x 5 22 2 0 5 22 and y 5 4 1 2(0) 5 4. Hence
Equations of a Line in R2, pp. 433–434 (22, 4) is a point on the line. So another vector
>
1. Direction vectors for a line are unique only up to equation is r 5 (22, 4) 1 t(21, 2), tPR.
scalar multiplication. So since each of the given 6. Answers may vary. For example:
vectors is just a scalar multiple of ( 13, 16) each is an a. Three different s values will yield three
acceptable direction vectors for the line. different points on the line. If s 5 21, then

s(3, 4) 5 (23, 24). If s 5 0, then s(3, 4) 5 (0, 0) So if t1 5 5 and t2 5 23, then (3, 5) ? (t1, t2 ) 5 0.
and if s 5 1, then s(3, 4) 5 (3, 4). Hence (23, 24), So an equation for a line with (5, 23) as a direction
>
(0, 0), and (3, 4) are three points on the line. vector and P(2, 0) as a line is r 5 (2, 0) 1 t(5, 23),
> tPR.
b. r 5 t(1, 1), tPR is a line that passes through the
origin different from the line in part a. b. The line intersects the y-axis when the x coordinate
c. If t 5 23, then (9, 12) 1 t(3, 4) 5 (0, 0). So is zero. The x coordinate is zero, when 2 1 5t 5 0, or
> t 5 20.4. The y coordinate at this point is 0 1 3t or
r 5 (9, 12) 1 t(3, 4), tPR, is a line that passes
through the origin with a direction vector of (3, 4). y 5 21.2. So the line intersects the y-axis at the point
Hence this describes the same line as part a. (0, 21.2).
7. One can multiply a direction vector by a constant 11. The line crosses the x-axis, when y 5 0, so
to keep the same line, but multiplying the point 8 1 s 5 0, or s 5 28. So the x coordinate at this
yields a different line. point is x 5 210 2 2(28) 5 6. The line crosses
8. a. y the y-axis, when x 5 0, so 210 2 2s 5 0, or
10 s 5 25. So the y coordinate at this point is
R(0, 9) y 5 8 1 (25) 5 3. So the triangle formed by the
8
Q(0, 7) origin, A(6, 0), and B(0, 3) is a right triangle with a
6
base of six units and a height of three units. So the
4
area is 12 (3)(6) 5 9.
2
x 12. >First all the relevant vectors are found.
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 AB 5 ((1, 2) 1 1(22, 3)) 2 ((1, 2) 1 0(22, 3))
–2 5 (22, 3)
>
> AC 5 ((1, 2) 1 2(22, 3)) 2 ((1, 2) 1 0(22, 3))
b. QR is a possible direction vector for this line 5 (24, 6)
and Q (0, 7) is a point on the line. >
> AD 5 ((1, 2) 1 3(22, 3)) 2 ((1, 2) 1 0(22, 3))
QR 5 (0, 9) 2 (0, 7) 5 (0, 2) 5 (26, 9)
So a vector equation for the line is > >
> a. AC 5 (24, 6) 5 2(22, 3) 5 2AB
r 5 (0, 7) 1 t(0, 2), tPR. The corresponding > >
parametric equation is x 5 0, y 5 7 1 2t, tPR. b. AD 5 (26, 9) 5 3(22, 3) 5 3AB
> 2 2 >
9. a. y c. AC 5 (24, 6) 5 (26, 9) 5 AD
10 3 3
8 13. a. Find the t values such that x and y coordinates
6 N(9, 5) satisfy x 2 1 y 2 5 169 or similarly x 2 1 y 2 2 169 5 0.
4
x 2 1 y 2 2 169 5 (2 1 t)2 1 (9 1 t)2 2 169
M(4, 5)
5 4 1 4t 1 t 2 1 81 1 18t
2
x 1 t 2 2 169
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 5 t 2 1 11t 2 42
–2
5 (t 2 3)(t 1 14)
2 2
> So x 1 y 2 169 5 0, when t 5 3 or t 5 214. Let
b. MN is a possible direction vector for this line A be the point where t 5 3. So x coordinate of A
and M (4, 5) is a point on the line. is 2 1 3 5 5, and the y coordinate is 9 1 3 5 12.
>
MN 5 (9, 5) 2 (4, 5) 5 (5, 0) Let B be the point where t 5 214. So x coordinate
So a vector equation for the line is of B is 2 2 14 5 212, and the y coordinate is
> 9 2 14 5 25. So A is (5, 12) and B is (212, 25)
r 5 (4, 5) 1 t(5, 0), tPR. The corresponding >
parametric equation is x 5 4 1 5t, y 5 5, tPR. b. AB 5 (212, 25) 2 (5, 12) 5 (217, 217) and
hence the length of AB 5 @ AB @
>
10. a. A line perpendicular to L would have a
5 "(217)2 1 (217)2
direction vector that is perpendicular to the direction
vector of L. (t1, t2 ) is perpendicular to (3, 5) if
(3, 5) ? (t1, t2 ) 5 0 and t1 and t2 are not both zero. 5 "578, or about 24.04
(3, 5) ? (t1, t2 ) 5 3(t1 ) 1 5(t2 )

14. In the parametric form, the second equation 3. a. A direction vector parallel to the line is (8, 7),
becomes x 5 1 1 6t, y 5 6 1 4t, tPR. If t is solved and if x 5 0, then y 5 26. So (0, 26) is a point on
x21 y26 the line. So a vector equation for the line is
for in this equation, we obtain t 5 and t 5 . >
6 4 r 5 (0, 26) 1 t(8, 7), tPR. The corresponding
parametric equation is x 5 8t, y 5 26 1 7t, tPR.
Setting these two expressions equal to each other,
b. A direction vector parallel to the line is (2, 3),
x215y26
the line is described by , or by and if x 5 0, then y 5 5. So (0, 5) is a point on the
6 4
2 2
simplifying, y 2 6 5 3x 2 3. So the second line. So a vector equation for the line is
>
r 5 (0, 5) 1 t(2, 3), tPR. The corresponding
equation describes a line with a slope of 23. If y is parametric equation is x 5 2t, y 5 5 1 3t, tPR.
solved for in the first expression, we see that c. The equation y 5 21 describes a horizontal line
y 5 23x 1 5. (1, 6) is on the second line but not the in the xy-plane, so a direction vector parallel to
first. Hence both equations are lines with slope of 23 this line is (1, 0). Also (0, 21) is a point on
with no point in common and must be parallel. this line, so a vector equation for the line is
>
r 5 (0, 21) 1 t(1, 0), tPR, which gives a
8.2 Cartesian Equation of a Line, parametric equation of x 5 t, y 5 21, tPR.
d. The equation x 5 4 describes a vertical line in
pp. 443–444 the xy-plane, so a direction vector parallel to this
>
1. a. m 5 (6, 25) is a direction vector parallel to line is (0, 1). Also (4, 0) is a point on this line, so a
>
the line. vector equation for the line is r 5 (4, 0) 1 t(0, 1),
b. For a vector perpendicular to the line, a suitable tPR, which gives a parametric equation of x 5 4,
> > > >
n has to be found, such that m ? n 5 0. n 5 (5, 6) y 5 t, tPR.
is a such a vector. 4. If the two lines have direction vectors that are
c. If x 5 0, then y 5 9, so (0, 9) is a point on the collinear and share a point in common, then the two
given line. lines are coincident. In this example, both have
d. A direction vector was found in part a., so a (3, 2) as a parallel direction vector and both have
vector equation for a parallel line passing through (24, 0) as a point on the line. Hence the two lines
>
A (7, 9) is r 5 (7, 9) 1 t(6, 25), tPR. The are coincident.
corresponding parametric equation is x 5 7 1 6t, 5. a. The normal vectors for the lines are (2, 23)
y 5 9 2 5t, tPR. and (4, 26), which are collinear. Since in two
e. A direction vector was found in part b., so a dimensions, any two direction vector perpendicular
vector equation for a perpendicular line passing to (2, 23) are collinear, the lines have collinear
>
through B(22, 1) is r 5 (22, 1) 1 t(5, 6), tPR. direction vectors. Hence the lines are parallel.
The corresponding parametric equation is b. The lines will be coincident if they share a
x 5 22 1 5t, y 5 1 1 6t, tPR. common point. (0, 2) is a point in the first
2. a.-b. y line. So the lines are coincident if and only if
10 4(0) 2 6(2) 1 k 5 0, or equivalently k 5 12.
8 So only if k 5 12, are the lines coincident.
6 6. Since the normal vector is (4, 5), the Cartesian
q equation of the line is 4x 1 5y 1 k 5 0, for some
4 r
2 constant k. Since A(21, 5) is a point on the graph,
x 4(21) 1 5(5) 1 k 5 0.
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 So k 5 4 2 25 5 221.
–2
So the equation of the line is 4x 1 5y 2 21 5 0.
c. Switching the components of the direction 7. So the slope of this line is equal to 22422 (23)
5
5 21.
vector with the coordinates of the point on the line Hence the equation for the line satisfies
y25
produces a different line. 5 21, or by multiplying both sides by
x 2 (23)

x 2 (23), y 2 5 5 21(x 1 3). Moving everything 0 (2, 1) 0 5 "5. So the acute angle is
the left hand side yields y 2 5 1 x 1 3 5 0, or
x 1 y 2 2 5 0, which is the equation in Cartesian
cos21( !208 !5) 8 37°.
form. e. (2, 25) ? (24, 1) 5 213, 0 (2, 25) 0 5 "29,
8. So the directional vector of the line is collinear and 0 (24, 1) 0 5 "17. So the acute angle is
with the normal vector (2, 24), and so has slope cos21( !2913!17) 8 54°.
equal to 22. Furthermore P(7, 2) is a point on the
f. x 5 3 has a direction vector of (0, 1) and the
line. Hence the equation for the line satisfies
y22 direction vector for the second line is (2, 1).
(0, 1) ? (2, 1) 5 1, 0 (0, 1) 0 5 "1, and
5 22, or by multiplying both sides by x 2 7,
x27
0 (2, 1) 0 5 "5. So the acute angle is
y 2 2 5 22(x 2 7). Moving everything to the
left side yields y 2 2 1 2x 2 14 5 0, or
2x 1 y 2 16 5 0, which is the equation in cos21( !11!5) 8 63°.
Cartesian form. 11. a. y
9. a. y 6
6 4
4 2
x
2
x –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2
–4 b. The normal vectors are (1, 23) and (1, 2).
–6 (1, 23) ? (1, 2) 5 25, 0 (1, 23) 0 5 "10, and
b. First solve for t in both coordinates. So t 5 3 2 x 0 (1, 2) 0 5 "5. So the acute angle is
and t 5
y12
. Then set these two sides equal to cos21( !105 !5) 5 45° and the obtuse angle is
24
y12 180°245° 5 135°.
each other to obtain 3 2 x 5 , or simply 12. a. Let the coordinates of C be (x, y). They must
24
24(3 2 x) 5 y 1 2. So 212 1 4x 5 y 1 2 or satisfy the equation (x, y) 5 (26, 6) 1 t(3, 24).
4x 2 y 2 14 5 0. Rewrite this equation in Cartesian form. The slope
10. The acute angle
> of the intersection between two is m 5 2 43. The equation is of the form
>
vectors a and b is found by taking the
> inverse y 5 2 43 x 1 b. Substitute (26, 6) into the equation
>
a?b to solve for b.
cosine of the absolute value of > >.
@a @ @b@ 4
6 5 2 (26) 1 b
a. (2, 25) ? (24, 21) 5 23, 0 (2, 25) 0 5 "29, 3
and 0 (24, 21) 0 5 "17. So the acute angle is 6581b
22 5 b
cos21( !293!17) 8 82°. The equation of the line is y 5 2 43 x 2 2. >
b. (25, 4) ? (1, 26) 5 229, 0 (25, 4) 0 5 "41, and
>
If C is the vertex of the right triangle, CA and CB
0 (1, 26) 0 5 "37. So the acute angle is must be perpendicular, meaning that their dot
cos21( !4129!37) 8 42°. product
> must be 0.
CA 5 (23 2 x, 2 2 y)
c. The direction vector for the first line is (2, 1) and >
a direction vector for the second is (4, 23). CB 5 (8 2 x, 4 2 y)
> >
(2, 1) ? (4, 23) 5 5, 0 (2, 1) 0 5 "5, and CA ? CB 5 (23 2 x)(8 2 x) 1 (2 2 y)(4 2 y)
0 (4, 23) 0 5 "25. So the acute angle is
(23 2 x)(8 2 x) 1 (2 2 y)(4 2 y) 5 0
So 224 2 5x 1 x2 1 8 2 6y 1 y2 5 0.
cos21( !255 !5) 8 63°. Substitute 2 43 x 2 2 for y.
d. A direction vector for the second line is (2, 1).
(2, 4) ? (2, 1) 5 8, 0 (2, 4) 0 5 "20, and

224 2 5x 1 x 2 1 8 2 6y 1 y 2 5 0 14. The normal vector for the first line is (1, 21)
and (1, k) for the second. (1, 21) ? (1, k) 5 1 2 k,
216 2 5x 1 x 2 2 6a2 x 2 2b 1 a2 x 2 2b 5 0
2
4 4
3 3 0 (1, 21) 0 5 "2, and 0 (1, k) 0 5 "1 1 k 2.
12k
16 16 So cos (60°) 5 and cos (60°) 5 0.5. We
216 2 5x 1 x 2 1 8x 1 12 1 x 2 1 x 1 4 5 0 !2 !1 1 k 2
9 3 1 2 2k 1 k 2
25 2 16 obtain after squaring both sides that 2(1 1 k 2 ) 5 14.
x 1 3x 1 x 5 0
9 3 So 2 2 4k 1 2k 2 5 1 1 k 2 or simply
2
25x 1 75x 5 0 k 2 2 4k 1 1 5 0. Solving by the quadratic equation
25x(x 1 3) 5 0 gives k 5 2 6 "3.
So x 5 0 or x 5 23.
When x 5 0, y 5 22. 8.3 Vector, Parametric, and Symmetric
When x 5 23, y 5 2. But then C would have the Equations of a Line in R3, pp. 449–450
same coordinates as A. This would not produce a
right triangle. So the coordinates of C are (0, 22). 1. a. A point on this line is (23, 1, 8).
b. y
b. A point on this line is (1, 21, 3).
10 c. A point on this line is (22, 1, 3).
8 d. A point on this line is (22, 23, 1).
e. A point on this line is (3, 22, 21).
6
B(8, 4)
f. A point on this line is (13, 2 34, 25).
A(–3, 2) 4
2 2. a. A direction vector is (21, 1, 9).
x b. A direction vector is (2, 1, 21).
–2 0 2 4 6
–2 C(0, –2) c. A direction vector is (3, 24, 21).
–4 d. A direction vector is (21, 0, 2).
e. A direction vector is (0, 0, 2).
f. A direction vector is (12, 2 14, 12), which if multiplied
>
c. CA 5 (23 2 0, 2 2 (22))
5 (23, 4) by the least common denominator, 4, yields a vector
> of (2, 21, > 2).
CB 5 (8 2 0, 4 2 (22))
3. a. AB 5 (3, 23, 5) 2 (21, 2, 4) 5 (4, 25, 1)
5 (8, 6)
> > is a> direction vector, as well as
CA ? CB 5 (23)(8) 1 (4)(6) BA 5 (21, 2, 4) 2 (3, 23, 5) 5 (24, 5, 21). So
>
5 224 1 24 r 5 (21, 2, 4) 1 t(4, 25, 1), tPR, is one possible
>
50 vector equation q 5 (3, 23, 5) 1 s(24, 5, 21),
Since the dot product of the vectors is 0, the vectors sPR is another.
are perpendicular, and /ACB 5 90°. b. The parametric equation corresponding with the
13. The sum of the interior angles of a quadrilateral first vector equation is x 5 21 1 4t, y 5 2 2 5t,
is 360°. The normals make 90° angles with their z 5 4 1 t, tPR. The second parametric equation is
respective lines at A and C. The angle of the x 5 3 2> 4s, y 5 23 1 5s, z 5 5 2 s, sPR.
quadrilateral at B is 180° 2 u. Let x represent the 4. a. AB 5 (2, 5, 24) 2 (21, 5, 24) 5 (3, 0, 0).
measure of the interior angle of the quadrilateral So (3, 0, 0) is a direction vector for the equation,
at O. and so (1, 0, 0) may be used as the direction vector.
>
90° 1 90° 1 180° 2 u 1 x 5 360° Hence r 5 (21, 5, 4) 1 t(1, 0, 0), tPR, is a vector
360° 2 u 1 x 5 360° equation for a line containing the points
x5u A(A21, 5, 24) and B(2, 5, 24).
Therefore, the angle between the normals is the b. The corresponding parametric equation is
same as the angle between the lines. x 5 21 1 t, y 5 5, z 5 24, tPR.
c. Since two of the coordinates in the direction
vector are zero, a symmetric equation cannot exist.

>
5. a. So r 5 (21, 2, 1) 1 t(3, 22, 1), tPR, is a tPR. So the first line has a direction vector of
vector equation for the line and the corresponding (1, 21, 1). The second line is given by
parametric equation is x 5 21 1 3t, y 5 2 2 2t, x17 y 2 11
5 21 (5s), z 5 5. If x and y are solved
z 5 1 1 t, tPR. So the symmetric equation is 1
x11 y22 z21 for in terms of s, x 5 27 1 s, and y 5 11 2 s are
5 5 . obtained. So the parametric equation for the second
3 > 22 1
b. AB 5 (21, 2, 1) 2 (21, 1, 0) 5 (0, 1, 1) line is x 5 27 1 s, y 5 11 2 s, z 5 5, sPR, and
is a direction vector for the line. So so has a direction vector of (1, 21, 0).
>
r 5 (21, 1, 0) 1 t(0, 1, 1), tPR is a vector b. (1, 21, 1) ? (1, 21, 0)
equation for the line and the corresponding parametric 5 1(1) 2 1(21) 1 0(1) 5 2. 0 (1, 21, 0) 0 5 "2
equation is x 5 21, y 5 1 1 t, z 5 t, tPR. So the
y21 z
and 0 (1, 21, 1) 0 5 "3. So the angle between the
symmetric equation is 5 1, x 5 21.
>
1 two lines is cos21( !22!3) 8 35.3°.
c. MN 5 (22, 4, 7) 2 (22, 22, 1) 5 (0, 26, 26) 7. The directional vector of the first line is
is a direction vector for the line. Since (8, 2, 22) 5 22(24, 21, 1). So (24, 21, 1) is a
(0, 26, 26) 5 26(0, 1, 1), (0, 1, 1) is also a directional vector for the first line as well. Since
direction vector for this line. So (24, 21, 1) is also the directional vector of the
>
r 5 (22, 3, 0) 1 t(0, 1, 1), tPR is a vector equation second line, the lines are the same if the lines share
for the line and the corresponding parametric equation a point. (1, 1, 3) is a point on the second line. Since
is x 5 22, y 5 3 1 t, z 5 t, tPR. So the
1 5 1 18 7 5 1 12 1 5 3 22
2 5
, (1, 1, 3) is a point on the
y23 z
symmetric equation is 5 1, x 5 22. first line as well. Hence the lines are the same.
1
> 8. a. The line that passes through (0, 0, 3) with a
d. DE 5 (21, 1, 0) 2 (21, 0, 0) 5 (0, 1, 0) directional vector of (23, 1, 26) is given by the
is a direction vector for the line. So parametric equation is x 5 23t, y 5 t, z 5 3 2 6t,
>
r 5 (21, 0, 0) 1 t(0, 1, 0), tPR is a vector equation tPR. So the y coordinate is equal to 22 only when
for the line and the corresponding parametric equation t 5 22. At t 5 22, x 5 23(22) 5 6 and
is x 5 21, y 5 t, z 5 0, tPR. Since two of the z 5 3 2 6(22) 5 15. So A(6, 22, 15) is a point
coordinates in the direction vector are zero, there is on the line. So the y coordinate is equal to 5 only
no symmetric
> equation for this line. when t 5 5. At t 5 5, x 5 23(5) 5 215 and
e. XO 5 (24, 3, 0) 2 (0, 0, 0) 5 (24, 3, 0) is a z 5 3 2 6(5) 5 227. So B(215, 5, 227) is a
>
direction vector for the line. So r 5 t(24, 3, 0), point on the line.
tPR is a vector equation for the line and the b. Since the point A occurs when t 5 22, and point
corresponding parametric equation is x 5 24t, B occurs when t 5 5, the line segment connecting
y 5 3t, z 5 0, tPR. So the symmetric equation is the two points is precisely all the t values between
x y
5 3, z 5 0. 22 and 5. So the equation is x 5 23t, y 5 t,
24
f. The direction vector for the z-axis is (0, 0, 1), so z 5 3 2 6t, 22 # t # 5.
a line parallel to the z-axis has (0, 0, 1) as a direction 9. The direction vector for the first line is
> (k, 2, k 2 1) and for the second line is (22, 0, 1).
vector. So r 5 (1, 2, 4) 1 t(0, 0, 1), tPR is a vector
equation for the line and the corresponding parametric The lines are perpendicular precisely when
equation is x 5 1, y 5 2, z 5 4 1 t, tPR. Since two (k, 2, k 2 1) ? (22, 0, 1) 5 0. So
of the coordinates in the direction vector are zero, (k, 2, k 2 1) ? (22, 0, 1)
there is no symmetric equation for this line. 5 22(k) 1 0(2) 1 1(k 2 1) 5 2k 2 1. So if
k 5 21, then (k, 2, k 2 1) ? (22, 0, 1) 5 0, and
6. a. So the first line is given by
x 1 6 5 y 2 10 5 z 2 7 (5t)
the lines are perpendicular.
1 21 1
. If x, y, and z are 10. a. Three different points occur at three different
solved for in terms of t, the corresponding parametric values of t. At t 5 21, the corresponding point on
equations is x 5 26 1 t, y 5 10 2 t, z 5 7 1 t, the line is (4, 22, 5) 2 (24, 26, 8) 5 (8, 4, 23).
At t 5 1, the corresponding point on the line is

(4, 22, 5) 1 (24, 26, 8) 5 (0, 28, 13). The point For part b. the corresponding vector equation is
>
at the origin is (4, 22, 5). r 5 (24, 2, 9) 1 s(5, 21, 26), sPR. The
b. Three different points occur at three different corresponding symmetric equation is
values of s. At s 5 21, the corresponding point on x14 y22 z29
the line is when x 5 24 1 5(21) 5 29, 5 21 5 26 .
5
y 5 2 2 (21) 5 3, and z 5 9 2 6(21) 5 15. At For part c. the point at the origin is (21, 2, 0) and the
s 5 1, the corresponding point on the line is when direction vector is (3, 21, 4). So the corresponding
x 5 24 1 5(1) 5 1, y 5 2 2 (1) 5 1, and >
vector equation is r 5 (21, 2, 0) 1 t(3, 21, 4) tPR,
z 5 9 2 6(1) 5 3. So (29, 3, 15) and (1, 1, 3) are and parametric equation x 5 21 1 3t, y 5 2 2 t,
two points on the line. The point at the origin is z 5 4t, tPR.
(24, 2, 9). For part d. the point at the origin is (24, 2, 3) and a
c. x 1 1 5 y 2 2 5 z is actually equal to direction vector is (0, 3, 5). So the corresponding
>
3 21 4 vector equation is r 5 (24, 2, 3) 1 t(0, 3, 5), tPR,
x 1 1 5 y 2 2 5 z ( 5 t),
for any tPR. So we can and parametric equation x 5 24, y 5 2 1 3t,
3 21 4
z 5 3 1 5t, tPR.
pick different t values to obtain different points on 12. The direction vector of the first line is
the lines. At t 5 21, the corresponding point on the (24, 27, 3) and the direction vector of the second
line is found by solving for x, y, and z, in the line is (3, 2, 4). The cross product of these two
x11 y22 z
equation 5 21 5 4 (5 21). So vectors gives a vector that is perpendicular to both
3
direction vectors.
x 5 (21)3 2 1 5 24, y 5 (21)(21) 1 2 5 3,
(24, 27, 3) 3 (3, 2, 4)
and z 5 (21)4 5 24. So (24, 3, 24) is a point on 5 ((27)4 2 (3)2, (3)3 2 (24)4, (24)2 2 (27)3)
the line. At t 5 1 and solving for x, y, and z, in the 5 (228 2 6, 9 1 16, 28 1 21)
x11 y22 z
equation 5 21 5 4 (51), yields 5 (234, 25, 13)
3
x 5 (1)3 2 1 5 2, y 5 (1)(21) 1 2 5 1, and So a line with a direction vector of (234, 25, 13) is
z 5 (1)4 5 4. So (2, 1, 4) is a point on the line. perpendicular to the two initial lines. A parametric
Also the point at the origin is (21, 2, 0). equation of such a line passing through the point
y225z23 (2, 25, 0) is x 5 2 2 34t, y 5 25 1 25t, z 5 13t,
d. x 5 24,3 5
is actually equal to tPR.
y22 z23 13. Since x 5 10 1 2s, y 5 5 1 s, and z 5 2, if
x 5 24, 3 5 5 (5t), for any tPR. So we
x 2 1 y 2 1 z 2 5 9, then (10 1 2s)2 1 (5 1 s)2 1
can pick different t values to obtain different points (2)2 5 9 or equivalently (10 1 2s)2 1 (5 1 s)2 1
on the lines. At t 5 21, the corresponding point on (2)2 2 9 5 0.
the line is found by solving for x, y, and z, in the (10 1 2s)2 1 (5 1 s)2 1 (2)2 2 9
y22 z23
equation x 5 24, 3 5 5 (5 21). So 5 5s2 1 50s 1 120
5 5(s 1 6)(s 1 4).
x 5 24, y 5 (21)(3) 1 2 5 21, and So if x 2 1 y 2 1 z 2 5 9, then s 5 26 or s 5 24.
z 5 (21)5 1 3 5 22. So (24, 21, 22) is a point Also if s 5 26 or s 5 24, then x 2 1 y 2 1 z 2 5 9.
on the line. At t 5 1 and solving for x, y, and z, in So the only two points occur at s 5 26 and
y22 z23
the equation x 5 24, 3
5 5 (51), yields s 5 24. At s 5 26, x 5 10 1 2(26) 5 22,
x 5 24, y 5 (1)(3) 1 2 5 5, and y 5 5 1 (26) 5 21, and z 5 2, or (22, 21, 2).
z 5 (1)5 1 3 5 8. So (24, 5, 8) is a point on the At s 5 24, x 5 10 1 2(24) 5 2,
line. Also the point at the origin is (24, 2, 3). y 5 5 1 (24) 5 1, and z 5 2, or (2, 1, 2).
11. For part a. the corresponding parametric 14. Let P1 (4 1 2t, 4 1 t, 23 2 t) and
equation is x 5 4 2 4t, y 5 22 2 6t, z 5 5 1 8t, P2 (22 1 3s, 27 1 2s, 2 2 3s) be two > such points
tPR. The corresponding symmetric equation is for some real numbers s and t. So P1P2 is
x24 y12 z25 perpendicular to the lines L1 and L2, and so since
5 26 5 8 .
24

the direction vectors for the lines
> are (2, 1, 21) and x 5 21. Similarly at x 5 0, 3(0) 1 5y 2 8 5 0, or
(3, 2, 23), respectively, P1P2 ? (2, 1, 21) 5 0 and y 5 85. At x 5 1, 3(1) 1 5y 2 8 5 0, or y 5 55 5 1.
>
P1P2> ? (3, 2, 23) 5 0. So three points on the line are ( 21, 115) , ( 0, 85) ,
P1P2 5 (22 1 3s, 27 1 2s, 2 2 3s) and (1, 1).
2 (4 1 2t, 4 1 t, 23 2 t) x21 y12 z25
d. 5 2 5 1 is actually equal to
5 (26 1 3s 2 2t, 211 1 2s 2 t, 5 2 3s 1 t) 3
> x21 y12 z25
So P1P2 ? (2, 1, 21) 5 2(26 1 3s 2 2t) 1 5 2 5 1 (5 t), for any tPR. So we
3
1(211 1 2s 2 t) 1 (21)(5 2 3s 1 t) 5 can pick different t values to obtain different points
228 1 >11s 2 6t 5 0. on the lines. At t 5 21, the corresponding point on
So P1P2 ? (3, 2, 23) 5 3(26 1 3s 2 2t) 1 the line is found by solving for x, y, and z, in the
2(211 1 2s 2 t) 1 (23)(5 2 3s 1 t) 5 x21 y12 z25
equation 3 5 2 5 1 (5 21). So
255 1 22s 2 > 11t 5 0
So (22)3P1P2 ? (2, 1, 21)4 1 3P1P2 ? (3, 2, 23)4 5
>
x 5 (21)3 1 1 5 22, y 5 (21)2 2 2 5 24, and
22(0) 1 0 5 >0. z 5 (21)1 1 5 5 4. So (22, 24, 4) is a point on
Yet (22)3P1P2 ? (2, 1, 21)4 1 3P1P2 ? (3, 2, 23)4
>
the line. At t 5 1 and solving for x, y, and z, in the
x21 y12 z25
5 (22)(228 1 11s 2 6t) 1 (255 1 22s 2 11t) equation 3 5 2 5 1 (5 1), yields
5 1 1 t. So 1 1 t 5 0, or t 5 21. x 5 (1)3 1 1 5 4, y 5 (1)2 2 2 5 0, and
Since 228 1 11s 2 6t 5 0, z 5 (1)1 1 5 5 6. So (4, 0, 6) is another point on
228 1 11s 2 6(21) 5 0, or 11s 5 22. So s 5 2. the line. Also the point at the origin is (1, 22, 5).
At t 5 21, x 5 4 1 2(21) 5 2, 2. a. The x-intercept occurs when y 5 0, so solve
y 5 4 1 (21) 5 3, and z 5 23 2 (21) 5 22. At for the t values when y 5 0, to find the point. At
s 5 2, x 5 22 1 3(2) 5 4, y 5 27 1 2(2) 5 23, y 5 0, 1 1 5t 5 0, so t 5 21 5 . So
and z 5 2 2 3(2) 5 24. So P1 (2, 3, 22) and 21
P2 (4, 23, 24) are the points that work. x 5 3 2 3( 5 ) 5 ( 5 ) . So the x-intercept is at
18
15. The direction vector for the first line is (2, 1, 0) ( 185, 0) . The y-intercept occurs when x 5 0, or
and the direction vector for the second line is 3 2 3t 5 0. So at the y-intercept, t 5 1. So
(3, 2, 1). (2, 1, 0) ? (3, 2, 1) 5 2(3) 1 1(2) 1 0(1) y 5 1 1 5(1) 5 6. So the y-intercept is at (0, 6).
5 8. 0 (2, 1, 0) 0 5 "5 and 0 (3, 2, 1) 0 5 "14. So b. The x-intercept occurs when y 5 0, so solve for
the angle between the two lines is the s values when y 5 0, to find the point. At y 5 0,
cos21( !58!14) 8 17°. 3 2 2s 5 0, so s 5 23. So x 5 26 1 2( 23) 5 2 143.
So the x-intercept is at ( 2 143, 0) . The y-intercept
Chapter 8 Mid-Chapter Review, occurs when x 5 0, or 26 1 2s 5 0. So at the
pp. 451–452 y-intercept, t 5 3. So y 5 3 2 2(3) 5 23. So the
y-intercept is at (0, 23).
1. a. Any three different t values yield three different 3. The direction vector for the first line is (24, 7)
points. At t 5 21, x 5 2(21) 2 5 5 27, y 5 3 and the direction vector for the second is (2, 1).
(24, 7) ? (2, 1) 5 21, 0 (24, 7) 0 5 "65, and
(21) 1 1 5 22. At t 5 0, x 5 2(0) 2 5 5 25,
y 5 3(0) 1 1 5 1, and at t 5 1, x 5 2(1) 2 5 5 23,
y 5 3(1) 1 1 5 4. So (27, 22), (25, 1), and 0 (2, 1) 0 5 "5. So the angle between the lines is
(23, 4) are three points on the line. cos21( !521 !65 ) 8 93.2°. The acute angle between
b. Pick any three s values. At the lines is approximately 180° 2 93.2° 5 86.8°.
s 5 21, (2, 3) 1 (21)(3, 22) 5 (21, 5). At 4. The direction vector for the x-axis is (1, 0) and the
s 5 0, (2, 3) 1 (0)(3, 22) 5 (2, 3), and at direction vector for the y-axis is (0, 1). The direction
s 5 1, (2, 3) 1 (1)(3, 22) 5 (5, 1). So vector of the line is (4, 25). (4, 25) ? (1, 0) 5 4,
(21, 5), (2, 3), and (5, 1) are three points on the line. 0 (4, 25) 0 5 "41, and 0 (1, 0) 0 5 "1 5 1.
c. Pick three different x values and solve for y to So the angle the line makes with the x-axis is
obtain the three points. At x 5 21, cos21( 1 !41
4
) 8 51°. (4, 25) ? (0, 1) 5 25,
3(21) 1 5y 2 8 5 0, or 5y 5 11. So y 5 115, when

0 (4, 25) 0 5 "41, and 0 (0, 1) 0 5 "1 5 1. So So the symmetric equation of the line with this
the angle the line makes with the y-axis is direction vector and P(3, 24, 6) as an origin point is
x23 z26
cos21( 1 25
!41 ) 8 141°. The acute angle between y 5 24, 1 5 .
!3
them is approximately 180° 2 141° 5 39°. 10. The direction vectors for the x-axis, y-axis, and
5. Since the perpendicular line has (5, 27) as a z-axis are (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), and (0, 0, 1), respectively.
direction vector, (5, 27) is a normal vector for the The origin is a point on each of the axes, so it may
desired line. So a Cartesian equation for this line be taken as the origin point for each equation. So a
is 5x 2 7y 1 C 5 0, for some constant C. C is parametric equation for the x-axis is x 5 t, y 5 0,
found by knowing that (4, 23) is a point on the z 5 0, tPR. Similarly a parametric equation for the
line. So 5(4) 2 7(23) 1 C 5 0 or 41 1 C 5 0. y-axis is x 5 0, y 5 t, z 5 0, tPR, and a parametric
Hence C 5 241, and the Cartesian equation is equation for the z-axis is x 5 0, y 5 0, z 5 t, tPR.
5x 2 7y 2 41 5 0. 11. a. The direction vector for the first line is
6. Parallel lines have collinear direction vectors. (k 1 1, 3k 1 1, k 2 3) and the direction vector for
Since the direction vector for the first line is the second line is (23, 210, 25). The lines are
(3, 24, 4), it may also be the direction vector for parallel if and only if the direction vectors are
the desired line. The symmetric equation for this collinear. The vectors are collinear only when one
line having (0, 0, 2) as its origin point is is a multiple of the other, which happens only when
x y z22 the ratio between the coordinates is constant. So
5 24 5 4 .
3 > the direction vectors are parallel if and only if
7. KL 5 (3, 25, 6) 2 (2, 4, 5) 5 (1, 29, 1). Since k11 3k 1 1 k23 k11 3k 1 1
5 210 5 25 . If 23 5 210 , then
parallel lines have collinear direction vectors, 23
(1, 29, 1) may be taken to be the direction vector 210(k 1 1) 5 23(3k 1 1) or
for the parallel line. So the parametric equation with 210k 2 10 5 29k 2 3. So k 5 27. If k 5 27,
(1, 2, 5) as its origin point is x 5 1 1 t, y 5 2 2 9t, k11 3k 1 1
then 23 5 210 5 2, and since 27252 3 5 2 as
z 5 5 1 t, tPR.
8. The direction vector for this line is (2, 28, 7). well, the ratios are a constant. So the lines are
The direction angles are found by finding the angles parallel if k 5 27. The lines are perpendicular if and
this vector makes with the coordinate axes. The only if the dot product of the direction vectors is zero.
direction vectors for the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis (k 1 1, 3k 1 1, k 2 3) ? (23, 210, 25) 5
are (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), and (0, 0, 1), respectively. (k 1 1)(23) 1 (3k 1 1)(210) 1 (k 2 3)(25)
0 (2, 28, 7) 0 5 "22 1 (28)2 1 72 5 "117, and 5 238k 1 2.
0 (1, 0, 0) 0 5 0 (0, 1, 0) 0 5 0 (0, 0, 1) 0 5 "1 5 1. So the dot product is zero when 238k 1 2 5 0,
(2, 28, 7) ? (1, 0, 0) 5 2, so the angle the line or simply k 5 191 . So if k 5 191 , then the lines are
perpendicular.
makes with the x-axis is cos21( 1 !117 2
) 8 79.3°. 12. The x-intercept occurs when y 5 0, so solve for
(2, 28, 7) ? (0, 1, 0) 5 28, so the angle the line
28 the x value when y 5 0, to find the point. At y 5 0,
makes with the y-axis is cos21 ( 1 !117 ) 8 137.7°. x26 0 1 8
(2, 28, 7) ? (0, 0, 1) 5 7, so the angle the line 5 22 5 24, so x 5 (24)3 1 6 5 26. So
3
makes with the z-axis is cos21( 1 !117 7
) 8 49.7°. the x-intercept is at (26, 0). The y-intercept occurs
So the direction angles are approximately 79.3°, y18
when x 5 0. So at the y-intercept, 22 5 0 23 6 5 22,
137.7°, and 49.7°.
so y 5 (22)(22) 2 8 5 24. So the y-intercept
9. If ( a, b, c ) is a unit vector with direction vectors
is at (0, 24). So the triangle with the origin has a
60°, 90°, and 30°, then
cos (60°) 5 (a, b, c) ? (1, 0, 0). Yet cos (60°) 5 12
base of 6 units and a height of 4 units.
Hence the hypotenuse has a length of
"42 1 62 5 "52. So the perimeter is equal to
and (a, b, c) ? (1, 0, 0) 5 a. So a 5 12. Similarly
4 1 6 1 "52 8 17.2 units. The area of the triangle is
cos (90°) 5 (a, b, c) ? (0, 1, 0), so 0 5 b. Also
!3
cos (30°) 5 (a, b, c) ? (0, 0, 1), so 2 5 c. So 1
2 3 4 3 6 5 12.
!3 13. a. Solving the Cartesian equation for y yields
( 1
2, 0, 2 ) is a direction vector for the line, as well as
y 5 234 x 1 6. So the direction of the line is (4, 23)
(1, 0, "3).

and the y-intercept, (0, 6), may be the origin direction vector. Also since the line connecting
point of the line. So a vector equation is (0, 10) and (0, 7) has the origin as a point, the
>
r 5 (0, 6) 1 t(4, 23), tPR. origin may be used as the origin point for the
b. The corresponding parametric equation for the parametric equation. Hence a parametric equation
vector equation in part a. is x 5 4t, y 5 6 2 3t, tPR. for the line is x 5 0, y 5 t, tPR.
c. A direction vector for the x-axis is (1, 0). 17. a. The coordinate planes are x 5 0, y 5 0,
(4, 23) ? (1, 0) 5 4, 0 (4, 23) 0 5 "25 5 5, and and z 5 0. If the x coordinate of the line is zero,
0 (1, 0) 0 5 1. So the angle between the line and the then 12 2 3t 5 0, so t 5 4. So the line intersects
the yz-plane when t 5 4. Since
x-axis is cos21( 45) 8 36.9°. (12, 28, 24) 1 4(23, 4, 2) 5 (0, 8, 4), the line
d. The normal vector for the line is (3, 4), which is intersects the yz-plane at (0, 8, 4). Similarly if the
a vector perpendicular to the line. So a line with the y coordinate of the line is zero, 28 1 4t 5 0, so
origin as its origin point with a direction vector of t 5 2. Since (12, 28, 24) 1 2(23, 4, 2) 5 (6, 0, 0),
>
(3, 4) is r 5 t(3, 4), tPR. the line intersects the xz-plane at (6, 0, 0). If the z
4 2 6 22 1
14. 8 2 (24) 5 12 5 2 6 , is the slope of the line coordinate of the line is zero, t is also 2. Hence the
connecting A(24, 6) and B(8, 4). Since A(24, 6) line intersects the xy-plane at (6, 0, 0).
is a point, the scalar equation can be found from b. Since any line intersecting a coordinate axis
y26 intersects two coordinate planes at the same point,
x 2 (24)
5 2 16. So 6(y 2 6) 5 21(x 1 4),
the only possible points for intersection with an axis
which
> gives x 1 6y 2 32 5 0 as the scalar equation. are (0, 8, 4) and (6, 0, 0). (0, 8, 4) does not lie on a
AB 5 (8, 4) 2 (24, 6) 5 (12, 22) is a direction coordinate axis, but (6, 0, 0) lies on the x-axis. So
vector for the line and we may take A(24, 6) to be the line intersects the x-axis at (6, 0, 0).
the origin point for the line. So a vector equation for
>
the line is r 5 (24, 6) 1 t(12, 22), tPR. The c. z
corresponding parametric equation is x 5 24 1 12t,
y 5 6 2 2t, tPR. 5 (0, 8, 4)
15. The direction vector for the given line is
(2, 24). So a vector (t1, t2 ), is normal to (2, 24) if
(2, 24) ? (t1, t2 ) 5 0 and t1 and t2 are not both zero. y
5 10
(2, 24) ? (t1, t2 ) 5 2(t1 ) 2 4(t2 )
So if t1 5 2 and t2 5 1, then (2, 24) ? (t1, t2 ) 5 0.
5
So (2, 1) is normal to the line. Since 0 (2, 1) 0 5 "5, (6, 0, 0)
!5 (2, 1) 5 ( !5 , !5 ) is a unit vector normal to the
1 2 1
given line. x
16. a. Since the slope is 2 23, a direction vector for
18. a. Choose P0 to be the origin point for the
the line is (3, 22). A parametric equation with an
equations. So the vector equation is
origin point of (25, 10) is x 5 25 1 3t, >
r 5 (1, 22, 8) 1 t(25, 22, 1), tPR. The
y 5 10 2 2t, tPR.
corresponding parametric equation is x 5 1 2 5t,
b. The direction vector for the given line is
y 5 22 2 2t, z 5 8 1 t, tPR, and the symmetric
(2, 22). A vector, (t1, t2 ), perpendicular to (2, 22) x21 y12 z28
satisfies (2, 22) ? (t1, t2 ) 5 0 and t1 and t2 are not equation is 25 5 22 5 1 .
both zero. (2, 22) ? (t1, t2 ) 5 2(t1 ) 2 2(t2 ) b. Choose P0 to be the origin point for the equations.
>
So if t1 5 1 and t2 5 1, then (2, 24) ? (t1, t2 ) 5 0. So the vector equation is r 5 (3, 6, 9) 1 (2, 4, 6),
So (1, 1) is a direction vector for a line perpendicular tPR. The corresponding parametric equation is
to the given line. A parametric equation for this x 5 3 1 2t, y 5 6 1 4t, z 5 9 1 6t, tPR, and the
perpendicular line with an origin point of (1, 21) x23 y26 z29
symmetric equation is 2 5 4 5 6 .
is x 5 1 1 t, y 5 21 1 t, tPR.
c. Choose P0 to be the origin point for the equations.
c. A direction vector for the line is >
So the vector equation is r 5 (0, 0, 6) 1 t(21, 5, 1),
(0, 10) 2 (0, 7) 5 (0, 3). So we may use (0, 1) as a
tPR. The corresponding parametric equation is

x 5 2t, y 5 5t, z 5 6 1 t, tPR, and the symmetric c. The resulting equation of the plane using the two
x y z26 new direction vectors is:
equation is 555 1 . >
21 r 5 (2, 1, 3) 1 s(4, 224, 9) 1 t(1, 22, 5), t, sPR
d. Choose P0 to be the origin point for the equations.
> 3. a. By inspection, if we choose n 5 m 5 0, we
So the vector equation is r 5 (2, 0, 0) 1 t(0, 0, 22),
get the point (0, 0, 21).
tPR. The corresponding parametric equation is
b. Collecting the vector components of the n, and
x 5 2, y 5 0, z 5 22t, tPR. Since the direction
m, multiples we can rewrite the equation of the
vector has two zero coordinates, there is no symmetric
plane in vector form as:
equation for this line. >
r 5 (0, 0, 21) 1 m(2, 23, 23) 1 n(0, 5, 22);
19. A line parallel to the line connecting the points
m, nPR
(24, 5, 6) and (6, 25, 4) has a direction vector of
Thus our direction vectors are:
(6, 25, 4) 2 (24, 5, 6) 5 (10, 210, 22). Since
(2, 23, 23) and (0, 5, 22)
collinear vectors of (10, 210, 22) are also direction >
c. r 5 (0, 0, 21) 1 m(2, 23, 23) 1 n(0, 5, 22);
vectors for the line, (5, 25, 21) is a direction vector.
m, nPR
So the vector equation for a line with a direction
Letting m 5 21 and n 5 24 we get:
vector of (5, 25, 21) passing through the origin is >
> r 5 (0, 0, 21) 1 (21)(2, 23, 23) 1 (24)
r 5 t(5, 25, 21), tPR.
(0, 5, 22)
20. The midpoint between (2, 6, 10) and (24, 4, 28)
5 (0, 0, 21) 1 (22, 3, 3) 1 (0, 220, 8)
is precisely 12 3(2, 6, 10) 1 (24, 4, 28)4 5 (21, 5, 1). 5 (22, 217, 10)
The line connecting the midpoint and the given point >
d. Letting r 5 A(0, 15, 17)
has a direction vector of A(0, 15, 27) 5 (0, 0, 21) 1 m(2, 23, 23)
(0, 28, 1) 2 (21, 5, 1) 5 (1, 213, 0). So the 1 n(0, 5, 22)
parametric equations of the line through the desired We get the following parametric equations:
points is x 5 t, y 5 28 2 13t, z 5 1, tPR. 0 5 0 1 2m 1 0n;
21. The direction vector for the first line is (1, 3, 25), 0 5 m.
and the direction vector for the second line is 15 5 0 1 (23)m 1 5n
(23, 29, 15) 5 23(1, 3, 25). So the direction 15 5 5n
vectors are collinear. The direction vectors are 3 5 n.
collinear if and only if the lines are parallel, so the 27 5 21 2 3m 2 2n; for m 5 0 and n 5 3 we get:
equations describe parallel lines. 27 5 21 2 3(0) 2 2(3)
22. Since 7 23 4 5 21 11 2 5 8 22 6 5 1, the point 27 5 27
(7, 21, 8) lies on the line. So our solution is m 5 0 and n 5 3.
e. For the point B(0, 15, 28) the first two parametric
8.4 Vector and Parametric Equations equations are the same; yielding m 5 0 and n 5 3,
however the third equation would then give:
of a Plane, pp. 459–460 28 5 21 2 3m 2 2n
1. a. plane; This is a vector equation of a plane in R3. 28 5 21 2 3(0) 2 2(3)
b. line; This is a vector equation of a line in R3. 28 5 27 which is not true. So there can be no
c. line; This is a parametric equation for a line in R3. solution.
d. plane; This is a parametric equation of a plane in 4. a. P(22, 3, 1), Q(22, 3, 2), R(1, 0, 1)
> >
R3 using (0, 0, 0) as r 0. PQ 5 Q 2 P 5 (22 2 (22), 3 2 3, 2 2 1)
2. a. The first direction vector can be expressed
> 5 (0, 0, 1)
with integers as follows: PR 5 R 2 P 5 (1 2 (22), 0 2 3, 1 2 1)
a , 22, b 3 12 5 (4, 224, 9).
1 3 5 (3, 23, 0)
>
3 4 r 5> (22, 3, 1) 1 t(0, 0, 1) 1 s(3, 23, 0)
b. The second direction vector can be reduced as b. QR 5 R 2 Q 5 (1 2 (22), 0 2 3, 1 2 2)
follows: 5 (3, 23, 21)
1
(6, 212, 30) 3 5 (1, 22, 5)
6

>
Using PQ as the other direction vector: t 5 23 1 4(1) 5 1.
> 2 5 1 2 s 1 2t
r 5 (22, 3, 22) 1 t(0, 0, 1) 1 s(3, 23, 21),
t, sPR > 2 5 1 2 1 1 2(1)
Using PR as the other direction vector: 2 5 2; which is true so s 5 1 and t 5 1.
> b. (0, 5, 24) 5 (2, 0, 1) 1 s(4, 2, 21) 1 t(21, 1, 2)
r 5 (1, 0, 1) 1 t(3, 23, 0) 1 s(3, 23, 21), t, sPR
> Gives the following parametric equations:
5. a. r 5 (1, 0, 21) 1 s(2, 3, 24) 1 t(4, 6, 28),
t, sPR, does not represent a plane because the 0 5 2 1 4s 2 t 1 t 5 2 1 4s.
direction vectors are the same. We can rewrite the 5 5 2s 1 t
second direction vector as: 5 5 2s 1 (2 1 4s)
(2)(2, 3, 24) 3 5 6s
And so we can rewrite the equation as: 1
> 5 s.
r 5 (1, 0, 21) 1 s(2, 3, 24) 1 2t(2, 3, 24) 2
t 5 2 1 4a b
5 (1, 0, 21) 1 (s 1 2t)(2, 3, 24) 1
5 (1, 0, 21) 1 n(2, 3, 4), nPR 2
This is an equation of a line in R3. t 5 2 1 2 5 4.
>
6. a. The
>
plane with direction vectors a 5 (4, 1, 0) The third equation then says:
and b 5 (3, 4, 21), that passes through the point 24 5 1 2 s 1 2t
A(21, 2, 7) has a vector equation of: 1
> 24 5 1 2 1 2(4)
r 5 (21, 2, 7) 1 t(4, 1, 0) 1 s(3, 4, 21), t, sPR 2
The parametric equations are then: 24 5 172, which is a false statement. So the point
x 5 21 1 4t 1 3s A(0, 5, 24) is not on the plane.
>
y 5 2 1 t 1 4s 8.> a. Using the direction vectors a 5 (21, 1, 2),
z 5 7 > 2 s; t, sPR b 5 (2, 1, 23) and the point A(23, 5, 6), two
b. AB> 5 (0, 1, 0) 2 (1, 0, 0) 5 (21, 1, 0) equations of intersecting lines on the plane in vector
AC 5 (0, 0, 1) 2 (1, 0, 0) 5 (21,> 0, 1) > form > are:
Using A(1, 0, 0) as our point with AB and AC as l> 5 (23, 5, 6) 1 s(21, 1, 2); sPR
our direction vectors, our vector equation is: p 5 (23, 5, 6) 1 t(2, 1, 23); tPR
>
r 5 (1, 0, 0) 1 t(21, 1, 0) 1 s(21, 0, 1), t, sPR b. When s 5 0 and t 5 0 it is easily seen that these
And thus our parametric equations are: two lines both have the point (23, 5, 6) in common.
x512t2s >
9. r 5 (4, 1, 6) 1 s(11, 21, 3) 1 t(27, 2, 22) has
y5t parametric equations:
z 5 s,> t, sPR x 5 4 1 11s 2 7t
c. AB 5 B 2 A 5 (3, 4, 26) using this and y 5 1 2 s 1 2t
>
a 5 (7, 1, 2) as our direction vectors and A(1, 1, 0) z 5 6 1 3s 2 2t
as our point, the vector equation is: The plane crosses the z-axis when both x and y
>
r 5 (1, 1, 0) 1 t(3, 4, 26) 1 s(7, 1, 2), t, sPR equal 0.
The parametric equations are: 0 5 1 2 s 1 2t 1 s 5 1 1 2t
x 5 1 1 3t 1 7s 0 5 4 1 11s 2 7t
y 5 1 1 4t 1 s 0 5 4 1 11(1 1 2t) 2 7t
z 5 26t 1 2s, t, sPR 0 5 15 1 15t
7. a. (5, 3, 2) 5 (2, 0, 1) 1 s(4, 2, 21) 1 t(21, 1, 2) t 5 21.
This gives the parametric equations: s 5 1 1 2(21) 5 21. And so the z-coordinate is:
5 5 2 1 4s 2 t 1 t 5 23 1 4s. z 5 6 1 3(21) 2 2(21) 5 5. The plane crosses
3 5 2s 1 t. Substituting for t gives: the z-axis at the point (0, 0, 5)
3 5 2s 1 (23 1 4s) 10. Using the point Q(2, 1, 3) on the line and the
6 5 6s point P(21, 2, 1), we get another direction vector:
1 5 s. >
a 5 Q 2 P 5 (3, 21, 2). The equation of the plane
having the given properties is then:
>
r 5 (2, 1, 3) 1 s(4, 1, 5) 1 t(3, 21, 2), t, sPR

11. Using the point A(22, 2, 3) and the point The direction vector between the two points is then:
(0, 0, 0) on the line we get another direction vector of: (0, 3, 0) 2 (0, 0, 22) 5 (0, 3, 2).
>
a 5 (22, 2, 3). So the equation of the plane with And the equation of the line between them is:
>
the given properties is: r 5 (0, 3, 0) 1 t(0, 3, 2), tPR
>
r 5 m(2, 21, 7) 1 n(22, 2, 3), m, nPR. 16. The > fact that the> plane
> >
12. a. The xy-plane in R3 has no z-coordinate so two r 5 OP0 1 sa 1 tb contains both of the given lines
sets of direction vectors are: (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0) and is easily seen when letting s 5 0 and t 5 0
(1, 1, 0), (21, 1, 0). respectively.
b. A vector equation for the xy-plane in R3 is:
>
r 5 s(1, 0, 0) 1 t(0, 1, 0), t, sPR. 8.5 The Cartesian Equation of a Plane,
The parametric equations are: pp. 468–469
x5s >
y5t
1. a. n 5 (A, B, C) 5 (1, 27, 218)
z 5 0, t, sPR
b. In the Cartesian equation:
Ax 1 By 1 Cz 1 D 5 0, If D 5 0 the plane
13. >a. We can use the direction
> vectors
OA 5 (21, 2, 5) and OC 5 (3, 21, 7) and the
passes through the origin.
origin to write the vector equation of the plane: c. Three coordinates: (0, 0, 0), (11, 21, 1),
> (11, 21, 1),
r 5 s(21, 2,> 5) 1 t(3, 21, 7), t, sPR >
2. a. n 5 (A, B, C) 5 (2, 25, 0)
b. Using PQ 5 Q 2 P 5 (21, 2, 5) and
> b. In the Cartesian equation: D 5 0. So the plane
PR 5 R 2 P 5 (3, 21, 7) as direction vectors, the
vector equation of the plane is:
> c. Three coordinates: (0, 0, 0), (5, 2, 0), (5, 2, 1)
r 5 (22, 2, 3) 1 s(21, 2, 5) 1 t(3, 21, 7), t, sPR >
3. a. n 5 (A, B, C) 5 (1, 0, 0)
c. The two planes in parts a. and b. are parallel
b. In the Cartesian equation: D 5 0. So the plane
since they have the same direction vectors.
14. We simply need to show that the direction vectors
c. Three coordinates: (0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)
can be expressed as a linear combination of the other >
4. a. n 5 (15, 75, 2105) which is equivalent
two: >
to n 5 (1, 5, 27). The Cartesian equation is:
(24, 7, 1) 2 (23, 2, 4) 5 (21, 5, 23)
x 1 5y 2 7z 1 D 5 0. Since the plane passes
27 17
(23, 2, 4) 2 (24, 7, 1) 5 (21, 25, 7). through the origin D 5 0. So the equation is:
13 13
x 1 5y 2 7z 5 0.
15. The plane >
> b. n 5 (2 12, 34, 167 ) is equivalent to
r 5 (1, 2, 3) 1 m(1, 2, 5) 1 n(1, 21, 3) has >
parametric equations: n 5 (28, 12, 7), so the Cartesian equation is:
x511m1n 28x 1 12y 1 7z 1 D 5 0, and since the plane passes
y 5 2 1 2m 2 n through the origin D 5 0. 28x 1 12y 1 7z 5 0
z 5 3 1 5m 1 3n 5. Method> 1: Let A(x, y, z) be a point on the plane.
Solving for the y-intercept: Then PA 5 (x 1 3, y 2 3, z 2 5) is a vector on the
0 5 1 1 m 1 n 1 n 5 21 2 m plane. >
>
0 5 3 1 5m 1 3n n ? PA 5 0
0 5 3 1 5m 1 3(21 2 m) (x 1 3) 1 7(y 2 3) 1 5(z 2 5) 5 0
0 5 4m x 1 7y 1 5z 2 43 5 0
>
0 5 m; n 5 21 Method 2: n 5 (1, 7, 5) so the Cartesian equation
y 5 2 1 2(0) 2 (21) 5 3 is: x 1 7y 1 5z 1 D 5 0.
Solving for the z-intercept: We know the point (23, 3, 5) is on the plane and
n 5 21 2 m must satisfy the equation, so:
0 5 2 1 2m 2 (21 2 m) (23) 1 7(3) 1 5(5) 1 D 5 0
0 5 3 1 3m 43 1 D 5 0
21 5 m; n 5 0 D 5 243.
z 5 3 1 5(21) 1 3(0) 5 22. This also gives the equation:
x 1 7y 1 5z 2 43 5 0.

>
6. a.PQ 5 (3 2 (21), 1 2 2, 4 2 1) 8. The point Q(2, 0, 1) is on the line and thus also
on the plane and we can get another direction vector
>5 (4, 21, 3)
from:
> QR>5 (22 2 3, 3 2 1, 5 2 4) 5 (25, 2, 1) > >
PQ 3 QR 5 ((21)(1) 2 (3)(2), (3)(25) PQ 5 (1, 23, 1). Using a 5 (24, 5, 5) as the other
2 (4)(1), (4)(2) 2 (21)(25)) direction> vector we can find the normal vector:
> >
5 (27, 219, 3) n 5 PQ 3 a 5 ((23)(5) 2 (1)(5), (1)(24)
5 21(7, 19, 23). 2 (1)(5), (1)(5) 2 (23)(24))
> 5 (220, 29, 27) 5 21(20, 9, 7).
Using n 5 (7, 19, 23) the Cartesian equation is:
7x 1 19y 2 3z 1 D 5 0. Our Cartesian equation is thus:
Using the point R(22, 3, 5) on the plane to 20x 1 9y 1 7z 1 D 5 0.
solve for D: Using the point (1, 3, 0) to determine D:
7(22) 1 19(3) 2 3(5) 1 D 5 0 20(1) 1 9(3) 1 7(0) 1 D 5 0.
214 1 57 2 15 1 D 5 0 47 1 D 5 0
28 1 D 5 0 D 5 247.
20x 1 9y 1 7z 2 47 5 0
D 5 228.
9. a. 2x 1 2y 2 z 2 1 5 0
7x 1 19y >2 3z 2 28 5 0 >
n 5 (2, 2, 21)
b. QP 5 (21 2 3, 2 2 1, 1 2 4)
0 n 0 5 !4 1 4 1 1
>
> 5 (24, 1, 23)
PR 5 (22 2 (21), 3 2 2, 5 2 1) 53
So the unit normal vector is:
> > 5 (21, 1, 4) >
> 5 a , ,2 b
QP 3 PR 5 ((1)(4) 2 (23)(1), (23)(21) n 2 2 1
2 (24)(4), (24)(1) 2 (1)(21)) @n @ 3 3 3
5 (7, 19, 23). b. 4x 2 3y 1 z 2 3 5 0
> >
Using n 5 (7, 19, 23) the Cartesian equation is: n 5 (4, 23, 1)
@ n @ 5 !16 1 9 1 1
>
7x 1 19y 2 3z 1 D 5 0.
Using the point P(21, 2, 1) on the plane to solve 5 !26
for D: So the unit normal vector is:
>
7(21) 1 19(2) 2 (3)(1) 1 D 5 0
> 5a b
n 4 3 1
@n @ !26 !26 !26
27 1 38 2 3 1 D 5 0 ,2 ,
28 1 D 5 0 c. 3x 2 4y 1 12z 2 1 5 0
D 5 228. >
n 5 (3, 24, 12)
7x 1 19y 2 3z 2 28 5 0 @ n @ 5 !9 1 16 1 144
>
5 !169
c. There is only one simplified Cartesian equation
that satisfies the given information, so the equations
5 13
must be the > same. So the unit normal vector is:
7. AB 5 (5, 1, 4). >
> 5 a ,2 , b
> n 3 4 12
>
AC 5 (3, 22, 21).
> @n@ 13 13 13
AB 3 AC 5 ((1)(21) 2 (4)(22), (4)(3) 10. We know the point P(1, 1, 5) is on the plane,
2 (5)(21), (5)(22) 2 (1)(3)) and> can obtain another direction vector from:
>
5 (7, 17, 213) AP 5 (1, 1, 26). Let a 5 (2, 1, 3) be our other
>
Using n 5 (7, 17, 213) the Cartesian equation is: direction> vector.
> >
7x 1 17y 2 13z 1 D 5 0. n 5 AP 3 a 5 ((1)(3) 2 (26)(3), (26)(2)
Using the point (1, 1, 0) on the plane to solve for D: 2 (1)(3), (1)(1) 2 (1)(2))
7(1) 1 17(1) 2 13(0) 1 D 5 0 5 (21, 215, 21)
24 1 D 5 0 The Cartesian equation is then:
D 5 224. 21x 2 15y 2 z 1 D 5 0.
7x 1 17y 2 13z 2 24 5 0

Using the point (1, 1, 5) to solve for D: b. The parametric equations for the line are:
21(1) 2 15(1) 2 (5) 1 D 5 0 x 5 3 2 2t
11D50 y 5 21 1 3t
D 5 21. z 5 24 1 t,
21x 2 15y 2 z 2 1 5 0. which give the following vector equation:
>
11. Since the normal vector is perpendicular to the r 5 (3, 21, 24) 1 t(22, 3, 1). Since the line and
plane, we can use the direction vector of the line as normal vector are both perpendicular to the plane
our normal vector: we may take:
> >
n 5 (3, 22, 0) 2 (1, 2, 1) 5 (2, 24, 21). n 5 (2, 23, 21).
The Cartesian equation is then: The Cartesian equation for the plane is then:
2x 2 4y 2 z 1 D 5 0. 2x 2 3y 2 z 1 D 5 0.
We need the point (21, 1, 0) to be on the plane so: Using the point P(1, 2, 1) to solve for D:
2(21) 2 4(1) 2 (0) 1 D 5 0. 2(1) 2 (3)(2) 2 (1)(1) 1 D 5 0
26 1 D 5 0 25 1 D 5 0
D 5 6. And the Cartesian equation of the plane D 5 5. And the Cartesian equation becomes:
satisfying the given conditions is: 2x 2 3y 2 z 1 5 5 0.
> >
2x 2 4y 2 z 1 6 5 0. 14. a. n1 5 (4, k, 22) and n2 5 (2, 4, 21).
> >
12. a. To determine the angle between two planes, When k 5 8, n1 is equivalent to: n1 5 2(2, 4, 21),
first determine their normal vectors. This is easily so the planes are parallel when k 5 8.
done if the equations given are in Cartesian form. b. When the planes are perpendicular
> > > >
Once the normal vectors are known, n1 and n2 , then n1 ? n2 5 0.
> >
the angle between the two planes can be determined n1 ? n2 5 8 1 4k 1 2 5 0
from the formula: 10 1 4k 5 0
> >
n1 ? n2 10 5
@ n1 @ @ n2 @
cos (u) 5 > > . k52 52
4 2
> > c. No the planes cannot ever be coincident. If they
b. n1 5 (1, 0, 21). n2 5 (2, 1, 21).
> > were then they would also be parallel, so k 5 8, and
n1 ? n2 5 2 1 0 1 1
53 we would have the two equations:
n1 ? n2 5 !2 ? !6
> > 4x 1 8y 2 2z 1 1 5 0.
5 !12.
2x 1 4y 2 z 1 4 5 0 1 4x 1 8y 2 2z 1 8 5 0.
Here all of the coefficients are equal except for the
3
!12
cos (u) 5 D values, which means that they don’t coincide.
!3
15. Since the plane passes through the points (1, 4, 5)
5 and (3, 2, 1) it contains the line and the direction
2 vector between them. The direction vector is:
p >
u5 r 5 (2, 22, 24).
6 >
The normal vector, n1 , must be perpendicular to the
5 30°
> > direction vector and to the normal vector,
13. a. n1 5 (1, 2, 23). n2 5 (1, 2, 0) >
> > n2 5 (2, 21, 1), of the other plane, so:
n1 ? n2 5 1 1 4 > > >
n1 5 r 3 n2 5 ((22)(1) 2 (24)(21), (24)(2)
55
@ n1 @ @ n2 @ 5 !14 ? !5 2 (2)(1), (2)(21) 2 (22)(2))
> >
5 (26, 210, 2) 5 22(3, 5, 21)
5 !70 >
Take n1 5 (3, 5, 21) and the Cartesian equation of
5
the plane is:
!70
cos (u) 5 .
3x 1 5y 2 z 1 D 5 0
u 5 cos21 a b 5 53.3°
5 Use the point (1, 4, 5) to determine D:
!70 3(1) 1 5(4) 2 5 1 D 5 0
18 1 D 5 0
D 5 218.
3x 1 5y 2 z 2 18 5 0

>
16. Let n1 5 (A, B, C), be the normal vector of the Or equivalently:
>
unknown plane, and n2 5 (1, 2, 0) be the normal 8x 2 2y 2 16z 2 5 5 0.
> >
vector to the perpendicular plane. n1 ? n2 5 0 so
we get: 8.6 Sketching Planes in R3,
A 1 2B 5 0.
A 5 22B pp. 476–477
We also know that the z-axis has the direction 1. a. A plane parallel to the yz-axis but two units
>
vector r 5 (0, 0, 1). So: away, in the negative x direction.
!3 b. A plane parallel to the xz-axis but three units
cos (30°) 5 away, in the positive y direction.
2
> > c. A plane parallel to the xy-axis but 4 units away,
n1 ? r
@ n1 @ @ r @
5 > > in the positive z direction.
2. The point of intersection of the three planes in
C
5 problem 1 must lie in every plane. Therefore the
"A 1 B 2 1 C 2
2
.
point of intersection is: (22, 3, 4)
The other constraint which we can choose is the 3. The point P(5, 23, 23) must lie on the plane p1:
>
length of n1 . Since this is arbitrary (multiplication x 5 5, since the point has an x-coordinate of 5, and
by any scalar will give an equivalent normal vector)
choose @ n1 @ 5 2. We have:
> doesn’t have a y-coordinate of 6.
4. In R2, x 2 2 1 5 0 represents two lines, x 5 21
!3
5 1 C 5 !3.
C and x 5 1. In R3, x 2 2 1 5 0 represents two planes
2 2 with the same equations.
A2 1 B2 1 C2 5 4 y
4B 2 1 B 2 1 3 5 4 2
1 1
B2 5 x
5 0
–2 2
1 2 –1
!5 !5
B5 ;A52 .
–2
The equation of the plane is then:
z
y 1 !3z 5 0.
2 1
!5 !5
2 x1
17. The point equidistant from (21, 2, 4) and
(3, 1, 24) is the point
1
2 ((21, 2, 4) 1 (3, 1, 24)) 5 (1, 32, 0). If every
point in the plane is equidistant from these two y
x
point than the normal to the plane must point in the
same direction as the line connecting them:
>
n 5 (3, 1, 24) 2 (21, 2, 4) 5 (4, 21, 28).
The equation of the plane is thus:
4x 2 y 2 8z 1 D 5 0. 5. a. i. x-intercept is when y 5 z 5 0.
Using the point (1, 32, 0) to solve for D: 2x 5 18
3 x59
4(1) 2 2 0 1 D 5 0
2 Similarly the y-intercept is:
5 5 3y 5 18
1 D 5 01D 5 2 y56
2 2
We now have the equation of the plane: Since x and y cannot both be zero at the same time there
5 is no z-intercept. The plane is parallel to the z-axis.
4x 2 y 2 8z 2 5 0.
2

ii. x-intercept: 8. a. z
3x 5 120
x 5 40
y-intercept:
24y 5 120
y 5 230
y
z-intercept: x
5z 5 120
z 5 24
iii. There is no x-intercept since y and z cannot both
be simultaneously zero.
y-intercept:
b. z
13y 5 39
y53
z-intercept:
2z 5 39
z 5 239
b. i. Since the plane is parallel to the z-axis one y
x
directional vector is: (0, 0, 1). The other lies along
the line 2x 1 3y 5 18, so (3, 22, 0).
ii. We can find directional vectors by taking the
difference between two points, namely the intercepts c. z
we found in a. : (40, 0, 0) 2 (0, 230, 0) 5 (40, 30, 0)
or equivalently (4, 3, 0).
(40, 0, 0) 2 (0, 0, 24) 5 (40, 0, 224) or
equivalently (5, 0, 23).
iii. Since the plane is parallel to the x-axis (1, 0, 0)
y
is one directional vector. x
(0, 3, 0) 2 (0, 0, 239) 5 (0, 3, 39). Or equivalently
(0, 1, 13).
6. a. i. p: 2x 2 y 1 5z 5 0. Three points satisfying
d. z
this equation are: (0, 0, 0), (1, 2, 0), (0, 5, 1).
ii. The line where this plane intersects the xy-plane
is simply the line when z 5 0:
2x 2 y 5 0.
b. z
y
x
y
9. a. xy 1 2y 5 0
x
y(x 1 2) 5 0
b. y
2
7. xyz 5 0 has the solutions: x 5 0, y 5 0, z 5 0. 1
So the three planes are the yz-plane, xz-plane, and x
the xy-plane. –2 –1 0 1 2
–1
–2

c. z
b. The plane with x- and z-intercepts of 5 and 27,
respectively, and which is parallel to the y-axis is
x z
2 7 5 1.
5
c. No x- or y-intercepts but with a z-intercept of
z
8 has the equation 8 5 1.
y
x
Review Exercise, pp. 480–483

A(1, 2, 21), B(2, 1, 1), C(3, 1, 4)
> >
10. a. z
AB 5 (1, 21, 2) 5 a
> >
BC 5 (1, 0, 3) 5 b
> > > >
r 5 r0 1 sa 1 tb
>
r 5 (1, 2, 21) 1 s(1, 21, 2) 1 t(1, 0, 3), s, tPR
x511s1t
y y522s
x
z 5 21 1 2s 1 3t
2. A(1, 2, 21), B(2, 1, 1), C(3, 1, 4)
> >
AB 5 (1, 21, 2) 5 a
b. > >
z BC 5 (1, 0, 3) 5 b
>
r 5 (1, 2, 21) 1 s(1, 21, 2) 1 t(1, 0, 3), s, tPR
> >
b 3 a 5 (1, 0, 3) 3 (1, 21, 2) 5 (3, 1, 21)
Ax 1 By 1 Cz 1 D 5 0
(3)x 1 (1)y 1 (21)z 1 D 5 0
y
x 3(1) 1 (2) 2 1(21) 1 D 5 0
D 5 26
3x 1 y 2 z 2 6 5 0
> >
c. AC 5 (2, 21, 5) 5 c
z > >
BC 5 (1, 0, 3) 5 b
>
r 5 (1, 2, 21) 1 s(2, 21, 5) 1 t(1, 0, 3), t, sPR
> >
b 3 c 5 (1, 0, 3) 3 (2, 21, 5) 5 (3, 1, 21)
Ax 1 By 1 Cz 1 D 5 0
y (3)x 1 (1)y 1 (21)z 1 D 5 0
x
3(1) 1 (2) 2 1(21) 1 D 5 0
D 5 26
3x 1 y 2 z 2 6 5 0
Both Cartesian equations are the same regardless of
which vectors are used.
11. a. The plane with x-, y-, z- intercepts of
x y z 3. a. Answers may vary. For example:
3, 4, and 6, respectively is 3 1 4 1 6 5 1. A(23, 2, 8), B(4, 3, 9)
> >
AB 5 (7, 1, 1) 5 a
>
r 5 (4, 3, 9) 1 t(7, 1, 1), tPR

x 5 x0 1 ta, y 5 y0 1 tb, z 5 z0 1 tc c. A(1, 2, 1), B(2, 1, 4)
>
x 5 4 1 7t, y 5 3 1 t, z 5 9 1 t, tPR AB 5 (1, 21, 3)
x 2 x0 y 2 y0 z 2 z0 >
5 5 n 5 (1, 0, 0)
>
a b c >
AB 3 n 5 (0, 3, 1)
x24 y23 z29 Ax 1 By 1 Cz 1 D 5 0
5 5
7 1 1 (0)x 1 (3)y 1 (1)z 1 D 5 0
b. Answers may vary. For example: (0)(1) 1 (3)(2) 1 (1)(1) 1 D 5 0
A(23, 2, 8), B(4, 3, 9), C(22, 21, 3) D 5 27
> >
AB 5 (7, 1, 1) 5 a 3y 1 z 2 7 5 0
>
>
CB 5 (6, 4, 6) 5 (3, 2, 3) 5 b
> 6. r 5 (3, 7, 1) 1 t(2, 2, 3), tPR
>
> (2, 2, 3) ? (a, b, c) 5 n
r 5 (4, 3, 9) 1 t(7, 1, 1) 1 s(3, 2, 3), t, sPR
2a 1 2b 1 3c 5 0
x 5 x0 1 ta1 1 tb1, y 5 y0 1 ta2 1 tb2,
a 5 19, b 5 27, c 5 28
z 5 z0 1 ta3 1 tb3 >
x 5 4 1 7t 1 3s, y 5 3 1 t 1 2s, n 5 (19, 27, 28)
z 5 9 1 t 1 3s, t, sPR Ax 1 By 1 Cz 1 D 5 0
c. There are no symmetric equations, because there 19x 2 7y 2 8z 1 D 5 0
are two parameters. 19(0) 2 7(0) 2 8(0) 1 D 5 0
4. A line passing through A(7, 1, 22) and D50
perpendicular to the plane with the equation 19x 2 7y 2 8z 5 0
2x 2 3y 1 z 2 1 5 0. Since the line is perpendicular 7. Since the plane is parallel to the yz-plane, its
to the plane, the normal of the plane is the lines direction vectors are (0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1).
vector. A 5 (21, 2, 1)
>
m 5 (2, 23, 1) > > > >
> > > r 5 r0 1 ta 1 sb
r 5 r0 1 tm > >
> a 5 (0, 1, 0), b 5 (0, 0, 1)
r 5 (7, 1, 22) 1 t(2, 23, 1), tPR >
r 5 (21, 2, 1) 1 t(0, 1, 0) 1 s(0, 0, 1)t, sPR
x 5 7 1 2t, y 5 1 2 3t, z 5 22 1 t
x 2 x0 y 2 y0 z 2 z0 x 5 21, y 5 2 1 t, z 5 1 1 s
5 5 8. A 5 (4, 23, 2)
a b c >
x27 y21 z12 r 5 (2, 3, 2) 1 t(1, 1, 4), tPR
a 5 (1, 1, 4), b 5 3(4 2 2), (23 2 3), (2 2 2)4
5 5 > >
2 23 1
> >
5. a. P(0, 1, 22) a 5 (1, 1, 4), b 5 (2, 26, 0)
>
n 5 (21, 3, 3) > >
a 3 b 5 (24, 8, 28) 5 (3, 1, 21)
Ax 1 By 1 Cz 1 D 5 0
Ax 1 By 1 Cz 1 D 5 0
(21)(x 2 0) 1 (3)(y 2 1) (3)x 1 (1)y 1 (21)z 1 D 5 0
1 (3)(z 1 2) 5 0 3(4) 1 1(23) 2 1(2) 1 D 5 0
2x 1 3y 2 3 1 3z 1 6 5 0 D 5 27
x 2 3y 2 3z 2 3 5 0 3x 1 y 2 z 2 7 5 0
b. A(3, 0, 1), B(0, 1, 21) >
> 9. L1: r 5 (4, 4, 5) 1 s(5, 24, 6), sPR
AB 5 (23, 1, 22) >
L2: r 5 (4, 4, 5) 1 s(2, 23, 24), sPR
> > >
n 5 (1, 21, 21) a 5 (5, 24, 6), b 5 (2, 23, 24)
> > > >
n 3 AB 5 (3, 5, 22) a 3 b 5 (34, 32, 27)
Ax 1 By 1 Cz 1 D 5 0 Ax 1 By 1 Cz 1 D 5 0
(3)x 1 (5)y 1 (22)z 1 D 5 0 (34)x 1 (32)y 1 (27)z 1 D 5 0
(3)(3) 1 (5)(0) 1 (22)(1) 1 D 5 0 34(4) 1 32(4) 2 7(5) 1 D 5 0
D 5 27 D 5 2229
3x 1 5y 2 2z 2 7 5 0 34x 1 32y 2 7z 2 229 5 0

10. Answers may vary. For example: Since the line is The point (3, 24, 1) is on the plane, so the vector
perpendicular to the plane. The normal of the plane is equation of the plane is
>
the directional vector of the line. r 5 (3, 24, 1) 1 s(1, 23, 25) 1 t(4, 3, 21),
A(2, 3, 23) s, tPR.
3x 2 2y 1 z 5 0 The parametric form for the plane is
> x 5 3 1 s 1 4t,
n 5 (3, 22, 1)
> y 5 24 2 3s 1 3t
r 5 (2, 3, 23) 1 s(3, 22, 1), sPR
z 5 1 2 5s 2 t, s, tPR
x 5 2 1 3s, y 5 3 2 2s, z 5 23 1 s Finally, to find the Cartesian equation of the plane,
x22 y23 z13 compute the cross product of the direction vectors.
5 5 > >
3 22 1 a 3 v 5 (1, 23, 25) 3 (4, 3, 21)
11. Answers may vary. For example: Use the dot 5 (23(21) 2 (3)(25), 4(25)
product and cross product to find two points that are 2 1(21), 1(3) 2 4(23))
orthogonal to the normal of the plane. Then use any 5 (18, 219, 15)
point from the plane. So the Cartesian equation is of the form
3x 1 2y 2 z 1 6 5 0 18x 2 19y 1 15z 1 D 5 0.
>
a ? (3, 2, 21) 5 0 To find the value of D, substitute in the point on the
(a, b, c) ? (3, 2, 21) 5 0 plane (3, 24, 1).
3a 1 2b 2 c 5 0 18(3) 2 19(24) 1 15(1) 1 D 5 0
> D 5 2145
a 5 (1, 0, 3)
So the Cartesian equation is
(3, 2, 21) 3 (1, 0, 3) 5 (6, 210, 22)
18x 2 19y 1 15z 2 145 5 0
5 (3, 25, 21)
> 14. a. z
r 5 (0, 0, 6) 1 s(1, 0, 3) 1 t(3, 25, 21), s, tPR
x 5 s 1 3t, y 5 25t, z 5 6 1 3s 2 t
12. Answers may vary. For example: The x-intercept
is (23.5, 0, 0) and z-intercept is (0, 0, 7). Find the
directional vector from these points and use a point
one of the intercepts.
A 5 (23.5, 0, 0), B 5 (0, 0, 7)
v 5 3 (0 2 3.5), (0 2 0), (7 2 0)4
> y
>
v 5 (3.5, 0, 7) 5 (1, 0, 2) x
>
r 5 r0 1 ta, tPR
>
r 5 (0, 0, 7) 1 t(1, 0, 2), tPR
x 5 t, y 5 0, z 5 7 1 2t
b. z
13. The two direction vectors for these lines are
>
a 5 (1, 23, 25)
> >
b 5 (2, 26, 210) 5 2a
So the lines L1 and L2 are parallel (they aren’t the
same line, as (3, 24, 1), a point on L1, is not a
y
point on L2). Take one of the direction vectors for
> x
the plane to be the vector a 5 (1, 23, 25), and
find another by computing the vector with tail at
(3, 24, 1) (a point on L1) and head at (7, 21, 0)
(a point on L2). This is the vector
>
v 5 (7, 21, 0) 2 (3, 24, 1)
5 (4, 3, 21)

c. z A(1, 1, 2) B> 5 (2, 1, 26), C 5 (22, 1, 5)
BC 5 (24, 0, 11)
Ax 1 Bx 1 Cx 1 D 5 0
(24)x 1 (0)y 1 (11)z 1 D 5 0
24(1) 1 11(2) 1 D 5 0
y D 5 218
x
24x 1 11z 2 18 5 0
c. Answers may vary. For example: Since the plane
is parallel to the z-axis, one of its direction vectors
is (0, 0, 1).
d. z
A(4, 1, 21), B(5, 22, 4)
>
AB 5 (1, 23, 5)
>
r 5 (4, 1, 21) 1 t(1, 23, 5) 1 s(0, 01), t, sPR
x 5 4 1 t, y 5 1 2 3t, z 5 21 1 5t 1 s
y (1, 23, 5) ? (0, 0, 1) 5 (23, 21, 0) 5 (3, 1, 0)
x Ax 1 By 1 Cz 1 D 5 0
(3)x 1 (1)y 1 (0)z 1 D 5 0
3(4) 1 1(1) 1 D 5 0
e. z
D 5 213
3x 1 y 2 13 5 0
d. Answers may vary. For example:
A(1, 3, 25), B(2, 6, 4), C(3, 23, 3)
>
AB 5 (1, 3, 9)
>
y
x
BC 5 (1, 29, 21)
> > >
r 5 r0 1 ta 1 sb
>
r 5 (1, 3, 25) 1 t(1, 3, 9) 1 s(1, 29, 21), t, sPR
x 5 1 1 t 1 s, y 5 3 1 3t 2 9s, z 5 25 1 9t 2 s
P(1, 22, 5) > >
AB 3 BC 5 (78, 10, 212)
Q(3, 1, 2)
> > Ax 1 By 1 Cz 1 D 5 0
PQ 5 p 5 (2, 3, 23)
> (78)x 1 (10)y 1 (212)z 1 D 5 0
L: r 5 2ti 1 (4t 1 3)j 1 (t 1 1)k 78(1) 1 10(3) 2 12(25) 1 D 5 0
5 (0, 3, 1) 1 t(2, 4, 1) D 5 2168
> 78x 1 10y 2 12z 2 168 5 0
a 5 (2, 4, 1)
> 16. They are in the same plane because both planes
r 5 (3, 1, 2) 1 t(2, 4, 1) 1 s(2, 3, 23), t, sPR
have the same normal vectors and Cartesian equations.
x 5 3 1 2t 1 2s, y 5 1 1 4t 1 3s, z 5 2 1 t 2 3s >
> > L1: r 5 (1, 2, 3) 1 s(23, 5, 21) 1 t(0, 1, 3), s, tPR
>
a 3 p 5 (2, 3, 23) 3 (2, 4, 1) 5 (15, 28, 2) L2: r 5 (1, 21, 26) 1 u(1, 1, 1) 1 v(2, 5, 11),
Ax 1 By 1 Cz 1 D 5 0 u, vPR
(15)x 1 (28)y 1 (2)z 1 D 5 0 (23, 5, 21) 3 (0, 1, 3) 5 (26, 9, 23) 5 (2, 23, 1)
(1, 1, 1) 3 (2, 5, 11) 5 (6, 29, 3) 5 (2, 23, 1)
15(3) 2 8(1) 1 2(2) 1 D 5 0
Ax 1 By 1 Cz 1 D 5 0
D 5 241
2x 2 3y 1 z 1 D 5 0
15x 2 8y 1 2z 2 41 5 0
2(1) 2 3(2) 1 (3) 1 D 5 0
b. Answers may vary. For example: The normal of
D51
the plane is the direction vector of the line, since it
2(1) 2 3(21) 1 (26) 1 D 5 0
is perpendicular to the plane. Then find using the
D51
Cartesian form of a plane.
2x 2 3y 1 z 1 1 5 0

17. A point B on the line L2 will have coordinates 13
cos u 5
B(2 1 2t, 1 1 t, 2 2 t), tPR Then
> ( "26)( "13)
AB 5 (2 1 2t, 1 1 t, 2 2 t) 2 (5, 4, 23) u 5 45.0°
5 (23 1 2t, 23 1 t, 5 2 t) b. y 5 4x 1 2, y 5 2x 1 3
For this vector to be perpendicular to L2, it would n1 5 (1, 4)
have zero dot product with the direction vector for n2 5 (1, 21)
0n ? n 0
>
L2, v 5 (2,> 1, 21). So
cos u 5 1 2
0 n1 0 0 n2 0
>
0 5 v ? AB
5 (2, 1, 21) ? (23 1 2t, 23 1 t, 5 2 t) 3
cos u 5
5 26 1 4t 2 3 1 t 2 5 1 t
5 214 1 6t
( "17)( "2)
So t 5 146 5 73, and the point B is u 5 59.0°
c. L1: x 5 21 1 3t, y 5 1 1 4t, z 5 22t
Ba2 1 2a b, 1 1 , 2 2 b 5 Ba , , 2 b.
7 7 7 20 10 1
L2: x 5 21 1 2s, y 5 3s, z 5 27 1 s
3 3 3 3 3 3 0n ? n 0
cos u 5 1 2
18. a. The plane is parallel to the z-axis through the 0 n1 0 0 n2 0
points (3, 0, 0) and (0, 22, 0). n1 5 (3, 4, 22), n2 5 (2, 3, 1)
b. The plane is parallel to the y-axis through the 16
points (6, 0, 0) and (0, 0, 22). cos u 5
c. The plane is parallel to the x-axis through the
( "29)( "14)
points (0, 3, 0) and (0, 0, 26). u 5 37.4°
19. a. To determine which points lie on the line, just d. L1: (x, y, z) 5 (4, 7, 21) 1 t(4, 8, 24)
see if there is a t-value such that the coordinate L2: (x, y, z) 5 (1, 5, 24) 1 t(21, 2, 3)
works. 0n ? n 0
cos u 5 1 2
x 5 2t, y 5 3 1 t, z 5 1 1 t 0 n1 0 0 n2 0
A(2, 4, 2) n1 5 (4, 8, 24), n2 5 (21, 2, 3)
2 5 2t, 4 5 3 1 t, 2 5 1 1 t 0
cos u 5
t51 ( "96)( "14)
B(22, 2, 1) u 5 90°
22 5 2t, 2 5 3 1 t, 1 5 1 1 t 21. a. L1: 2x 1 3y 2 z 1 9 5 0
There is no value of t that satisfies the equations. L2:x 1 2y 1 4 5 0
C(4, 5, 2) 0n ? n 0
cos u 5 1 2
4 5 2t, 5 5 3 1 t, 2 5 1 1 t 0 n1 0 0 n2 0
There is no value of t that satisfies the equations. n1 5 (2, 3, 21),
D(6, 6, 2) n2 5 (1, 2, 0)
6 5 2t, 6 5 3 1 t, 2 5 1 1 t 6
There is no value of t that satisfies the equations. cos u 5
Only A lies on the line. ( "14)( "5)
b. x 5 2t, y 5 3 1 t, z 5 1 1 t u 5 44.2°
a 5 2t, b 5 3 1 t, 23 5 1 1 t b. L1: x 2 y 2 z 2 1 5 0
t 5 24 L2: 2x 1 3y 2 z 1 4 5 0
a 5 2t 5 28 0n ? n 0
cos u 5 1 2
b 5 3 1 t 5 21 0 n1 0 0 n2 0
x21 y23 n1 5 (1, 21, 21), n2 5 (2, 3, 21)
20. a. L1: 5 0
1 5 cos u 5
L2:
x22
5
12y ( "3)( "14)
2 3 u 5 90°
0 n1 ? n2 0 22. a. i. The given line is not parallel to the plane
0 n1 0 0 n2 0
cos u 5
because (3, 0, 2) is a point on the line and the plane.
n1 5 (1, 5), n2 5 (2, 23)
ii. Substitute the expressions for the components of (x, y, z) 5 (a, b, c) 1 0(d, e, f ) 2 1(a, b, c)
the parametric equation of the line into the equation (x, y, z) 5 (a 2 a, b 2 b, c 2 c) 5 (0, 0, 0)
of the plane. 27. a. They do not form a plane, because these three
4(23t) 1 (25 1 2t) 2 (210t) 2 10 5 0 points are collinear.
>
212t 2 5 1 2t 1 10t 2 10 5 0 r 5 (21, 2, 1) 1 t(3, 1, 22)
215 5 0 b. They do not form a plane, because the point lies
This last statement is never true. So the line and the on the line.
>
plane have no points in common. Therefore, the line r 5 (4, 9, 23) 1 t(1, 24, 2)
is parallel to the plane. >
r 5 (4, 9, 23) 1 4(1, 24, 2)
iii. Use the symmetric equation to rewrite x and z in 5 (8, 27, 5)
terms of y. 28. If a is the x-intercept, b is the y-intercept, and c
x 5 24y 2 23 is the z-intercept, this means that (a, 0, 0), (0, b, 0),
z 5 2y 2 6 and (0, 0, c) are points on the plane. So
Substitute into the equation of the plane. >
u 5 (a, 0, 0) 2 (0, 0, c)
4(24y 2 23) 1 y 2 (2y 2 6) 2 10 5 0 5 (a, 0, 2c)
216y 2 92 1 y 1 y 1 6 2 10 5 0 >
v 5 (0, b, 0) 2 (0, 0, c)
214y 2 96 5 0 5 (0, b, 2c)
This equation has a solution. Therefore, the line and are direction vectors for the plane. So a normal for
plane have a point in common and are not parallel. this plane is
b. i. Substitute the expressions for the components > >
u 3 v 5 (a, 0, 2c) 3 (0, b, 2c)
of the parametric equation of the line into the 5 (0(2c) 2 b(2c), 0(2c) 2 a(2c),
equation of the plane. a(b) 2 0(0))
4(3 1 t) 1 (22t) 2 (2 1 2t) 2 10 5 0 5 (bc, ac, ab)
12 1 4t 2 2t 2 2 2 2t 2 10 5 0 So the Cartesian equation of the plane is of the form
050 bcx 1 acy 1 abz 1 D 5 0
This last statement is always true. So every point on Substitute the x-intercept, (a, 0, 0), into this
the line is also in the plane. Therefore, the line lies equation to determine the value of D.
in the plane. bc(a) 1 ac(0) 1 ab(0) 1 D 5 0
ii. The line is parallel to the plane, and so does not D 5 2abc
lie in it. So the Cartesian equation of this plane is
iii. (5, 27, 1) is a point that lies on the line that bcx 1 acy 1 abz 2 abc 5 0 or
does not lie in the plane. Therefore, the line does bcx 1 acy 1 abz 5 abc
not lie in the plane. 29. If the normal vector is (6, 25, 12), then the
23. (x, y, z) 5 (4, 1, 6) 1 p(3, 22, 1) 1 q(26, 6, 21) Cartesian equation of the plane will be of the form
(x, y, z) 5 (4, 1, 6) 1 4(3, 22, 1) 6x 2 5y 1 12z 1 D 5 0
1 2(26, 6, 21) To determine the value of D, substitute the point
(x, y, z) 5 (4, 5, 8) 2 (4, 5, 6) (5, 8, 23) (which is on the plane) into this equation.
24. One direction vector for the plane is (3, 21, 1). 6(5) 2 5(8) 1 12(23) 1 D 5 0
(2, 4, 1) and (1, 4, 4) are on the plane, so another D 5 46
direction vector is (2, 4, 1) 2 (1, 4, 4) 5 (1, 0, 23). So the Cartesian equation of the plane is
So the parametric equations are x 5 1 1 s 1 3t, 6x 2 5y 1 12z 1 46 5 0.
y 5 4 2 t, z 5 4 2 3s 1 t, s, tPR. 30. a., b. A(1, 23, 2), B(22, 4, 22), C(3, 2, 1)
25. A plane has two parameters, because a plane >
AB 5 (23, 7, 24)
goes in two different directions unlike a line that >
only goes in one direction. BC 5 (5, 22, 3)
> > > >
26. This equation will always pass through the r 5 r 0 1 ta 1 sb, t, sPR
origin, because you can always set s 5 0 and t 5 21 >
r 5 (1, 23, 2) 1 t(23, 7, 24) 1 s(5, 22, 3),
to obtain (0, 0, 0).
t, sPR
(x, y, z) 5 (a, b, c) 1 s(d, e, f ) 1 t(a, b, c)
s 5 0, t 5 21 x 5 1 2 3t 1 5s, y 5 23 1 7t 2 2s,
z 5 2 2 4t 1 3s
c. To find the Cartesian equation of the plane, these lines are coincident. So the angle between
a normal vector is needed. This can be found by them is u 5 0°.
computing the cross product of the direction vectors b. The parametric equations of these lines are
found in parts a. and b. L1: x 5 23 1 3t, y 5 21 1 4t, tPR
> >
AB 3 BC 5 (23, 7, 24) 3 (5, 22, 3) L2: x 5 6 1 3s, y 5 2 2 2s, sPR
5 (7(3) 2 (22)(24), 5(24) So a point of intersection satisfies
2 (23)(3), (23)(22) 2 5(7)) 23 1 3t 5 6 1 3s
5 (13, 211, 229) 21 1 4t 5 2 2 2s
So the Cartesian equation has the form or
13x 2 11y 2 29z 1 D 5 0. 3t 2 3s 5 9
Since (1, 23, 2) is a point on this plane, we can 4t 2 2s 5 3
substitute it in to determine the value of D. or
13(1) 2 11(23) 2 29(2) 1 D 5 0 t5s13
D 5 12 4t 1 2s 5 3
So the Cartesian equation of this plane is 4(s 1 3) 1 2s 5 3
13x 2 11y 2 29z 1 12 5 0. 6s 5 29
d. Substituting (3, 5, 24) into the Cartesian equation 3
s52
found in part c., we get 2
13(3) 2 11(5) 2 29(24) 1 12 5 100 2 0 t5s13
This means that (3, 5, 24) is not on the plane. 3
52 13
31. a. The normal vector to the given plane is 2
(4, 22, 5), so any plane parallel to this one must 3
5
have this same normal vector. So if a parallel plane 2
contains the point (0, 0, 0), it will have the form So the point of intersection is
x 5 23 1 3a b
4x 2 2y 1 5z 1 D 5 0. 3
Substitute in the point (0, 0, 0) to determine the 2
value of D. 3
4(0) 2 2(0) 1 5(0) 1 D 5 0 5
2
D50
y 5 21 1 4a b
3
So the Cartesian equation of this plane is 2
4x 2 2y 1 5z 5 0. 55
b. Reasoning as in part a., if we want the point The point of intersection is ( 32, 5) at s 5 2 32 (for L2)
(21, 5, 21) to be in our parallel plane we find D in
and t 5 32 (for L1).
the following way: The direction vector for L1 is (3, 4), and for L2 is
4(21) 2 2(5) 1 5(21) 1 D 5 0 (3, 22). So the angle u between these lines satisfies
D 5 19 (3, 4) ? (3, 22)
0 (3, 4) 0 0 (3, 22) 0
So the Cartesian equation of the plane in this case is cos u 5
4x 2 2y 1 5z 1 19 5 0.
u 5 cos21 a b
c. Reasoning as in parts a. and b., if we want the (3, 4) ? (3, 22)
point (2, 22, 2) to be in our parallel plane we find 0 (3, 4) 0 0 (3, 22) 0
5 cos21 a b
D in the following way: 1
4(2) 2 2(22) 1 5(2) 1 D 5 0 5"3
D 5 222 8 86.82°
So the Cartesian equation of the plane in this case is It would also have been correct to report the
4x 2 2y 1 5z 2 22 5 0.
supplement of this angle, or roughly 93.18°, as
32. a. The direction vector for L1 is (2, 1) and for the answer in this case.
L2 is (22, 21) 5 21(2, 1). This means that L1
33. a. P(1, 3, 5)
and L2 are parallel, and since they have the point > >
r 5 r 0 1 ta
>
(11, 0) in common (take t 5 3 in L1 and s 5 6 in L2), >
r 5 (1, 3, 5) 1 t(22, 24, 210), tPR

x 5 1 2 2t, y 5 3 2 4t, z 5 5 2 10t b. The direction vector for this line is
x21 y23 z25 (3, 25, 2) (we can use this as one of the direction
5 5 vectors for the plane), and a point on this line is
22 24 210
b. P(1, 3, 5), Q(27, 9, 3) (4, 22, 1). So a second direction vector for the
> plane will be
PQ 5 (28, 6, 22) >
> > > v 5 (4, 22, 1) 2 P(22, 0, 6)
r 5 r 0 1 ta 5 (6, 22, 25)
>
r 5 (1, 3, 5) 1 t(28, 6, 22), tPR So a normal vector for this plane is
x 5 1 2 8t, y 5 3 1 6t, z 5 5 2 2t (3, 25, 2) 3 (6, 22, 25) 5 ((25)(25)
x21 x23 x25 2 (22)(2), 6(2)
5 5
28 6 22 2 3(25), 3(22)
c. P(1, 3, 5) 2 6(25))
> 5 (29, 27, 24)
RS 5 (26, 213, 14)
> > > The Cartesian equation of this plane has the form
r 5 r 0 1 ta 29x 1 27y 1 24z 1 D 5 0.
>
r 5 (1, 3, 5) 1 t(26, 213, 14), tPR Substitute in P(22, 0, 6) to determine D.
x 5 1 2 6t, y 5 3 2 13t, z 5 5 1 14t 29(22) 1 27(0) 1 24(6) 1 D 5 0
x21 x23 x25 D 5 286
5 5
26 213 14 The Cartesian equation of this plane is
d. Since its parallel to the x-axis, its direction vector 29x 1 27y 1 24z 2 86 5 0.
is (1, 0, 0). c. This plane, being parallel to the xy-plane, is
P(1, 3, 5), completely determined by a fixed z-coordinate (the
>
n 5 (1, 0, 0) x- and y- coordinates are allowed to be anything at
> > > all). Since it passes through the point P(3, 3, 3), the
r 5 r 0 1 ta
>
r 5 (1, 3, 5) 1 t(1, 0, 0), tPR
equation of this plane is z 5 3. Written in Cartesian
x 5 1 1 t, y 5 3, z 5 5
form, this is z 2 3 5 0.
e. Find a perpendicular vector use the dot product. d. Since this plane is to be parallel to
3x 1 y 2 4z 1 8 5 0, it will have the same
(23, 4, 26) ? (a, b, c) 5 0
23a 1 4b 2 6c 1 0
normal vector, (3, 1, 24). So this plane will be of the
a 5 0, b 5 6, c 5 4
form 3x 1 y 2 4z 1 D 5 0.
> Since P(24, 2, 4) is on this plane, we can substitute
n 5 (0, 6, 4)
> this in to determine the value of D.
r 5 (1, 3, 5) 1 t(0, 6, 4), tPR 3(24) 1 2 2 4(4) 1 D 5 0
f. Since the line is perpendicular to the plane, the D 5 26
line’s directional vector is the normal of the plane. So the Cartesian equation of this plane is
Use the cross product to find the vector. 3x 1 y 2 4z 1 26 5 0.
A(4, 2, 1), B(3, 24, 2), C(23, 2, 1) e. Since this plane is perpendicular to the yz-plane,
>
AB 5 (21, 26, 1) it is completely determined by its intersection with
> the yz-plane, which will be a line with y-intercept
BC 5 (26, 6, 21)
> > > 4 and z-intercept 22. This means that y and z are
AB 3 BC 5 (0, 27, 242) 5 (0, 1, 6) 5 n related by y 5 mz 1 4 because of the y-intercept
>
r 5 (1, 3, 5) 1 t(0, 1, 6) of 4. We can find the value of m by using the
x 5 1, y 5 3 1 t, z 5 5 1 6t z-intercept of 22.
34. a. This plane will be of the form 0 5 m(22) 1 4
2x 2 4y 1 5z 1 D 5 0. m52
To find D, substitute in P(22, 6, 1). So y and z are related via y 5 2z 1 4, and the
2(22) 2 4(6) 1 5(1) 1 D 5 0 Cartesian equation of the plane is y 2 2z 2 4 5 0.
D 5 23 (x is allowed to be anything here.)
So the Cartesian equation of the plane is f. A normal vector, (A, B, C), for this plane will be
2x 2 4y 1 5z 1 23 5 0. perpendicular to the normal vector for the plane

x 2 2y 1 z 5 6, which is (1, 22, 1). Also, x y z
2. a. Since a 1 b 1 c 5 1 for all (x, y, z) on the
(A, B, C) will be perpendicular to the direction
plane, it holds true for the given points. So
vector for the line contained in the plane we seek.
2 0 0 0 3 0
This direction vector is (3, 1, 2), and so this means 1 1 5 1 or a 5 2. Similarly 1 1 5 1
a b c a b c
we can take 0 0 4
(A, B, C) 5 (1, 22, 1) 3 (3, 1, 2) 5 ((22)(2) and a 1 b 1 c 5 1 implies that b 5 3 and c 5 4.
x y z
2 (1)(1), 3(1) 2 1(2), 1(1) 2 3(22)) So the equation of the plane is 2 1 3 1 4 5 1.
5 (25, 1, 7) b. If both sides are multiplied by the least common
So the Cartesian equation will have the form multiple of the denominators, then an equivalent
25x 1 y 1 7z 1 D 5 0. equation for the plane is 6x 1 4y 1 3z 5 12. Hence
Since is on this plane (take in the line this plane is (6, 4, 3) is a normal vector for this plane.
to contain), we can substitute this in to determine 3. a. Since the origin is a point on the plane and
the value of D. (2, 1, 3) 1 0(1, 2, 5) 5 (2, 1, 3) is a point on the
25(2) 1 (21) 1 7(21) 1 D 5 0 plane, (2, 1, 3) is a direction vector for the plane.
D 5 18 (2, 1, 3) 1 1(1, 2, 5) 5 (3, 3, 8) is a point on the
So the Cartesian equation of this plane is plane and (2, 1, 3) is another point on the plane,
25x 1 y 1 7z 1 18 5 0. so (3, 3, 8) 2 (2, 1, 3) 5 (1, 2, 5) is a directional
vector for the plane as well. (2, 1, 3) and (1, 2, 5)
Chapter 8 Test, p. 484 are not collinear, because the ratios between the
> > coordinates are not equal. Since the origin is a point
1. a. i AB and AC can be the direction vectors for on the plane, a vector equation for the plane is
this> plane and A(1, 2, 4) can be the origin point. >
r 5 s(2, 1, 3) 1 t(1, 2, 5), s, tPR.
AB 5 (2, 0, 3) 2 (1, 2, 4) b. To find the Cartesian equation for the plane, the
5 (1, 22, 21) normal vector is determined by the cross product of
>
AC 5 (4, 4, 4) 2 (1, 2, 4) the two direction vectors from part a.
5 (3, 2, 0) (2, 1, 3) 3 (1, 2, 5) 5 ((1)5 2 (3)2, (3)1
This gives a vector equation of 2 (2)5, (2)2 2 (1)1)
>
r 5 (1, 2, 4) 1 s(1, 22, 21) 1 t(3, 2, 0), s, tPR. 5 (21, 27, 3)
The corresponding parametric equation for this So the Cartesian equation for the plane has the
plane is x 5 1 1 s 1 3t, y 5 2 2 2s 1 2t, form 2x 2 7y 1 3z 1 D 5 0, for some constant D.
z 5 4 2 s, s, tPR. Since the origin is a point on the plane,
ii. The corresponding Cartesian equation is found by 2 (0) 2 7(0) 1 3(0) 1 D 5 0, so D 5 0. Thus the
taking
> the >cross product of the two direction vectors. equation is 2x 2 7y 1 3z 5 0.
AB 3 AC 5 ((22)0 2 (21)2, (21)3 4. a. (2, 0, 23) and (5, 1, 21) are each direction
2 (1)0, (1)2 2 (22)3) vectors for the planes. The vectors are not
5 (2, 23, 8) collinear since the ratios of the coordinates are
So (2, 23, 8) is a normal vector for the plane, so not equal. (4, 23, 5) is a point on the plane,
the plane has the form 2x 2 3y 1 8z 1 D 5 0, for so a vector equation for the plane is
>
some constant D. To find D, we know that A(1, 2, 4) r 5 (4, 23, 5) 1 s(2, 0, 23) 1 t(5, 1, 21), s, tPR.
is a point on the plane, so b. To find the Cartesian equation for the plane, the
2(1) 2 3(2) 1 8(4) 1 D 5 0. So 28 1 D 5 0, or normal vector is determined by the cross product of
D 5 228. So the Cartesian equation for the plane is the two direction vectors from part a.
2x 2 3y 1 8z 2 28 5 0. (2, 0, 23) 3 (5, 1, 21) 5 ((0)(21)
b. A point (x, y, z) is on the plane if and 2 (23)1, (23)5
only if 2x 2 3y 1 8z 2 28 5 0. Since 2 (2)(21), (2)1 2 (0)5)
2(1) 2 3(21) 1 8( 2 12) 2 28 5 227 2 0, 5 (3, 213, 2)
So the Cartesian equation for the plane has the
the point ( 1, 21, 2 12) is not on the plane.
form 3x 2 13y 1 2z 1 D 5 0, for some constant D.

Since the (4, 23, 5) is a point on the plane, c. The first plane in b. intersects the y-axis at the point
3(4) 2 13(23) 1 2(5) 1 D 5 0, so (0, d, 0), where d satisfies 2(0) 2 d 1 k(0) 5 5.
61 1 D 5 0. So D 5 261. Thus the equation is So d 5 25. The second plane in b. intersects the
3x 2 13y 1 2z 2 61 5 0. y-axis at the point (0, e, 0), where e satisfies
5. a. The line intersects the yz-plane when x 5 0. k(0) 2 2e 1 8(0) 5 9. So e 5 24.5. Since the
y24 planes intersect the y-axis only once and the points
If x 5 0, then 22 5 z 5 0 24 2 5 2 12, so y 5 (2 12 )
are different, the equations can never represent the
(22) 1 4 5 5 and z 5 2 12. Thus the point is same plane.
( 0, 5, 2 12) . 7. a. y
b. The direction vector (4, 22, 1) is the same, so 6
the equivalent symmetric equation for the line is 4
x y25 2
5 5 z 1 12. x
4 22
6. a. The angle between two planes is determined –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2
by the dot product of their normal vectors. The –4
normal vector of the first plane is (1, 1, 21) and
–6
the normal vector of the second plane is (1, 21, 1).
(1, 1, 21) ? (1, 21, 1) 5 21 and
b. The equation for the plane can be written as
0 (1, 1, 21) 0 5 "3. So the angle between the planes 2x 1 y 1 0z 5 0. So for any real number t,
is cos21( !321!3) 8 109.5° The acute angle is 70.5°. 2(0) 1 (0) 1 0(t) 5 0, so the point (0, 0, t) is on
b. i. The planes are parallel if and only if the the graph. So the z-axis is on the plane. Also the
corresponding normal vectors are parallel. The normal plane cuts across the xy-plane along the line
vector of the first plane is (2, 21, k) and the normal 2x 1 y 5 0. So the origin is a point, as well as
vector of the second plane is (k, 22, 8). The vectors (22, 1, 0).
are parallel if and only if the ratios between the z
k 22
coordinates are equal. Suppose 5 21 5 2, so
2
then k 5 4. So the vectors can be parallel only
when k 5 4. Since 84 5 2 as well, the vectors are
parallel at k 5 4.
ii. The planes are perpendicular when their normal y
x
vectors are perpendicular. The vectors are
perpendicular when their dot product is equal to zero.
(2, 21, k) ? (k, 22, 8) 5 2k 2 1(22) 1 8k
5 10k 1 2
So if k 5 2 15, then the dot product of the two c. The equation for the plane can be written as
normal vectors is equal to zero. Hence the planes Ax 1 By 1 0z 5 0. For any real number t,
are perpendicular at k 5 2 15. A(0) 1 B(0) 1 0(t) 5 0, so (0, 0, t) is on the
plane. Since this is true for all real numbers, the
z-axis is on the plane.

CHAPTER 9
Relationships Between Points,
Lines, and Planes
Review of Prerequisite Skills, p. 487 2(4) 1 6(1) 2 1(23) 1 D 5 8 1 6 1 3 1 D
5 17 1 D 5 0. D 5 217, and the equation of the
1. a. Yes; (2, 25) 5 (10, 212) 1 t(8, 27) plane is 2x 1 6y 2 z 2 17 5 0.
(2, 25) 5 (10, 212) 1 1(8, 27) >
b. Since n 5 (0, 7, 0), the Cartesian equation of
b. No; 12(1) 1 5(2) 2 13 5 9 2 0 the plane is of the form 7y 1 D 5 0, where D is to
c. Yes; (7, 23, 8) 5 (1, 0, 24) 1 t(2, 21, 4) be determined. Since P0 (22, 0, 5) is on the plane, it
(7, 23, 8) 5 (1, 0, 24) 1 3(2, 21, 4) must satisfy the equation. So 7(0) 1 D 5 0 1 D 5 0
d. No; (1, 0, 5) 5 (2, 1, 22) 1 t(4, 21, 2) thus D 5 0. The equation of the plane is
(21, 21, 7) 2 t(4, 21, 2) 7y 5 0, or y 5 0.
There is no value of t that satisfies the equation. >
c. Since n 5 (4, 23, 0), the Cartesian equation of
2. Answers may vary. For example: the plane is of the form 4x 2 3y 1 D 5 0, where
>
a. Vector: m 5 (7, 3) 2 (2, 5) 5 (5, 22) D is to be determined. Since P0 (3, 21, 22)
>
r 5 (2, 5) 1 t(5, 22), tPR is on the plane, it must satisfy the equation. So
Parametric: x 5 2 1 5t, y 5 5 2 2t, tPR 4(3) 2 3(21) 1 D 5 12 1 3 1 D 5 15 1 D 5 0.
>
b. Vector: m 5 (4, 27) 2 (23, 7) 5 (7, 214) D 5 215, and the equation of the plane is
>
r 5 (23, 7) 1 t(7, 214), tPR 4x 1 3y 2 15 5 0.
Parametric: x 5 23 1 7t, y 5 7 2 14t, tPR >
d. Since n 5 (6, 5, 23), the Cartesian equation of
>
c. Vector: m 5 (23, 211) 2 (21, 0) the plane is of the form 6x 2 5y 1 3z 1 D 5 0,
5 (22, 211) where D is to be determined. Since P0 (0, 0, 0) is on
>
r 5 (21, 0) 1 t(22, 211), tPR the plane, it must satisfy the equation. So
Parametric: x 5 21 1 2 2t, y 5 211t, tPR 6(0) 2 5(0) 1 3(0) 1 D 5 0, or D 5 0. The
>
d. Vector: m 5 (6, 27, 0) 2 (1, 3, 5) equation of the plane is 6x 2 5y 1 3z 5 0.
5 (5, 210, 25) >
e. Since n 5 (11, 26, 0), the Cartesian equation
>
r 5 (1, 3, 5) 1 t(5, 210, 25), tPR of the plane is of the form 11x 2 6y 1 D 5 0,
Parametric: x 5 1 1 5t, y 5 3 2 10t, z 5 5 2 5t, where D is to be determined. Since P0 (4, 1, 8)
tPR is on the plane, it must satisfy the equation. So
>
e. Vector: m 5 (21, 5, 2) 2 (2, 0, 21) 11(4) 2 6(1) 1 D 5 44 2 6 1 D 5 38 1 D 5 0.
5 (23, 5, 3) D 5 238, and the equation of the plane is
>
r 5 (2, 0, 21) 1 t(23, 5, 3), tPR 11x 2 6y 2 38 5 0.
Parametric: x 5 2 2 3t, y 5 25t, z 5 21 1 3t, >
f. Since n 5 (1, 1, 21), the Cartesian equation of
tPR the plane is of the form x 1 y 1 2 z 1 D 5 0,
>
f. Vector: m 5 (12, 25, 27) 2 (2, 5, 21) where D is to be determined. Since P0 (2, 5, 1)
5 (10, 210, 26) is on the plane, it must satisfy the equation.
>
r 5 (2, 5, 21) 1 t(10, 210, 26), tPR So 2 1 5 2 1 1 D 5 6 1 D 5 0. D 5 26, and the
Parametric: x 5 2 1 10t, y 5 5 2 10t, z 5 21 2 6t, equation of the plane is x 1 y 2 z 2 6 5 0.
tPR 4. Start by writing the given line in parametric
>
3. a. Since n 5 (2, 6, 21), the Cartesian equation form: (x, y, z) 5 (2 1 s 1 2t, 1 2 s, 3s 2 5t), so
of the plane is of the form 2x 1 6y 2 z 1 D 5 0, x 5 2 1 s 1 2t, y 5 1 2 s, and z 5 3s 2 5t.
where D is to be determined. Since P0 (4, 1, 23) Solving for s in each component, we get s 5 1 2 y
is on the plane, it must satisfy the equation. So and substituting this into z 5 3s 2 5t gives
z 5 3(1 2 y) 2 5t 5 3 2 3y 2 5t.

> >
3 2 3y 2 z AB 3 AC 5 ((0 ? 6) 2 (1 ? 21), (1 ? 5)
So now 23 1 3y 1 z 5 25t and t5
5
.
2 (1 ? 6), (1 ? 21) 2 (0 ? 5))
Finally, substituting both equations for s and t into
5 (0 1 1, 5 2 6, 21 2 0)
x 5 2 1 s 1 2t, we get >
5 (1, 21, 21) 5 n .
x 5 2 1 (1 2 y) 1 2 a b.
3 2 3y 2 z
If P(x, y, z) is any point on the plane, then
5 >
Rearranging, we get AP 5 (x 2 1, y, z 1 1), and if the normal to the
5x 5 10 1 5 2 5y 1 6 2 6y 2 2z plane is (1, 21, 21), then
5x 1 11y 1 2z 2 21 5 0. (x 2 1, y, z 1 1) ? (1, 21, 21) 5 0, so
5. L1 is not parallel to the plane because (3, 0, 2) is x 2 1 2 y 2 z 2 1 5 0 and thus,
a point on the line and the plane. Substitute the x 2 y> 2 z 2 2 5 0
expressions for the components of the parametric b. PQ> 5 (6, 4, 0) 2 (4, 1, 22) 5 (2, 3, 2)
equation of the line into the equation of the plane. PR 5 (0, >0, 23)> 2 (4, 1, 22) 5 (24, 21, 21)
>
4(3 1 t) 1 (22t) 2 (2 1 2t) 2 10 5 0 n 5 PQ 3 PR
12 1 4t 2 2t 2 2 2 2t 2 10 5 0 5 (3(21) 2 2(21)), 2(24) 22(21),
050 2(21) 2 3(4))
This last statement is always true. So every point on 5 (23 1 2, 28 1 2, 22 1 12) 5 (21, 26, 10)
the line is also in the plane. Therefore, the line lies Since (21, 26, 10) 5 21(1, 6, 210), we will use
on the plane. (1, 6, 210) as the normal vector so that the coefficient
For L2 substitute the expressions for the components of x is positive. If P(x, y, z) is any point on the plane,
>
of the parametric equation of the line into the then AP 5 (x 2 4, y 2 1, z 1 2), and if the normal
equation of the plane. to the plane is (1, 6, 210), then
4(23t) 1 (25 1 2t) 2 (210t) 2 10 5 0 (x 2 4, y 2 1, z 1 2) ? (1, 6, 210) 5 0,
212t 2 5 1 2t 1 10t 2 10 5 0 so x 2 4 1 6y 2 6 2 10z 2 20 5 0,
215 5 0 and thus x 1 6y 2 10z 2 30 5 0.
This last statement is never true. So the line and the 7. Answers may vary. For example: One direction
plane have no points in common. Therefore, L2 is >
vector is m 5 (2, 21, 6) 2 (1, 24, 3) 5 (1, 3, 3).
parallel to the plane. The line cannot lie on the Now we need to find a normal to the plane such
plane. > >
that n ? m 5 0. So (1, 3, 3) ? (a, 0, c) 5 0. Now we
For L3 use the symmetric equation to rewrite x and have a 1 3c 5 0. A possible solution to this is
z in terms of y. >
a 5 3, c 5 21. So n 5 (3, 0, 21) and the
x 5 24y 2 23 Cartesian equation of the plane is 3x 2 z 5 0.
z 5 2y 2 6 Since the plane is parallel to the y-axis, (0, 1, 0) is
Substitute into the equation of the plane. another direction vector for the plane. Therefore, a
4(24y 2 23) 1 y 2 (2y 2 6) 2 10 5 0 vector equation for the plane is
216y 2 92 1 y 1 y 1 6 2 10 5 0 >
r 5 (1, 24, 3) 1 t(1, 3, 3) 1 s(0, 1, 0), s, tPR.
214y 2 96 5 0 8. We are given the point A(21, 3, 4). We need to
This equation has a solution. Therefore, L3 and the >
find a normal vector n 5 (a, b, c) such that
plane have a point in common and are not parallel. a(x 1 1) 1 b(y 2 3) 1 c(z 2 4) 1 d 5 0.
However, (5, 27, 1) is a point that lies on the line The normal vector also must be perpendicular to the
that does not lie on the plane. Therefore, L3 does two planes and their normals, (2, 21, 3) and
not lie in the plane. (5, 1, 23). One possible solution for the normal is
6. a. A normal vector to this plane is determined by >
n 5 (0, 3, 1). So we have
calculating
> the
> cross product of the position vectors, 3(y 2 3) 1 z 2 4 5 0
AB and AC > . 3y 1 z 2 9 2 4 5 0
AB> 5 (2, 0, 0) 2 (1, 0, 21) 5 (1, 0, 1) And the equation of the plane is 3y 1 z 5 13.
AC 5 (6, 21, 5) 2 (1, 0, 21) 5 (5, 21, 6)
9-2 Chapter 9: Relationships Between Points, Lines, and Planes

9.1 The Intersection of a Line c. z
with a Plane and the Intersection
of Two Lines, pp. 496–498
1. a. First, show the parametric equations as
x 5 1 1 5s, y 5 2 1 s, z 5 23 1 s. Then the y
plane can be written as p: x 2 2y 2 3z 5 6, x
and the vector equation of the line is
>
r 5 (1, 2, 23) 1 s(5, 1, 1), sPR.
b. When we substitute the parametric equations into
the Cartesian equation for the plane, we get
(1 1 5s) 2 2(2 1 s) 2 3(23 1 s) 5 6
d. There are no intersections between the line and
1 2 4 1 9 1 5s 2 2s 2 3s 5 6 2 0s 5 6
the plane.
Note that by finishing the solution, we get 0s 5 0.
4. a. For x 1 4y 1 z 2 4 5 0, if we substitute the
Since any real number will satisfy this equation, we
parametric equations, we have
have an infinite number of solutions, and this line
(22 1 t) 1 4(1 2 t)1 (2 1 3t) 1 4
lies on the plane.
5 22 1 4 1 2 1 t 2 4t 1 3t 2 4
2. a. A line and a plane can intersect in three ways:
5 0t 1 0
Case 1: The line and the plane have zero points of
5 0. All values of t give a solution to the equation,
intersection. This occurs when the lines are not
so all points on the line are also on the plane.
incidental, meaning they do not intersect.
b. For the plane 2x 2 3y 1 4z 2 11 5 0, we can
Case 2: The line and the plane have only one point
substitute the parametric equations derived
of intersection. This occurs when the line crosses >
from r 5 (1, 5, 6) 1 t(1, 22, 22):
the plane at a single point.
x 5 1 1 t, y 5 5 2 2t, z 5 6 2 2t.
Case 3: The line and the plane have an infinite
So we have 2(1 1 t)2 3(5 2 2t) 1 4(6 2 2t) 2 11
number of intersections. This occurs when the line
5 2 2 15 1 24 2 11 1 2t 1 6t 2 8t
is coincident with the plane, meaning the line lies
5 0t 1 0
on the plane.
50
b. Assume that the line and the plane have more
Similar to part a., all values of t give a solution to
than one intersection, but not an infinite number.
this equation, so all points on the line are also on
For simplicity, assume two intersections. At the
the plane.
first intersection, the line crosses the plane. In order
5. a. First, we should determine the parametric
for the line to continue on, it must have the same
equations from the vector form: x 5 21 2 s,
direction vector. If the line has already crossed the
y 5 1 1 2s, z 5 2s. Substituting these into the
plane, then it continues to move away from the
equation of the plane, we get
plane, and can not intersect again. So the line and
2(21 2 s) 2 2(1 1 2s) 1 3(2s) 2 1
the plane can only intersect zero, one, or infinitely
5 22 2 2 2 1 2 2s 2 4s 1 6s
many times.
> 5 25 1 0s
3. a. The line r 5 s(1, 0, 0) is the x-axis.
> Since there are no values of s such that 25 5 0, this
b. The plane y 5 1 has the form r 5 (x, 1, z),
line and plane do not intersect.
where x, and z are any values in R. So the plane is
b. Substituting the parametric equations into the
parallel to the xz-plane, but just one unit away to
the right.
2(1 1 2t) 2 4(22 1 5t) 1 4(1 1 4t) 2 13
2 1 8 1 4 2 13 1 4t 2 20t 1 16t
5 1 1 0t
Since there are no values of t such that 1 5 0, there
are no solutions, and the plane and the line do not
intersect.

>
6. a. The direction vector is m 5 (21, 2, 2)
L1: (3, 1, 5) 1 (4, 21, 2) 5 a , , b
5 41 2 45
>
and the normal is n 5 (2, 22, 3), so if the line and 7 7 7 7
> >
the plane meet at right angles, m ? n 5 0. So
L2: a4 1 , 1 2 , b 5 a , , b
13 5 5 41 2 5
(21 ? 2) 1 (2 ? 22) 1 (2 ? 3) 5 22 2 4 1 6 5 0, 7 7 7 7 7 7
but 2(21) 2 2(1) 1 3(0) 2 1 5 25 2 0. So the The points must be equal for intersection to occur,
point on the line is not on the plane. so there is no intersection and the lines are skew.
>
b. The direction vector is m 5 (2, 5, 4) and b. If we compare the z components of the two lines,
>
the normal is n 5 (2, 24, 4), so if the line we see 2 5 8 2 6s or s 5 1. Substituting this back
> >
and the plane meet at right angles, m ? n 5 0. So into the x component (the y component would work
(2 ? 2) 1 (5 ? 24) 1 (4 ? 4) 5 4 2 20 1 16 5 0, just as well), we have 3 1 m 5 23 1 7(1) 5 4, or
but 2(1) 2 4(22) 1 4(1) 2 13 5 1 2 0. So the m 5 1. So now we can substitute m and s back into
point on the line is not on the plane. the equations for the line, and we get
7. a. If the line and the plane intersect, then they are L3 : (3, 7, 2) 1 (1, 26, 0) 5 (4, 1, 2)
equal at a particular point p. So we must substitute L4 : (23, 2, 8) 1 (7, 21, 26) 5 (4, 1, 2)
the parametric equations into the equation of the So (4, 1, 2) is the only point of intersection between
plane, and then solve for p. these two lines.
(21 1 6p) 1 2(3 1 p) 2 (4 2 2p) 1 29 9. a. Comparing the y and z components of each
5 21 1 6 2 4 1 6p 1 2p 1 2p 1 29 vector equation, we get the system of equations:
5 30 1 10p 3 2 2p 5 3 2 2q
5 0. So now 210p 5 30 and p 5 23. 4 1 3p 5 24 1 11q
Now we must find the point at which the Note that from the first equation, p 5 q. So the
line and plane intersect. To do this, just second equation becomes 4 1 3q 5 24 1 11q.
substitute p 5 23 into the vector form of the line: Solving for q, we get q 5 1. So from the earlier
(21, 3, 4) 1 23(6, 1, 22) 5 (219, 0, 10). relation, p 5 1. Placing these two values back into
b. If the line and the plane intersect, then they are the vector equations, we get
equal at a particular point p. So we must substitute (22, 3, 4) 1 (6, 22, 3) 5 (4, 1, 7)
the parametric equations into the equation of the (22, 3, 24) 1 (6, 22, 11) 5 (4, 1, 7)
plane, and then solve for p. This shows that these two lines intersect at (4, 1, 7).
x 5 1 1 4s, y 5 22 2 s, z 5 3 1 s b. Comparing the x and z components of each
2(1 1 4s) 1 7(22 2 s) 1 (3 1 s) 1 15 vector equation, we get the system of equations:
5 2 2 14 1 3 1 15 1 8s 2 7s 1 s 41r521s
5 6 1 2s 6 1 4r 5 28 1 5s
5 0. So now 22s 5 6 and s 5 23. Now we must Note that from the first equation, s 5 2 1 r. So the
find the point at which the line and plane intersect. second equation becomes 6 1 4r 5 2 1 5r.
To do this, just substitute s 5 23 into the vector Solving for r, we get r 5 4. So from the earlier
form of the line: relation, s 5 6. Placing these two values back into
(1, 22, 3) 1 23(4, 21, 1) 5 (211, 1, 0) the vector equations, we get
8. a. Comparing the x and y components in L1 and (4, 1, 6) 1 4(1, 0, 4) 5 (8, 1, 22)
L2, we have (2, 1, 28) 1 6(1, 0, 5) 5 (8, 1, 22)
3 1 4s 5 4 1 13t This shows that these two lines intersect
1 2 s 5 1 2 5t at (8, 1, 22).
We can easily solve for one of the variables by
c. Comparing the x and z components of each
using the second equation: s 5 5t. Substituting this
vector equation, we get the system of equations:
back into the first equation: 3 1 20t 5 4 1 13t so
2 1 m 5 22 1 3p
1 5 7t and thus t 5 17. So now we must solve for s: 11m512p
3 1 4s 5 4 1 137 and s 5 20 5
28 5 7 . Placing these back Note that from the second equation, m 5 2p. So
into the equations for L1 and L2: the first equation becomes 2 2 p 5 22 1 3p.
Solving for p, we get p 5 1. So from the earlier
relation, m 5 21. Placing these two values back
into the vector equations, we get

(2, 2, 1) 2 (1, 1, 1) 5 (1, 1, 0) 13. On the xz-plane, the point A has the coordinates
(22, 2, 1) 1 (3, 21, 21) 5 (1, 1, 0) (x, 0, z), for any x, z. Similarly, on the yz-plane, the
This shows that these two lines intersect at (1, 1, 0). point B has the coordinates (0, y, z) for any y, z. Now
d. Comparing the x and y components of each the task is to find the required values of s for these
vector equation, we get the system of equations: points. Starting with the x component of point B,
1 1 0m 5 2 1 s we have 0 5 28 1 2s or s 5 4. So point B is
2 1 4m 5 3 2 2s (28, 26, 21) 1 4(2, 2, 1) 5 (0, 2, 3). For point A,
Note that from the first equation, s 5 21. So the we need the y coordinate to equal 0. So 0 5 26 1 2s
second equation becomes 2 1 4m 5 5. or s 5 3. So point A is
Solving for m, we get m 5 34. Placing these two (28, 26, 21) 1 3(2, 2, 1) 5 (22, 0, 2).
values back into the vector equations, we get Now we need to find the distance.
(9, 1, 2) 2 (5, 0, 4) 5 a , 1, 21b
3 21 d 5 "(0 2 (22))2 1 (2 2 0)2 1 (3 2 2)2
5 "4 1 4 1 1
4 4
5 "9
(8, 2, 3) 2 (4, 1, 22) 5 (4, 1, 5)
The two lines do not intersect, so they are skew.
53
10. At the point where the line intersects the z-axis,
14. a. Comparing the y and z components of each
the point Q(0, 0, q) equals the vector equation. So
for the x component, 23 1 3s 5 0 or s 5 1.
1 1 0p 5 21 2 2q
Substituting this into the vector equation, we get
1 2 p 5 1 2 2q
(23, 2, 1) 1 (3, 22, 7) 5 (0, 0, 8). So q 5 8.
Note that from the first equation, 2 5 22q or
11. a. Comparing the x components, we get
q 5 21. So the second equation becomes
22 1 7s 5 230 1 7t, which can be reduced to
1 2 p 5 1 1 2 or p 5 22.
28 1 7s 5 7t or s 2 t 5 4. Comparing the other
Placing these two values back into the vector
components, the same equation results.
equations to find the intersection point A, we get
b. From L1, we see that at (22, 3, 4), s 5 0. When
(2, 1, 1) 2 2(4, 0, 21) 5 (26, 1, 3)
this occurs, t 5 4. Substituting this into L2, we get
(3, 21, 1) 2 (9, 22, 22) 5 (26, 1, 3)
(230, 11, 24) 1 4(7, 22, 2) 5 (22, 3, 4). Since
Thus, the intersection point is (26, 1, 3).
both of these lines have the same direction vector
b. A point on the xy plane has the form (x, y, 0). If
and a common point, the lines are coincidental.
such a point is (26, 1, 0) then the distance from
12. a. First, we must determine the values of s and t.
So comparing the x and z components, we get this point is d 5 "0 1 0 1 32 5 3.
23 1 s 5 1 2 3t 15. a. Comparing the x and y components of each
1 1 s 5 2 1 8t vector equation, we get the system of equations:
From the second equation, s 5 1 1 8t. Substituting 21 1 5s 5 4 1 0t
this back into the first equation, 3 2 2s 5 21 1 2t
23 1 1 1 8t 5 1 2 3t or t 5 113 . Note that from the first equation, 5 5 5s or s 5 1.
Substituting back into the second equation, So the second equation becomes 3 2 2 5 21 1 2t
23 1 s 5 1 2 119 5 112 , and solving for s, or t 5 1. Placing these two values back into the
s 5 112 1 3 5 35 11 . Now we can solve for k. Compare
vector equations to find the intersection point A,
the y components after substituting s and t. we get
35 3 (21, 3, 2) 1 (5, 22, 10) 5 (4, 1, 12)
82 541 k (4, 21, 1) 1 (0, 2, 11) 5 (4, 1, 12)
11 11
53 5 44 1 3k Thus, the intersection point is (4, 1, 12).
or k 5 3. b. We need to find a vector (a, b, c) such that
b. The lines intersect when s 5 35 5a 2 2b 1 10c 5 0
11 . The point of
2b 1 11c 5 0
intersection is ( 23 1 35
11 , 8 2 11 , 1 1 11 ) or
35 35
A possible solution to the second equation is
( 112 , 5311, 4611) . (a, 11, 22). If we substitute this into the first
equation, we get 5a 2 22 2 20 5 0 S 5a 5 42.

We can use this to get a solution of ( 425, 11, 22) . To x 1 y 1 2z 5 215
eliminate the fraction, we get (42, 55, 210). So the 0x 2 y 1 z 5 212
> 0x 2 y 2 3z 5 20
vector equation is r 5 (4, 1, 12) 1 t(42, 55, 210),
tPR. Add the second and third equation.
16. a. z x 1 y 1 2z 5 215
0x 2 y 1 z 5 212
0x 1 0y 2 4z 5 32
L2 From the third equation, z 5 28.
Substitute z back into the second equation,
L1 2y 2 8 5 212
y 2y 5 212 1 8 5 24
x So y 5 4. Now substitute y and z back into the first
b. The only point of intersection is at the origin equation.
(0, 0, 0). x 1 4 1 2(28) 5 x 2 12 5 215
c. If p 5 0 and q 5 0, the intersection occurs at And so x 5 23. Thus the solution is (23, 4, 28)
(0, 0, 0). as expected.
17. a. Represent the lines parametrically, and
3. a. 27 2 3(5) 1 4 a b 5 27 2 15 1 3 5 219
3
then substitute into the equation for the plane. 4
For the first equation, x 5 t, y 5 7 2 8t,
27 2 8 a b 5 27 2 6 5 213
3
z 5 1 1 2t. Substituting into the plane equation,
4
2t 1 7 2 8t 1 3 1 6t 2 10 5 0. Simplifying,
27 1 2(5) 5 3
0t 5 0. So the line lies on the plane.
For the second line, x 5 4 1 3s, y 5 21, z 5 1 2 2s Yes, ( 27, 5, 34) is a solution.
Substituting into the plane equation, b.
3(27) 2 2(5) 1 16 a b 5 221 2 10 1 12 5 219
8 1 6s 2 1 1 3 2 6s 2 10 5 0. Simplifying, 3
0s 5 0. This line also lies on the plane. 4
b. Compare the x and y components: 3(27) 2 2(5) 5 221 2 10 5 231
4 1 3s 5 t 2 223
8(27) 2 5 1 4 a b 5 256 2 5 1 3 5 258
7 2 8t 5 21 3
From the second equation, t 5 1. Substituting back 4
into the first equation, 4 1 3s 5 1, or s 5 21. Because the second equation fails to produce an
Determine the point of intersection: equality, ( 27, 5, 34) is not a solution.
(1, 7 2 8, 1 1 2) 5 (1, 21, 3) 4. a. Solve for y. y 5 23
(4 2 3, 21, 1 1 2) 5 (1, 21, 3) The solution is (22, 23).
The point of intersection is (1, 21, 3). b. Multiply the second equation by 6
18. Answers may vary. For example: 3x 1 5y 5 221
>
r 5 (2, 0, 0) 1 p(2, 0, 1), pPR x 2 3y 5 7
Add 3 times the first equation to 5 times the second
9.2 Systems of Equations, pp. 507–509 equation.
3x 1 5y 5 221
1. a. linear 14x 5 228
b. not linear From the second equation, x 5 22.
c. linear Substituting x back into the first equation,
d. not linear 3(22) 1 5y 5 221
2. Answers may vary. For example: 5y 5 215
x 1 y 1 2z 5 215 So y 5 23.
a. x 1 2y 1 z 5 23 The two systems are equivalent because they have
2x 1 y 1 z 5 210 the same solution.
b. Subtract the first equation from the second, and 5. a. Add the second equation to 5 times the first
subtract twice the first equation from the third. equation.

2x 2 y 5 11 10. a. There are infinitely many solutions to this
11x 5 66 equation. This is reason why it is represented
Solve for x in the second equation, x 5 6. Substitute x graphically as a line.
back into the first equation b. Let x 5 t. So 2t 1 4y 5 11, then 4y 5 11 2 2t
2(6) 2 y 5 11 and y 5 114 2 12 t, tPR
2y 5 11 2 12 5 21 c. This equation will not have any integer solutions
So y 5 1 because the left hand side is an even function and
Therefore, the solution is (6, 1). the right side is an odd function.
b. Subtract three times the first equation from twice 11. a. Add the second equation to 22 times the
the second equation. first.
2x 1 5y 5 19 x 1 3y 5 a
0x 2 7y 5 235 0x 2 3y 5 b 2 2a
From the second equation, y 5 5. Divide the second equation by 23 to get
Substitute y back into the first equation. y 5 2 13 b 1 23 a. Now substitute this back into
2x 1 5(5) 5 19 the first equation.
2x 5 19 2 25 5 26 1 2
So x 5 23 x 1 3a2 b 1 ab 5 a
3 3
Therefore, the solution is (23, 5).
x 2 b 1 2a 5 a
c. Add the second equation to 3 times the first
x 5 2a 1 b
equation to the second equation
b. Since they have different direction vectors, these
2x 1 2y 5 10
two equations are not parallel or coincident and will
0x 1 11y 5 33
intersect somewhere.
From the second equation, y 5 3.
12. a. Add the third equation to the first to eliminate z.
Substitute y back into the first equation.
x1y1z50
2x 1 2(3) 5 10
x 2 y 1 0z 5 1
2x 5 4
x 1 2y 1 0z 5 25
So x 5 24.
Add twice the second equation to the third equation
Therefore the solution is (24, 3).
to eliminate
6. a. These two lines are parallel, and therefore
cannot have an intersection.
to eliminate y.
b. The second equation is five times the first,
x1y1z50
therefore the lines are coincident.
x 2 y 1 0z 5 1
7. a. Let x 5 t. So 2t 2 y 5 3 then y 5 2t 2 3.
3x 1 0y 1 0z 5 23
b. Let x 5 t, y 5 s. Then t 2 2s 1 z 5 0 and
Divide the third equation by 23 to get x 5 21.
z 5 2s 1 t.
Now substitute into the second equation.
8. a. If x 5 t, y 5 22t 2 11, then y 5 22x 2 11
21 2 y 5 1
and so 2x 1 y 5 211 is the required linear equation.
y 5 22
b. 2x 1 y 5 211
Finally, substitute x and y to get
2(3t 1 3) 1 (26t 2 17) 5 6t 2 6t 1 6 2 17
21 1 22 1 z 5 0
5 211
So z 5 3. Therefore, the solution is (21, 22, 3).
9. a. The two equations will have no solutions when
b. Add the first equation to 22 times the second,
k 2 12, since they will be parallel should this occur.
and add the first equation to 22 times the third.
b. It is impossible to have only one solution for these
2x 2 3y 1 z 5 6
two equations. They have exactly the same direction
0x 2 5y 2 3z 5 256
vector. They will never intersect at exactly one place.
0x 2 y 1 3z 5 40
c. The two equations will have infinitely many
Now add the second equation to 21 times the third.
solutions when k 5 12. When this occurs, the two
2x 2 3y 1 z 5 6
equations are coincident.
0x 2 5y 2 3z 5 256
0x 2 4y 1 0z 5 216

From the third equation, y 5 4. e. Note that if 2x 2 y 5 0 S y 5 2x, and
Now substitute this into the second equation. 2z 2 x 5 0 S z 5 12 x. So we substitute these two
25(4) 2 3z 5 256 relations into the second equation.
23z 5 236 1 7
2(2x) 2 x 5 x 5 7 S x 5 2
z 5 12 2 2
Now substitute these two values back into the first So now z 5 1, y 5 4, and the solution is (2, 4, 1).
equation. f. Add the first equation to 22 times the second
2x 2 3(4) 1 12 5 6 equation.
2x 5 6, x 5 3 x 1 y 1 2z 5 13
So the solution is (3, 4, 12). 22x 1 0y 2 7z 5 238
c. Add the second equation to 21 times the third. 2x 1 0y 1 6z 5 32
x 1 y 1 0z 5 10 Add the second and third equations.
0x 1 y 1 z 5 22 x 1 y 1 2z 5 13
2x 1 y 1 0z 5 2 22x 1 0y 2 7z 5 238
Add the third equation to the first equation. 0x 1 0y 2 z 5 26
x 1 y 1 0z 5 10 So from the third equation, z 5 6.
0x 1 y 1 z 5 22 Substituting into the second equation,
0x 1 2y 1 0z 5 12 22x 2 42 5 238
So y 5 6. Now substitute into the other two 22x 5 4 S x 5 22
equations. Finally, substituting both values into the first
x 1 6 5 10 S x 5 4 equation,
6 1 z 5 22 S z 5 28 22 1 y 1 12 5 13 S y 5 3.
So the solution is (4, 6, 28). So the final solution is (22, 3, 6).
d. To eliminate fractions, multiply each of the 13. Answers may vary. For example:
equations by 60. a. Three lines parallel
20x 1 15y 1 12z 5 840 z
15x 1 12y 1 20z 5 21260
12x 1 20y 1 15z 5 420
Add 3 times the first equation to 24 times the L3
second, and add 3 times the first equation to 25
L2
times the third.
L1
20x 1 15y 1 12z 5 840
0x 2 3y 2 44z 5 7560
0x 2 55y 2 39z 5 420 y
Now add 55 times the second equation to 23 times x
the third equation.
20x 1 15y 1 12z 5 840 Two lines coincident
0x 2 3y 2 44z 5 7560 and the third parallel
z
0x 1 0y 2 2303z 5 414 540
Divide the third equation through by 22303 to get
z 5 2180. Substituting z back into the second
equation.
23y 2 44(2180) 5 7560 S 23y 5 2360 L2
So y 5 120. Now substitute these two values back L3 L1
into the first equation.
20x 1 15(120) 1 12(2180) 5 840 y
20x 5 840 2 1800 1 2160 5 1200 x
So x 5 60. Therefore the solution is (60, 120, 2180).

Two parallel lines cut So z 5 a 2 b, x 5 a 2 c. Then substitute into the
by the third line first equation.
z a2c1y1a2b5a
y 5 2a 1 b 1 c
L3 So the final solution is (a 2 c, 2a 1 b 1 c, a 2 b).
L2 15. a. For two equations to have no solutions, they
L1 must be parallel—meaning it must have a the same
direction vector. So if k 5 2, then the lines are
parallel.
y
b. If two equations have an infinite number of
x
solutions, then the lines must be coincident. One
The lines form a triangle way to do this is if the second equation is a multiple
z
of the first equation. To achieve this, k 5 22.
c. For two equations to have a unique solution, they
must have only one intersection. From a., we saw
that if k 5 2, the lines are parallel, and if k 5 22,
then they are coincident. Since the only other option
L3 L2
is for the lines to have a unique solution, k 2 6 2.
L1 y
9.3 The Intersection of Two Planes,
x
pp. 516–517
b. Lines meet in a point 1. a. This means that the two equations represent
z
planes that are parallel and not coincident.
b. Answers may vary. For example: x 2 y 1 z 5 1,
x 2 y 1 z 5 22
2. a. The solution to the system of equations is:
L1
x 5 12 1 12 s 2 t, y 5 s, z 5 t, s, tPR. The two
L3 L2 planes are coincident.
b. Answers may vary. For example:
y x 2 y 1 z 1 21; 2x 2 2y 1 2z 5 22
x 3. a. 2z 5 24 1 z 5 22.
c. x 2 y 1 (22) 1 21
Three coincident lines
z x 2 y 1 1.
x 5 1 1 s, y 5 s, z 5 22, sPR
The two planes intersect in a line.
L1 b. Answers may vary. For example:
x 2 y 1 z 5 21; x 2 y 2 z 5 3.
L2 4. a. 1 2x 1 y 1 6z 5 p; 2 x 1 my 1 3z 5 q
For the planes to be coincident equation 2 must be
L3 a multiple of equation 1 . Since the coefficients of
y x and z in equation 1 are twice that of the x and z
x coefficients in equation 2 all of the coefficients
14. a. Add 21 times the first equation and the and constants in equation 2 must be half of the
second equation. Add 21 times the first equation corresponding coefficients in equation 1 . So:
and the third equation. 1
m 5 , p 5 2q. q 5 1, and p 5 2.
x1y1z5a 2
0x 1 0y 2 z 5 b 2 a The value for m is unique, but p just has to be twice
2x 1 0y 1 0z 5 c 2 a q and arbitrary values can be chosen.

b. For parallel planes all of the coefficients of the c. The coefficients of the x and z variables are the
variables must be multiples of each other, but the same but the y coefficients are different. So the
constant terms must differ by a different constant. equations represent planes that intersect in a line.
So a possible solution is: d. The coefficients of each variable from equation 1
1 to 2 are not the same multiple. Therefore the
m 5 , q 5 1, and p 5 3.
2 equations represent planes that intersect in a line.
The value for m is again unique but p and q can be e. The intersection is a line by the same reasoning
arbitrarily chosen as long as p 2 2q. as d.
c. For the two planes to intersect at right angles the f. The intersection is a line by the same reasoning as d.
>
two normal vectors, n1 5 (2, 1, 6) and 7. a. x 5 1 2 s 2 t, y 5 s, z 5 t, s, tPR
>
n2 5 (1, m, 3), must satisfy: b. There is no solution since the planes are parallel.
> >
n1 ? n2 5 0. c. 1 2 2 :
> >
n1 ? n2 5 2 1 m 1 18 5 0 22y 5 4
m 5 220. This value is unique, since only one y 5 22.
value was found to satisfy the given conditions. x 2 2 1 2z 5 22
d. From c. we know that in order to intersect in x 1 2z 5 0
right angles m 5 220. Choose p 5 1, q 5 1. x 5 22z.
The value for m is unique from the solution to c., x 5 22s, y 5 22, z 5 s, sPR.
but the values for p and q can be arbitrary since the d. Let z 5 s; sPR.
only value which can change the angle between the From 2 :
planes is m. x 5 y 1 6.
5. a. Letting z 5 s: (y 1 6) 1 y 1 2s 5 4
y 5 23s. 2y 1 2s 5 22
x 1 2(23s) 2 3s 5 0. y 5 2s 2 1.
x 5 9s x 5 2s 1 5, y 5 2s 2 1, z 5 s, sPR.
The solution is: e. 22 ? 2 : 2x 2 4y 2 2z 5 22
x 5 9s, y 5 23s, z 5 s, sPR Adding 1 :
b. Letting y 5 t. 4x 2 5y 5 0.
t 1 3z 5 0 5
3z 5 2t x 5 y.
4
1 Let y 5 s, sPR.
z 5 2 t.
3 5
2a sb 2 s 1 2z 5 2
x 1 2t 2 3a2 bt 5 0
1 4
3 3
x 1 3t 5 0 s 1 2z 5 2
2
x 5 23t. 3
The solution is: z 5 1 2 s.
4
1 5 3
x 5 23t, y 5 t, z 5 2 t; tPR. x 5 s, y 5 s, z 5 1 2 s, sPR
3 4 4
c. Since t is an arbitrary real number we can f. x 2 y 1 2(4) 5 0
express t as: x 5 y 2 8.
t 5 23s; sPR. x 5 s 2 8, y 5 s, z 5 4, sPR.
Substituting this into the solution for b. shows that 8. a. The system will have an infinite number of
the two solutions are equivalent. solutions for any value of k. When k 5 2 equation
6. a. Equation 2 is twice that of equation 1 , so 2 will be twice that of 1 so the solution is a plane:
they represent intersecting coincident planes. x 5 1 2 s 2 2t, y 5 s, z 5 t, s, tPR.
b. The coefficients of each variable are the same, For any other value of k the solution will be a line.
but the constant terms are different, so the equations For example k 5 0:
represent non-intersecting parallel planes. 2y 5 24z
y 5 22z.

x 1 (22z) 1 2z 5 1 b. L meets the xy-plane when z 5 0.
x 5 1. x 5 1, y 5 1. A 5 (1, 1, 0).
x 5 1, y 5 22s, z 5 s, sPR. L meets the z-axis when both x and y are zero:
b. No there is no value of k for which the system will s 5 21.
not have a solution. The only time when there is no z 5 21.
solution is when the corresponding coefficients for B 5 (0, 0, 21)
each variable differ by a common multiple between The length of AB is therefore:
equations, and the constant terms differ by a different "12 1 12 1 12 5 "3 or about 1.73.
multiple. The only way the first condition is satisfied is 12. The line with equation x 5 22y 5 3z has
when k 5 2, but when this happens the constant terms parametric equations: x 5 s, y 5 2 12 s, z 5 13 s, sPR.
differ by the same factor as the variables, namely 2. This has the equivalent vector form:
9. The line of intersection of the two planes:
r 5 sa1, 2 , b, sPR.
> 1 1
p1: 2x 2 y 1 z 5 0, p2: y 1 4z 5 0 is: 2 3
y 5 24z The line of intersection of the two planes
2x 2 (24z) 1 z 5 0 x 2 y 1 z 5 1 and 2y 2 z 5 0 is:
2x 5 25z 1
5 y5 z
x 5 2 z. 2
2 1
5 x2 z1z51
x 5 2 s, y 5 24s, z 5 s, sPR. 2
2 1
The direction vector is ( 2 52, 24, 1) or (25, 28, 2). x 5 1 2 z.
2
>
r1 5 s(25, 28, 2), sPR. Since the line we are 1 1
x 5 1 2 2 t, y 5 2 t, z 5 t, tPR. Which has a vector
looking for is parallel to this line, we know that the equation of:
>
direction vector must be the same. The line passes r 5 (1, 0, 0) 1 t (2 12, 12, 1), tPR. The vector
through (22, 3, 6) and has direction vector equation of the plane with the given properties is
(25, 28, 2). The equation of the line is thus:
>
r2 5 (22, 3, 6) 1 s(25, 28, 2), sPR.
r 5 (1, 0, 0) 1 t a2 , , 1b 1 s a1, 2 , b, s, tPR.
> 1 1 1 1
10. The line of intersection of the two planes, 2 2 2 3
2x 2 y 1 2z 5 0 and 2x 1 y 1 6z 5 4 is: The normal vector for the plane is then:
4x 1 8z 5 4
a2 , , 1b 3 a1, 2 , b 5 a ? b 2 a1 ? 2 b,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
x 5 1 2 2z.
2 2 2 3 2 3 2
2(1 2 2z) 2 y 1 2z 5 0
1 ? 1 2 a2 ? b, 2 a2 b 2 ? 1 5 a , , 2 b.
2 2 y 2 2z 5 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 7 1
y 5 2 2 2z. 2 3 2 2 2 3 6 4
x 5 1 2 2s, y 5 2 2 2s, z 5 s, sPR.
Or equivalently (8, 14, 23).
In order for the a line to be contained in the plane The Cartesian equation is then:
8x 1 14y 2 3z 1 D 5 0, and must contain the
we need to check that the values for x, y, and z
always satisfy the plane equation: point (1, 0, 0).
8(1) 1 D 5 0.
5x 1 3y 1 16z 2 11 5 0.
D 5 28.
5(1 2 2s) 1 3(2 2 2s) 1 16(s) 2 11 5 0
8x 1 14y 2 3z 2 8 5 0.
5 1 6 2 11 2 10s 2 6s 1 16s 5 0
0 5 0. Since this is true the line is contained in the
plane. Mid-Chapter Review, pp. 518–519
11. a. p1: 2x 1 y 2 3z 5 3, p2: x 2 2y 1 z 5 21. >
1. a. r 5 (4, 23, 15) 1 t(2, 23, 5), tPR
p1 2 2p2: 5y 2 5z 5 5 x 5 4 1 2t, y 5 23 2 3t, z 5 15 1 5t
y 5 1 1 z. 0 5 15 1 5t
2x 1 (1 1 z) 2 3z 5 3 t 5 23
2x 2 2z 5 2
x 5 1 1 z.
x 5 1 1 s, y 5 1 1 s, z 5 s, sPR.
x 5 4 1 2(23), y 5 23 2 3(23), A: x 5 2 1 3t, y 5 1 1 3t, z 5 3 2 2t, tPR
z 5 15 1 5(23) B: x 5 3 1 t, y 5 22, z 5 5, tPR
x 5 22, y 5 6, z 5 0 C: x 5 28 1 7t, y 5 25 1 3t, z 5 7 2 2t, tPR
(22, 6, 0) y 5 22 5 25 1 3t
>
b. r 5 (4, 23, 15) 1 t(2, 23, 5), tPR t51
x 5 4 1 2t, y 5 23 2 3t, z 5 15 1 5t x 5 28 1 7(1), y 5 25 1 3(1), z 5 7 2 2(1)
0 5 23 2 3t x 5 21, y 5 22, z 5 5
t 5 21 (21, 22, 5)
x 5 4 1 2(21), y 5 23 2 3(21), The three medians meet at (21, 22, 5).
z 5 15 1 5(21) 3. a. L1: 5x 1 y 1 2z 1 15 5 0
x 5 2, y 5 0, z 5 10 L2: 4x 1 y 1 2z 1 8 5 0
(2, 0, 10) L1 2 L2: x 1 7 5 0
>
c. r 5 (4, 23, 15) 1 t(2, 23, 5), tPR So x 5 27.
x 5 4 1 2t, y 5 23 2 3t, z 5 15 1 5t L1: y 1 2z 2 20 5 0
0 5 4 1 2t L2: y 1 2z 2 20 5 0
t 5 22 z 5 t,
x 5 4 1 2(22), y 5 23 2 3(22), y 1 2(t) 2 20 5 0
z 5 15 1 5(22) y 5 20 2 2t
>
x 5 0, y 5 3, z 5 5 r 5 (27, 20, 0) 1 t(0, 22, 1), tPR
(0, 3, 5) b. L1: 4x 1 3y 1 3z 2 2 5 0
2. a.–e. Answers may vary. For example: L2: 5x 1 2y 1 3z 1 5 5 0
A(2, 1, 3), B(3, 22, 5), C(28, 25, 7) 2L1 2 3L2: 27x 2 3z 2 19 5 0
a 5 (22.5, 23.5, 6) z 5 7t,
b 5 (23, 22, 5) 27x 2 3(7t) 2 19 5 0,
c 5 (2.5, 20.5, 4) 19
x 5 23t 2
m1 5 (Aa) 5 (24.5, 24.5, 3) 5 (3, 3, 22) 7
m2 5 (Bb) 5 (26, 0, 0) 5 (1, 0, 0)
4a23t 2 b 1 3y 1 3(7t) 2 2 5 0
19
m3 5 (Cc) 5 (10.5, 4.5, 23) 5 (7, 3, 22) 7
Then substitute in the point and the direction vector 30
to find the equation of the line. y 5 23t 1
7
A(2, 1, 3), B(3, 22, 5), C(28, 25, 7)
r 5 a2 , , 0b 1 t(3, 3, 27), tPR
> 19 30
m1 5 (Aa) 5 (24.5, 24.5, 3) 5 (3, 3, 22)
7 7
m2 5 (Bb) 5 (26, 0, 0) 5 (1, 0, 0) >
c. L1: r 5 (27, 20, 0) 1 t(0, 22, 1), tPR
m3 5 (Cc) 5 (10.5, 4.5, 23) 5 (7, 3, 22)
L2: r 5 a2 , , 0b 1 t(3, 3, 27), tPR
> > 19 30
A: r 5 (2, 1, 3) 1 t(3, 3, 22), tPR
x 5 2 1 3t, y 5 1 1 3t, z 5 3 2 2t, tPR 7 7
>
B: r 5 (3, 22, 5) 1 t(1, 0, 0), tPR L1: x 5 27, y 5 20 2 2t, z 5 t
x 5 3 1 t, y 5 22, z 5 5, tPR 19 30
> L2: x 5 2 1 3t, y 5 1 3t, z 5 27t
C: r 5 (28, 25, 7) 1 t(7, 3, 22), tPR 7 7
x 5 28 1 7t, y 5 25 1 3t, z 5 7 2 2t, tPR 19 30
2 1 3t 5 27, t 5 2
A: x 5 2 1 3t, y 5 1 1 3t, z 5 3 2 2t, tPR 7 21
x 5 2 1 3a2 b, y 5 1 3a2 b,
B: x 5 3 1t, y 5 22, z 5 5, tPR 19 30 30 30
C: x 5 28 1 7t, y 5 25 1 3t, z 5 7 2 2t, tPR 7 21 7 21
z 5 27a2 b
y 5 22 5 1 1 3t 30
t 5 21 21
x 5 2 1 3(21), y 5 1 1 3(21), x 5 27, y 5 0, z 5 10
z 5 3 2 2(21) (27, 0, 10)
x 5 21, y 5 22, z 5 5 4. a. p1: 3x 1 y 1 7z 1 3 5 0
(21, 22, 5) p2: x 2 13y 2 3z 2 38 5 0

13p1 1 p2: 40x 1 88z 1 1 5 0 x 2 11 y24 z 2 27
6. L1: 5 5 5s
z 5 t, 2 24 5
40x 1 88(t) 1 1 5 0 L2: x 5 0, y 5 1 2 3t, z 5 3 1 2t, tPR
11t 1 L1: x 5 2s 1 11, y 5 24s 1 4, z 5 27 1 5s
x52 2 x 5 0 5 2s 1 11,
5 40
s 5 25.5
2 b 1 y 1 7(t) 1 3 5 0
11t 1
3a2 y 5 24(25.5) 1 4, z 5 27 1 5(25.5)
5 40
2t 117 x 5 0, y 5 26, z 5 20.5
y52 2 25
5 40 y 5 26 5 1 2 3t, t 5 2
11t 1 2t 117 3
x52 2 ,y52 2 , z 5 t, tPR 7
5 40 5 40 z 5 20.5 5 3 1 2t, t 5 2
b. p1: x 2 3y 1 z 1 11 5 0 4
p2: 6x 2 13y 1 8z 2 28 5 0 Since there is no t-value that satisfies the equations,
26p1 1 p2: 5y 1 2z 2 94 5 0 there is no intersection, and these lines are skew.
z 5 s, x25 z14
7. a. L1: 5y225 5s
5y 1 2(s) 2 94 5 0 2 23
2 94 L2: (x 2 3, y 2 20, z 2 7) 5 t(2, 24, 5), tPR
y52 s1 L1: x 5 2s 1 5, y 5 s 1 2, z 5 23s 2 4
5 5
L2: x 5 2t 1 3, y 5 24t 1 20, z 5 5t 1 7
x 2 3a2 s 1 b 1 (s) 1 11 5 0
2 94
x 5 2t 1 3 5 2s 1 5
5 5
y 5 s 1 2 5 24t 1 20
11 227
x52 s1 z 5 23s 2 4 5 5t 1 7
5 5 L3: 2t 2 2s 2 2 5 0
11 227 2 94 L4: 4t 1 s 2 18 5 0
x52 s1 , y 5 2 s 1 , z 5 s, sPR
5 5 5 5 L5: 5t 1 3s 1 11 5 0
c. The lines found in 4. a. and 4. b. do not intersect, L3 1 2L4: 10t 2 38 5 0, t 5 3.8
because they are in parallel planes. 3L3 1 2L5: 16t 1 16 5 0, t 5 21
5. a. For there to be no solution the lines must be b. Since there is no t-value that satisfies the
inconsistent with each other. equations, there is no intersection, and these lines
L1: x 1 ay 5 9 are skew.
L2: ax 1 9y 5 227 8. L1: x 5 1 1 2s, y 5 4 2 s, z 5 23s, sPR
1 a L2: x 5 23, y 5 t 1 3, z 5 2t, tPR
5
a 9 x 5 23 5 1 1 2s
a 5 63 s 5 22
For a 5 3: x 5 23, y 5 6, z 5 6
L1: x 1 3y 5 9 (23, 6, 6)
>
L2: 3x 1 9y 5 227 9. a. L1: r 5 (5, 1, 7) 1 s(2, 0, 5), sPR
>
For a 5 23, the equations are equivalent. L2: r 5 (21, 21, 3) 1 t(4, 2, 21), tPR
So there is no solution when a 5 3. L1: x 5 5 1 2s, y 5 1, z 5 7 1 5s
b. To have an infinite number of solutions, the lines L2: x 5 21 1 4t, y 5 21 1 2t, z 5 3 2 t
must be proportional. y 5 1 5 21 1 2t,
L1: x 1 ay 5 9 t51
L2: ax 1 9y 5 227 x 5 21 1 4(1), y 5 21 1 2(1),
23(x 1 ay 5 9) 5 23x 2 3ay 5 227 z 5 3 2 (1)
L1: 23x 2 3ay 5 227 x 5 3, y 5 1, z 5 2
L2: ax 1 9y 5 227 (3, 1, 2)
>
a 5 23 b. L1: r 5 (2, 21, 3) 1 s(5, 21, 6), sPR
>
c. The system has one solution when a 2 3 or L2: r 5 (28, 1, 29) 1 t(5, 21, 6), tPR
a 2 23, because other values lead to an infinite These lines are the same, so either one of these
number of solutions or no solution. lines can be used as their intersection.

10. a. Answers may vary. For example: iii. When lines are skew, there are no common
i. coincident solutions to make each equation consistent.
z iv. When the solution meets in a point, there is only
one unique solution for the system.
11. a. A line and plane have an infinite number of
points of intersection when the line lies in the plane.
>
r 5 t(3, 25, 23), tPR
L1 >
L2 r 5 t(3, 25, 23) 1 s(1, 1, 1), t, sPR
12. a. 1 2x 1 3y 5 30
y
2 x 2 2y 5 213
x
Equation 1 2 (2 3 equation 2 ): 7y 5 56
ii. parallel and distinct
z y58
2x 1 24 5 30
x53
(3, 8)
b. 1 x 1 4y 2 3z 1 6 5 0
L2 2 2x 1 8y 2 6z 1 11 5 0
There is no solution to this system, because the
L1 planes are parallel, but one plane lies above the
y
other.
x c. 1 x 2 3y 2 2z 5 29
iii. skew 2 2x 2 5y 1 z 5 3
3 23x 1 6y 1 2z 5 8
z
Equation 1 1 (2 3 equation 2 ): 5x 2 13y 5 23
Equation 2 1 ( equation 3 ): 22x 1 3y 5 21
2(5x 2 13y 5 23)
1 5(22x 1 3y 5 21)
L1 211y 5 211
y51
5x 2 13(1) 5 23
y x52
x L2
(2) 2 3(1) 2 2z 5 29
z54
iv. intersect in a point (2, 1, 4)
z 13. a. The two lines intersect at a point.
b. The two planes are parallel and do not meet.
c. The three planes intersect at a point.
14. a. L:(x 2 y 5 1) 1 (y 1 z 5 23)
5 x 1 z 5 22
L1 1
L2 L1: y 2 z 5 0, x 5 2
2
y x 1 z 5 22
a2 b 1 z 5 22
x 1
2
b. i. When lines are the same, they are a multiple
3
of each other. z52
ii. When lines are parallel, one equation is a 2
multiple of the other equation, except for the y2z50
constant term.

b. This solution is the point at which all three
y 2 a2 b 5 0
3
2 planes meet.
3 2. a. 1 x2y1z54
y52 2 0x 1 0y 1 0z 5 0
2
3 0x 1 0y 1 0z 5 0
a2 , 2 , 2 b
1 3 3
The answer may vary depending upon the constant
2 2 2
0 n ? n1 0
you multiply the equations by. For example,
2 3 (x 2 y 1 z 5 4) 5 2x 2 2y 1 2z 5 8
0 n 0 0 n1 0
b. cos u 5
3 3 (x 2 y 1 z 5 4) 5 3x 2 3y 1 3z 5 12
n 5 (1, 1, 21) 3x 2 3y 1 3z 5 12 and 2x 2 2y 1 2z 5 8 are
n1 5 (0, 1, 1) equations that could work.
0 b. These three planes are intersecting in one single
@ "3 @ @ "2 @
cos u 5
plane, because all three equations can be changed
u 5 90 ° into one equivalent equation. They are coincident
c. (0, 1, 1) 3 (1, 1, 21) 5 (22, 1, 21) planes.
5 (2, 21, 1) c. Setting x 5 t and y 5 s leads to
Ax 1 By 1 Cz 1 D 5 0 t 2 s 1 z 5 4 or z 5 s 2 t 1 4, s, tPR
2x 2 y 1 z 1 D 5 0 d. Setting y 5 t and z 5 s leads to
x 2 t 1 s 5 4 or x 5 t 2 s 1 4, s, tPR
b2a b1a b1D50
21 23 23
2a 3. a. 1 2x 2 y 1 3z 5 22
2 2 2
D51 2 x 2 y 1 4z 5 3
2x 2 y 1 z 1 1 5 0 3 0x 1 0y 1 0z 5 1
The answer may vary depending upon the constants
and equations you use to determine your answer.
9.4 The Intersection of Three Planes, For example,
pp. 531–533 Equation 1 1 equation 2 1 equation 3 5
1. a. 1 x 2 3y 1 z 5 2 (2x 2 y 1 3z 5 22)
2 0x 1 y 2 z 5 21 1 (x 2 y 1 4z 5 3)
3 0x 1 0y 1 3z 5 212 1 (0x 1 0y 1 0z 5 1)
The system can be solved by first solving equation 3 3x 2 2y 1 7z 5 2
for z. Thus, or
3z 5 212 2 3 equation 2 2 equation 3 5
z 5 24 (2x 2 2y 1 8z 5 6)
If we use the method of back substitution, we can 2 (0x 1 0y 1 0z 5 1)
substitute z 5 24 into equation 2 and solve for y. 2x 2 2y 1 8z 5 5
y 2 (24) 5 21 2x 2 y 1 3z 5 22, x 2 y 1 4z 5 3, and
y 5 25 3x 2 2y 1 7z 5 2 is one system of equations that
If we substitute y 5 25 and z 5 24 into equation 1 could produce the original system composed of
we obtain the value of x. equations 1 , 2 , and 3 .
x 2 3(25) 2 4 5 2 or x 5 29 2x 2 y 1 3z 5 22, x 2 y 1 4z 5 3, and
The three planes intersect at the point with 2x 2 2y 1 8z 5 5 is another system of equations
coordinates (29, 25, 24) that could produce the original system composed of
Check: equations 1 , 2 , and 3 .
Substituting into equation 1 : b. The systems have no solutions.
x 2 3y 1 z 5 29 1 15 2 4 5 2 4. a. 1 x 1 2y 2 z 5 4
Substituting into equation 2 : 2 x 1 0y 2 2z 5 0
0x 1 y 2 z 5 25 1 4 5 21 3 2x 1 0y 1 0z 5 26
Substituting into equation 3 : 0x 1 0y 1 3z 5 212 The system can be solved by first solving equation 3
for x. So,

2x 5 26 b. Answers may vary. For example: To obtain a no
x 5 23 solution and an equation with 0x 1 0y 1 0z 5 0,
If we use the method of back substitution, we can you must have two equal planes and one parallel
substitute x 5 23 into equation 2 and solve for z. distinct plane. For example one solution is:
23 2 2z 5 0 x1y1z52
3 2x 1 2y 1 2z 5 4
z52
2 3x 1 3y 1 3z 5 12
If we substitute x 5 23 and z 5 2 32 into equation 1 8. a. 1 2x 1 y 2 z 5 23
we obtain the value of y. 2 x 2 y 1 2z 5 0
3 11 3 3x 1 2y 2 z 5 25
23 1 2y 1 5 4 or y 5 2 3 equation 2 1 equation 3 5 5x 1 0y 1 0z
2 4
The equations intersect at the point with coordinates 5 25 which gives x 5 21.
Equation 1 1 equation 2 5 3x 1 0y 1 1z
(23, 114, 2 32 )
5 23. Substituting x 5 1 into this equation leads
Check:
to: 3(21) 1 z 5 23 or z 5 0.
Substituting into equation 1 :
Substituting z 5 0 and x 5 21 into equation 1
x 1 2y 2 z 5 23 1 224 1 32 5 4
gives: 2(21)y 2 0 5 23 or y 5 21. (21, 21, 0)
is the point at which the three planes meet.
x 1 0y 2 2z 5 23 1 3 5 0
Check:
Substituting into equation 3 : 2x 1 0y 1 0z 5 26
2x 1 y 2 z 5 22 2 1 1 0 5 23
planes meet.
5. a. 1 2x 2 y 1 z 5 1
x 2 y 1 2z 5 21 1 1 1 0 5 0
2 x 1 y 2 z 5 21
3 23x 2 3y 1 3z 5 3
3x 1 2y 2 z 5 23 2 2 1 0 5 25
Since equation 3 5 2 equation 2 , equation 2
x y 7
and equation 3 are consistent or lie in the same b. 1 2 1z5
plane. Equation 1 meets this plane in a line. 3 4 8
2 2x 1 2y 2 3z 5 220
b. Adding equation 2 and equation 1 creates an
equivalent equation, 3x 5 0 or x 5 0. Substituting
3 x 2 2y 1 3z 5 2
x 5 0 into equation 1 and equation 2 gives Equation 2 1 equation 3 5 3x 1 0y 1 0z 5 218
equation 4 z 2 y 5 1 and equation 5 which gives x 5 26.
y 2 z 5 21. Equations 4 and 5 indicate the Equation 3 2 3 3 Equation 1 5 2 54y 5 2 58 or
problem has infinite solutions. Substituting y 5 t y 5 12. Substituting x 5 26 and y 5 12 into equation 3
into equation 4 or 5 leads to leads to:
26 2 2a b 1 3z 5 2 or z 5 3.
x 5 0, y 5 t, and z 5 1 1 t, tPR 1
Check: 2
2(0) 2 s 1 (s 1 1) 5 1 (26, 12, 3) is the point at which the three planes meet.
0 1 s 2 (s 1 1) 5 21 Check:
23(0) 2 3(s) 1 3(s 1 1) 5 3 Substituting into equation 1 :
x y 1 7
6. 1 2x 1 3y 2 4z 5 25 2 4 1 z 5 22 2 8 1 3 5 8
3
2 x 2 y 1 3z 5 2201 Substituting into equation 2 :
3 5x 2 5y 1 15z 5 21004
2x 1 2y 2 3z 5 212 1 1 2 9 5 220
There is no solution to this system of equations, Substituting into equation 3 :
because if you multiply equation 2 by 5 you x 2 2y 1 3z 5 26 2 1 1 9 5 2
obtain a new equation, 5x 2 5y 1 15z 5 21005, c. 1 x 2 y 5 2199
which is inconsistent with equation 3 . 2 x 1 z 5 2200
7. a. Yes when this equation is alone, this is true, 3 y 2 z 5 201
because any constants can be substituted into the Equation 2 1 equation 3 5 equation 4
variables in the equation 0x 1 0y 1 0z 5 0 and the 5x1y51
equation will always be consistent.
Equation 4 1 equation 1 5 2x 5 2198 or Using z 5 t and x 5 2t, Solve equation 1
x 5 299. Substituting x 5 299 into equation 1 2t 2 y 1 t 5 22 or y 5 2
leads to: x 5 2t, y 5 2, and z 5 t, tPR
299 2 y 5 2199 or y 5 100. Substituting x 5 299 The planes intersect in a line.
into equation 2 , you obtain: 10. a. 1 x2y1z52
299 1 z 5 2200 or z 5 2101 2 2x 2 2y 1 2z 5 4
(299, 100, 2101) is the point at which the three 3 x 1 y 2 z 5 22
planes meet. Equation 1 1 equation 3 5 equation 4
Check: 5 2x 5 0 or x 5 0.
Substituting into equation 1 : Setting z 5 t,
x 2 y 5 299 2 (100) 5 2199 Equation 1 : 0 2 y 1 t 5 2 or y 5 t 2 2
Substituting into equation 2 : x 5 0, y 5 t 2 2, and z 5 t, tPR
x 1 z 5 299 2 101 5 2200 b. 1 2x 2 y 1 3z 5 0
Substituting into equation 3 : 2 4x 2 2y 1 6z 5 0
y 2 z 5 100 2 (2101) 5 201 3 22x 1 y 2 3z 5 0
d. 1 x 2 y 2 z 5 21 Equation 1 1 equation 3 5 equation 4
2 y2250 5 2x 5 0 or x 5 0.
3 x1155 Setting y 5 t and z 5 s, equation 1 :
Rearranging equation 2 gives y 5 2. Solving for x t 2 3s
in equation 3 gives x 5 4. 2x 2 t 1 3s 5 0 or x 5
2
Substituting x 5 4 and y 5 2 into equation 1 t 2 3s
leads to: x5 , y 5 t, and z 5 s, s, tPR
2
4 2 2 2 z 5 21 or z 5 3.
(4, 2, 3) is the point at which all three planes meet. 11. a. 1 x1y1z51
9. a. 1 x 2 2y 1 z 5 3 2 x 2 2y 1 z 5 0
2 2x 1 3y 2 z 5 29 3 x2y1z50
3 5x 2 3y 1 2z 5 0 Equation 1 2 equation 3 5 equation 4
Equation 3 1 equation 2 5 equation 4 5 2y 5 1 or y 5 12
5 7x 1 1z 5 29. Equation 2 2 equation 3 5 equation 5
Setting z 5 t, x 5 2 17 t 2 97 5 2y 5 0 or y 5 0
Equation 2 2 2 3 equation 1 5 equation 5 Since the y-variable is different in equation 4 and
5 7y 1 23z 5 215. equation 5 , the system is inconsistent and has no
Setting z 5 t, y 5 2 157 1 37 t solution.
x 5 2 17 t 2 97, y 5 2 157 1 37 t, and z 5 t, tPR The b. Answers may vary. For example: If you use the
planes intersect in a line. normals from equations 1 , 2 , and 3 , you can
b. 1 x 2 2y 1 z 5 3 determine the direction vectors from the equations’
2 x1y1z52 coefficients.
>
3 x 2 3y 1 z 5 26 n1 5 (1, 1, 1)
>
Equation 3 2 equation 2 5 24y 5 28 or y 5 2 n2 5 (1, 22, 1)
>
> >
Since the solutions for y are different from these m1 5 n1 3 n2 5 (3, 0, 23)
> >
two equations, there is no solution to this system of m2 5 n1 3 n3 5 (2, 0, 22)
> >
equations. m3 5 n2 3 n3 5 (21, 0, 1)
c. 1 x 2 y 1 z 5 22 c. The three lines of intersection are parallel and are
2 x1y1z52 pairwise coplanar, so they form a triangular prism.
> > >
3 x 2 3y 1 z 5 26 d. n1 3 n2 is perpendicular to n3 . So since,
> > >
Equation 1 1 equation 2 5 equation 4 (n1 3 n2 ) ? n3 5 0, a triangular prism forms.
5 2x 1 2y 5 0. 12. a. 1 x 2 y 1 3z 5 3
2 x 2 y 1 3z 5 6
Setting z 5 t, x 5 2t
3 3x 2 5z 5 0

Equation 1 and equation 2 have the same set of equation 3 equal different numbers, there is no
coefficients and variables, however, equations 1 solution to this system.
equals 3 while equation 2 equals 6, which means e. 1 x 2 y 1 z 5 22
there is no possible solution. 2 x1y1z52
b. 1 5x 2 2y 1 3z 5 1 3 3x 1 y 1 3z 5 2
2 5x 2 2y 1 3z 5 21 Equation 1 1 equation 2 : 22y 5 24 or y 5 2
3 5x 2 2y 1 3z 5 13 Setting y 5 2 and z 5 t in equation 1 ,
All three equations equal different numbers so there x 2 2 1 t 5 22 or x 5 2t
is no possible solution. x 5 2t, y 5 2, z 5 t, tPR
c. 1 x2y1z59 f. 1 x 1 y 1 z 5 0
2 2x 2 2y 1 2z 5 18 2 x 2 2y 1 3z 5 0
3 2x 2 2y 1 2z 5 17 3 2x 2 y 1 3z 5 0
Equation 2 equals 18 while equation 3 equals 17, Equation 1 2 equation 2 5 equation 4
which means there is no possible solution. 5 3y 2 2z 5 0
d. The coefficients of equation 1 are half the Equation 3 2 2 3 equation 2 2 equation 5
coefficients of equation 2 , but the constant term 5 3y 2 3z 5 0
is not half the other constant term. Equation 4 2 equation 5 : z 5 0
13. a. 1 2x 2 y 2 z 5 10 Setting z 5 0 in equation 1 and equation 2 ,
2 x 1 y 1 0z 5 7 Equation 6 5 x 1 y 5 0
3 0x 1 y 2 z 5 8 Equation 7 5 x 2 2y 5 0
Equation 1 2 2 3 equation 2 2 equation 3 : Equation 6 2 equation 7 : 3y 5 0 or y 5 0
24y 5 2 12 or y 5 3. Substituting y 5 3 into Setting y 5 0 and z 5 0 in equation 1 leads to
equation 2 and equation 3 gives: x50
x 1 3 1 0z 5 7 or x 5 4 (0, 0, 0)
0x 1 3 2 z 5 8 or z 5 25 14. a. First, reorder these equations so that equation
(4, 3, 25) 2 is first, equation 3 is second, and equation 1
b. 1 2x 2 y 1 z 5 23 last.
2 x 1 y 2 2z 5 1 1 x2y1z5p
3 5x 1 2y 2 5z 5 0 2 4x 1 qy 1 z 5 2
Equation 1 1 equation 2 : 3x 2 z 5 22. 3 2x 1 y 1 z 5 4
t22 To eliminate x from the last two equations, subtract
Setting z 5 t, x 5 3 4 times equation 1 from equation 2 , and subtract
Equation 1 2 2 3 equation 2 : 23y 1 5z 5 25. 2 times equation 1 from equation 3 .
5t 1 5 1 x2y1z5p
Setting z 5 t, y 5 3 2 (q 1 4)y 2 3z 5 2 2 4p
t22 5t 1 5 3 3y 2 z 5 4 2 2p
x5 ,y5 , z 5 t, tPR
3 3 There will be an infinite number of solutions if
c. 1 x1y2z50 q 1 4 5 9 and 3(4 2 2p) 5 2 2 4p because then
2 2x 2 y 1 z 5 0 equation 2 will be 3 times equation 3 . This means
3 4x 2 5y 1 5z 5 0 that p 5 q 5 5.
Equation 1 1 equation 2 : 3x 5 0 or x 5 0 b. Based on what was found in part a., substituting
Setting x 5 0 and z 5 t in equation 2 gives, in p 5 q 5 5 we will arrive at the equivalent system
2(0) 2 y 1 t 5 0 or y 5 t 1 x2y1z55
x 5 0, y 5 t, z 5 t, tPR 2 9y 2 3z 5 218
d. 1 x 2 10y 1 13z 5 24 3 3y 2 z 5 26
2 2x 2 20y 1 26z 5 28 which is really the same as
3 x 2 10y 1 13z 5 28 1 x2y1z55
If you multiply equation 2 by two, you obtain 2 3y 2 z 5 26
2x 2 20y 1 26z 5 216. Since equation 2 and Letting z 5 t, we see that equation 2 delivers

1 4 2 3 5
y5 (t 2 6) 3 2 1 5
3 a b c 2
1 Equation 2 2 2 3 equation 1 :
5 t22
3 1 4 13
1 5 5 equation 4
and so equation 1 gives b c 6
1 6 7
x 5 (t 2 6) 2 t 1 5 Equation 3 2 4 3 equation 1 :2 1
b c
3 > > 5
2 m3 5 n 3 n1 5 (21, 0, 1) 5 5 equation 5
52 t13 2
So the parametric equation of the line of 31
intersection is 5 15.5 or c 5 2
c
2 1
x 5 2 t 1 3, y 5 t 2 2, z 5 t, tPR. Substituting c 5 2 into equation 4 :
3 3
15. a. First, eliminate x from two of these equations. 1 13
125 or b 5 6
To make things easier, switch equation 1 with b 6
equation 2 , and multiply equation 3 by 2. Substituting c 5 2 and b 5 6 into equation 1 :
1 2x 1 y 1 z 5 24 1 1 1
1 2 5 0 or a 5 3
2 4x 1 3y 1 3z 5 28 a 6 2
3 6x 2 4y 1 (2m 2 2 12)z 5 2m 2 8 (3, 6, 2)
Now eliminate x from the last two equations by
using proper multiples of the first equation. 9.5 The Distance from a Point to a
1 2x 1 y 1 z 5 24 Line in R2 and R3, pp. 540–541
2 y1z50
3 27y 1 (2m 2 2 15)z 5 2m 1 4 1. a. 3x 1 4y 2 5 5 0
Now eliminate y from the third equation by using a 0 Ax0 1 By0 1 C 0
d5
proper multiple of the second equation. "A 2 1 B 2
1 2x 1 y 1 z 5 24 0 3(24) 1 4(5) 2 5 0
d5
"32 1 42
2 y1z50
3 (2m 2 2 8)z 5 2m 1 4
3
If 2m 2 2 8 5 0 (the coefficient of z in the third 5
5
equation), then m 5 6 2. However, if m 5 2, the
b. 5x 2 12y 1 24 5 0
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 C 0
third equation would become 0z 5 8, which has no
solutions. So there is no solution if m 5 2. d5
b. Working with what was found in part a., if m 2 62, "A 2 1 B 2
then the third equation in the equivalent system found 0 5(24) 2 12(5) 1 24 0
d5
there will have a unique solution for z, namely "52 1 (212)2
2m 1 4 56
z5 , 5 or 4.31
2m 2 2 8 13
and back-substituting into the other two equations c. 9x 2 40y 5 0
will give unique solutions for x and y also. So there 0 Ax0 1 By0 1 C 0
is a unique solution if m 2 62. d5
"A 2 1 B 2
0 9(24) 2 40(5) 0
c. Again using the equivalent system found in part a.,
setting m 5 22 will deliver the third equation 0z 5 0, d5
which allows for z to be anything at all. So m 5 22 "92 1 (40)2
will give an infinite number of solutions. 236
5 or 5.76
16. a. 1
1 1
1 2 50
1 "1681
a b c 2. a. 2x 2 y 1 1 5 0 and 2x 2 y 1 6 5 0
2 3 2 13 In order to find the distance between these two
2 1 1 5
a b c 6 parallel lines, you must first find a point on one of

the lines. It is easiest to find a point where the line (215 2 25t) 1 (36 2 144t) 5 0
crosses the x or y-axis. 21
t5
2(0) 2 y 1 1 5 0 or y 5 1 which corresponds to 169
the point (0, 1). This means that the minimal distance between
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 C 0 R(22, 3) and the line occurs when t 5 169 21
.
d5
"A 2 1 B 2 This point corresponds to A 169, 169 B. The distance
274 252
0 2(0) 2 1(1) 1 6 0 between this point and (22, 3) is about 3.92.

>
d5 c. r 5 (1, 3) 1 p(7, 224), pPR
"22 1 (21)2 We start by writing the given equation of the line in
5 parametric form. Doing so gives x 5 1 1 7p,
5 or 2.24
"5 y 5 3 2 24p. We construct a vector from R(22, 3)
b. 7x 2 24y 1 168 5 0 and 7x 2 24y 2 336 5 0 to a general point on the line.
a 5 322 2 (1 1 7p), 3 2 (3 2 24p)4
>
In order to find the distance between these two
parallel lines, you must first find a point on one of 5 (23 2 7p, 24p).
the lines. It is easiest to find a point where the line (7, 224) ? (23 2 7p, 24p) 5 0
crosses the x or y-axis. (221 2 49p) 1 (2576p) 5 0
7(0) 2 24y 1 168 5 0 or y 5 7 which corresponds 21
to the point (0, 7) p52
625
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 C 0 This means that the minimal distance between
d5
"A 2 1 B 2
21
R(22, 3) and the line occurs when p 5 2 625 .
0 7(0) 2 24(7) 2 336 0 This point corresponds to A 625, 625 B.
478 2379
d5
"72 1 (224)2
The distance between this point and (22, 3) is
about 2.88.
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 C 0
504
5 or 20.16 4. a. d 5
"A 2 1 B 2
25
>
3. a. r 5 (21, 2) 1 s(3, 4), sPR
If you substitute in the coordinates (0, 0), the
0 A(0) 1 B(0) 1 C 0
We start by writing the given equation of the line in
parametric form. Doing so gives x 5 21 1 3s, formula changes to d 5 ,
y 5 2 1 4s. We construct a vector from R(22, 3) "A 2 1 B 2
to a general point on the line. 0C0
which reduces to d 5
a 5 322 2 (21 1 3s), 3 2 (2 1 4s)4
.
"A 2 1 B 2
>
5 (21 2 3s, 1 2 4s). b. 3x 2 4y 2 12 5 0 and 3x 2 4y 1 12 5 0
(3, 4) ? (21 2 3s, 1 2 4s) 5 0 0C0 0 212 0
d(L1 ) 5 5
"A 2 1 B 2 "32 1 (24)2
(23 2 9s) 1 (4 2 16s) 5 0
1
s5 12
25 5
5
0C0 0 12 0
This means that the minimal distance between
R(22, 3) and the line occurs when s 5 251 . d(L2 ) 5 5
This point corresponds to A2 22 25 , 25 B. The distance
54 "A 1 B
2 2
"3 1 (24)2
2
between this point and (22, 3) is 1.4. 12

> 5
b. r 5 (1, 0) 1 t(5, 12), tPR 5
We start by writing the given equation of the line in The distance between these parallel lines is
parametric form. Doing so gives x 5 1 1 5t, 12 12 24
5 1 5 5 5 , because one of the lines is below
y 5 12t. We construct a vector from R(22, 3) to a the origin and the other is above the origin.
general point on the line. c. 3x 2 4y 2 12 5 0 and 3x 2 4y 1 12 5 0
a 5 322 2 (1 1 5t), 3 2 (12t)4
>
5 (23 2 5t, 3 2 12t). parallel lines, you must first find a point on one of
(5, 12) ? (23 2 5t, 3 2 12t) 5 0 the lines. It is easiest to find a point where the line
crosses the x or y-axis.

3(0) 2 4y 2 12 5 0 or y 5 23 which corresponds 0 Ax0 1 By0 1 C 0
d5
to the point (0, 3). "A 2 1 B 2
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 C 0 0 2(0) 2 3(21) 1 1 0
d5
"A 2 1 B 2
d5
"22 1 (23)2
0 3(0) 2 4(23) 1 12 0 4
d5
"32 1 (24)2
5 or 1.11
"13
24 d. 5x 1 12y 5 120 and 5x 1 12y 1 120 5 0
5
5 In order to find the distance between these two
Both the answers to 4.b. and 4.c. are the same. parallel lines, you must first find a point on one of
>
5. a. r 5 (22, 1) 1 s(3, 4), sPR the lines. It is easiest to find a point where the line
>
r 5 (1, 0) 1 t(3, 4), tPR crosses the x or y-axis.
First find a random point on one of the lines. We 5(0) 1 12y 5 120 or y 5 10 which corresponds to
will use (22, 1) from the first equation. We start by the point (0, 10).
writing the second equation in parametric form. 0 Ax0 1 By0 1 C 0
d5
Doing so gives x 5 1 1 3t, y 5 4t. We construct a "A 2 1 B 2
vector from P(22, 1) to a general point on the line. 0 5(0) 1 12(10) 1 120 0
a 5 322 2 (1 1 3t), 1 2 (4t)4
>
d5
5 (23 2 3t, 1 2 4t). "52 1 122
240
(3, 4) ? (23 2 3t, 1 2 4t) 5 0 5 or 18.46
(29 2 9t) 1 (4 2 16t) 5 0 13
>
1 6. a. P(1, 2, 21) r 5 (1, 0, 0) 1 s(2, 21, 2), sPR
t52 We start by writing the given equation of the line in
5
This means that the minimal distance between parametric form. Doing so gives x 5 1 1 2s,
P(22, 1) and line occurs when t 5 2 15. This point y 5 2s, and z 5 2s. We construct a vector from
corresponds to A 25, 2 45 B. The distance between this
P(1, 2, 21) to a general point on the line.
a 5 31 2 (1 1 2s), 2 2 (2s), 21 2 (2s)4
>
point and (22, 1) is 3 5 (22s, 2 1 s, 21 2 2s).
x21 y x y11 (2, 21, 2) ? (22s, 2 1 s, 21 2 2s) 5 0
b. 5 and 5
4 23 4 23 (24s) 1 (22 2 s) 1 (22 2 4s) 5 0
First change one equation into a Cartesian equation, 4
s52
which leads to 3x 1 4y 2 3 5 0 and take a point 9
from the other equation such as (4, 24). This means that the minimal distance between
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 C 0 P(1, 2, 21) and the line occurs when s 5 2 49.
d5
"A 2 1 B 2 This point corresponds to A 19, 49, 2 89 B. The distance
0 3(4) 1 4(24) 2 3 0 between this point and P(1, 2, 21) is 1.80.
>
d5 b. P(0, 21, 0) r 5 (2, 1, 0) 1 t(24, 5, 20), tPR
"32 1 42 We start by writing the given equation of the line in
7 parametric form. Doing so gives x 5 2 2 4t,
5 or 1.4
5 y 5 1 1 5t, and z 5 20t. We construct a vector
c. 2x 2 3y 1 1 5 0 and 2x 2 3y 2 3 5 0 from P(0, 21, 0) to a general point on the line.
a 5 30 2 (2 2 4t), 21 2 (1 1 5t), 0 2 (20t)4
>
parallel lines, you must first find a point on one of 5 (22 1 4t, 22 2 5t, 20t).
the lines. It is easiest to find a point where the line (24, 5, 20) ? (22 1 4t, 22 2 5t, 220t) 5 0
crosses the x or y-axis. (8 2 16t) 1 (210 2 25t) 1 (2400t) 5 0
t52
to the point (0, 21). 441
2
P(0, 21, 0) and the line occurs when t 5 2 441 .

This point corresponds to A 890
441 , 441 , 2 441 B. The
431 40 This means that the minimal distance between
distance between this point and P(0, 21, 0) is 2.83. P(1, 0, 1) and line occurs when m 5 136 . This point
>
c. P(2, 3, 1) r 5 p(12, 23, 4), pPR corresponds to A 45
13 , 13 , 2 13 B. The distance between
19 6
We start by writing the given equation of the line in this point and (1, 0, 1) is 3.28
>
parametric form. Doing so gives x 5 12p, y 5 23p, 8. a. r 5 (1, 21, 2) 1 s(1, 3, 21), sPR
and z 5 4p. We construct a vector from P(2, 3, 1) First we write the equation in parametric form.
to a general point on the line. Doing so gives x 5 1 1 s, y 5 21 1 3s, and
a 5 32 2 (12p), 3 2 (23p), 1 2 (4p)4
> z 5 2 2 s. We construct a vector from P(2, 1, 3) to
5 (2 2 12p, 3 1 3p, 1 2 4p). a general point on the line.
a 5 32 2 (1 1 s), 1 2 (21 1 3s), 3 2 (2 2 s)4
>
(12, 23, 4) ? (2 2 12p, 3 1 3p, 1 2 4p) 5 0
(24 2 144p) 1 (29 2 9p) 1 (4 2 16p) 5 0 5 (1 2 s, 2 2 3s, 1 1 s).
19 (1, 3, 21) ? (1 2 s, 2 2 3s, 1 1 s) 5 0
p5 (1 2 s) 1 (6 2 9s) 1 (1 1 s) 5 0
169
This means that the minimal distance between 6
s5
P(2, 3, 1) and the line occurs when p 5 169 19
. This 11
point corresponds to A 228
169 , 2 169 , 169 B. The distance
between this point and P(2, 3, 1) is 3.44. P(2, 1, 3) and line occurs when s 5 116 . This point
>
7. a. r 5 (1, 1, 0) 1 s(2, 1, 2), sPR corresponds to A 17
11 , 11 , 11 B.
7 16
>
r 5 (21, 1, 2) 1 t(2, 1, 2), tPR b. The distance between A 17 11 , 11 , 11 B and (2, 1, 3)
7 16
First find a random point on one of the lines. We is 1.65.

will use P(21, 1, 2) from the second equation. We 9. First, find the line L of intersection between the
then write the first equation in parametric form. planes
Doing so gives x 5 1 1 2s, y 5 1 1 s, and 1 x 2 y 1 2z 5 2
z 5 0 1 2s. We construct a vector from P(21, 1, 2) 2 x 1 y 2 z 5 22

to a general point on the line. Subtract the first equation from the second to
a 5 321 2 (1 1 2s), 1 2 (1 1 s), 2 2 2s4
> eliminate x and get the equivalent system
5 (22 2 2s, 2 2 2s). 1 x 2 y 1 2z 5 2
(2, 1, 2) ? (22 2 2s, 2s, 2 2 2s) 5 0 2 2y 2 3z 5 24

(24 2 4s) 1 (2s) 1 (4 2 4s) 5 0 Let z 5 t. Then the second equation gives
s50 2y 5 3t 2 4
y5 t22
P(21, 1, 2) and line occurs when s 5 0. This point 2
corresponds to (1, 1, 0). The distance between this So substituting these into the first equation gives
point and (21, 1, 2) is 2.83 x 5 y 2 2z 1 2
>
b. r 5 (3, 1, 22) 1 m(1, 1, 3), mPR
5 a t 2 2b 2 2t 1 2
> 3
r 5 (1, 0, 1) 1 n(1, 1, 3), nPR 2
First find a random point on one of the lines. 1
We will use P(1, 0, 1) from the second equation. 52 t
2
We then write the first equation in parametric form. So the equation of the line of intersection for these
Doing so gives x 5 3 1 m, y 5 1 1 m, and two planes in parametric form is
z 5 22 1 3m. We construct a vector from P(1, 0, 1) 1 3
to a general point on the line. x 5 2 t, y 5 t 2 2, z 5 t, tPR.
a 5 31 2 (3 1 m), 0 2 (1 1 m), 1 2 (22 1 3m)4
> 2 2
The direction vector for this line is A2 12, 32, 1B,
5 (22 2 3m, 21 2 m, 3 2 3m).
which is parallel to (21, 3, 2). So, to make things
(1, 1, 3) ? (22 2 3m, 21 2 m, 3 2 3m) 5 0
easier, the parametric form of this line of
(22 2 3m) 1 (21 2 m) 1 (9 2 9m) 5 0
intersection could also be expressed as
6
m5 x 5 2t, y 5 3t 2 2, z 5 2t, tPR
13 In vector form, this is the same as

>
r 5 (0, 22, 0) 1 t(21, 3, 2), tPR. If Q is at minimal distance from A, then this vector
Since Q(0, 22, 0) is on this line, will be perpendicular to the direction vector for the
>
QP 5 (21, 2, 21) 2 (0, 22, 0) line, (4, 2, 1). This means that
5 (21, 4, 21) 0 5 (2 2 4s, 4 2 2s, 26 2 s) ? (4, 2, 1)
So the distance from P(21, 2, 21) to the line of 5 10 2 21s
intersection is 10
s5
0 (21, 3, 2) 3 (21, 4, 21) 0 21
0 (21, 3, 2) 0
d5 So the point Q on the line at minimal distance from
0 (211, 23, 21) 0 A is
0 (21, 3, 2) 0
5
Q(4s, 2s, 1 1 s) 5 Qa4a b, 2a b, 1 1 b
10 10 10
21 21 21
131
Å 14 5 Qa , , b
5 40 20 31
21 21 21
8 3.06
To find the point on the line that gives this minimal Also
QA 5 a2 2 , 4 2 , 25 2 b
> 40 20 31
distance, let (x, y, z) be a point on the line. Then,
using the parametric equations, 21 21 21
5 a , ,2 b
(x, y, z) 5 (2t, 3t 2 2, 2t) 2 64 136
So the distance from P to this point is 21 21 21
"(x 1 1)2 1 (y 2 2)2 1 (z 1 1)2 So the point Ar will satisfy
5 "(1 2 t)2 1 (3t 2 4)2 1 (2t 1 1)2
> >
QAr 5 2QA
5 "14t 2 2 22t 1 18 5 a2 , 2 ,
2 64 136
b
To get the minimal distance, set this quantity 21 21 21
equal to #131
14 .
5 Ar(a, b, c) 2 Q
5 aa 2 , b 2 , c 2 b
40 20 31
"14t 2 2 22t 1 18 5
131
Å 14 21 21 21
38 44 167
131 So a 5 21, b 5 2 21, and c 5 21 . That is,
14t 2 2 22t 1 18 5
14 Ar( 38 44 167
21 , 2 21 , 21 ).
196t 2 2 308t 1 252 5 131 11. a. Think of H as being the origin, E as being on
196t 2 2 308t 1 121 5 0 the x-axis, D as being on the z-axis, and G as being
308 6 "0 on the y-axis. That is,
t5 H(0, 0, 0)
392
11 E(3, 0, 0)
5 G(0, 2, 0)
14
So the point on the line at minimal distance from P is D(0, 0, 2)
(x, y, z) 5 (2t, 3t, 22, 2t) and so on for the other points as well. Then line
segment HB has direction vector
5 a2 , 3a b 2 2, 2a bb
11 11 11
B(3, 2, 2) 2 H(0, 0, 0) 5 (3, 2, 2).
14 14 14 >
Also, HA 5 (3, 0, 2). So the distance formula says
5 a2 , , b
11 5 22 that the distance between A and line segment HB is
14 14 14 0 (3, 2, 2) 3 (3, 0, 2) 0
0 (3, 2, 2) 0
10. A point on the line d5
>
0 4, 0, 26 0
r 5 (0, 0, 1) 1 s(4, 2, 1), sPR.
0 (3, 2, 2) 0
has parametric equations 5
x 5 4s, y 5 2s, z 5 1 1 s, sPR.
Let this point be called 52
Å 17
Q(4s, 2s, 1 1 s). Then 5
>
QA 5 (2, 4, 25) 2 (4s, 2s, 1 1 s) 8 1.75
5 (2 2 4s, 4 2 2s, 26 2 s)

b. Vertices D and G will give the same distance to e. The distance from E(21, 0, 1) to the plane
HB because they are equidistant to the segment HB. 18x 2 9y 1 18z 2 11 5 0 is
(This is easy to check with the distance formula 0 18(21) 2 9(0) 1 18(1) 2 11 0
d5
used similarly to part a. The vertices C, E, and F "182 1 (29)2 1 182
give different distances than those found in part a.) 11
c. The height of triangle AHB was found in part a., 5 or 0.41
27
and was # 52 17 . The base length of this triangle is the
3. a. 3x 1 4y 2 12z 2 26 5 0 and
magnitude of HB 5 (3, 2, 2), which is # 52. So
>
3x 1 4y 2 12z 1 39 5 0
the area of this triangle is
First find a point in the second plane such as
1
a
52
b ("17) 5 ("52)
1 0 Ax0 1 By0 1 Cz0 1 D 0
2 Å 17 2 (23, 0, 0). Then use d 5
!A2 1 B2 1 C2
8 3.6 units 2 to solve.
0 3(213) 1 4(0) 2 12(0) 2 26 0
d5
"32 1 42 1 (212)2
9.6 The Distance from a Point to a 55
Plane, pp. 549–550 b. 3x 1 4y 2 12z 2 26 5 0
1 3x 1 4y 2 12z 1 39 5 0
1. a. Yes the calculations are correct, Point A lies in 6x 1 8y 2 24z 1 13 5 0
the plane. c. Answers may vary. Any point on the plane
b. The answer 0 means that the point lies in the 6x 1 8y 2 24z 1 13 5 0 will work, for example
plane.
2. Use the distance formula. (2 16, 0, 12) .
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 Cz0 1 D 0 4. a. The distance from P(1, 1, 23) to the plane
d5
"A 2 1 B 2 1 C 2 y 1 3 5 0 is
a. The distance from A (3, 1, 0) to the plane 0 0(1) 1 1(1) 1 0(23) 1 3 0
d5
20x 2 4y 1 5z 1 7 5 0 is "02 1 (1)2 1 02
0 20(3) 1 24(1) 1 5(0) 1 7 0 54
d5
"202 1 (24)2 1 52 b. The distance from Q(21, 1, 4) to the plane
53 x 2 3 5 0 is
b. The distance from B(0, 21, 0) to the plane 0 1(21) 1 0(1) 1 0(4) 2 3 0
d5
2x 1 y 1 2z 2 8 5 0 is "12 1 02 1 02
0 2(0) 1 1(21) 1 2(0) 2 8 0 54
d5
"22 1 12 1 22 c. The distance from R(1, 0, 1) to the plane
53 z 1 1 5 0 is
c. The distance from C(5, 1, 4) to the plane 0 0(1) 1 0(0) 1 1(1) 1 1 0
d5
3x 2 4y 2 1 5 0 is "02 1 02 1 12
0 3(5) 1 24(1) 1 0(4) 2 1 0 52
d5
"32 1 (24)2 1 02
5. First you have to find an equation of a plane to
the three points. The equation to this plane is
52
14x 2 28y 1 28z 2 42 5 0. Then use
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 Cz0 1 D 0
d. The distance from D(1, 0, 0) to the plane
5x 2 12y 5 0 is d5 to solve for the distance.
!A2 1 B2 1 C2
0 5(1) 2 12(0) 1 0(0) 1 0 0
d5 0 14(1) 2 28(21) 1 28(1) 2 42 0
"5 2 1 (212)2 1 02 d5
5 "142 1 (228)2 1 282
5 or 0.38 2
13 5 or 0.67
3

0 A(3) 2 2(23) 1 6(1) 1 0 0 5 2t 2 s 1 7
6. 3 5
"A 1 (22) 1 6
2 2 2 Substituting t 5 2s 2 8 into this second equation,
we get
3" ( A 1 40 ) 5 Z 3A 1 12 Z
2
2(2s 2 8) 2 s 1 7 5 0
" ( A2 1 40 ) 5 Z A 1 4 Z s53
A2 1 40 5 A2 1 8A 1 16 t 5 2s 2 8
24 5 8A t 5 22
35A Substituting these values for s and t into U and V,
A 5 3 is the only solution to this equation. we get
7. These lines are skew lines, and the plane containing U(1, 1, 2)
>
the second line, r 5 (0, 0, 1) 1 t(1, 1, 0), tPR, V(21, 21, 0)
that is parallel to the first line will have direction So U(1, 1, 2) is the point on the first line that
vectors (1, 1, 0) and (3, 0, 1). So a normal to this produces the minimal distance to the second line
plane is (1, 1, 0) 3 (3, 0, 1) 5 (1, 21, 23). at point V(21, 21, 0). This minimal distance is
So the equation of this plane will be of the form given by
0 UV 0 5 0 (22, 22, 22) 0
>
x 2 y 2 3z 1 D 5 0. We want the point (0, 0, 1)
to be on this plane, and substituting this into the 5 "12
equation above gives D 5 3. So the equation of the 8 3.46
>
plane containing r 5 (0, 0, 1) 1 t(1, 1, 0), tPR
and parallel to the first line is
x 2 y 2 3z 1 3 5 0. Review Exercise, pp. 552–555
Since (0, 1, 21) is on the first line, the distance 1. 2x 2 y 5 31, x 1 8y 5 234, 3x 1 ky 5 38
between these skew lines is the same as the distance (2x 2 y 5 31) 2 2(x 1 8y 5 234)
between this point and the plane just determined. 5 0x 2 17y 5 99
By the distance formula, this distance is 99 214
0 (0) 2 (1) 2 3(21) 1 3 0 y52 ,x5
17 17
d5
"12 1 (21)2 1 (23)2
b 1 ka b 5 38
214 299
5 3a
5 17 17
"11 4
8 1.51. k52
99
8. a. –b. We will do both of these parts at once. 2. 1 x 2 y 5 13
The two given lines are 2 3x 1 2y 5 26
>
r 5 (1, 22, 5) 1 s(0, 1, 21), sPR, 3 x 1 2y 5 219
>
r 5 (1, 21, 22) 1 t(1, 0, 21), tPR. (2 3 Equation 1 ) 1 equation 2 5 5x 1 0y 5 20
By converting to parametric form, a general point or x 5 4. Substituting x 5 4 into equation 1 gives
on the first line is (4) 2 y 5 13 or y 5 29. However, when you
U(1, s 2 2, 5 2 s), substitute this coordinates into the third equation,
and on the second line is the third equation is not consistent, so there is no
V(1 1 t, 21, 22 2 t). solution to this problem.
So the
> vector 3. a. 1 x 2 y 1 2z 5 3
UV 5 (t, 1 2 s, s 2 t 2 7). 2 2x 2 2y 1 3z 5 1
If the points U and V are those that produce the > 3 2x 2 2y 1 z 5 11
minimal distance between these two lines, then UV Equation 2 2 equation 3 5 5z 5 210 or
will be perpendicular to both direction vectors, z 5 22. Substituting z 5 22 into all of the equations
(0, 1, 21) and (1, 0, 21). In the first case, we get gives
0 5 (t, 1 2 s, s 2 t 2 7) ? (0, 1, 21) 4 x2y2453
5 8 2 2s 1 t 5 2x 2 2y 2 6 5 1
t 5 2s 2 8 6 2x 2 2y 2 2 5 11
In the second case, we get There are no x and y variables that satisfy these
0 5 (t, 1 2 s, s 2 t 2 7) ? (1, 0, 21) equations, so the answer is no solution.
r 5 (1, 1, 4) 1 a2 b (24, 4, 2)
b. 1 x 1 y 1 z 5 300 > 3
2 x 1 y 2 z 5 98 2
3 x 2 y 1 z 5 100
5 (1, 1, 4) 1 (6, 26, 23)
Equation 2 1 equation 3 5 2x 5 198 x 5 99. 5 (7, 25, 1)
Substituting x 5 99 into all three equations gives: as a point on this line. This means the two lines
4 y 1 z 5 201 intersect, and so the four points given lie in the
5 y 2 z 5 21 same plane.
6 2y 1 z 5 1
b. Direction vectors for the plane containing the
Equation 4 1 equation 5 5 2y 5 200 or four points in part a. are (6, 27, 25) and
y 5 100. You then get z 5 101 after substituting (24, 4, 2). So a normal to this plane is
both x and y into equation 1 . (6, 27, 25) 3 (24, 4, 2) 5 (6, 8, 24).
(99, 100, 101) We will use the parallel normal (3, 4, 22). So the
Check: equation of this plane is of the form
1 99 1 100 1 101 5 300
3x 1 4y 2 2z 1 D 5 0.
2 99 1 100 2 101 5 98
Substitute in the point (1, 2, 6) to find D.
3 99 2 100 1 101 5 100
3(1) 1 4(2) 2 2(6) 1 D 5 0
4. a. These four points will lie in the same plane if D51
and only if the line determined by the first two The equation of the plane is
points intersects the line determined by the last two 3x 1 4y 2 2z 1 1 5 0.
points. The direction vector determined by the first So, using the distance formula, this plane is distance
two is Z 3(0) 1 4(0) 2 2(0) 1 1 Z
>
a 5 (7, 25, 1) 2 (1, 2, 6) d5
Z (3, 4, 22) Z
5 (6, 27, 25)
1
So these first two points determine the line with 5
vector equation "29
> 8 0.19
r 5 (1, 2, 6) 1 s(6,27,25), sPR.
The direction vector determined by the last two from the origin.
5. Use the distance formula.
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 Cz0 1 D 0
points is
>
b 5 (23, 5, 6) 2 (1, 1, 4) d5
5 (24, 4, 2) "A 2 1 B 2 1 C 2
a. The distance from A(21, 1, 2) to
So these first two points determine the line with
3x 2 4y 2 12z 2 8 5 0
vector equation
> 0 3(21) 2 4(1) 2 12(2) 2 8 0
r 5 (1, 1, 4) 1 t(24, 4, 2), tPR. d5
Converting these two lines to parametric form, we "32 1 (24)2 1 (212)2
obtain the equations 53
1 1 1 6s 5 1 2 4t b. The distance from B(3, 1, 22) to
2 2 2 7s 5 1 1 4t 8x 2 8y 1 4z 2 7 5 0
3 6 2 5s 5 4 1 2t 0 8(3) 2 8(1) 1 4(22) 2 7 0
d5
Adding the first and second equations gives "82 1 (28)2 1 (4)2
3 2 s 5 2, so s 5 1. Substituting this into the third 1
equation, we get 5 or 0.08
12
1 5 4 1 2t >
6. r 5 (3, 1, 1) 1 t(2, 21, 2), tPR
23 5 2t
3x 2 4y 2 5z 5 0
So t 5 2 32. We need to check this s and t for
Find the parametric equations from the first
consistency. Substituting s 5 1 into the vector
equation, then substitute those equations into the
equation for the first line gives
> second equation. Solve for t. Substitute that t-value
r 5 (1, 2, 6) 1 (1)(6, 27, 25)
5 (7, 25, 1) >
r 5 (3, 1, 1) 1 t(2, 21, 2), tPR
as a point on this line. Substituting t 5 2 32 into the
x 5 3 1 2t
vector equation for the second line gives
y512t Letting z 5 s, then y 5 t gives x 2 3t 1 3s 5 7 or
z 5 1 1 2t x 5 23s 1 3t 1 7
3(3 1 2t) 2 4(1 2 t) 2 5(1 1 2t) 5 0 x 5 3t 2 3s 1 7, y 5 t, z 5 s, s, tPR
t can be any value to satisfy this value, so the two 9. a. 1 3x 2 5y 1 2z 5 4
equations intersect along 1 6x 1 2y 2 z 5 2
>
r 5 (3, 1, 1) 1 t(2, 21, 2), tPR. 1 6x 2 3y 1 8z 5 6
7. a. 1 3x 2 4y 1 5z 5 9 (Equation 2 ) 2 (2 3 equation 1 ) 5 12y 2 5z
2 6x 2 9y 1 10z 5 9 5 26
3 9x 2 12y 1 15z 5 9 Setting z 5 t,
3 3 (3x 2 4y 1 5z 5 9) 5 9x 2 12y 1 15z 5 27 1 5
12y 2 5t 5 26 or y 5 2 1 t
There is no solution because the first and third 2 12
equations are inconsistent. Substituting these two values into the first equation
b. 1 2x 1 3y 1 4z 5 3 gives x 5 12 1 361 t
2 4x 1 6y 1 8z 5 4 1 1 21 5
3 5x 1 y 2 z 5 1 x 5 1 t, y 5 1 t, z 5 t, tPR
2 36 2 12
2 3 (2x 1 3y 1 4z 5 3) 5 4x 1 6y 1 8z 5 6 b. 1 2x 2 5y 1 3z 5 1
There is no solution because the first and second 2 4x 1 2y 1 5z 5 5
equations are inconsistent. 3 2x 1 7y 1 2z 5 4
c. 1 4x 2 3y 1 2z 5 2 (Equation 2 ) 2 (2 3 equation 1 )
2 8x 2 6y 1 4z 5 4 5 12y 2 z 5 3
3 12x 2 9y 1 6z 5 1
Setting z 5 t,
3 3 (4x 2 3y 1 2z 5 2) 5 12x 2 9y 1 6z 5 6 1 1
There is no solution because the first and third 12y 2 t 5 3 or y 5 1 t
4 12
equations are inconsistent.
Substituting these two values into the first equation
8. a. 1 3x 1 4y 1 z 5 4
2 5x 1 2y 1 3z 5 2 gives x 5 98 2 31
24 t
3 6x 1 8y 1 2z 5 8 9 31 1 1
x 5 2 t, y 5 1 t, z 5 t, tPR
(Equation 1 ) 2 (2 3 equation 2 ) 8 24 4 12
5 27x 2 5z 5 0 10. a. 2x 1 y 1 z 5 6
x 2 y 2 z 5 29
Letting z 5 t, then x 5 2 57 t and y 5 1 1 27 t.
5 2 3x 1 y 5 2
x 5 2 t, y 5 1 1 t, z 5 t, tPR The first equation 1 the second equation gives
7 7
3x 5 23 or x 5 21. Substituting x 5 21 into the
b. 1 4x 2 8y 1 12z 5 4
third equation, 3(21) 1 y 5 2 or y 5 5.
2 2x 1 4y 1 6z 5 4
Substituting these two values into the first equation,
3 x 2 2y 2 3z 5 4
2(21) 1 5 1 z 5 6 or z 5 3
(Equation 1 ) 1 (4 3 equation 3 )
These three planes meet at the point (21, 5, 3).
5 24z 5 212 or z 5 2 12. Letting z 5 2 12 creates: 1 2x 2 y 1 2z 5 2
b.
4 4x 2 8y 5 10 2 3x 1 y 2 z 5 1
5 2x 1 4y 5 7 3 x 2 3y 1 5z 5 4
(Equation 1 ) 1 (2 3 equation 2 ) 5 8x 5 24 Equation 1 1 equation 2 5 5x 1 z 5 3

or x 5 3. Substituting in x 5 3 and z 5 2 12 gives Equation 3 2 (3 3 equation 1 ) 5 25x 2 z
y 5 14 5 22.
1 1 These two equations are inconsistent, so the planes
x 5 3, y 5 , z 5 2 do not intersect at any point. Geometrically the
4 2
c. 1 x 2 3y 1 3z 5 7 planes form a triangular prism.
2 2x 2 6y 1 6z 5 14 c. 1 2x 1 y 2 z 5 0
2 x 2 2y 1 3z 5 0
3 2x 1 3y 2 3z 5 27
3 9x 1 2y 2 z 5 0

2 3 equation 1 1 equation 2 5 5x 1 z 5 0, so b. t 5 0 corresponds to the point (3, 0, 21)
>
z 5 25x. 14. a. r 5 (1, 21, 1) 1 t(3, 2, 1), tPR
>
Equation 3 2 equation 1 5 7x 1 y 5 0, so r 5 (22, 23, 0) 1 s(1, 2, 3), sPR
y 5 27x. Set the equations parametric equations equal to
Let x 5 t. The intersection of the planes is a line each other, and determine either the s or t-value.
through the origin with equation x 5 t, y 5 27t, Find the point that corresponds to this value.
z 5 25t, tPR. L1: x 5 1 1 3t, y 5 21 1 2t, z 5 1 1 t
>
11. r 5 (2, 21, 22) 1 s(1, 1, 22), sPR L2: x 5 22 1 s, y 5 23 1 2s, z 5 3s
By substituting in different s-values, you can find x 5 1 1 3t 5 22 1 s
when the plane intersects the xz-plane when y 5 0 y 5 21 1 2t 5 23 1 2s
and the xy-plane when z 5 0. z 5 1 1 t 5 3s
The plane intersects the xz-plane at (3, 0, 24) and s 5 0, t 5 21
the xy-plane at (1, 22, 0). Then find the distance s 5 0 corresponds to the point (22, 23, 0).
>
between these two points using the distance b. r 5 (1, 21, 1) 1 t(3, 2, 1), tPR
>
formula. The distance between these two points r 5 (22, 23, 0) 1 s(1, 2, 3), sPR
is 4.90. P(22, 23, 0)
S S
12. a. x 2 2y 1 z 1 4 5 0 n1 3 n2 5 (3, 2, 1) 3 (1, 2, 3)
>
r 5 (3, 1, 25) 1 s(2, 1, 0), sPR 5 (4, 28, 4) 5 (1, 22, 1)
> >
m ? n 5 (2, 1, 0) ? (1, 22, 1) 5 0 Since the line’s >
r 5 (22, 23, 0) 1 t(1, 22, 1), tPR
direction vector is perpendicular to the normal of 15. a. Since the plane we want contains L, we can
the plane and the point (3, 1, 25) lies on both the use the direction vector for L, (1, 2, 21), as one
line and the plane, the line is in the plane. of the plane’s direction vectors. Since the plane
>
b. r 5 (7, 5, 21) 1 t(4, 3, 2), tPR contains the point (1, 2, 23) (which is on L) and the
>
r 5 (3, 1, 25) 1 s(2, 1, 0), sPR point K(3, 22, 4), it will contain the direction vector
Solve for the parametric equations of both equations (3, 22, 4) 2 (1, 2, 23) 5 (2, 24, 7)
and then set them equal to each other. To find a normal vector for the plane we want, take
L1: x 5 7 1 4t, y 5 5 1 3t, z 5 21 1 2t the cross product of these two direction vectors.
L2: x 5 3 1 2s, y 5 1 1 s, z 5 25 (2, 24, 7) 3 (1, 2, 21) 5 (210, 9, 8)
z 5 25 5 21 1 2t, t 5 22 So the plane we seek will be of the form
t 5 22, x 5 21, y 5 21, z 5 25 210x 1 9y 1 8z 1 D 5 0.
t 5 22 corresponds to the point (21, 21, 25) To determine the value of D, substitute in the point
c. x 2 2y 1 z 1 4 5 0 (1, 2, 23) that is to be on this plane.
21 2 2(21) 1 (25) 1 4 5 0 210(1) 1 9(2) 1 8(23) 1 D 5 0
The point (21, 21, 25) is on the plane since it D 5 16
satisfies the equation of the plane. The equation of the plane we seek is
>
d. r 5 (7, 5, 21) 1 t(4, 3, 2), tPR 210x 1 9y 1 8z 1 16 5 0.
(A, B, C) ? (4, 3, 2) 5 0 b. Using the distance formula, the distance from
A 5 7, B 5 22, C 5 211 S(1, 1, 21) to the plane 210x 1 9y 1 8z 1
7x 2 2y 2 11z 1 D 5 0 16 5 0 is
D 5 250 Z210(1) 1 9(1) 1 8(21) 1 16Z
7x 2 2y 2 11z 2 50 5 0 d5
> Z (210, 9, 8)Z
13. a. r 5 (3, 0, 21) 1 t(1, 1, 2), tPR
7
A(22, 1, 1) 5
x 5 3 1 t, y 5 t, z 5 21 1 2t "245
0 5 3 1 t 2 x, 0 5 t 2 y, 0 5 21 1 2t 2 z 8 0.45
"(3 1 t 2 x)2 1 (t 2 y)2 1 (21 1 2t 2 z)2
16. a. 1 x1y2z51
2 2x 2 5y 1 z 5 21
"(3 1 t 1 2)2 1 (t 2 1)2 1 (21 1 2t 2 1)2 3 7x 2 7y 2 z 5 k
"6t 2 1 30 Equation 1 1 equation 2 5 equation 4
t 5 0 gives the lowest distance of 5.48 5 3x 2 4y 5 0

Equation 2 1 equation 3 5 equation 5 x 5 4t
5 9x 2 12y 5 21 1 k y 5 3t
For the solution to this system to be a line, z 5 21 1 7t, tPR.
equation 4 and equation 5 must be the proportional. So one possible vector equation of this line is
>
k 5 1 makes these two line proportional and the r 5 (0, 0, 21) 1 t(4, 3, 7), tPR.
solution to this system a line. 17. a. 1 x 1 2y 1 z 5 1
b. In part a., we found that k 5 1 by arriving at the 2 2x 2 3y 2 z 5 6
equivalent system 3 3x 1 5y 1 4z 5 5
1 3x 2 4y 5 0 4 4x 1 y 1 z 5 8
2 2x 2 5y 1 z 5 21 Equation 1 1 equation 2 5 equation 5
3 9x 2 12y 5 0 5 3x 2 y 5 7
As the first and third equations are proportional, (4 3 equation 2 ) 1 equation 3 5 equation 6
this is really the same system as 5 11x 2 7y 5 29
1 3x 2 4y 5 0 (7 3 equation 5 ) 1 equation 6
2 2x 2 5y 1 z 5 21 5 equation 7 5 210x 5 220y or x 5 2
Letting x 5 t in the first equation, we see that Substituting into equation 5 : 6 2 y 5 7y 5 21.
y 5 34 t. Substituting these values for x and y into the Substituting into equation 1 : 2 1 22 1 z 5 1
second equation, we find that or z 5 1.
3 (2, 21, 1)
z 5 5a tb 2 2t 2 1 b. 1 x 2 2y 1 z 5 1
4
7 2 2x 2 5y 1 z 5 21
5 t 2 1. 3 3x 2 7y 1 2z 5 0
4
4 6x 2 14y 1 4z 5 0
So the direction vector for the line that solves this
Equation 2 2 (2 3 equation 1 )
system is (1, 34, 74), which is parallel to (4, 3, 7).
5 equation 5 5 2y 2 z 5 23,
So equivalent parametric equations of this line are
x 5 4t
Setting z 5 t,
2y 2 t 5 23 or y 5 3 2 t
y 5 3t
z 5 21 1 7t, tPR.
Substituting y 5 3 2 t and z 5 t into equation 1 :
x 2 2(3 2 t) 1 t 5 1 or x 5 7 2 3t
So one possible vector equation of this line is
> x 5 7 2 3t, y 5 3 2 t, z 5 t, tPR
r 5 (0, 0, 21) 1 t(4, 3, 7), tPR.
9a 3c
b. In part a., we found that k 5 1 by arriving at the 18. 1 2 8b 1 54
equivalent system b b
1 3x 2 4y 5 0 3a 4c
2 2x 2 5y 1 z 5 21
2 2 1 4b 1 53
b b
3 9x 2 12y 5 0 3a 4c
3 1 4b 2 53
As the first and third equations are proportional, b b
this is really the same system as a c
1 3x 2 4y 5 0 x 5 , y 5 b, z 5
b b
2 2x 2 5y 1 z 5 21 1 9x 2 8y 1 3z 5 4
Letting x 5 t in the first equation, we see that 2 23x 1 4y 1 4z 5 3
y 5 34t. Substituting these values for x and y into the 3 3x 1 4y 2 4z 5 3
second equation, we find that 3 1 2 5 8y 5 6
3 3
z 5 5a tb 2 2t 2 1 y5
4 4
7 1 9x 1 3z 5 10
5 t 2 1.
4 2 23x 1 4z 5 0
So the direction vector for the line that solves this 3 3x 2 4z 5 0
system is Q 1, 34, 74 R , which is parallel to (4, 3, 7). 1 1 3 2 5 15z 5 10

2 8 So we get the system of equations
z5 ,x5
3 9 1 42s2t50
3 2 4 1 s 2 2t 5 0
y 5 5 b, 3 2s 2 t 5 0
4
8 a a 2 Adding the first two equations gives
x5 5 5 ,a5 8 2 3t 5 0
9 b 3 3
8
4 t5
3
2 c c 1
z5 5 5 ,c5 Substituting this value for t into the third equation
3 b 3 2
gives
4 0 5 2s 2 t
a , , b
2 3 1 8
3 4 2 5 2s 2
3
19. First put the equation into parametric form. 4
Then substitute the x, y, and z-values into s5
3
x 1 2y 2 z 1 10 5 0 to determine t. Then
Substituting these values for s and t into the equation
substitute t back into the parametric equations >
to determine the coordinates. for PA, we get
>
x11 y22 z21 PA 5 (t 2 s, 2s, 4 2 t)
5 5 5t
5 a 2 ,2 ,42 b
24 3 22 8 4 4 8
x 5 24t 2 1, y 5 3t 1 2, z 5 22t 1 1 3 3 3 3
x 1 2y 2 3z 1 10 5 0
5 a ,2 , b
4 4 4
(24t 2 1) 1 2(3t 1 2) 2 3(22t 1 1) 1 10 5 0 3 3 3
5 This is the vector that is normal to the plane, with
t52
4 its head at point A(1, 0, 4) and tail at the point in
the plane
x 5 24a2 b 2 1, y 5 3a2 b 1 2,
5 5
P(1 2 t 1 s, s, t) 5 Pa1 2 1 , , b
8 4 4 8
4 4
3 3 3 3
z 5 22a2 b 1 1
5
5 a2 , , b
1 4 8
4
3 3 3
a4, 2 , b
7 7 So the vector
> >
4 2 PAr 5 2PA
20. Let Ar(a, b, c) denote the image point under this
5 a2 , , 2 b
4 4 4
reflection. We want to find a, b, and c. The equation
3 3 3
of the plane is x 2 y 1 z 2 1 5 0, so letting y 5 s
5 (a, b, c) 2 a2 , , b
and z 5 t, we get x 5 1 2 t 1 s, s, tPR. These are 1 4 8
the parametric equations of this plane, so a general 3 3 3
5 aa 1 , b 2 , c 2 b
point on this plane has coordinates P(1 2 t 1 s, s, t). 1 4 8
>
So PA 5 (1, 0, 4) 2 (1 2 t 1 s, s, t) 3 3 3
5 (t 2 s, 2s, 4 2 t) This means that a 5 2 3, b 5 2 83, and c 5 2 43,
5
The normal vector to this plane is (1, 21, 1), and in That is, the reflected point is Ar( 2 53, 83, 43) .
> 21. a. The first plane has normal (3, 1, 7) and the
order for PA to be perpendicular to the plane, it >
must be parallel to this normal. This means that PA second has normal (4, 212, 4). Their line of
and (1, 21, 1) will have a cross product equal to intersection will be perpendicular to both of these
the zero vector. normals. So we can take as direction vector the
(t 2 s, 2s, 4 2 t) 3 (1, 21, 1)
cross product of these two normals.
(3, 1, 7) 3 (4, 212, 4) 5 (88, 16, 240)
5 (4 2 s 2 t, 4 1 s 2 2t, 2s 2 t)
5 8(11, 2, 25)
5 (0, 0, 0)

So let’s use (11, 2, 25) as the direction vector for A point on both the first and third planes is
this line of intersection. To find a point on both of (2 372, 0, 152 ). So the vector equation for this line of
these planes, solve for z in the second plane, and intersection is
r 5 a2 , 0, b 1 t(11, 2, 25), tPR,
substitute this into the equation for the first plane. > 37 15
4x 2 12y 1 4z 2 24 5 0 2 2
4z 5 24 2 4x 1 12y and the corresponding parametric equations are
z 5 6 2 x 1 3y 37
0 5 3x 1 y 1 7z 1 3 x 5 2 1 11t
2
5 3x 1 y 1 7(6 2 x 1 3y) y 5 2t
13 15
5 24x 1 22y 1 45 z5 2 5t, tPR.
2
If y 5 0 in this last equation, then x 5 454 and Finally, we consider the line of intersection between
z 5 6 2 x 1 3y the second and third planes. In this case, a direction
45 vector is
562 1 3(0)
4 (4, 212, 4) 3 (1, 2, 3) 5 (244, 28, 20)
21 5 24(11, 2, 25)
52
4 We may use (11, 2, 25) as the direction vector for
The point ( 454, 0, 214) , lies on both planes. So the this line of intersection. We find a point on both of
vector equation of the line of intersection for the these planes in the same way as before.
first two planes is x 1 2y 1 3z 2 4 5 0
r 5 a , 0, 2 b 1 t(11, 2, 25), tPR.
> 45 21 x 5 4 2 2y 2 3z
4 4 0 5 4x 2 12y 1 4z 2 24
The corresponding parametric form is 5 4(4 2 2y 2 3z) 2 12y 1 4z 2 24
45 5 220y 2 8z 2 8
x5 1 11t
4 Taking y 5 0 in this last equation, we get z 5 21
y 5 2t and
21 x 5 4 2 2y 2 3z
z 5 2 2 5t, tPR. 5 4 2 2(0) 2 3(21)
4
We will use a similar procedure for the other two 57
lines of intersection. For the third plane, the normal A point on both the second and third planes is
vector is (1, 2, 3). So a direction vector for the line (7, 0, 21). So the vector equation for this line of
of intersection between the first and third planes is intersection is
>
(3, 1, 7) 3 (1, 2, 3) 5 (211, 22, 5) r 5 (7, 0, 21) 1 t(11, 2, 25), tPR,
5 2 (11, 2, 25) and the corresponding parametric equations are
We may use (11, 2, 25) as the direction vector for x 5 7 1 11t
this line of intersection. We find a point on both of y 5 2t
these planes in the same way as before. z 5 21 2 5t, PR.
x 1 2y 1 3z 2 4 5 0 b. All three lines of intersection found in part a.
x 5 4 2 2y 2 3z have direction vector (11, 2, 25), and so they are
0 5 3x 1 y 1 7z 1 3 all parallel. Since no pair of normal vectors for
5 3(4 2 2y 2 3z) 1 y 1 7z 1 3 these three planes is parallel, no pair of these planes
5 26y 2 2z 1 15 is coincident.
Taking y 5 0 in this last equation, we get z 5 152 2 5 3
22. 1 2 1 2 1 2 5 40
and a b c
x 5 4 2 2y 2 3z 3 6 1
2 2 2 2 2 5 23
a2
5 4 2 2(0) 2 3a b
15 b c
2 9 5 4
3 2 2 1 2 5 67
37 a2 b c
52
2

11 213 7
1 13 2 5 4 5
1 2 5 31 5 1c
a2 b 6
21 229 2
3 14 2 5 5 5 1 2 5 55 c52
a2 b 3
46 So the equation of the parabola we seek is
21 4 2 11 5 5 2 5 46, b 5 11, b 5 21
b 7 3 2
21 229 1 1 y 5 x2 2 x 2 .
6 2 3
2 1 5 55, a 5 , a 5 2
a 1 2 2 24. The equation of the plane is
2 5 3 1 1 4x 2 5y 1 z 2 9 5 0, which has normal (4, 25, 1).
1 1 2 5 40, c 5 , c 5 2
0.25 1 c 3 3 Converting this plane to parametric form gives
1 1 1 1 x5s
a 5 , a 5 2 , b 5 1, b 5 21, c 5 , c 5 2
2 2 3 3 y5t
Because each equation has each of a , b , and c2, the
2 2 z 5 9 2 4s 1 5t, s, tPR.
possible solutions are all combinations of the So for any point Y(s, t, 9 2 4s 1 5t) on this plane,
positive and negative values for a, b, and c: ( 12, 1, 13) , we >can form the vector
XY 5 (s, t, 9 2 4s 1 5t) 2 (3, 2, 25)
( 12, 1, 2 13) , ( 12, 21, 13) , ( 12, 21, 2 13) , ( 2 12, 1, 13) , 5 (s 2 3, t 2 2, 14 2 4s 1 5t)
( 2 12, 1, 2 13) , ( 2 12, 21, 13) , and ( 12, 21, 2 13) . This vector is perpendicular to the plane when it
23. The general form of such a parabola is is parallel to the normal vector (4, 25, 1). Two
y 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 c. We need to determine a, b, and c. vectors are parallel precisely when their cross
Since (21, 2), (1, 21), and (2, 1) all lie on the product is the zero vector.
parabola, we get the system of equations (s 2 3, t 2 2, 14 2 4s 1 5t) 3 (4, 25, 1)
1 a2b1c52 5 (68 1 26t 2 20s, 59 1 20t 2 17s, 23 2 4t 2 5s)
2 a 1 b 1 c 5 21 5 (0, 0, 0)
3 4a 1 2b 1 c 5 1 So we get the system of equations
1 68 1 26t 2 20s 5 0
Adding the first and second equations gives
2 59 1 20t 2 17s 5 0
1
a1c5 3 23 2 4t 2 5s 5 0
2
Subtracting four times the third equation from the
Subtracting the first from the second equation gives
first equation gives
2b 5 23
42t 2 24 5 0
3
b52 4
2 t5
7
Using the fact that a 1 c 5 12 and b 5 2 32 in the
Substituting this value for t into the second equation
third equation gives
gives
1 5 4a 1 2b 1 c
0 5 59 1 20t 2 17s
5 3a 1 2b 1 (a 1 c)
5 59 1 20a b 2 17s
4
5 3a 1 2a2 b 1
3 1
7
2 2
493
5 17s 5
5 3a 2 7
2
7 29
5 3a s5
2 7
7 Substituting these values for s and t into the equation
a5 for Y gives
6
Y(s, t, 9 2 4s 1 5t) 5 Ya , , 9 2 4a b
So using once more that a 1 c 5 12, we substitute 29 4 29
this value in for a and get 7 7 7
1 5a bb 5 a , , 2 b
1 4 29 4 33
5a1c
2 7 7 7 7
So the point M we wanted is M( 297, 47, 2 337 ).
11x 2 2 14x 1 9 A Bx 1 C This vector forms the height of ^ DEF, and the
25. 2 5 1 2 length of this vector is
(3x 2 1)(x 1 1) 3x 2 1 x 11
11x 2 2 14x 1 9
@ JD @ 5 ` a2 , 22, b `
> 7 17
(3x 2 1)(x 2 1 1) 2 2
5 a2 b 1 (22)2 1 a b
2
A(x 2 1 1) 1 (Bx 1 C) 3x 2 1 7 17 2
Å
5
(3x 2 1)(x 2 1 1) 2 2
11x 2 2 14x 1 9 5 (A 1 3B)x 2 1 (3C 2 B)x 177
Å 72
1 (A 2 C) 5
A 2 C 5 9, 3C 2 B 5 214, A 1 3B 5 11 8 9.41
B 5 3C 1 14, A 5 C 1 9 The length of the base of ^ DEF is
A 1 3(3C 1 14) 5 11, A 1 9C 5 231
@ EF @ 5 0 (25, 24, 23) 0
>
(C 1 9) 1 9C 5 231
10C 5 240, C 5 24 5 "(25)2 1 (24)2 1 (23)2
B 5 3(24) 1 14 5 2, A 5 (24) 1 9 5 5 5 "50
A 5 5, B 5 2, C 5 24 8 7.07
26.> a. The vector So the area of ^ DEF equals
EF 5 (21, 24, 26) 2 (4, 0, 3)
( !50) a b 5 !177
1 177 5
Å 2
5 (25, 24, 23)
2 2
This is a direction vector for the line containing the
8 33.26 units2
segment EF. The point E(21, 24, 26) is on this
27. 3x 2 2z 1 1 5 0
line, so the vector equation of this line is
> 4x 1 3y 1 7 5 0
r 5 (21, 24, 26) 1 t(25, 24, 23), tPR.
(5, 25, 5)
b. Based on the equation of the line found in part a., > >
a general point on this line is of the form n1 3 n2 5 (3, 0, 22) 3 (4, 3, 0) 5 (6, 28, 9)
J(21 2 5t, 24 2 4t, 26 2 3t), tPR. 6x 2 8y 1 9z 1 D 5 0
For> this general point, the vector D 5 2115
JD 5 (3, 0, 7) 2 (21 2 5t, 24 24t, 26 2 3t) 6x 2 8y 1 9z 2 115 5 0
5 (4 1 5t, 4 1 4t, 13 1 3t)
This vector will be perpendicular to the direction Chapter 9 Test, p. 556
vector for the line found in part a. at the point J we >
seek. This means that 1. a. r 1 5 (4, 2, 6) 1 s(1, 3, 11), sPR,
>
0 5 (4 1 5t, 4 1 4t, 13 1 3t) ? (25, 24, 23) r 2 5 (5, 21, 4) 1 t(2, 0, 9), tPR
5 25(4 1 5t) 2 4(4 1 4t) 2 3(13 1 3t) L1: x 5 4 1 s, y 5 2 1 3s, z 5 6 1 11s
5 275 2 50t L2: x 5 5 1 2t, y 5 21, z 5 4 1 9t
3 y 5 21 5 2 1 3s
t52
2 s 5 21
Substituting this value of t into the equation for the L1: x 5 4 1 (21), y 5 2 1 3(21),
general point on the line in part a., z 5 6 1 11(21)
J(21 2 5t, 24 2 4t, 26 2 3t) x 5 3, y 5 21, z 5 25
(3, 21, 25)
5 Ja21 2 5a2 b, 24 2 4a2 b, 26 2 3a2 bb
3 3 3
2 2 2 b. x2y1z1150
3 2 (21) 1 (25) 1 1 5 0
5 a , 2, 2 b
13 3
2 2 311251150
These are the coordinates for the point J we wanted. 050
c. Using the coordinates for J found in part b., 2. Use the distance equation.
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 Cz0 1 D 0
JD 5 (3, 0, 7) 2 a , 2, 2 b
> 13 3 d5
2 2 "A 2 1 B 2 1 C 2
a. A(3, 2, 3)
5 a2 , 22, b
7 17
8x 2 8y 1 4z 2 7 5 0
2 2
0 8x0 2 8y0 1 4z0 2 7 0 Equation 2 1 (2 3 equation 1) 5
d5
"(8) 1 (28) 1 (4)
2 2 2 4x 1 y 5 21
0 8(3) 2 8(2) 1 4(3) 2 7 0 Equation 2 1 (8 3 equation 3) 5
5
"(8)2 1 (28)2 1 (4)2 6x 1
31
y 5 225
13 5
5 or 1.08 31
12 2 (4x 1 y 5 21)
b. First, find any point on one of the planes, then use 5
1 a6x 1 y 5 225b
the other plane equation with the distance formula. 31
2x 2 y 1 2z 2 16 5 0 5
2x 2 y 1 2z 1 24 5 0 218.8x 5 218.8
2(8) 2 (0) 1 2(0) 2 16 5 0 x51
A(8, 0, 0) 4(1) 1 y 5 21
0 2x0 2 1y0 1 2z0 1 24 0 y 5 25
d5
"(2)2 1 (21)2 1 (2)2 (1) 2 (25) 1 z 5 10
0 2(8) 2 1(0) 1 2(0) 1 24 0 z54
5
"(2)2 1 (21)2 1 (2)2
(1, 25, 4)
b. The three planes intersect at this point.
40
5 or 13.33 5. a. 1 x 2 y 1 z 5 21
3 2 2x 1 2y 2 z 5 0
3. a. L1: 2x 1 3y 2 z 5 3 3 x 2 5y 1 4z 5 23
L2: 2x 1 y 1 z 5 1
Equation 2 1 (2 3 equation 1 ) 5
L1 1 2L2: 5y 1 z 5 5
4x 1 z 5 22
z 5 t,
4x 1 z 5 22
5y 1 (t) 5 5
t z5t
y512 4x 1 (t) 5 22
5
2x 1 y 1 z 5 1 1 t
x52 2
2x 1 a1 2 b 1 (t) 5 1
t 2 4
5 x 2 y 1 z 5 21
a2 2 b 2 y 1 (t) 5 21
4t 1 t
x5
5 2 4
4t t
x 5 , y 5 1 2 , z 5 t, tPR 3t 1
5 5 y5 1
4 2
b. To determine the point of intersection with the 1 t 3t 1
xz-plane, set the above y parametric equation equal x 5 2 2 , y 5 1 , z 5 t, tPR
2 4 4 2
to 0 and solve for the t. This t corresponds to the
b. The three planes intersect at this line.
point of intersection.
6. a. L1: x 1 y 1 z 5 0
4t t
x 5 , y 5 1 2 , z 5 t, tPR L2: x 1 2y 1 2z 5 1
5 5
L3: 2x 2 y 1 mz 5 n
t
0512 L2 1 2L3: 5x 1 0y 1 (2m 1 2)z 5 2n 1 1
5 L1 1 L3: 3x 1 0y 1 (m 1 1)z 5 n
t55 5
4(5) (5) (3x 1 0y 1 (m 1 1)z 5 n)
x5 ,y512 , z 5 (5), tPR 3
5 5 5 5
(4, 0, 5) 5 5x 1 0y 1 (m 1 1)z 5 n
3 3
4. a. 1 x 2 y 1 z 5 10
Then set the two new equations to each other and
2 2x 1 3y 2 2z 5 221
solve for a m and n value that would give equivalent
1 2 1 1
3 x1 y1 z52 equations.
2 5 4 2

5 5 Cumulative Review of Vectors,
5x 1 0y 1 (m 1 1)z 5 n
3 3
5x 1 0y 1 (2m 1 2)z 5 2n 1 1
pp. 557–560
5 1. a. The angle, u, between the two vectors is found
2m 1 2 5 (m 1 1) > >
3 a?b
@a @ @b@
from the equation cos (u) 5 > > .
m 5 21
> >
5 a ? b 5 (2, 21, 22) ? (3, 24, 12)
n 5 2n 1 1
3 5 2(3) 2 1(24) 2 2(12)
n 5 23 5 214
0 a 0 5 "22 1 (21)2 1 (22)2
b. L1: x 1 y 1 z 5 0 >
L2: x 1 2y 1 2z 5 1
L3: 2x 2 y 2 z 5 23 53
0 b 0 5 "32 1 (24)2 1 122
>
L1 1 L2: 3x 5 23, x 5 21
(21) 1 y 1 z 5 0 5 13
z5t So u 5 cos21 ( 3 214
3 13 )
(21) 1 y 1 (t) 5 0 8 111.0°
y512t > >
b. The scalar projection of a on b is equal to
0 a 0 cos (u), where u is the angle between the two
x 5 21, y 5 1 2 t, z 5 t, tPR >
7. First find the parametric equations of each line.
Then set these equations equal to each other to find vectors. So from the above work, cos (u) 5 3 214 3 13
and 0 a 0 5 3, so the scalar projection of a on b is

> > >
a set of new equations. Use the dot product to
> >
determine another set of equations that you will 214 14
3 3 13 3 3 5 2 13 . The vector projection of a on b
solve for t and s. Find the corresponding points to is equal to the scalar projection multiplied by the unit
>
these values and the distance between them, which vector in the direction of b. So the vector projection
is the distance between the two lines.
> is 2 14 1
13 3 13 (3, 24, 12) 5 (2
52 56
, , 2 168
169 ).
L1: r 5 (21, 23, 0) 1 s(1, 1, 1), sPR > 169 169
>
>
L2: r 5 (25, 5, 28) 1 t(1, 2, 5), tPR
c. > The scalar projection of b on a is equal to
0 b 0 cos (u), where u is the angle between the two
L1: x 5 21 1 s, y 5 23 1 s, z 5 s
L2: x 5 25 1 t, y 5 5 1 2t, z 5 28 1 5t
vectors. So from the above work, cos (u) 5 3 214 3 > 13
and 0 b 0 5 13, so the scalar projection of a on b is
> >
UV 5 3 (21 1 s) 2 (25 1 t), (23 1 s)
>
> >
214 14
2 (5 1 2t), s 2 (28 1 5t)4 3 3 13 3 13 5 2 3 . The vector projection of b on a
> is equal to the scalar projection multiplied by the
UV 5 (4 1 s 2 t, 28 1 s 2 2t, s 1 8 2 5t) >
> unit vector in the direction of a . So the vector
m1 ? UV 5 0
projection is 2 143 3 13 (2, 21, 22) 5 (2 289, 149, 289 ).
(1, 1, 1) ? (4 1 s 2 t, 28 1 s 2 2t, s 1 8 2 5t) 5 0 2. a. Since the normal of the first plane is (4, 2, 6)
(1, 2, 5) ? (4 1 s 2 t, 28 1 s 2 2t, s 1 8 2 5t) 5 0 and the normal of the second is (1, 21, 1), which
L4: 4 1 3s 2 8t 5 0, are not scalar multiples of each other, there is a line
L5: 28 1 8s 2 30t 5 0 of intersection between the planes.
8 3 L1 1 (23) 3 L2 yields The next step is to use the first and second equations
32 1 24s 2 64t 2 84 2 24s 1 90t 5 0, so t 5 2. to find an equation with a zero for the coefficient of x.
Then s 5 4. The points corresponding to these The first equation minus four times the second
values of s and t are (21, 3, 0) 1 4(1, 1, 1) equation yields 0x 1 6y 1 2z 1 6 5 0. We may
5 (3, 1, 4) and (25, 5, 28) 1 2(1, 2, 5) divide by two to simplify, so 3y 1 z 1 3 5 0. If we
5 (23, 9, 2). let y 5 t, then 3t 1 z 1 3 5 0, or z 5 23 2 3t.
d 5 "(3 2 (23))2 1 (1 2 9)2 1 (4 2 2)2 Substituting these into the second equation yields
5 "(6)2 1 (28)2 1 (2)2 x 2 (t) 1 (23 2 3t) 2 5 5 0 or x 5 8 1 4t.
5 "36 1 64 1 4
So the equation of the line in parametric form is
x 5 8 1 4t, y 5 t, z 5 23 2 3t, tPR.
5 "104 or 10.20

To check that this is correct, we substitute in the 5. The direction vectors for the positive x-axis,
solution to both initial equations y-axis, and z-axis are (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), and (0, 0, 1),
4x 1 2y 1 6z 2 14 5 4(8 1 4t) 1 2(t) respectively.
1 6(23 2 3t) 2 14 0 (4, 22, 23) 0 5 "42 1 (22)2 1 (23)2
5 !29,
50
and 0 (1, 0, 0) 0 5 0 (0, 1, 0) 0
and x 2 y 1 z 2 5
5 0 (0, 0, 1) 0
5 (8 1 4t) 2 (t) 1 (23 2 3t) 2 5
5 0.
Hence the line given by the parametric equation 5 !1
above is the line of intersection for the planes. 5 1.
b. The angle between two planes is the same as the (4, 22, 23) ? (1, 0, 0) 5 4, so the angle the vector
angle between their corresponding normal vectors. makes with the x-axis is cos21 Q 1 !294
R 8 42.0°.
0 (4, 2, 6)0 5 "42 1 22 1 62 (4, 22, 23) ? (0, 1, 0) 5 22, so the angle the vector
5 !56 makes with the y-axis is cos21 Q 1 22
!29 R 5 111.8°.
0 (1, 21, 1) 0 5 "12 1 12 1 12 (4,22,23) ? (0, 0, 1) 5 23, hence the angle the
5 !3 vector makes with the z-axis is cos21 Q 1 23!29 R 8 123.9°.
(4, 2, 6) ? (1, 21, 1) 5 8, so the angle between the > >
6. a. a 3 b 5 (1, 22, 3) 3 (21, 1, 2)
planes is cos21 Q !38!56 R 8 51.9°.
> > 5 (22(2) 2 3(1), 3(21) 2 1(2),
x?y > 1(1) 2 (22)(21))
3. a. We have that cos (60°) 5 0 x> 0 0 y> 0 . Also since x
5 (27, 25, 21)
and y are unit vectors, 0 x 0 5 0 y 0 5 1, and moreover
> > >
> > b. By the> scalar law for> vector multiplication,
1 x?y 1 > >
> >
cos (60°) 5 . So x ? y 5 5 . 2a 3 3b 5 2(3)(a 3 > b)
2 131 2 >
5 6(a 3 b )
b. Scalar multiples can be brought out to the front
> > > > 5 6(27, 25, 21) 5 (242, 230, 26)
of dot products. Hence 2x ? 3y 5 (2)(3)(x ? y ), >
> > c.> The area of a parallelogram determined by a and
and so by part a., 2x ? 3y 5 2 3 3 3 12 5 3. b is equal
c. The dot product is distributive, > > to the magnitude of the cross product of
> > > > a and b.
so (2x 2 y ) ? (x 1 3y ) A 5 area of> parallelogram
> > > > > >
5 0a 3 b0
5 2x ? (x 1 3y ) 2 y ? (x 1 3y ) >
> > > > > > > >
5 0 (27, 25, 21) 0
5 2x ? x 1 2x ? 3y 2 y ? x 2 y ? 3y
> > > > > > > >
5 2x ? x 1 2x ? 3y 2 x ? y 2 3y ? y
> >
Since x and y are unit vectors, x ? x 5 y ? y 5 1,
> > > > 5 "(27)2 1 (25)2 1 (21)2
and so by using the values found in part a. and b., 8 >8.66 square units >
> >
(2x 2 y ) ? (x 1 3y ) 5 2(1) 1 (3) 2 A 12 B 2 3(1) d. (b 3 a ) 5 2 (a 3 b )
> > > >
3 5 2 (27, 25, 21)
5 5 (7, 5, 1)
> > > 2 > > > > > > > >
4. a. 2(i 2 2j 1 3k ) 2 4(2i 1 4j 1 5k ) 2 (i 2 j ) So c ? (b 3 a ) 5 (3, 24, 21) ? (7, 5, 1)
> > > > > > > > 5 3(7) 2 4(5) 2 1(1)
5 2i 2 4j 1 6k 2 8i 2 16j 2 20k 2 i 1 j
> > > 50
5 27i 2 19j 2 14k > >
> > > > > > > > 7. A unit vector perpendicular to both a and b can
b. 22(3i> 2 4j> 2 5k>) ? (2i> 1 3k> ) 1 2i ? (3j 2 2k ) be determined
>
> > from
> > any vector perpendicular to
5 22(3i 2 4j 2 5k ) ? (2i 1 0j 1 3k ) both a and b>. a 3 b is a vector perpendicular to
> > > > > > >
1 2(i 1 0j 1 0k ) ? (0i 1 3j 2 2k ) both a and> b.
>
5 22(3(2) 2 4(0) 2 5(3)) 1 2(1(0) a 3 b 5 (1, 21, 1) 3 (2, 22, 3)
1 0(3) 1 0(22)) 5 (21(3) 2 1(22), 1(2) 2 1(3),
5 22(29) 1 2(0) 1(22) 2 (21)(2))
5 (21, 21, 0)
5 18

0 a 3 b 0 5 0 (21, 21, 0) 0
> >
12. First put the line in its corresponding parametric
5 "(21)2 1 (21)2 1 02 form. (3, 1, 5) is a direction vector and (2, 25, 3) is
5 !2
the origin point, so a parametric equation for the
line is x 5 2 1 3s, y 5 25 1 s, z 5 3 1 5s, sPR.
So !2 1
(21, 21, 0) 5 Q 2 !2 1 1
, 2 !2 , 0 R is an unit vector
> If we substitute these coordinates into the equation
perpendicular to both a and b. Q !2 , 0 R is another.
> 1 1
, !2 of the plane, we may find the s value where the line
8. a. Answers may vary. For example: >
intersects the plane.
A direction vector for the line is AB. 5x 1 y 2 2z 1 2
>
AB 5 (1, 2, 3) 2 (2, 23, 1) 5 5(2 1 3s) 1 (25 1 s) 2 2(3 1 5s) 1 2
5 (21, 5, 2) 5 10 1 15s 1 2 5 1 s 2 6 2 10s 1 2
Since A(2, 23, 1) is a point on the line, 5 1 1 6s
>
r 5 (2, 23, 1) 1 t(21, 5, 2), tPR, is a vector So if 5x 1 y 2 2z 1 2 5 0, then 1 1 6s 5 0 or
equation for a line and the corresponding parametric s 5 2 16. At s 5 2 16, the point on the line is ( 32, 2 316, 136) .
equation is x 5 2 2 t, y 5 23 1 5t, z 5 1 1 2t,
To check that this point is also on the plane, we
tPR.
substitute the x, y, z values into the plane equation
b. If the x-coordinate of a point on the line is 4, then
and check that it equals zero.
2 2 t 5 4, or t 5 22. At t 5 22, the point on the
5x 1 y 2 2z 1 2 5 5a b 1 a2 b 2 2a b 1 2
3 31 13
line is (2, 23, 1) 2 2(21, 5, 2) 5 (4, 213, 23).
Hence C(4, 213, 23) is a point on the line. 2 6 6
9. The direction vector of the first line is (21, 5, 2), 50
while the direction vector for the second line is Hence ( 32, 2 316, 136) is the point of intersection between
(1, 25, 22) 5 2 (21, 5, 2). So the direction vectors the line and the plane.
for the line are collinear. Hence the lines are parallel. 13. a.
The lines coincide if and only if for any point on z
the first line and any point on the second line, the
vector connecting the two points is a multiple of the
direction vector for the lines.
(2, 0, 9) is a point on the first line and (3, 25, 10) is (0, 0, 3)
a point on the second line.
(2, 0, 9) 2 (3, 25, 10) 5 (21, 5, 21) 2 k(21, 5, 2)
for any kPR. Hence the lines are parallel and distinct.
10. The direction vector for the parallel line is (0, 3, 0) y
(0, 1, 1). Since parallel lines have collinear direction x (6, 0, 0)
vectors, (0, 1, 1) can be used as a direction vector
for the line. Since (0, 0, 4) is a point on the line,
>
r 5 (0, 0, 4) 1 t(0, 1, 1), tPR, is a vector equation
for a line and the corresponding parametric equation
is x 5 0, y 5 t, z 5 4 1 t, tPR.
11. The line is parallel to the plane if and only if the
direction vector for the line is perpendicular to the
normal vector for the plane. The normal vector for
the plane is (2, 3, c). The direction vector for the Two direction vectors are:
line is (2, 3, 1). The vectors are perpendicular if and (0, 3, 0) 2 (0, 0, 3) 5 (0, 3, 23)
only if the dot product between the two is zero. and
(2, 3, c) ? (2, 3, 1) 5 2(2) 1 3(3) 1 c(1) (6, 0, 0) 2 (0, 0, 3) 5 (6, 0, 23).
5 13 1 c
So if c 5 213, then the dot product of normal
vector and the direction vector is zero. Hence for
c 5 213, the line and plane are parallel.

b. corresponding parametric form is x 5 1 1 2t,
z y 5 22 2 3t, z 5 4 2 4t, tPR.
The intersection of this line and the plane is the
(–3, –2, 2) bisector between P and its image. To find this point
we substitute the parametric equation into the plane
equation and solve for t.
2x 2 3y 2 4z 1 66
(0, 0, 0)
y 5 2(1 1 2t) 2 3(22 2 3t) 2 4(4 2 4t) 1 66
(3, 2, 1)
5 2 1 4t 1 6 1 9t 2 16 1 16t 1 66
5 58 1 29t
x So if 2x 2 3y 2 4z 1 66 5 0, then 58 1 29t 5 0,
or t 5 22.
So the point of intersection is occurs at t 5 22, since
the origin point is P and the intersection occurs at the
midpoint of the line connecting P and its image, the
Two direction vectors are: image point occurs at t 5 2 3 (22) 5 24.
(23, 22, 2) 2 (0, 0, 0) 5 (23, 22, 2) So the image point is at x 5 1 1 2(24) 5 27,
and y 5 22 2 3(24) 5 10, z 5 4 2 4(24) 5 20.
(3, 2, 1) 2 (0, 0, 0) 5 (3, 2, 1). So the image point is (27, 10, 20).
15. Let (a, b, c) be the direction vector for this line.
c. >
z So a line equation is r 5 (1, 0, 2) 1 t(a, b, c), tPR.
Since (1, 0, 2) is not on the other line, we may
(0, 3, 6) choose a, b, and c such that the intersection occurs
at t 5 1. Since the line is supposed to intersect the
given line at a right angle, the direction vectors
should be perpendicular. The direction vectors are
(0, 0, 0) perpendicular if and only if their dot product is zero.
The direction vector for the given line is (1, 1, 2).
(1, 1, –1) y (a, b, c) ? (1, 1, 2) 5 a 1 b 1 2c 5 0, so
x b 5 2a 2 2c.
Also (1, 0, 2) 1 (a, b, c) 5 (1 1 a, b, 2 1 c) is the
By substituting for b,
(1 1 a, b, 2 1 c) 5 (1 1 a, 2a 2 2c, 2 1 c).
So for some s value,
x 5 22 1 s 5 1 1 a
y 5 3 1 s 5 2a 2 2c
z 5 4 1 2s 5 2 1 c
Subtracting the first equation from the second yields
Two direction vectors are: the equation, 5 1 0s 5 22a 2 2c 2 1.
(0, 3, 6) 2 (0, 0, 0) 5 (0, 3, 6) Simplifying this gives 6 5 22a 2 2c or just
and a 1 c 5 23.
(1, 1, 21) 2 (0, 0, 0) 5 (1, 1, 21). Subtracting twice the first equation from the third
14. The plane is the right bisector joining yields the equation, 8 5 22a 1 c.
P(1, 22, 4) and its image. The line connecting the So a 1 c 5 23 and 22a 1 c 5 8, which is two
two points has a direction vector equal to that of the equations with two unknowns. Twice the first plus
the second equations gives 0a 1 3c 5 2 or c 5 23.
the plane is (2, 23, 24). So the line connecting the
two points is (1, 22, 4) 1 t(2, 23, 24), tPR, or in Solving back for a gives 2 113 and since b 5 2a 2 2c,
b 5 73. Since a 1 b 1 2c 5 0, the direction vectors,

(1, 1, 2) and (a, b, c) are perpendicular. A direction c. Since the plane is perpendicular to the z-axis, a
vector for the line is (211, 7, 2). direction vector for the z-axis acts as a normal vector
We need to check that for the plane. Hence (0, 0, 1) is a normal vector for
(1, 0, 2) 1 (a, b, c) 5 ( 28 3 , 3 , 3 ) is a point on the
7 8
the plane. So the plane has the form z 1 D 5 0, for
given line. some constant D. To find D, we know that (3, 21, 3)
x 5 22 1 s 5 2 83, at s 5 2 23. The point on the given is a point on the plane, so
line at s 5 2 23 is Q 28
3 , 3 , 3 R . Hence
7 8 0(3) 1 0(21) 1 (3) 1 D 5 0. So 3 1 D 5 0, or
>
q 5 (1, 0, 2) 1 t(211, 7, 2), tPR, is a line that D 5 23. So the Cartesian equation for the plane is
intersects the given line at a right angle. z 2 3 5 0.
16. a. The Cartesian equation is found by taking d. The Cartesian equation can be found by taking
> the
cross the cross product of the two direction vectors for
> product of the two direction vectors, AB and
AC. the plane. Since (3, 1, 22) and (1, 3, 21) are two
>
AB 5 (22, 0, 0) 2 (1, 2, 3) points on the plane
(3, 1, 22) 2 (1, 3, 21) 5 (2, 22, 21) is a
> 5 (23, 22, 23)
AC 5 (1, 4, 0) 2 (1, 2, 3) 5 (0, 2, 23) direction vector for the plane. Since the plane is
> > parallel to the y-axis, (0, 1, 0) is also a direction
AB 3 AC 5 (22(23) 2 (23)(2),
vector for the plane.
23(0) 2 (23)(23),
(2, 22, 21) 3 (0, 1, 0) 5 (22(0) 2
23(2) 2 (22)(0))
(21)(1), (21)(0)2 (2)(0), 2(1) 2 (22)(0))
5 (12, 29, 26)
5 (1, 0, 2)
So 5 (12, 29, 26) is a normal vector for the
So (1, 0, 2) is a normal vector for the plane, so the
plane, so the plane has the form
plane has the form x 1 0y 1 2z 1 D 5 0, for some
12x 2 9y 2 6z 1 D 5 0, for some constant D. To
constant D. To find D, we know that (3, 1, 22) is a
find D, we know that A(1, 2, 3) is a point on the
point on the plane, so
plane, so 12(1) 2 9(2) 2 6(3) 1 D 5 0. So
(3) 1 0(1) 1 2(22) 1 D 5 0. So 21 1 D 5 0,
224 1 D 5 0, or D 5 24. So the Cartesian
or D 5 1. So the Cartesian equation for the plane is
equation for the plane is 12x 2 9y 2 6z 1 24 5 0.
x 1 2z 1 1 5 0.
b. Substitute into the formula to determine distance
between a point and a plane. So the distance, d, of 18. E
(0, 0, 0) to the plane 12x 2 9y 2 6z 1 24 5 0 is 100 km/h
45°
@ 12 (0) 2 9 (0) 2 6 (0) 1 24 @ F
equal to .
"122 1 (29)2 1 (26)2
24
So d 5 !261 8 1.49.
17. a. (3, 25, 4) is a normal vector for the plane, so 400 km/h 400 km/h
R
the plane has the form 3x 2 5y 1 4z 1 D 5 0, for
some constant D. To find D, we know that
A(21, 2, 5) is a point on the plane, so
3(21) 2 5(2) 1 4(5) 1 D 5 0. So 7 1 D 5 0,
or D 5 27. So the Cartesian equation for the plane 45° D
100 km/h
is 3x 2 5y 1 4z 2 7 5 0.
b. Since the plane is perpendicular to the line
Position Diagram Vector Diagram
connecting (2, 1, 8) and (1, 2, 24), a direction
vector for the line acts as a normal vector for the From the triangle DEF and the cosine law, we have
0 R 0 2 5 4002 1 1002 2 2(400)(100) cos (45°)
>
plane. So (2, 1, 8) 2 (1, 2, 24) 5 (1, 21, 12) is a
normal vector for the plane. So the plane has the 8 336.80 km> h.
form x 2 y 1 12z 1 D 5 0, for some constant D. To find the direction of the vector, the sine law is
To find D, we know that K(4, 1, 2) is a point on the applied.
plane, so (4) 2 (1) 1 12(2) 1 D 5 0. So sin /DEF sin /EDF
0R0
> 5
27 1 D 5 0, or D 5 227. So the Cartesian 100
equation for the plane is x 2 y 1 12z 2 27 5 0. sin 45° sin /EDF
8 .
336.80 100
sin 45° vector for the plane. The direction vector of the line
sin /EDF 8 3 100.
336.80 is (2, 21, 2) and the normal vector for the plane
sin /EDF 8 0.2100. is (1, 2, 1).
Thus /EDF 8 12.1°, so the resultant velocity is 0 (2, 21, 2) 0 5 "22 1 (21)2 1 22
336.80 km> h, N 12.1° W. 5 !9
19. a. The simplest way is to find the parametric 5 3.
equation, then find the corresponding vector equation.
If we substitute x 5 s and y 5 t and solve for z, we 0 (1, 2, 1) 0 5 "12 1 22 1 12
obtain 3s 2 2t 1 z 2 6 5 0 or z 5 6 2 3s 1 2t. 5 !6
This yields the parametric equations x 5 s, y 5 t, (2, 21, 2) ? (1, 2, 1) 5 2(1) 2 1(2) 1 2(1) 5 2
and z 5 6 2 3s 1 2t. So the corresponding vector So the angle between the normal vector and the
>
equation is r 5 (0, 0, 6) 1 s(1, 0, 23) 1 t(0, 1, 2), direction vector is cos21 Q 3 !6
2
R 8 74.21°. So
s, tPR. To check that this is correct, find the u 8 90° 2 74.21° 5 15.79°.
Cartesian equation corresponding to the above To the nearest degree, u 5 16°.
vector equation and see if it is equivalent to the b. The two planes are perpendicular if and only if
Cartesian equation given in the problem. A normal their normal vectors are also perpendicular.
vector to this plane is the cross product of the two A normal vector for the first plane is (2, 23, 1) and
directional
> vectors. a normal vector for the second plane is
n 5 (1, 0, 23) 3 (0, 1, 2) 5 (0(2) 2 (23)(1),
(4, 23, 217). The two vectors are perpendicular if
23(0) 2 1(2), 1(1) 2 0(0)) and only if their dot product is zero.
5 (3, 22, 1) (2, 23, 1) ? (4, 23, 217) 5 2(4) 2 3(23)
So (3, 22, 1) is a normal vector for the plane, so the 1 1(217)
plane has the form 3x 2 2y 1 z 1 D 5 0, for some
5 0.
constant D. To find D, we know that (0, 0, 6) is a point
Hence the normal vectors are perpendicular. Thus
on the plane, so 3(0) 2 2(0) 1 (6) 1 D 5 0.
the planes are perpendicular.
So 6 1 D 5 0, or D 5 26. So the Cartesian equation
c. The two planes are parallel if and only if their
for the plane is 3x 2 2y 1 z 2 6 5 0. Since this is
normal vectors are also parallel. A normal vector for
the same as the initial Cartesian equation, the vector
the first plane is (2, 23, 2) and a normal vector for
equation for the plane is correct.
the second plane is (2, 23, 2). Since both normal
b. z vectors are the same, the planes are parallel. Since
(0, 0, 6) 2(0) 2 3(21) 1 2(0) 2 3 5 0, the point
(0, 21, 0) is on the second plane. Yet since
2(0) 2 3(21) 1 2(0) 2 1 5 2 2 0, (0, 21, 0) is
not on the first plane. Thus the two planes are
parallel but not coincident.
(0, –3, 0) 21.
25 N
y
60°
x (2, 0, 0)
40 N
Position diagram
E 40 N F
120°
25 N
20. a. The angle, u, between the plane and the line R
is the complementary angle of the angle between 60° 120°
the direction vector of the line and the normal D 40 N
Vector diagram

From the triangle DEF and the cosine law, we have b. 0 (8, 9) 0 5 "82 1 92
0 R 0 2 5 402 1 252 2 2(40)(25) cos (120°)
>
5 "145
8 56.79 N.
To find the direction of the vector, the sine law is 0 (10, 25) 0 5 "102 1 (25)2
applied. 5 "125
sin /DEF sin /EDF (8, 9) ? (10, 25) 5 8(10) 1 9(25)
0R0
> 5
100 5 235
sin 120° sin /EDF So the angle between these diagonals is
56.79
8
40
. cos21 A !145
235
!125 B 8 74.9°.
> >
sin 120° c. OB 5 (21, 7) and OD 5 (9, 2)
3 40.
0 (21, 7) 0 5 "(21)2 1 72.
sin /EDF 8
56.79
sin /EDF 8 0.610. 5 "50
0 (9, 2) 0 5 "92 1 22
Thus /EDF 8 37.6°, so the resultant force is
approximately 56.79 N, 37.6° from the 25 N force
towards the 40 N force. The equilibrant force has 5 "85
the same magnitude as the resultant, but it is in (21, 7) ? (9, 2) 5 2 (9) 1 7(2)
the opposite direction. So the equilibrant is 55
approximately 56.79 N, 180° 2 37.6° 5 142.4° So the angle between these diagonals is
from the 25 N force away from the 40 N force. cos21 A !505!85 B 8 85.6°.
22. 25. a. First step is to use the first equation to
a b –b
remove x from the second and third.
1 x2y1z52
2 2x 1 y 1 2z 5 1
–b
3 x 2 y 1 4z 5 5
a
a –b So we have
4 0x 1 0y 1 3z 5 3, 1 1 2
b. 1
b 5 0x 1 0y 1 3z 5 3, 21 3 1 1 3
2
1 Hence 3z 5 3, or z 5 1. Since both equations are
2a b 1
2 2a + b the same, this implies that there are infinitely many
2 2a solutions. Let x 5 t, then by substituting into the
equation 2, we obtain
>
23. a. The unit vector in the same direction of a is 2t 1 y 1 2(1) 5 1, or y 5 21 1 t.
> >
simply a divided by the magnitude of a . Hence the solution to these equations is x 5 t,
0 a 0 5 "62 1 22 1 (23)2 y 5 21 1 t, z 5 1, tPR.
>
5 "49
b. First step is to use the first equation to remove x
from the second and third.
57 1 22x 2 3y 1 z 5 211
>
So the unit vector in the same direction of a is 2 x 1 2y 1 z 5 2
1 >
> a 5 17 (6, 2, 23) 5 ( 67, 27, 2 37 ).
0a0 >
3 2x 2 y 1 3z 5 212
b. The unit vector in the opposite direction of a is So we have
simply the negative of the unit vector found in part 4 0x 1 1y 1 3z 5 27, 1 1 2 3 2
a. So the vector is 2 A 67, 27, 2 37 B 5 A2 67, 2 27, 37 B. 5 0x 2 1y 2 5z 5 13, 1 2 2 3 3
24. a. Since OBCD is a parallelogram, the point > C Now the fourth and fifth equations are used to
occurs at (21, 7) 1 (9, 2) 5 (8, 9). So> OC is one create a sixth equation where the coefficient of
vector> equivalent to a diagonal and BD is the other. y is zero.
OC> 5 (8, 9) 2 (0, 0) 5 (8, 9) 6 0x 1 0y 2 2z 5 6, 4 1 5
BD 5 (9, 2) 2 (1, 7) 5 (10, 25) So 22z 5 6 or z 5 23.

Substituting this into equation 4 yields, To check that this is correct, we substitute in the
y 1 3(23) 5 27 or y 5 2. Finally substitute z and solution to both initial equations
y values into equation 2 to obtain the x value. x 2 y 1 z 2 1 5 (0) 2 (21 1 t) 1 (t) 2 1
x 1 2(2) 1 (23) 5 2 or x 5 1. 50
Hence the solution to these three equations is and
(1, 2, 23). x 1 2y 2 2z 1 2 5 (0) 1 2(21 1 t) 2 2(t) 1 2
c. First step is to notice that the second equation is 5 0.
simply twice the first equation. Hence the line given by the parametric equation
1 2x 2 y 1 z 5 21 above is the line of intersection for the planes.
2 4x 2 2y 1 2z 5 22 b. The normal vector for the first plane is
3 2x 1 y 2 z 5 5 (1, 24, 7), while the normal vector for the second
So the solution to these equations is the same as the plane is (2, 28, 14) 5 2(1, 24, 7). Hence the
solution to just the first and third equations. planes have collinear normal vectors, and so are
Moreover since this is two equations with three parallel.
unknowns, there will be infinitely many solutions. The second equation is equivalent to
4 4x 1 0y 1 0z 5 4, 1 1 3 x 2 4y 1 7z 5 30, since we may divide the equation
Hence 4x 5 4 or x 5 1. Let y 5 t and solve for z by two. Since the constant on the right in the first
using the first equation. equation is 28, while the constant on the right in the
2(1) 2 t 1 z 5 21, so z 5 23 1 t second equivalent equation is 30, these planes are
Hence the solution to these equations is x 5 1, parallel and not coincident. So there is no intersection.
y 5 t, z 5 23 1 t, tPR. c. The normal vector for the first equation is
d. First step is to notice that the second equations (1, 21, 1), while the normal vector for the second
is simply twice the first and the third equation is equation is (2, 1, 1). Since the normal vectors are
simply 24 times the first equation. not scalar multiples of each other, there is a line of
1 x 2 y 2 3z 5 1 intersection between the planes.
2 2x 2 2y 2 6z 5 2 The next step is to use the first and second equations
3 24x 1 4y 1 12z 5 24 to find an equation with a zero for the coefficient of x.
So the solution to these equations is the same as the The second equation minus twice the first equation
solution to just the first equation. So the solution to yields 0x 1 3y 2 z 1 0 5 0.
these equations is a plane. To solve this in parametric Solving for z yields, z 5 3y. If we let y 5 t, then
equation form, simply let y 5 t and z 5 s and find z 5 3(t) 5 3t.
the x value. Substituting these into the first equation yields
x 2 t 2 3s 5 1, or x 5 1 1 t 1 3s x 2 (t) 1 (3t) 2 2 5 0 or x 5 2 2 2t. So the
So the solution to these equations is x 5 1 1 3s 1 t, equation of the line in parametric form is x 5 2 2 2t,
y 5 t, z 5 s, s, tPR. y 5 t, z 5 3t, tPR.
26. a. Since the normal of the first equation To check that this is correct, we substitute in the
is (1, 21, 1) and the normal of the second is solution to both initial equations
(1, 2, 22), which are not scalar multiples of each x 2 y 1 z 2 2 5 (2 2 2t) 2 (t) 1 (3t) 2 2
other, there is a line of intersection between the 50
planes. The next step is to use the first and second and
equations to find an equation with a zero for the 2x 1 y 1 z 2 4 5 2(2 2 2t) 1 (t) 1 (3t) 2 4
coefficient of x. The second equation minus the first 5 0.
equation yields 0x 1 3y 2 3z 1 3 5 0. We may Hence the line given by the parametric equation
divide by three to simplify, so y 2 z 1 1 5 0. If above is the line of intersection for the planes.
we let z 5 t, then y 2 t 1 1 5 0, or y 5 21 1 t. 27. The angle, u, between the plane and the line is
Substituting these into the first equation yields the complementary angle of the angle between the
x 2 (21 1 t) 1 t 2 1 5 0 or x 5 0. So the direction vector of the line and the normal vector
equation of the line in parametric form is x 5 0, for the plane. The direction vector of the line is
y 5 21 1 t, z 5 t, tPR.

(1, 21, 0) and the normal vector for the plane is (21, 3, 1) is a point on the plane. Substitute the
(2, 0, 22). coordinates to determine the value of D.
0 (1, 21, 0) 0 5 "12 1 (21)2 1 02 119111D50
D 5 211
5 "2 The equation of the plane is 2x 1 3y 1 z 2 11 5 0.
0 (2, 0, 22) 0 5 "22 1 02 1 (22)2 5 "8 30. The plane is the right bisector joining
(1, 21, 0) ? (2, 0, 22) 5 1(2) 2 1(0) 1 0(22) 5 2 P(21, 0, 1) and its image. The line connecting the
So the angle between the normal vector and the two points has a direction vector equal to that of the
direction vector is cos21 A !22!8 B 5 60°. So normal vector for the plane. The normal vector for
u 5 90 260° 5 30°. > > the plane is (0, 1, 21). So the line connecting the
a?b two points is (21, 0, 1) 1 t(0, 1, 21), tPR, or in
28. a. We have that cos (60°) 5 > > . Also
0a0 0b0 > corresponding
since a and b are unit vectors, 0 a 0 5 0 b 0 5 1 and
> > >
parametric form is x 5 21, y 5 t, z 5 1 2 t, tPR.
> > > >
a ? a 5 b ? b> 5 1, and moreover cos (60°) 5 12. So The intersection of this line and the plane is the
> bisector between P and its image. To find this point
> > a?b
a?b5 5 12. we plug the parametric equation into the plane
131
The dot >product is distributive,
> so > equation and solve for t.
> > > >
(6a 1 b ) ? (a 2 2b ) 5 6a ? (a 2 2b ) 0x 1 y 2 z 5 0(21) 1 (t) 2 (1 2 t)
> >
>
1 b ? (a 2 2b ) 5 21 1 2t
> > > > So if y 2 z 5 0, then 21 1 2t 5 0, or t 5 12.
5 6a ? a 1 6a ? (22b )
> > > > So the point of intersection is occurs at t 5 12, since
1 b ? a 1 b ? (22b ) the origin point is P and the intersection occurs at
> > > > > >
5 6a ? a> 2> 12a ? b 1 a ? b the midpoint of the line connecting P and its image,
2 2b ? b the image point occurs at t 5 2 3 12 5 1. So the
5 6(1) 2 12a b 1 a b
1 1 image point is at x 5 21, y 5 1, z 5 1 2 (1) 5 0.
2 2 So the image point is (21, 1, 0).
2 2(1) 31. a. Thinking of the motorboat’s velocity vector
3 (without the influence of the current) as starting
52 at the origin and pointing northward toward the
2 > >
x?y opposite side of the river, the motorboat has velocity
b. We have that cos (60°) 5 0 x> 0 0 y> 0 . Also since vector (0, 10) and the river current has velocity
0 x 0 5 3, 0 y 0 5 4, and cos (60°) 5 12,
> > vector (4, 0). So the resultant velocity vector of the
x ? y 5 12 (4)(3) 5 6. Also x ? x 5 0 x 0 2 5 9
> > > > > motorboat is
and y ? y 5 0 y 0 5 16.
> > >2 (0, 10) 1 (4, 0) 5 (4, 10)
To reach the other side of the river, the motorboat
The dot product is distributive, so
> > > > > > > needs to cover a vertical distance of 2 km. So the
(4x 2 y ) ? (2x 1 3y ) 5 4x ? (2x 1 3y )
> > > hypotenuse of the right triangle formed by the
2 y ? (2x 1 3y )
> > > > > > marina, the motorboat’s initial position, and the
5 8x ? x 1 12x ? y 2 2y ? x
> > motorboat’s arrival point on the opposite side of
2 3y ? y
the river is represented by the vector
5 8(9) 1 12(6) 2 2(6)
(4, 10) 5 a , 2b
1 4
2 3(16)
5 5
5 84
29. The origin, (0, 0, 0), and (21, 3, 1) are two (We multiplied by 15 to create a vertical component
points on this line. So (21, 3, 1) is a direction vector of 2 in the motorboat’s resultant velocity vector,
for this line and since the origin is on the line, a the distance needed to cross the river.) Since this
>
possible vector equation is r 5 t(21, 3, 1), tPR. new vector has horizontal component equal to 45,
(21, 3, 1) is a normal vector for the plane. So the this means that the motorboat arrives 45 5 0.8 km
equation of the plane is 2x 1 3y 1 z 1 D 5 0. downstream from the marina.

b. The motorboat is travelling at 10 km> h, and in 12
cos u 5
part a. we found that it will travel along the vector 20
( 45, 2) . The length of this vector is u 5 cos 21 a
12
b
20
` a , 2b ` 5 a b 1 22
4 4 2
Å 5
8 53.1°
5
So the sailboat is travelling in the direction
5 "4.64 N 53.1° E, or equivalently E 36.9° N.
So the motorboat travels a total of !4.64 km to 34. Think of the weight vector for the crane with tail
cross the river which, at 10 km> h, takes at the origin at head at (0, 2400) (we use one unit
"4.64 4 10 8 0.2 hours for every kilogram of mass). We need to express this
5 12 minutes. weight vector as the sum of two vectors: one that is
32. a. Answers may vary. For example: parallel to the inclined plane and pointing down this
A direction vector for this line is >
> incline (call this vector x 5 (a, b)), and one that is
AB 5 (6, 3, 4) 2 (2, 21, 3) perpendicular to the inclined plane and pointing
5 (4, 4, 1) >
toward the plane (call this vector y 5 (c, d)). The
So, since the point B(6, 3, 4) is on this line, the >
angle between x and (0, 2400) is 60° and the angle
vector equation of this line is > > >
> between y and (0, 2400) is 30°. Of course, x and y
r 5 (6, 3, 4) 1 t(4, 4, 1), tPR. are perpendicular. Using the formula for dot product,
The equivalent parametric form is we get
y ? (0, 2400) 5 0 y 0 0 (0, 2400) 0cos 30°
x 5 6 1 4t > >
"3
y 5 3 1 4t
z 5 4 1 t, tPR. 2400d 5 400a b"c 2 1 d 2
b. The line found in part a. will lie in the plane 2
x 2 2y 1 4z 2 16 5 0 if and only if both points 22d 5 "3 ? "c 2 1 d 2
A(2, 21, 3) and B(6, 3, 4) lie in this plane. 4d 2 5 3(c 2 1 d 2 )
We verify this by substituting these points into the d 2 5 3c 2
equation of the plane, and checking for consistency. So, since c is positive and d is negative (thinking of
For A: the inclined plane as moving upward from left to
>
2 2 2(21) 1 4(3) 2 16 5 0 right as we look at it means that y points down and
For B: d
to the right), this last equation means that c 5 2"3
6 2 2(3) 1 4(4) 2 16 5 0 >
Since both points lie on the plane, so does the line So a vector in the same direction as y is (1, 2"3).
>
found in part a. We can find the length of y by computing the scalar
33. The wind velocity vector is represented by (16, 0), projection of (0, 2400) on (1, 2 !3), which equals
and the water current velocity vector is represented (0, 2400) ? (1, 2"3) 400"3
5
by (0, 12). So the resultant of these two vectors is 0 (1, 2"3) 0 2
(16, 0) 1 (0, 12) 5 (16, 12).
5 200"3
That is, 0 y 0 5 200"3. Now we can find the length
Thinking of this vector with tail at the origin and >
head at point (16, 12), this vector forms a right >
of x as well by using the fact that
0 x 0 2 1 0 y 0 2 5 0 (0, 2400) 0 2
triangle with vertices at points (0, 0), (0, 12), and > >
(16, 12). Notice that
0 (16, 12) 0 5 "162 1 122 0 x 0 2 1 (200"3)2 5 4002
>
5 "400 0 x 0 5 "160 000 2 120 000

>
5 20 5 "40 000
This means that the sailboat is moving at a speed 5 200
of 20 km> h once we account for wind and water
velocities. Also the angle, u, this resultant vector
makes with the positive y-axis satisfies

So we get that component of (0, 3, 1) is 0. This means that the
0 x 0 5 200 and 0 y 0 5 200"3. This means that the
> >
direction vectors for L1 and L2 are never parallel,
component of the weight of the mass parallel to the which means that these lines are never parallel for
inclined plane is any k.
9.8 3 0 x 0 5 9.8 3 200
>
b. If L1 and L2 intersect, in particular their
5 1960 N, x-coordinates will be equal at this intersection point.
and the component of the weight of the mass But x 5 2 always in L1 so we get the equation
perpendicular to the inclined plane is 25y1k
9.8 3 0 y 0 5 9.8 3 200"3
> y522k
y22
8 3394.82 N. Also, from L1 we know that z 5 3 , so substituting
35. a. True; all non-parallel pairs of lines intersect this in for z in L2 we get
in exactly one point in R2. However, this is not 2k 5 z 1 14
the case for lines in R3 (skew lines provide a y22
counterexample). 2k 5 1 14
3
b. True; all non-parallel pairs of planes intersect in a
3(2k 2 14) 5 y 2 2
line in R3.
y 5 6k 2 40
c. True; the line x 5 y 5 z has direction vector
So since we already know that y 5 2 2 k, we
(1, 1, 1), which is not perpendicular to the normal
now get
vector (1, 22, 2) to the plane x 2 2y 1 2z 5 k,
2 2 k 5 6k 2 40
k any constant. Since these vectors are not
7k 5 42
perpendicular, the line is not parallel to the plane,
k56
and so they will intersect in exactly one point.
So these two lines intersect when k 5 6. We have
d. False; a direction vector for the line
x z11 already found that x 5 2 at this intersection point,
5 y 2 1 5 2 is (2, 1, 2). A direction vector but now we know that
2
x21 y21 z11 y 5 6k 2 40
for the line 24 5 22 5 22 is (24, 22, 22),
5 6(6) 2 40
or (2, 1, 1) (which is parallel to (24, 22, 22)). 5 24
Since (2, 1, 2) and (2, 1, 1) are obviously not y22
parallel, these two lines are not parallel. z5
3
36. a. A direction vector for 24 2 2
y22 5
L1: x 5 2, 5z 3
3 5 22
is (0, 3, 1), and a direction vector for So the point of intersection of these two lines is
z 1 14 (2, 24, 22), and this occurs when k 5 6.
L2: x 5 y 1 k 5
k
is (1, 1, k). But (0, 3, 1) is not a nonzero scalar
multiple of (1, 1, k) for any k since the first

CHAPTER 9
Relationships Between Points,
Lines, and Planes
Review of Prerequisite Skills, p. 487 2(4) 1 6(1) 2 1(23) 1 D 5 8 1 6 1 3 1 D
5 17 1 D 5 0. D 5 217, and the equation of the
1. a. Yes; (2, 25) 5 (10, 212) 1 t(8, 27) plane is 2x 1 6y 2 z 2 17 5 0.
(2, 25) 5 (10, 212) 1 1(8, 27) >
b. Since n 5 (0, 7, 0), the Cartesian equation of
b. No; 12(1) 1 5(2) 2 13 5 9 2 0 the plane is of the form 7y 1 D 5 0, where D is to
c. Yes; (7, 23, 8) 5 (1, 0, 24) 1 t(2, 21, 4) be determined. Since P0 (22, 0, 5) is on the plane, it
(7, 23, 8) 5 (1, 0, 24) 1 3(2, 21, 4) must satisfy the equation. So 7(0) 1 D 5 0 1 D 5 0
d. No; (1, 0, 5) 5 (2, 1, 22) 1 t(4, 21, 2) thus D 5 0. The equation of the plane is
(21, 21, 7) 2 t(4, 21, 2) 7y 5 0, or y 5 0.
There is no value of t that satisfies the equation. >
c. Since n 5 (4, 23, 0), the Cartesian equation of
2. Answers may vary. For example: the plane is of the form 4x 2 3y 1 D 5 0, where
>
a. Vector: m 5 (7, 3) 2 (2, 5) 5 (5, 22) D is to be determined. Since P0 (3, 21, 22)
>
r 5 (2, 5) 1 t(5, 22), tPR is on the plane, it must satisfy the equation. So
Parametric: x 5 2 1 5t, y 5 5 2 2t, tPR 4(3) 2 3(21) 1 D 5 12 1 3 1 D 5 15 1 D 5 0.
>
b. Vector: m 5 (4, 27) 2 (23, 7) 5 (7, 214) D 5 215, and the equation of the plane is
>
r 5 (23, 7) 1 t(7, 214), tPR 4x 1 3y 2 15 5 0.
Parametric: x 5 23 1 7t, y 5 7 2 14t, tPR >
d. Since n 5 (6, 5, 23), the Cartesian equation of
>
c. Vector: m 5 (23, 211) 2 (21, 0) the plane is of the form 6x 2 5y 1 3z 1 D 5 0,
5 (22, 211) where D is to be determined. Since P0 (0, 0, 0) is on
>
r 5 (21, 0) 1 t(22, 211), tPR the plane, it must satisfy the equation. So
Parametric: x 5 21 1 2 2t, y 5 211t, tPR 6(0) 2 5(0) 1 3(0) 1 D 5 0, or D 5 0. The
>
d. Vector: m 5 (6, 27, 0) 2 (1, 3, 5) equation of the plane is 6x 2 5y 1 3z 5 0.
5 (5, 210, 25) >
e. Since n 5 (11, 26, 0), the Cartesian equation
>
r 5 (1, 3, 5) 1 t(5, 210, 25), tPR of the plane is of the form 11x 2 6y 1 D 5 0,
Parametric: x 5 1 1 5t, y 5 3 2 10t, z 5 5 2 5t, where D is to be determined. Since P0 (4, 1, 8)
tPR is on the plane, it must satisfy the equation. So
>
e. Vector: m 5 (21, 5, 2) 2 (2, 0, 21) 11(4) 2 6(1) 1 D 5 44 2 6 1 D 5 38 1 D 5 0.
5 (23, 5, 3) D 5 238, and the equation of the plane is
>
r 5 (2, 0, 21) 1 t(23, 5, 3), tPR 11x 2 6y 2 38 5 0.
Parametric: x 5 2 2 3t, y 5 25t, z 5 21 1 3t, >
f. Since n 5 (1, 1, 21), the Cartesian equation of
tPR the plane is of the form x 1 y 1 2 z 1 D 5 0,
>
f. Vector: m 5 (12, 25, 27) 2 (2, 5, 21) where D is to be determined. Since P0 (2, 5, 1)
5 (10, 210, 26) is on the plane, it must satisfy the equation.
>
r 5 (2, 5, 21) 1 t(10, 210, 26), tPR So 2 1 5 2 1 1 D 5 6 1 D 5 0. D 5 26, and the
Parametric: x 5 2 1 10t, y 5 5 2 10t, z 5 21 2 6t, equation of the plane is x 1 y 2 z 2 6 5 0.
tPR 4. Start by writing the given line in parametric
>
3. a. Since n 5 (2, 6, 21), the Cartesian equation form: (x, y, z) 5 (2 1 s 1 2t, 1 2 s, 3s 2 5t), so
of the plane is of the form 2x 1 6y 2 z 1 D 5 0, x 5 2 1 s 1 2t, y 5 1 2 s, and z 5 3s 2 5t.
where D is to be determined. Since P0 (4, 1, 23) Solving for s in each component, we get s 5 1 2 y
is on the plane, it must satisfy the equation. So and substituting this into z 5 3s 2 5t gives
z 5 3(1 2 y) 2 5t 5 3 2 3y 2 5t.

> >
3 2 3y 2 z AB 3 AC 5 ((0 ? 6) 2 (1 ? 21), (1 ? 5)
So now 23 1 3y 1 z 5 25t and t5
5
.
2 (1 ? 6), (1 ? 21) 2 (0 ? 5))
Finally, substituting both equations for s and t into
5 (0 1 1, 5 2 6, 21 2 0)
x 5 2 1 s 1 2t, we get >
5 (1, 21, 21) 5 n .
x 5 2 1 (1 2 y) 1 2 a b.
3 2 3y 2 z
If P(x, y, z) is any point on the plane, then
5 >
Rearranging, we get AP 5 (x 2 1, y, z 1 1), and if the normal to the
5x 5 10 1 5 2 5y 1 6 2 6y 2 2z plane is (1, 21, 21), then
5x 1 11y 1 2z 2 21 5 0. (x 2 1, y, z 1 1) ? (1, 21, 21) 5 0, so
5. L1 is not parallel to the plane because (3, 0, 2) is x 2 1 2 y 2 z 2 1 5 0 and thus,
a point on the line and the plane. Substitute the x 2 y> 2 z 2 2 5 0
expressions for the components of the parametric b. PQ> 5 (6, 4, 0) 2 (4, 1, 22) 5 (2, 3, 2)
equation of the line into the equation of the plane. PR 5 (0, >0, 23)> 2 (4, 1, 22) 5 (24, 21, 21)
>
4(3 1 t) 1 (22t) 2 (2 1 2t) 2 10 5 0 n 5 PQ 3 PR
12 1 4t 2 2t 2 2 2 2t 2 10 5 0 5 (3(21) 2 2(21)), 2(24) 22(21),
050 2(21) 2 3(4))
This last statement is always true. So every point on 5 (23 1 2, 28 1 2, 22 1 12) 5 (21, 26, 10)
the line is also in the plane. Therefore, the line lies Since (21, 26, 10) 5 21(1, 6, 210), we will use
on the plane. (1, 6, 210) as the normal vector so that the coefficient
For L2 substitute the expressions for the components of x is positive. If P(x, y, z) is any point on the plane,
>
of the parametric equation of the line into the then AP 5 (x 2 4, y 2 1, z 1 2), and if the normal
equation of the plane. to the plane is (1, 6, 210), then
4(23t) 1 (25 1 2t) 2 (210t) 2 10 5 0 (x 2 4, y 2 1, z 1 2) ? (1, 6, 210) 5 0,
212t 2 5 1 2t 1 10t 2 10 5 0 so x 2 4 1 6y 2 6 2 10z 2 20 5 0,
215 5 0 and thus x 1 6y 2 10z 2 30 5 0.
This last statement is never true. So the line and the 7. Answers may vary. For example: One direction
plane have no points in common. Therefore, L2 is >
vector is m 5 (2, 21, 6) 2 (1, 24, 3) 5 (1, 3, 3).
parallel to the plane. The line cannot lie on the Now we need to find a normal to the plane such
plane. > >
that n ? m 5 0. So (1, 3, 3) ? (a, 0, c) 5 0. Now we
For L3 use the symmetric equation to rewrite x and have a 1 3c 5 0. A possible solution to this is
z in terms of y. >
a 5 3, c 5 21. So n 5 (3, 0, 21) and the
x 5 24y 2 23 Cartesian equation of the plane is 3x 2 z 5 0.
z 5 2y 2 6 Since the plane is parallel to the y-axis, (0, 1, 0) is
Substitute into the equation of the plane. another direction vector for the plane. Therefore, a
4(24y 2 23) 1 y 2 (2y 2 6) 2 10 5 0 vector equation for the plane is
216y 2 92 1 y 1 y 1 6 2 10 5 0 >
r 5 (1, 24, 3) 1 t(1, 3, 3) 1 s(0, 1, 0), s, tPR.
214y 2 96 5 0 8. We are given the point A(21, 3, 4). We need to
This equation has a solution. Therefore, L3 and the >
find a normal vector n 5 (a, b, c) such that
plane have a point in common and are not parallel. a(x 1 1) 1 b(y 2 3) 1 c(z 2 4) 1 d 5 0.
However, (5, 27, 1) is a point that lies on the line The normal vector also must be perpendicular to the
that does not lie on the plane. Therefore, L3 does two planes and their normals, (2, 21, 3) and
not lie in the plane. (5, 1, 23). One possible solution for the normal is
6. a. A normal vector to this plane is determined by >
n 5 (0, 3, 1). So we have
calculating
> the
> cross product of the position vectors, 3(y 2 3) 1 z 2 4 5 0
AB and AC > . 3y 1 z 2 9 2 4 5 0
AB> 5 (2, 0, 0) 2 (1, 0, 21) 5 (1, 0, 1) And the equation of the plane is 3y 1 z 5 13.
AC 5 (6, 21, 5) 2 (1, 0, 21) 5 (5, 21, 6)

9.1 The Intersection of a Line c. z
with a Plane and the Intersection
of Two Lines, pp. 496–498
1. a. First, show the parametric equations as
x 5 1 1 5s, y 5 2 1 s, z 5 23 1 s. Then the y
plane can be written as p: x 2 2y 2 3z 5 6, x
and the vector equation of the line is
>
r 5 (1, 2, 23) 1 s(5, 1, 1), sPR.
b. When we substitute the parametric equations into
the Cartesian equation for the plane, we get
(1 1 5s) 2 2(2 1 s) 2 3(23 1 s) 5 6
d. There are no intersections between the line and
1 2 4 1 9 1 5s 2 2s 2 3s 5 6 2 0s 5 6
the plane.
Note that by finishing the solution, we get 0s 5 0.
4. a. For x 1 4y 1 z 2 4 5 0, if we substitute the
Since any real number will satisfy this equation, we
parametric equations, we have
have an infinite number of solutions, and this line
(22 1 t) 1 4(1 2 t)1 (2 1 3t) 1 4
lies on the plane.
5 22 1 4 1 2 1 t 2 4t 1 3t 2 4
2. a. A line and a plane can intersect in three ways:
5 0t 1 0
Case 1: The line and the plane have zero points of
5 0. All values of t give a solution to the equation,
intersection. This occurs when the lines are not
so all points on the line are also on the plane.
incidental, meaning they do not intersect.
b. For the plane 2x 2 3y 1 4z 2 11 5 0, we can
Case 2: The line and the plane have only one point
substitute the parametric equations derived
of intersection. This occurs when the line crosses >
from r 5 (1, 5, 6) 1 t(1, 22, 22):
the plane at a single point.
x 5 1 1 t, y 5 5 2 2t, z 5 6 2 2t.
Case 3: The line and the plane have an infinite
So we have 2(1 1 t)2 3(5 2 2t) 1 4(6 2 2t) 2 11
number of intersections. This occurs when the line
5 2 2 15 1 24 2 11 1 2t 1 6t 2 8t
is coincident with the plane, meaning the line lies
5 0t 1 0
on the plane.
50
b. Assume that the line and the plane have more
Similar to part a., all values of t give a solution to
than one intersection, but not an infinite number.
this equation, so all points on the line are also on
For simplicity, assume two intersections. At the
the plane.
first intersection, the line crosses the plane. In order
5. a. First, we should determine the parametric
for the line to continue on, it must have the same
equations from the vector form: x 5 21 2 s,
direction vector. If the line has already crossed the
y 5 1 1 2s, z 5 2s. Substituting these into the
plane, then it continues to move away from the
plane, and can not intersect again. So the line and
2(21 2 s) 2 2(1 1 2s) 1 3(2s) 2 1
the plane can only intersect zero, one, or infinitely
5 22 2 2 2 1 2 2s 2 4s 1 6s
many times.
> 5 25 1 0s
3. a. The line r 5 s(1, 0, 0) is the x-axis.
> Since there are no values of s such that 25 5 0, this
b. The plane y 5 1 has the form r 5 (x, 1, z),
line and plane do not intersect.
where x, and z are any values in R. So the plane is
b. Substituting the parametric equations into the
parallel to the xz-plane, but just one unit away to
the right.
2(1 1 2t) 2 4(22 1 5t) 1 4(1 1 4t) 2 13
2 1 8 1 4 2 13 1 4t 2 20t 1 16t
5 1 1 0t
Since there are no values of t such that 1 5 0, there
are no solutions, and the plane and the line do not
intersect.

>
6. a. The direction vector is m 5 (21, 2, 2)
L1: (3, 1, 5) 1 (4, 21, 2) 5 a , , b
5 41 2 45
>
and the normal is n 5 (2, 22, 3), so if the line and 7 7 7 7
> >
the plane meet at right angles, m ? n 5 0. So
L2: a4 1 , 1 2 , b 5 a , , b
13 5 5 41 2 5
(21 ? 2) 1 (2 ? 22) 1 (2 ? 3) 5 22 2 4 1 6 5 0, 7 7 7 7 7 7
but 2(21) 2 2(1) 1 3(0) 2 1 5 25 2 0. So the The points must be equal for intersection to occur,
point on the line is not on the plane. so there is no intersection and the lines are skew.
>
b. The direction vector is m 5 (2, 5, 4) and b. If we compare the z components of the two lines,
>
the normal is n 5 (2, 24, 4), so if the line we see 2 5 8 2 6s or s 5 1. Substituting this back
> >
and the plane meet at right angles, m ? n 5 0. So into the x component (the y component would work
(2 ? 2) 1 (5 ? 24) 1 (4 ? 4) 5 4 2 20 1 16 5 0, just as well), we have 3 1 m 5 23 1 7(1) 5 4, or
but 2(1) 2 4(22) 1 4(1) 2 13 5 1 2 0. So the m 5 1. So now we can substitute m and s back into
point on the line is not on the plane. the equations for the line, and we get
7. a. If the line and the plane intersect, then they are L3 : (3, 7, 2) 1 (1, 26, 0) 5 (4, 1, 2)
equal at a particular point p. So we must substitute L4 : (23, 2, 8) 1 (7, 21, 26) 5 (4, 1, 2)
the parametric equations into the equation of the So (4, 1, 2) is the only point of intersection between
plane, and then solve for p. these two lines.
(21 1 6p) 1 2(3 1 p) 2 (4 2 2p) 1 29 9. a. Comparing the y and z components of each
5 21 1 6 2 4 1 6p 1 2p 1 2p 1 29 vector equation, we get the system of equations:
5 30 1 10p 3 2 2p 5 3 2 2q
5 0. So now 210p 5 30 and p 5 23. 4 1 3p 5 24 1 11q
Now we must find the point at which the Note that from the first equation, p 5 q. So the
line and plane intersect. To do this, just second equation becomes 4 1 3q 5 24 1 11q.
substitute p 5 23 into the vector form of the line: Solving for q, we get q 5 1. So from the earlier
(21, 3, 4) 1 23(6, 1, 22) 5 (219, 0, 10). relation, p 5 1. Placing these two values back into
b. If the line and the plane intersect, then they are the vector equations, we get
equal at a particular point p. So we must substitute (22, 3, 4) 1 (6, 22, 3) 5 (4, 1, 7)
the parametric equations into the equation of the (22, 3, 24) 1 (6, 22, 11) 5 (4, 1, 7)
plane, and then solve for p. This shows that these two lines intersect at (4, 1, 7).
x 5 1 1 4s, y 5 22 2 s, z 5 3 1 s b. Comparing the x and z components of each
2(1 1 4s) 1 7(22 2 s) 1 (3 1 s) 1 15 vector equation, we get the system of equations:
5 2 2 14 1 3 1 15 1 8s 2 7s 1 s 41r521s
5 6 1 2s 6 1 4r 5 28 1 5s
5 0. So now 22s 5 6 and s 5 23. Now we must Note that from the first equation, s 5 2 1 r. So the
find the point at which the line and plane intersect. second equation becomes 6 1 4r 5 2 1 5r.
To do this, just substitute s 5 23 into the vector Solving for r, we get r 5 4. So from the earlier
form of the line: relation, s 5 6. Placing these two values back into
(1, 22, 3) 1 23(4, 21, 1) 5 (211, 1, 0) the vector equations, we get
8. a. Comparing the x and y components in L1 and (4, 1, 6) 1 4(1, 0, 4) 5 (8, 1, 22)
L2, we have (2, 1, 28) 1 6(1, 0, 5) 5 (8, 1, 22)
3 1 4s 5 4 1 13t This shows that these two lines intersect
1 2 s 5 1 2 5t at (8, 1, 22).
We can easily solve for one of the variables by
c. Comparing the x and z components of each
using the second equation: s 5 5t. Substituting this
back into the first equation: 3 1 20t 5 4 1 13t so
2 1 m 5 22 1 3p
1 5 7t and thus t 5 17. So now we must solve for s: 11m512p
3 1 4s 5 4 1 137 and s 5 20 5
28 5 7 . Placing these back Note that from the second equation, m 5 2p. So
into the equations for L1 and L2: the first equation becomes 2 2 p 5 22 1 3p.
Solving for p, we get p 5 1. So from the earlier
relation, m 5 21. Placing these two values back
into the vector equations, we get

(2, 2, 1) 2 (1, 1, 1) 5 (1, 1, 0) 13. On the xz-plane, the point A has the coordinates
(22, 2, 1) 1 (3, 21, 21) 5 (1, 1, 0) (x, 0, z), for any x, z. Similarly, on the yz-plane, the
This shows that these two lines intersect at (1, 1, 0). point B has the coordinates (0, y, z) for any y, z. Now
d. Comparing the x and y components of each the task is to find the required values of s for these
vector equation, we get the system of equations: points. Starting with the x component of point B,
1 1 0m 5 2 1 s we have 0 5 28 1 2s or s 5 4. So point B is
2 1 4m 5 3 2 2s (28, 26, 21) 1 4(2, 2, 1) 5 (0, 2, 3). For point A,
Note that from the first equation, s 5 21. So the we need the y coordinate to equal 0. So 0 5 26 1 2s
second equation becomes 2 1 4m 5 5. or s 5 3. So point A is
Solving for m, we get m 5 34. Placing these two (28, 26, 21) 1 3(2, 2, 1) 5 (22, 0, 2).
values back into the vector equations, we get Now we need to find the distance.
(9, 1, 2) 2 (5, 0, 4) 5 a , 1, 21b
3 21 d 5 "(0 2 (22))2 1 (2 2 0)2 1 (3 2 2)2
5 "4 1 4 1 1
4 4
5 "9
(8, 2, 3) 2 (4, 1, 22) 5 (4, 1, 5)
The two lines do not intersect, so they are skew.
53
10. At the point where the line intersects the z-axis,
14. a. Comparing the y and z components of each
the point Q(0, 0, q) equals the vector equation. So
for the x component, 23 1 3s 5 0 or s 5 1.
1 1 0p 5 21 2 2q
Substituting this into the vector equation, we get
1 2 p 5 1 2 2q
(23, 2, 1) 1 (3, 22, 7) 5 (0, 0, 8). So q 5 8.
Note that from the first equation, 2 5 22q or
11. a. Comparing the x components, we get
q 5 21. So the second equation becomes
22 1 7s 5 230 1 7t, which can be reduced to
1 2 p 5 1 1 2 or p 5 22.
28 1 7s 5 7t or s 2 t 5 4. Comparing the other
Placing these two values back into the vector
components, the same equation results.
equations to find the intersection point A, we get
b. From L1, we see that at (22, 3, 4), s 5 0. When
(2, 1, 1) 2 2(4, 0, 21) 5 (26, 1, 3)
this occurs, t 5 4. Substituting this into L2, we get
(3, 21, 1) 2 (9, 22, 22) 5 (26, 1, 3)
(230, 11, 24) 1 4(7, 22, 2) 5 (22, 3, 4). Since
Thus, the intersection point is (26, 1, 3).
both of these lines have the same direction vector
b. A point on the xy plane has the form (x, y, 0). If
and a common point, the lines are coincidental.
such a point is (26, 1, 0) then the distance from
12. a. First, we must determine the values of s and t.
So comparing the x and z components, we get this point is d 5 "0 1 0 1 32 5 3.
23 1 s 5 1 2 3t 15. a. Comparing the x and y components of each
1 1 s 5 2 1 8t vector equation, we get the system of equations:
From the second equation, s 5 1 1 8t. Substituting 21 1 5s 5 4 1 0t
this back into the first equation, 3 2 2s 5 21 1 2t
23 1 1 1 8t 5 1 2 3t or t 5 113 . Note that from the first equation, 5 5 5s or s 5 1.
Substituting back into the second equation, So the second equation becomes 3 2 2 5 21 1 2t
23 1 s 5 1 2 119 5 112 , and solving for s, or t 5 1. Placing these two values back into the
s 5 112 1 3 5 35 11 . Now we can solve for k. Compare
vector equations to find the intersection point A,
the y components after substituting s and t. we get
35 3 (21, 3, 2) 1 (5, 22, 10) 5 (4, 1, 12)
82 541 k (4, 21, 1) 1 (0, 2, 11) 5 (4, 1, 12)
11 11
53 5 44 1 3k Thus, the intersection point is (4, 1, 12).
or k 5 3. b. We need to find a vector (a, b, c) such that
b. The lines intersect when s 5 35 5a 2 2b 1 10c 5 0
11 . The point of
2b 1 11c 5 0
intersection is ( 23 1 35
11 , 8 2 11 , 1 1 11 ) or
35 35
A possible solution to the second equation is
( 112 , 5311, 4611) . (a, 11, 22). If we substitute this into the first
equation, we get 5a 2 22 2 20 5 0 S 5a 5 42.

> 0x 2 y 2 3z 5 20
16. a. z x 1 y 1 2z 5 215
0x 2 y 1 z 5 212
0x 1 0y 2 4z 5 32
L1 2y 2 8 5 212
y 2y 5 212 1 8 5 24
(0, 0, 0). x 1 4 1 2(28) 5 x 2 12 5 215
3. a. 27 2 3(5) 1 4 a b 5 27 2 15 1 3 5 219
3
27 2 8 a b 5 27 2 6 5 213
3
4
2t 1 7 2 8t 1 3 1 6t 2 10 5 0. Simplifying,
27 1 2(5) 5 3
3(27) 2 2(5) 1 16 a b 5 221 2 10 1 12 5 219
8 1 6s 2 1 1 3 2 6s 2 10 5 0. Simplifying, 3
4 1 3s 5 t 2 223
8(27) 2 5 1 4 a b 5 256 2 5 1 3 5 258
7 2 8t 5 21 3
(1, 7 2 8, 1 1 2) 5 (1, 21, 3) 4. a. Solve for y. y 5 23
(4 2 3, 21, 1 1 2) 5 (1, 21, 3) The solution is (22, 23).
>
r 5 (2, 0, 0) 1 p(2, 0, 1), pPR x 2 3y 5 7
3x 1 5y 5 221
1. a. linear 14x 5 228
d. not linear 3(22) 1 5y 5 221
x 1 y 1 2z 5 215 So y 5 23.

> 0x 2 y 2 3z 5 20
16. a. z x 1 y 1 2z 5 215
0x 2 y 1 z 5 212
0x 1 0y 2 4z 5 32
L1 2y 2 8 5 212
y 2y 5 212 1 8 5 24
(0, 0, 0). x 1 4 1 2(28) 5 x 2 12 5 215
3. a. 27 2 3(5) 1 4 a b 5 27 2 15 1 3 5 219
3
27 2 8 a b 5 27 2 6 5 213
3
4
2t 1 7 2 8t 1 3 1 6t 2 10 5 0. Simplifying,
27 1 2(5) 5 3
3(27) 2 2(5) 1 16 a b 5 221 2 10 1 12 5 219
8 1 6s 2 1 1 3 2 6s 2 10 5 0. Simplifying, 3
4 1 3s 5 t 2 223
8(27) 2 5 1 4 a b 5 256 2 5 1 3 5 258
7 2 8t 5 21 3
(1, 7 2 8, 1 1 2) 5 (1, 21, 3) 4. a. Solve for y. y 5 23
(4 2 3, 21, 1 1 2) 5 (1, 21, 3) The solution is (22, 23).
>
r 5 (2, 0, 0) 1 p(2, 0, 1), pPR x 2 3y 5 7
3x 1 5y 5 221
1. a. linear 14x 5 228
d. not linear 3(22) 1 5y 5 221
x 1 y 1 2z 5 215 So y 5 23.

2x 2 y 5 11 10. a. There are infinitely many solutions to this
11x 5 66 equation. This is reason why it is represented
Solve for x in the second equation, x 5 6. Substitute x graphically as a line.
back into the first equation b. Let x 5 t. So 2t 1 4y 5 11, then 4y 5 11 2 2t
2(6) 2 y 5 11 and y 5 114 2 12 t, tPR
2y 5 11 2 12 5 21 c. This equation will not have any integer solutions
So y 5 1 because the left hand side is an even function and
Therefore, the solution is (6, 1). the right side is an odd function.
b. Subtract three times the first equation from twice 11. a. Add the second equation to 22 times the
the second equation. first.
2x 1 5y 5 19 x 1 3y 5 a
0x 2 7y 5 235 0x 2 3y 5 b 2 2a
From the second equation, y 5 5. Divide the second equation by 23 to get
Substitute y back into the first equation. y 5 2 13 b 1 23 a. Now substitute this back into
2x 1 5(5) 5 19 the first equation.
2x 5 19 2 25 5 26 1 2
So x 5 23 x 1 3a2 b 1 ab 5 a
3 3
Therefore, the solution is (23, 5).
x 2 b 1 2a 5 a
c. Add the second equation to 3 times the first
x 5 2a 1 b
equation to the second equation
b. Since they have different direction vectors, these
2x 1 2y 5 10
two equations are not parallel or coincident and will
0x 1 11y 5 33
intersect somewhere.
From the second equation, y 5 3.
12. a. Add the third equation to the first to eliminate z.
Substitute y back into the first equation.
x1y1z50
2x 1 2(3) 5 10
x 2 y 1 0z 5 1
2x 5 4
x 1 2y 1 0z 5 25
So x 5 24.
Therefore the solution is (24, 3).
to eliminate
6. a. These two lines are parallel, and therefore
cannot have an intersection.
to eliminate y.
b. The second equation is five times the first,
x1y1z50
therefore the lines are coincident.
x 2 y 1 0z 5 1
7. a. Let x 5 t. So 2t 2 y 5 3 then y 5 2t 2 3.
3x 1 0y 1 0z 5 23
b. Let x 5 t, y 5 s. Then t 2 2s 1 z 5 0 and
Divide the third equation by 23 to get x 5 21.
z 5 2s 1 t.
Now substitute into the second equation.
8. a. If x 5 t, y 5 22t 2 11, then y 5 22x 2 11
21 2 y 5 1
and so 2x 1 y 5 211 is the required linear equation.
y 5 22
b. 2x 1 y 5 211
Finally, substitute x and y to get
2(3t 1 3) 1 (26t 2 17) 5 6t 2 6t 1 6 2 17
21 1 22 1 z 5 0
5 211
So z 5 3. Therefore, the solution is (21, 22, 3).
9. a. The two equations will have no solutions when
b. Add the first equation to 22 times the second,
k 2 12, since they will be parallel should this occur.
and add the first equation to 22 times the third.
b. It is impossible to have only one solution for these
2x 2 3y 1 z 5 6
two equations. They have exactly the same direction
0x 2 5y 2 3z 5 256
vector. They will never intersect at exactly one place.
0x 2 y 1 3z 5 40
c. The two equations will have infinitely many
Now add the second equation to 21 times the third.
solutions when k 5 12. When this occurs, the two
2x 2 3y 1 z 5 6
equations are coincident.
0x 2 5y 2 3z 5 256
0x 2 4y 1 0z 5 216

From the third equation, y 5 4. e. Note that if 2x 2 y 5 0 S y 5 2x, and
Now substitute this into the second equation. 2z 2 x 5 0 S z 5 12 x. So we substitute these two
25(4) 2 3z 5 256 relations into the second equation.
23z 5 236 1 7
2(2x) 2 x 5 x 5 7 S x 5 2
z 5 12 2 2
Now substitute these two values back into the first So now z 5 1, y 5 4, and the solution is (2, 4, 1).
equation. f. Add the first equation to 22 times the second
2x 2 3(4) 1 12 5 6 equation.
2x 5 6, x 5 3 x 1 y 1 2z 5 13
So the solution is (3, 4, 12). 22x 1 0y 2 7z 5 238
c. Add the second equation to 21 times the third. 2x 1 0y 1 6z 5 32
x 1 y 1 0z 5 10 Add the second and third equations.
0x 1 y 1 z 5 22 x 1 y 1 2z 5 13
2x 1 y 1 0z 5 2 22x 1 0y 2 7z 5 238
Add the third equation to the first equation. 0x 1 0y 2 z 5 26
x 1 y 1 0z 5 10 So from the third equation, z 5 6.
0x 1 y 1 z 5 22 Substituting into the second equation,
0x 1 2y 1 0z 5 12 22x 2 42 5 238
So y 5 6. Now substitute into the other two 22x 5 4 S x 5 22
equations. Finally, substituting both values into the first
x 1 6 5 10 S x 5 4 equation,
6 1 z 5 22 S z 5 28 22 1 y 1 12 5 13 S y 5 3.
So the solution is (4, 6, 28). So the final solution is (22, 3, 6).
d. To eliminate fractions, multiply each of the 13. Answers may vary. For example:
equations by 60. a. Three lines parallel
20x 1 15y 1 12z 5 840 z
15x 1 12y 1 20z 5 21260
12x 1 20y 1 15z 5 420
Add 3 times the first equation to 24 times the L3
second, and add 3 times the first equation to 25
L2
times the third.
L1
20x 1 15y 1 12z 5 840
0x 2 3y 2 44z 5 7560
0x 2 55y 2 39z 5 420 y
Now add 55 times the second equation to 23 times x
the third equation.
20x 1 15y 1 12z 5 840 Two lines coincident
0x 2 3y 2 44z 5 7560 and the third parallel
z
0x 1 0y 2 2303z 5 414 540
Divide the third equation through by 22303 to get
z 5 2180. Substituting z back into the second
equation.
23y 2 44(2180) 5 7560 S 23y 5 2360 L2
So y 5 120. Now substitute these two values back L3 L1
20x 1 15(120) 1 12(2180) 5 840 y
20x 5 840 2 1800 1 2160 5 1200 x
So x 5 60. Therefore the solution is (60, 120, 2180).

z a2c1y1a2b5a
y 5 2a 1 b 1 c
parallel.
y
x
z
L3 L2
L1 y
x
pp. 516–517
z
x 2 y 1 z 5 22
L1
y x 2 y 1 z 1 21; 2x 2 2y 1 2z 5 22
x 3. a. 2z 5 24 1 z 5 22.
c. x 2 y 1 (22) 1 21
z x 2 y 1 1.
x 5 1 1 s, y 5 s, z 5 22, sPR
x 2 y 1 z 5 21; x 2 y 2 z 5 3.
L2 4. a. 1 2x 1 y 1 6z 5 p; 2 x 1 my 1 3z 5 q
m 5 , p 5 2q. q 5 1, and p 5 2.
x1y1z5a 2

z a2c1y1a2b5a
y 5 2a 1 b 1 c
parallel.
y
x
z
L3 L2
L1 y
x
pp. 516–517
z
x 2 y 1 z 5 22
L1
y x 2 y 1 z 1 21; 2x 2 2y 1 2z 5 22
x 3. a. 2z 5 24 1 z 5 22.
c. x 2 y 1 (22) 1 21
z x 2 y 1 1.
x 5 1 1 s, y 5 s, z 5 22, sPR
x 2 y 1 z 5 21; x 2 y 2 z 5 3.
L2 4. a. 1 2x 1 y 1 6z 5 p; 2 x 1 my 1 3z 5 q
m 5 , p 5 2q. q 5 1, and p 5 2.
x1y1z5a 2

b. For parallel planes all of the coefficients of the c. The coefficients of the x and z variables are the
variables must be multiples of each other, but the same but the y coefficients are different. So the
constant terms must differ by a different constant. equations represent planes that intersect in a line.
So a possible solution is: d. The coefficients of each variable from equation 1
1 to 2 are not the same multiple. Therefore the
m 5 , q 5 1, and p 5 3.
2 equations represent planes that intersect in a line.
The value for m is again unique but p and q can be e. The intersection is a line by the same reasoning
arbitrarily chosen as long as p 2 2q. as d.
c. For the two planes to intersect at right angles the f. The intersection is a line by the same reasoning as d.
>
two normal vectors, n1 5 (2, 1, 6) and 7. a. x 5 1 2 s 2 t, y 5 s, z 5 t, s, tPR
>
n2 5 (1, m, 3), must satisfy: b. There is no solution since the planes are parallel.
> >
n1 ? n2 5 0. c. 1 2 2 :
> >
n1 ? n2 5 2 1 m 1 18 5 0 22y 5 4
m 5 220. This value is unique, since only one y 5 22.
value was found to satisfy the given conditions. x 2 2 1 2z 5 22
d. From c. we know that in order to intersect in x 1 2z 5 0
right angles m 5 220. Choose p 5 1, q 5 1. x 5 22z.
The value for m is unique from the solution to c., x 5 22s, y 5 22, z 5 s, sPR.
but the values for p and q can be arbitrary since the d. Let z 5 s; sPR.
only value which can change the angle between the From 2 :
planes is m. x 5 y 1 6.
5. a. Letting z 5 s: (y 1 6) 1 y 1 2s 5 4
y 5 23s. 2y 1 2s 5 22
x 1 2(23s) 2 3s 5 0. y 5 2s 2 1.
x 5 9s x 5 2s 1 5, y 5 2s 2 1, z 5 s, sPR.
The solution is: e. 22 ? 2 : 2x 2 4y 2 2z 5 22
x 5 9s, y 5 23s, z 5 s, sPR Adding 1 :
b. Letting y 5 t. 4x 2 5y 5 0.
t 1 3z 5 0 5
3z 5 2t x 5 y.
4
1 Let y 5 s, sPR.
z 5 2 t.
3 5
2a sb 2 s 1 2z 5 2
x 1 2t 2 3a2 bt 5 0
1 4
3 3
x 1 3t 5 0 s 1 2z 5 2
2
x 5 23t. 3
The solution is: z 5 1 2 s.
4
1 5 3
x 5 23t, y 5 t, z 5 2 t; tPR. x 5 s, y 5 s, z 5 1 2 s, sPR
3 4 4
c. Since t is an arbitrary real number we can f. x 2 y 1 2(4) 5 0
express t as: x 5 y 2 8.
t 5 23s; sPR. x 5 s 2 8, y 5 s, z 5 4, sPR.
Substituting this into the solution for b. shows that 8. a. The system will have an infinite number of
the two solutions are equivalent. solutions for any value of k. When k 5 2 equation
6. a. Equation 2 is twice that of equation 1 , so 2 will be twice that of 1 so the solution is a plane:
they represent intersecting coincident planes. x 5 1 2 s 2 2t, y 5 s, z 5 t, s, tPR.
b. The coefficients of each variable are the same, For any other value of k the solution will be a line.
but the constant terms are different, so the equations For example k 5 0:
represent non-intersecting parallel planes. 2y 5 24z
y 5 22z.

x 5 1. x 5 1, y 5 1. A 5 (1, 1, 0).
r 5 sa1, 2 , b, sPR.
> 1 1
p1: 2x 2 y 1 z 5 0, p2: y 1 4z 5 0 is: 2 3
2x 2 (24z) 1 z 5 0 x 2 y 1 z 5 1 and 2y 2 z 5 0 is:
2x 5 25z 1
5 y5 z
x 5 2 z. 2
2 1
5 x2 z1z51
x 5 2 s, y 5 24s, z 5 s, sPR. 2
2 1
2
>
>
>
r2 5 (22, 3, 6) 1 s(25, 28, 2), sPR.
r 5 (1, 0, 0) 1 t a2 , , 1b 1 s a1, 2 , b, s, tPR.
> 1 1 1 1
4x 1 8z 5 4
a2 , , 1b 3 a1, 2 , b 5 a ? b 2 a1 ? 2 b,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
x 5 1 2 2z.
2 2 2 3 2 3 2
2(1 2 2z) 2 y 1 2z 5 0
1 ? 1 2 a2 ? b, 2 a2 b 2 ? 1 5 a , , 2 b.
2 2 y 2 2z 5 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 7 1
y 5 2 2 2z. 2 3 2 2 2 3 6 4
x 5 1 2 2s, y 5 2 2 2s, z 5 s, sPR.
8(1) 1 D 5 0.
5x 1 3y 1 16z 2 11 5 0.
D 5 28.
5(1 2 2s) 1 3(2 2 2s) 1 16(s) 2 11 5 0
8x 1 14y 2 3z 2 8 5 0.
5 1 6 2 11 2 10s 2 6s 1 16s 5 0
11. a. p1: 2x 1 y 2 3z 5 3, p2: x 2 2y 1 z 5 21. >
1. a. r 5 (4, 23, 15) 1 t(2, 23, 5), tPR
p1 2 2p2: 5y 2 5z 5 5 x 5 4 1 2t, y 5 23 2 3t, z 5 15 1 5t
y 5 1 1 z. 0 5 15 1 5t
2x 1 (1 1 z) 2 3z 5 3 t 5 23
2x 2 2z 5 2
x 5 1 1 z.
x 5 1 1 s, y 5 1 1 s, z 5 s, sPR.
x 5 1. x 5 1, y 5 1. A 5 (1, 1, 0).
r 5 sa1, 2 , b, sPR.
> 1 1
p1: 2x 2 y 1 z 5 0, p2: y 1 4z 5 0 is: 2 3
2x 2 (24z) 1 z 5 0 x 2 y 1 z 5 1 and 2y 2 z 5 0 is:
2x 5 25z 1
5 y5 z
x 5 2 z. 2
2 1
5 x2 z1z51
x 5 2 s, y 5 24s, z 5 s, sPR. 2
2 1
2
>
>
>
r2 5 (22, 3, 6) 1 s(25, 28, 2), sPR.
r 5 (1, 0, 0) 1 t a2 , , 1b 1 s a1, 2 , b, s, tPR.
> 1 1 1 1
4x 1 8z 5 4
a2 , , 1b 3 a1, 2 , b 5 a ? b 2 a1 ? 2 b,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
x 5 1 2 2z.
2 2 2 3 2 3 2
2(1 2 2z) 2 y 1 2z 5 0
1 ? 1 2 a2 ? b, 2 a2 b 2 ? 1 5 a , , 2 b.
2 2 y 2 2z 5 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 7 1
y 5 2 2 2z. 2 3 2 2 2 3 6 4
x 5 1 2 2s, y 5 2 2 2s, z 5 s, sPR.
8(1) 1 D 5 0.
5x 1 3y 1 16z 2 11 5 0.
D 5 28.
5(1 2 2s) 1 3(2 2 2s) 1 16(s) 2 11 5 0
8x 1 14y 2 3z 2 8 5 0.
5 1 6 2 11 2 10s 2 6s 1 16s 5 0
11. a. p1: 2x 1 y 2 3z 5 3, p2: x 2 2y 1 z 5 21. >
1. a. r 5 (4, 23, 15) 1 t(2, 23, 5), tPR
p1 2 2p2: 5y 2 5z 5 5 x 5 4 1 2t, y 5 23 2 3t, z 5 15 1 5t
y 5 1 1 z. 0 5 15 1 5t
2x 1 (1 1 z) 2 3z 5 3 t 5 23
2x 2 2z 5 2
x 5 1 1 z.
x 5 1 1 s, y 5 1 1 s, z 5 s, sPR.
x 5 4 1 2(23), y 5 23 2 3(23), A: x 5 2 1 3t, y 5 1 1 3t, z 5 3 2 2t, tPR
z 5 15 1 5(23) B: x 5 3 1 t, y 5 22, z 5 5, tPR
x 5 22, y 5 6, z 5 0 C: x 5 28 1 7t, y 5 25 1 3t, z 5 7 2 2t, tPR
(22, 6, 0) y 5 22 5 25 1 3t
>
b. r 5 (4, 23, 15) 1 t(2, 23, 5), tPR t51
x 5 4 1 2t, y 5 23 2 3t, z 5 15 1 5t x 5 28 1 7(1), y 5 25 1 3(1), z 5 7 2 2(1)
0 5 23 2 3t x 5 21, y 5 22, z 5 5
t 5 21 (21, 22, 5)
x 5 4 1 2(21), y 5 23 2 3(21), The three medians meet at (21, 22, 5).
z 5 15 1 5(21) 3. a. L1: 5x 1 y 1 2z 1 15 5 0
x 5 2, y 5 0, z 5 10 L2: 4x 1 y 1 2z 1 8 5 0
(2, 0, 10) L1 2 L2: x 1 7 5 0
>
c. r 5 (4, 23, 15) 1 t(2, 23, 5), tPR So x 5 27.
x 5 4 1 2t, y 5 23 2 3t, z 5 15 1 5t L1: y 1 2z 2 20 5 0
0 5 4 1 2t L2: y 1 2z 2 20 5 0
t 5 22 z 5 t,
x 5 4 1 2(22), y 5 23 2 3(22), y 1 2(t) 2 20 5 0
z 5 15 1 5(22) y 5 20 2 2t
>
x 5 0, y 5 3, z 5 5 r 5 (27, 20, 0) 1 t(0, 22, 1), tPR
(0, 3, 5) b. L1: 4x 1 3y 1 3z 2 2 5 0
2. a.–e. Answers may vary. For example: L2: 5x 1 2y 1 3z 1 5 5 0
A(2, 1, 3), B(3, 22, 5), C(28, 25, 7) 2L1 2 3L2: 27x 2 3z 2 19 5 0
a 5 (22.5, 23.5, 6) z 5 7t,
b 5 (23, 22, 5) 27x 2 3(7t) 2 19 5 0,
c 5 (2.5, 20.5, 4) 19
x 5 23t 2
m1 5 (Aa) 5 (24.5, 24.5, 3) 5 (3, 3, 22) 7
m2 5 (Bb) 5 (26, 0, 0) 5 (1, 0, 0)
4a23t 2 b 1 3y 1 3(7t) 2 2 5 0
19
m3 5 (Cc) 5 (10.5, 4.5, 23) 5 (7, 3, 22) 7
Then substitute in the point and the direction vector 30
to find the equation of the line. y 5 23t 1
7
A(2, 1, 3), B(3, 22, 5), C(28, 25, 7)
r 5 a2 , , 0b 1 t(3, 3, 27), tPR
> 19 30
m1 5 (Aa) 5 (24.5, 24.5, 3) 5 (3, 3, 22)
7 7
m2 5 (Bb) 5 (26, 0, 0) 5 (1, 0, 0) >
c. L1: r 5 (27, 20, 0) 1 t(0, 22, 1), tPR
m3 5 (Cc) 5 (10.5, 4.5, 23) 5 (7, 3, 22)
L2: r 5 a2 , , 0b 1 t(3, 3, 27), tPR
> > 19 30
A: r 5 (2, 1, 3) 1 t(3, 3, 22), tPR
x 5 2 1 3t, y 5 1 1 3t, z 5 3 2 2t, tPR 7 7
>
B: r 5 (3, 22, 5) 1 t(1, 0, 0), tPR L1: x 5 27, y 5 20 2 2t, z 5 t
x 5 3 1 t, y 5 22, z 5 5, tPR 19 30
> L2: x 5 2 1 3t, y 5 1 3t, z 5 27t
C: r 5 (28, 25, 7) 1 t(7, 3, 22), tPR 7 7
x 5 28 1 7t, y 5 25 1 3t, z 5 7 2 2t, tPR 19 30
2 1 3t 5 27, t 5 2
A: x 5 2 1 3t, y 5 1 1 3t, z 5 3 2 2t, tPR 7 21
x 5 2 1 3a2 b, y 5 1 3a2 b,
B: x 5 3 1t, y 5 22, z 5 5, tPR 19 30 30 30
C: x 5 28 1 7t, y 5 25 1 3t, z 5 7 2 2t, tPR 7 21 7 21
z 5 27a2 b
y 5 22 5 1 1 3t 30
t 5 21 21
x 5 2 1 3(21), y 5 1 1 3(21), x 5 27, y 5 0, z 5 10
z 5 3 2 2(21) (27, 0, 10)
x 5 21, y 5 22, z 5 5 4. a. p1: 3x 1 y 1 7z 1 3 5 0
(21, 22, 5) p2: x 2 13y 2 3z 2 38 5 0

13p1 1 p2: 40x 1 88z 1 1 5 0 x 2 11 y24 z 2 27
6. L1: 5 5 5s
z 5 t, 2 24 5
40x 1 88(t) 1 1 5 0 L2: x 5 0, y 5 1 2 3t, z 5 3 1 2t, tPR
11t 1 L1: x 5 2s 1 11, y 5 24s 1 4, z 5 27 1 5s
x52 2 x 5 0 5 2s 1 11,
5 40
s 5 25.5
2 b 1 y 1 7(t) 1 3 5 0
11t 1
3a2 y 5 24(25.5) 1 4, z 5 27 1 5(25.5)
5 40
2t 117 x 5 0, y 5 26, z 5 20.5
y52 2 25
5 40 y 5 26 5 1 2 3t, t 5 2
11t 1 2t 117 3
x52 2 ,y52 2 , z 5 t, tPR 7
5 40 5 40 z 5 20.5 5 3 1 2t, t 5 2
b. p1: x 2 3y 1 z 1 11 5 0 4
p2: 6x 2 13y 1 8z 2 28 5 0 Since there is no t-value that satisfies the equations,
26p1 1 p2: 5y 1 2z 2 94 5 0 there is no intersection, and these lines are skew.
z 5 s, x25 z14
7. a. L1: 5y225 5s
5y 1 2(s) 2 94 5 0 2 23
2 94 L2: (x 2 3, y 2 20, z 2 7) 5 t(2, 24, 5), tPR
y52 s1 L1: x 5 2s 1 5, y 5 s 1 2, z 5 23s 2 4
5 5
L2: x 5 2t 1 3, y 5 24t 1 20, z 5 5t 1 7
x 2 3a2 s 1 b 1 (s) 1 11 5 0
2 94
x 5 2t 1 3 5 2s 1 5
5 5
y 5 s 1 2 5 24t 1 20
11 227
x52 s1 z 5 23s 2 4 5 5t 1 7
5 5 L3: 2t 2 2s 2 2 5 0
11 227 2 94 L4: 4t 1 s 2 18 5 0
x52 s1 , y 5 2 s 1 , z 5 s, sPR
5 5 5 5 L5: 5t 1 3s 1 11 5 0
c. The lines found in 4. a. and 4. b. do not intersect, L3 1 2L4: 10t 2 38 5 0, t 5 3.8
because they are in parallel planes. 3L3 1 2L5: 16t 1 16 5 0, t 5 21
5. a. For there to be no solution the lines must be b. Since there is no t-value that satisfies the
inconsistent with each other. equations, there is no intersection, and these lines
L1: x 1 ay 5 9 are skew.
L2: ax 1 9y 5 227 8. L1: x 5 1 1 2s, y 5 4 2 s, z 5 23s, sPR
1 a L2: x 5 23, y 5 t 1 3, z 5 2t, tPR
5
a 9 x 5 23 5 1 1 2s
a 5 63 s 5 22
For a 5 3: x 5 23, y 5 6, z 5 6
L1: x 1 3y 5 9 (23, 6, 6)
>
L2: 3x 1 9y 5 227 9. a. L1: r 5 (5, 1, 7) 1 s(2, 0, 5), sPR
>
For a 5 23, the equations are equivalent. L2: r 5 (21, 21, 3) 1 t(4, 2, 21), tPR
So there is no solution when a 5 3. L1: x 5 5 1 2s, y 5 1, z 5 7 1 5s
b. To have an infinite number of solutions, the lines L2: x 5 21 1 4t, y 5 21 1 2t, z 5 3 2 t
must be proportional. y 5 1 5 21 1 2t,
L1: x 1 ay 5 9 t51
L2: ax 1 9y 5 227 x 5 21 1 4(1), y 5 21 1 2(1),
23(x 1 ay 5 9) 5 23x 2 3ay 5 227 z 5 3 2 (1)
L1: 23x 2 3ay 5 227 x 5 3, y 5 1, z 5 2
L2: ax 1 9y 5 227 (3, 1, 2)
>
a 5 23 b. L1: r 5 (2, 21, 3) 1 s(5, 21, 6), sPR
>
c. The system has one solution when a 2 3 or L2: r 5 (28, 1, 29) 1 t(5, 21, 6), tPR
a 2 23, because other values lead to an infinite These lines are the same, so either one of these
number of solutions or no solution. lines can be used as their intersection.

10. a. Answers may vary. For example: iii. When lines are skew, there are no common
i. coincident solutions to make each equation consistent.
z iv. When the solution meets in a point, there is only
one unique solution for the system.
11. a. A line and plane have an infinite number of
points of intersection when the line lies in the plane.
>
r 5 t(3, 25, 23), tPR
L1 >
L2 r 5 t(3, 25, 23) 1 s(1, 1, 1), t, sPR
12. a. 1 2x 1 3y 5 30
y
2 x 2 2y 5 213
x
Equation 1 2 (2 3 equation 2 ): 7y 5 56
ii. parallel and distinct
z y58
2x 1 24 5 30
x53
(3, 8)
b. 1 x 1 4y 2 3z 1 6 5 0
L2 2 2x 1 8y 2 6z 1 11 5 0
There is no solution to this system, because the
L1 planes are parallel, but one plane lies above the
y
other.
x c. 1 x 2 3y 2 2z 5 29
iii. skew 2 2x 2 5y 1 z 5 3
3 23x 1 6y 1 2z 5 8
z
Equation 1 1 (2 3 equation 2 ): 5x 2 13y 5 23
Equation 2 1 ( equation 3 ): 22x 1 3y 5 21
2(5x 2 13y 5 23)
1 5(22x 1 3y 5 21)
L1 211y 5 211
y51
5x 2 13(1) 5 23
y x52
x L2
(2) 2 3(1) 2 2z 5 29
z54
iv. intersect in a point (2, 1, 4)
z 13. a. The two lines intersect at a point.
b. The two planes are parallel and do not meet.
c. The three planes intersect at a point.
14. a. L:(x 2 y 5 1) 1 (y 1 z 5 23)
5 x 1 z 5 22
L1 1
L2 L1: y 2 z 5 0, x 5 2
2
y x 1 z 5 22
a2 b 1 z 5 22
x 1
2
b. i. When lines are the same, they are a multiple
3
of each other. z52
ii. When lines are parallel, one equation is a 2
multiple of the other equation, except for the y2z50
constant term.

y 2 a2 b 5 0
3
2 planes meet.
3 2. a. 1 x2y1z54
y52 2 0x 1 0y 1 0z 5 0
2
3 0x 1 0y 1 0z 5 0
a2 , 2 , 2 b
1 3 3
2 2 2
0 n ? n1 0
2 3 (x 2 y 1 z 5 4) 5 2x 2 2y 1 2z 5 8
0 n 0 0 n1 0
b. cos u 5
3 3 (x 2 y 1 z 5 4) 5 3x 2 3y 1 3z 5 12
n 5 (1, 1, 21) 3x 2 3y 1 3z 5 12 and 2x 2 2y 1 2z 5 8 are
@ "3 @ @ "2 @
cos u 5
c. (0, 1, 1) 3 (1, 1, 21) 5 (22, 1, 21) planes.
x 2 t 1 s 5 4 or x 5 t 2 s 1 4, s, tPR
b2a b1a b1D50
21 23 23
2a 3. a. 1 2x 2 y 1 3z 5 22
2 2 2
D51 2 x 2 y 1 4z 5 3
2x 2 y 1 z 1 1 5 0 3 0x 1 0y 1 0z 5 1
1. a. 1 x 2 3y 1 z 5 2 (2x 2 y 1 3z 5 22)
2 0x 1 y 2 z 5 21 1 (x 2 y 1 4z 5 3)
3 0x 1 0y 1 3z 5 212 1 (0x 1 0y 1 0z 5 1)
for z. Thus, or
z 5 24 (2x 2 2y 1 8z 5 6)
y 2 (24) 5 21 2x 2 y 1 3z 5 22, x 2 y 1 4z 5 3, and
x 2 3(25) 2 4 5 2 or x 5 29 2x 2 y 1 3z 5 22, x 2 y 1 4z 5 3, and
x 2 3y 1 z 5 29 1 15 2 4 5 2 4. a. 1 x 1 2y 2 z 5 4
0x 1 y 2 z 5 25 1 4 5 21 3 2x 1 0y 1 0z 5 26
for x. So,

y 2 a2 b 5 0
3
2 planes meet.
3 2. a. 1 x2y1z54
y52 2 0x 1 0y 1 0z 5 0
2
3 0x 1 0y 1 0z 5 0
a2 , 2 , 2 b
1 3 3
2 2 2
0 n ? n1 0
2 3 (x 2 y 1 z 5 4) 5 2x 2 2y 1 2z 5 8
0 n 0 0 n1 0
b. cos u 5
3 3 (x 2 y 1 z 5 4) 5 3x 2 3y 1 3z 5 12
n 5 (1, 1, 21) 3x 2 3y 1 3z 5 12 and 2x 2 2y 1 2z 5 8 are
@ "3 @ @ "2 @
cos u 5
c. (0, 1, 1) 3 (1, 1, 21) 5 (22, 1, 21) planes.
x 2 t 1 s 5 4 or x 5 t 2 s 1 4, s, tPR
b2a b1a b1D50
21 23 23
2a 3. a. 1 2x 2 y 1 3z 5 22
2 2 2
D51 2 x 2 y 1 4z 5 3
2x 2 y 1 z 1 1 5 0 3 0x 1 0y 1 0z 5 1
1. a. 1 x 2 3y 1 z 5 2 (2x 2 y 1 3z 5 22)
2 0x 1 y 2 z 5 21 1 (x 2 y 1 4z 5 3)
3 0x 1 0y 1 3z 5 212 1 (0x 1 0y 1 0z 5 1)
for z. Thus, or
z 5 24 (2x 2 2y 1 8z 5 6)
y 2 (24) 5 21 2x 2 y 1 3z 5 22, x 2 y 1 4z 5 3, and
x 2 3(25) 2 4 5 2 or x 5 29 2x 2 y 1 3z 5 22, x 2 y 1 4z 5 3, and
x 2 3y 1 z 5 29 1 15 2 4 5 2 4. a. 1 x 1 2y 2 z 5 4
0x 1 y 2 z 5 25 1 4 5 21 3 2x 1 0y 1 0z 5 26
for x. So,

2x 5 26 b. Answers may vary. For example: To obtain a no
x 5 23 solution and an equation with 0x 1 0y 1 0z 5 0,
If we use the method of back substitution, we can you must have two equal planes and one parallel
substitute x 5 23 into equation 2 and solve for z. distinct plane. For example one solution is:
23 2 2z 5 0 x1y1z52
3 2x 1 2y 1 2z 5 4
z52
2 3x 1 3y 1 3z 5 12
If we substitute x 5 23 and z 5 2 32 into equation 1 8. a. 1 2x 1 y 2 z 5 23
we obtain the value of y. 2 x 2 y 1 2z 5 0
3 11 3 3x 1 2y 2 z 5 25
23 1 2y 1 5 4 or y 5 2 3 equation 2 1 equation 3 5 5x 1 0y 1 0z
2 4
The equations intersect at the point with coordinates 5 25 which gives x 5 21.
Equation 1 1 equation 2 5 3x 1 0y 1 1z
(23, 114, 2 32 )
5 23. Substituting x 5 1 into this equation leads
Check:
to: 3(21) 1 z 5 23 or z 5 0.
Substituting z 5 0 and x 5 21 into equation 1
x 1 2y 2 z 5 23 1 224 1 32 5 4
gives: 2(21)y 2 0 5 23 or y 5 21. (21, 21, 0)
is the point at which the three planes meet.
x 1 0y 2 2z 5 23 1 3 5 0
Check:
Substituting into equation 3 : 2x 1 0y 1 0z 5 26
2x 1 y 2 z 5 22 2 1 1 0 5 23
planes meet.
5. a. 1 2x 2 y 1 z 5 1
x 2 y 1 2z 5 21 1 1 1 0 5 0
2 x 1 y 2 z 5 21
3 23x 2 3y 1 3z 5 3
3x 1 2y 2 z 5 23 2 2 1 0 5 25
Since equation 3 5 2 equation 2 , equation 2
x y 7
and equation 3 are consistent or lie in the same b. 1 2 1z5
plane. Equation 1 meets this plane in a line. 3 4 8
2 2x 1 2y 2 3z 5 220
b. Adding equation 2 and equation 1 creates an
equivalent equation, 3x 5 0 or x 5 0. Substituting
3 x 2 2y 1 3z 5 2
x 5 0 into equation 1 and equation 2 gives Equation 2 1 equation 3 5 3x 1 0y 1 0z 5 218
equation 4 z 2 y 5 1 and equation 5 which gives x 5 26.
y 2 z 5 21. Equations 4 and 5 indicate the Equation 3 2 3 3 Equation 1 5 2 54y 5 2 58 or
problem has infinite solutions. Substituting y 5 t y 5 12. Substituting x 5 26 and y 5 12 into equation 3
into equation 4 or 5 leads to leads to:
26 2 2a b 1 3z 5 2 or z 5 3.
x 5 0, y 5 t, and z 5 1 1 t, tPR 1
Check: 2
2(0) 2 s 1 (s 1 1) 5 1 (26, 12, 3) is the point at which the three planes meet.
0 1 s 2 (s 1 1) 5 21 Check:
23(0) 2 3(s) 1 3(s 1 1) 5 3 Substituting into equation 1 :
x y 1 7
6. 1 2x 1 3y 2 4z 5 25 2 4 1 z 5 22 2 8 1 3 5 8
3
2 x 2 y 1 3z 5 2201 Substituting into equation 2 :
3 5x 2 5y 1 15z 5 21004
2x 1 2y 2 3z 5 212 1 1 2 9 5 220
There is no solution to this system of equations, Substituting into equation 3 :
because if you multiply equation 2 by 5 you x 2 2y 1 3z 5 26 2 1 1 9 5 2
obtain a new equation, 5x 2 5y 1 15z 5 21005, c. 1 x 2 y 5 2199
which is inconsistent with equation 3 . 2 x 1 z 5 2200
7. a. Yes when this equation is alone, this is true, 3 y 2 z 5 201
because any constants can be substituted into the Equation 2 1 equation 3 5 equation 4
variables in the equation 0x 1 0y 1 0z 5 0 and the 5x1y51
equation will always be consistent.
Equation 4 1 equation 1 5 2x 5 2198 or Using z 5 t and x 5 2t, Solve equation 1
x 5 299. Substituting x 5 299 into equation 1 2t 2 y 1 t 5 22 or y 5 2
leads to: x 5 2t, y 5 2, and z 5 t, tPR
299 2 y 5 2199 or y 5 100. Substituting x 5 299 The planes intersect in a line.
into equation 2 , you obtain: 10. a. 1 x2y1z52
299 1 z 5 2200 or z 5 2101 2 2x 2 2y 1 2z 5 4
(299, 100, 2101) is the point at which the three 3 x 1 y 2 z 5 22
planes meet. Equation 1 1 equation 3 5 equation 4
Check: 5 2x 5 0 or x 5 0.
Substituting into equation 1 : Setting z 5 t,
x 2 y 5 299 2 (100) 5 2199 Equation 1 : 0 2 y 1 t 5 2 or y 5 t 2 2
Substituting into equation 2 : x 5 0, y 5 t 2 2, and z 5 t, tPR
x 1 z 5 299 2 101 5 2200 b. 1 2x 2 y 1 3z 5 0
Substituting into equation 3 : 2 4x 2 2y 1 6z 5 0
y 2 z 5 100 2 (2101) 5 201 3 22x 1 y 2 3z 5 0
d. 1 x 2 y 2 z 5 21 Equation 1 1 equation 3 5 equation 4
2 y2250 5 2x 5 0 or x 5 0.
3 x1155 Setting y 5 t and z 5 s, equation 1 :
Rearranging equation 2 gives y 5 2. Solving for x t 2 3s
in equation 3 gives x 5 4. 2x 2 t 1 3s 5 0 or x 5
2
Substituting x 5 4 and y 5 2 into equation 1 t 2 3s
leads to: x5 , y 5 t, and z 5 s, s, tPR
2
4 2 2 2 z 5 21 or z 5 3.
(4, 2, 3) is the point at which all three planes meet. 11. a. 1 x1y1z51
9. a. 1 x 2 2y 1 z 5 3 2 x 2 2y 1 z 5 0
2 2x 1 3y 2 z 5 29 3 x2y1z50
3 5x 2 3y 1 2z 5 0 Equation 1 2 equation 3 5 equation 4
Equation 3 1 equation 2 5 equation 4 5 2y 5 1 or y 5 12
5 7x 1 1z 5 29. Equation 2 2 equation 3 5 equation 5
Setting z 5 t, x 5 2 17 t 2 97 5 2y 5 0 or y 5 0
Equation 2 2 2 3 equation 1 5 equation 5 Since the y-variable is different in equation 4 and
5 7y 1 23z 5 215. equation 5 , the system is inconsistent and has no
Setting z 5 t, y 5 2 157 1 37 t solution.
x 5 2 17 t 2 97, y 5 2 157 1 37 t, and z 5 t, tPR The b. Answers may vary. For example: If you use the
planes intersect in a line. normals from equations 1 , 2 , and 3 , you can
b. 1 x 2 2y 1 z 5 3 determine the direction vectors from the equations’
2 x1y1z52 coefficients.
>
3 x 2 3y 1 z 5 26 n1 5 (1, 1, 1)
>
>
> >
Since the solutions for y are different from these m1 5 n1 3 n2 5 (3, 0, 23)
> >
two equations, there is no solution to this system of m2 5 n1 3 n3 5 (2, 0, 22)
> >
equations. m3 5 n2 3 n3 5 (21, 0, 1)
c. 1 x 2 y 1 z 5 22 c. The three lines of intersection are parallel and are
2 x1y1z52 pairwise coplanar, so they form a triangular prism.
> > >
3 x 2 3y 1 z 5 26 d. n1 3 n2 is perpendicular to n3 . So since,
> > >
Equation 1 1 equation 2 5 equation 4 (n1 3 n2 ) ? n3 5 0, a triangular prism forms.
5 2x 1 2y 5 0. 12. a. 1 x 2 y 1 3z 5 3
2 x 2 y 1 3z 5 6
Setting z 5 t, x 5 2t
3 3x 2 5z 5 0

Equation 1 and equation 2 have the same set of equation 3 equal different numbers, there is no
coefficients and variables, however, equations 1 solution to this system.
equals 3 while equation 2 equals 6, which means e. 1 x 2 y 1 z 5 22
there is no possible solution. 2 x1y1z52
b. 1 5x 2 2y 1 3z 5 1 3 3x 1 y 1 3z 5 2
2 5x 2 2y 1 3z 5 21 Equation 1 1 equation 2 : 22y 5 24 or y 5 2
3 5x 2 2y 1 3z 5 13 Setting y 5 2 and z 5 t in equation 1 ,
All three equations equal different numbers so there x 2 2 1 t 5 22 or x 5 2t
is no possible solution. x 5 2t, y 5 2, z 5 t, tPR
c. 1 x2y1z59 f. 1 x 1 y 1 z 5 0
2 2x 2 2y 1 2z 5 18 2 x 2 2y 1 3z 5 0
3 2x 2 2y 1 2z 5 17 3 2x 2 y 1 3z 5 0
Equation 2 equals 18 while equation 3 equals 17, Equation 1 2 equation 2 5 equation 4
which means there is no possible solution. 5 3y 2 2z 5 0
d. The coefficients of equation 1 are half the Equation 3 2 2 3 equation 2 2 equation 5
coefficients of equation 2 , but the constant term 5 3y 2 3z 5 0
is not half the other constant term. Equation 4 2 equation 5 : z 5 0
13. a. 1 2x 2 y 2 z 5 10 Setting z 5 0 in equation 1 and equation 2 ,
2 x 1 y 1 0z 5 7 Equation 6 5 x 1 y 5 0
3 0x 1 y 2 z 5 8 Equation 7 5 x 2 2y 5 0
Equation 1 2 2 3 equation 2 2 equation 3 : Equation 6 2 equation 7 : 3y 5 0 or y 5 0
24y 5 2 12 or y 5 3. Substituting y 5 3 into Setting y 5 0 and z 5 0 in equation 1 leads to
equation 2 and equation 3 gives: x50
x 1 3 1 0z 5 7 or x 5 4 (0, 0, 0)
0x 1 3 2 z 5 8 or z 5 25 14. a. First, reorder these equations so that equation
(4, 3, 25) 2 is first, equation 3 is second, and equation 1
b. 1 2x 2 y 1 z 5 23 last.
2 x 1 y 2 2z 5 1 1 x2y1z5p
3 5x 1 2y 2 5z 5 0 2 4x 1 qy 1 z 5 2
Equation 1 1 equation 2 : 3x 2 z 5 22. 3 2x 1 y 1 z 5 4
t22 To eliminate x from the last two equations, subtract
Setting z 5 t, x 5 3 4 times equation 1 from equation 2 , and subtract
Equation 1 2 2 3 equation 2 : 23y 1 5z 5 25. 2 times equation 1 from equation 3 .
5t 1 5 1 x2y1z5p
Setting z 5 t, y 5 3 2 (q 1 4)y 2 3z 5 2 2 4p
t22 5t 1 5 3 3y 2 z 5 4 2 2p
x5 ,y5 , z 5 t, tPR
3 3 There will be an infinite number of solutions if
c. 1 x1y2z50 q 1 4 5 9 and 3(4 2 2p) 5 2 2 4p because then
2 2x 2 y 1 z 5 0 equation 2 will be 3 times equation 3 . This means
3 4x 2 5y 1 5z 5 0 that p 5 q 5 5.
Equation 1 1 equation 2 : 3x 5 0 or x 5 0 b. Based on what was found in part a., substituting
Setting x 5 0 and z 5 t in equation 2 gives, in p 5 q 5 5 we will arrive at the equivalent system
2(0) 2 y 1 t 5 0 or y 5 t 1 x2y1z55
x 5 0, y 5 t, z 5 t, tPR 2 9y 2 3z 5 218
d. 1 x 2 10y 1 13z 5 24 3 3y 2 z 5 26
2 2x 2 20y 1 26z 5 28 which is really the same as
3 x 2 10y 1 13z 5 28 1 x2y1z55
If you multiply equation 2 by two, you obtain 2 3y 2 z 5 26
2x 2 20y 1 26z 5 216. Since equation 2 and Letting z 5 t, we see that equation 2 delivers

1 4 2 3 5
y5 (t 2 6) 3 2 1 5
3 a b c 2
5 t22
3 1 4 13
1 5 5 equation 4
1 6 7
b c
3 > > 5
2 m3 5 n 3 n1 5 (21, 0, 1) 5 5 equation 5
52 t13 2
c
2 1
3 3
125 or b 5 6
1 2x 1 y 1 z 5 24 1 1 1
1 2 5 0 or a 5 3
2 4x 1 3y 1 3z 5 28 a 6 2
3 6x 2 4y 1 (2m 2 2 12)z 5 2m 2 8 (3, 6, 2)
2 y1z50
3 27y 1 (2m 2 2 15)z 5 2m 1 4 1. a. 3x 1 4y 2 5 5 0
d5
1 2x 1 y 1 z 5 24 0 3(24) 1 4(5) 2 5 0
d5
"32 1 42
2 y1z50
3 (2m 2 2 8)z 5 2m 1 4
3
5
b. 5x 2 12y 1 24 5 0
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 C 0
d5
2m 1 4 56
z5 , 5 or 4.31
2m 2 2 8 13
"A 2 1 B 2
0 9(24) 2 40(5) 0
5 or 5.76
16. a. 1
1 1
1 2 50
1 "1681
a b c 2. a. 2x 2 y 1 1 5 0 and 2x 2 y 1 6 5 0
2 1 1 5

1 4 2 3 5
y5 (t 2 6) 3 2 1 5
3 a b c 2
5 t22
3 1 4 13
1 5 5 equation 4
1 6 7
b c
3 > > 5
2 m3 5 n 3 n1 5 (21, 0, 1) 5 5 equation 5
52 t13 2
c
2 1
3 3
125 or b 5 6
1 2x 1 y 1 z 5 24 1 1 1
1 2 5 0 or a 5 3
2 4x 1 3y 1 3z 5 28 a 6 2
3 6x 2 4y 1 (2m 2 2 12)z 5 2m 2 8 (3, 6, 2)
2 y1z50
3 27y 1 (2m 2 2 15)z 5 2m 1 4 1. a. 3x 1 4y 2 5 5 0
d5
1 2x 1 y 1 z 5 24 0 3(24) 1 4(5) 2 5 0
d5
"32 1 42
2 y1z50
3 (2m 2 2 8)z 5 2m 1 4
3
5
b. 5x 2 12y 1 24 5 0
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 C 0
d5
2m 1 4 56
z5 , 5 or 4.31
2m 2 2 8 13
"A 2 1 B 2
0 9(24) 2 40(5) 0
5 or 5.76
16. a. 1
1 1
1 2 50
1 "1681
a b c 2. a. 2x 2 y 1 1 5 0 and 2x 2 y 1 6 5 0
2 1 1 5

the lines. It is easiest to find a point where the line (215 2 25t) 1 (36 2 144t) 5 0
crosses the x or y-axis. 21
t5
2(0) 2 y 1 1 5 0 or y 5 1 which corresponds to 169
the point (0, 1). This means that the minimal distance between
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 C 0 R(22, 3) and the line occurs when t 5 169 21
.
d5
"A 2 1 B 2 This point corresponds to A 169, 169 B. The distance
274 252
0 2(0) 2 1(1) 1 6 0 between this point and (22, 3) is about 3.92.

>
d5 c. r 5 (1, 3) 1 p(7, 224), pPR
"22 1 (21)2 We start by writing the given equation of the line in
5 parametric form. Doing so gives x 5 1 1 7p,
5 or 2.24
"5 y 5 3 2 24p. We construct a vector from R(22, 3)
b. 7x 2 24y 1 168 5 0 and 7x 2 24y 2 336 5 0 to a general point on the line.
a 5 322 2 (1 1 7p), 3 2 (3 2 24p)4
>
parallel lines, you must first find a point on one of 5 (23 2 7p, 24p).
the lines. It is easiest to find a point where the line (7, 224) ? (23 2 7p, 24p) 5 0
crosses the x or y-axis. (221 2 49p) 1 (2576p) 5 0
to the point (0, 7) p52
625
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 C 0 This means that the minimal distance between
d5
"A 2 1 B 2
21
R(22, 3) and the line occurs when p 5 2 625 .
0 7(0) 2 24(7) 2 336 0 This point corresponds to A 625, 625 B.
478 2379
d5
"72 1 (224)2
The distance between this point and (22, 3) is
about 2.88.
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 C 0
504
5 or 20.16 4. a. d 5
"A 2 1 B 2
25
>
3. a. r 5 (21, 2) 1 s(3, 4), sPR
If you substitute in the coordinates (0, 0), the
0 A(0) 1 B(0) 1 C 0
We start by writing the given equation of the line in
parametric form. Doing so gives x 5 21 1 3s, formula changes to d 5 ,
y 5 2 1 4s. We construct a vector from R(22, 3) "A 2 1 B 2
to a general point on the line. 0C0
which reduces to d 5
a 5 322 2 (21 1 3s), 3 2 (2 1 4s)4
.
"A 2 1 B 2
>
5 (21 2 3s, 1 2 4s). b. 3x 2 4y 2 12 5 0 and 3x 2 4y 1 12 5 0
(3, 4) ? (21 2 3s, 1 2 4s) 5 0 0C0 0 212 0
d(L1 ) 5 5
"A 2 1 B 2 "32 1 (24)2
(23 2 9s) 1 (4 2 16s) 5 0
1
s5 12
25 5
5
0C0 0 12 0
R(22, 3) and the line occurs when s 5 251 . d(L2 ) 5 5
This point corresponds to A2 22 25 , 25 B. The distance
54 "A 1 B
2 2
"3 1 (24)2
2
between this point and (22, 3) is 1.4. 12

> 5
b. r 5 (1, 0) 1 t(5, 12), tPR 5
We start by writing the given equation of the line in The distance between these parallel lines is
parametric form. Doing so gives x 5 1 1 5t, 12 12 24
5 1 5 5 5 , because one of the lines is below
y 5 12t. We construct a vector from R(22, 3) to a the origin and the other is above the origin.
general point on the line. c. 3x 2 4y 2 12 5 0 and 3x 2 4y 1 12 5 0
a 5 322 2 (1 1 5t), 3 2 (12t)4
>
5 (23 2 5t, 3 2 12t). parallel lines, you must first find a point on one of
(5, 12) ? (23 2 5t, 3 2 12t) 5 0 the lines. It is easiest to find a point where the line
crosses the x or y-axis.

3(0) 2 4y 2 12 5 0 or y 5 23 which corresponds 0 Ax0 1 By0 1 C 0
d5
to the point (0, 3). "A 2 1 B 2
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 C 0 0 2(0) 2 3(21) 1 1 0
d5
"A 2 1 B 2
d5
"22 1 (23)2
0 3(0) 2 4(23) 1 12 0 4
d5
"32 1 (24)2
5 or 1.11
"13
24 d. 5x 1 12y 5 120 and 5x 1 12y 1 120 5 0
5
5 In order to find the distance between these two
Both the answers to 4.b. and 4.c. are the same. parallel lines, you must first find a point on one of
>
5. a. r 5 (22, 1) 1 s(3, 4), sPR the lines. It is easiest to find a point where the line
>
r 5 (1, 0) 1 t(3, 4), tPR crosses the x or y-axis.
First find a random point on one of the lines. We 5(0) 1 12y 5 120 or y 5 10 which corresponds to
will use (22, 1) from the first equation. We start by the point (0, 10).
writing the second equation in parametric form. 0 Ax0 1 By0 1 C 0
d5
Doing so gives x 5 1 1 3t, y 5 4t. We construct a "A 2 1 B 2
vector from P(22, 1) to a general point on the line. 0 5(0) 1 12(10) 1 120 0
a 5 322 2 (1 1 3t), 1 2 (4t)4
>
d5
5 (23 2 3t, 1 2 4t). "52 1 122
240
(3, 4) ? (23 2 3t, 1 2 4t) 5 0 5 or 18.46
(29 2 9t) 1 (4 2 16t) 5 0 13
>
1 6. a. P(1, 2, 21) r 5 (1, 0, 0) 1 s(2, 21, 2), sPR
t52 We start by writing the given equation of the line in
5
This means that the minimal distance between parametric form. Doing so gives x 5 1 1 2s,
P(22, 1) and line occurs when t 5 2 15. This point y 5 2s, and z 5 2s. We construct a vector from
corresponds to A 25, 2 45 B. The distance between this
P(1, 2, 21) to a general point on the line.
a 5 31 2 (1 1 2s), 2 2 (2s), 21 2 (2s)4
>
point and (22, 1) is 3 5 (22s, 2 1 s, 21 2 2s).
x21 y x y11 (2, 21, 2) ? (22s, 2 1 s, 21 2 2s) 5 0
b. 5 and 5
4 23 4 23 (24s) 1 (22 2 s) 1 (22 2 4s) 5 0
First change one equation into a Cartesian equation, 4
s52
which leads to 3x 1 4y 2 3 5 0 and take a point 9
from the other equation such as (4, 24). This means that the minimal distance between
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 C 0 P(1, 2, 21) and the line occurs when s 5 2 49.
d5
"A 2 1 B 2 This point corresponds to A 19, 49, 2 89 B. The distance
0 3(4) 1 4(24) 2 3 0 between this point and P(1, 2, 21) is 1.80.
>
d5 b. P(0, 21, 0) r 5 (2, 1, 0) 1 t(24, 5, 20), tPR
"32 1 42 We start by writing the given equation of the line in
7 parametric form. Doing so gives x 5 2 2 4t,
5 or 1.4
5 y 5 1 1 5t, and z 5 20t. We construct a vector
c. 2x 2 3y 1 1 5 0 and 2x 2 3y 2 3 5 0 from P(0, 21, 0) to a general point on the line.
a 5 30 2 (2 2 4t), 21 2 (1 1 5t), 0 2 (20t)4
>
parallel lines, you must first find a point on one of 5 (22 1 4t, 22 2 5t, 20t).
the lines. It is easiest to find a point where the line (24, 5, 20) ? (22 1 4t, 22 2 5t, 220t) 5 0
crosses the x or y-axis. (8 2 16t) 1 (210 2 25t) 1 (2400t) 5 0
t52
to the point (0, 21). 441
2
P(0, 21, 0) and the line occurs when t 5 2 441 .

This point corresponds to A 890
441 , 441 , 2 441 B. The
distance between this point and P(0, 21, 0) is 2.83. P(1, 0, 1) and line occurs when m 5 136 . This point
>
c. P(2, 3, 1) r 5 p(12, 23, 4), pPR corresponds to A 45
13 , 13 , 2 13 B. The distance between
19 6
We start by writing the given equation of the line in this point and (1, 0, 1) is 3.28
>
parametric form. Doing so gives x 5 12p, y 5 23p, 8. a. r 5 (1, 21, 2) 1 s(1, 3, 21), sPR
and z 5 4p. We construct a vector from P(2, 3, 1) First we write the equation in parametric form.
to a general point on the line. Doing so gives x 5 1 1 s, y 5 21 1 3s, and
a 5 32 2 (12p), 3 2 (23p), 1 2 (4p)4
> z 5 2 2 s. We construct a vector from P(2, 1, 3) to
5 (2 2 12p, 3 1 3p, 1 2 4p). a general point on the line.
a 5 32 2 (1 1 s), 1 2 (21 1 3s), 3 2 (2 2 s)4
>
(12, 23, 4) ? (2 2 12p, 3 1 3p, 1 2 4p) 5 0
(24 2 144p) 1 (29 2 9p) 1 (4 2 16p) 5 0 5 (1 2 s, 2 2 3s, 1 1 s).
19 (1, 3, 21) ? (1 2 s, 2 2 3s, 1 1 s) 5 0
p5 (1 2 s) 1 (6 2 9s) 1 (1 1 s) 5 0
169
s5
P(2, 3, 1) and the line occurs when p 5 169 19
. This 11
point corresponds to A 228
169 , 2 169 , 169 B. The distance
between this point and P(2, 3, 1) is 3.44. P(2, 1, 3) and line occurs when s 5 116 . This point
>
7. a. r 5 (1, 1, 0) 1 s(2, 1, 2), sPR corresponds to A 17
11 , 11 , 11 B.
7 16
>
r 5 (21, 1, 2) 1 t(2, 1, 2), tPR b. The distance between A 17 11 , 11 , 11 B and (2, 1, 3)
7 16
First find a random point on one of the lines. We is 1.65.

will use P(21, 1, 2) from the second equation. We 9. First, find the line L of intersection between the
then write the first equation in parametric form. planes
Doing so gives x 5 1 1 2s, y 5 1 1 s, and 1 x 2 y 1 2z 5 2
z 5 0 1 2s. We construct a vector from P(21, 1, 2) 2 x 1 y 2 z 5 22

to a general point on the line. Subtract the first equation from the second to
a 5 321 2 (1 1 2s), 1 2 (1 1 s), 2 2 2s4
> eliminate x and get the equivalent system
5 (22 2 2s, 2 2 2s). 1 x 2 y 1 2z 5 2
(2, 1, 2) ? (22 2 2s, 2s, 2 2 2s) 5 0 2 2y 2 3z 5 24

(24 2 4s) 1 (2s) 1 (4 2 4s) 5 0 Let z 5 t. Then the second equation gives
s50 2y 5 3t 2 4
y5 t22
P(21, 1, 2) and line occurs when s 5 0. This point 2
corresponds to (1, 1, 0). The distance between this So substituting these into the first equation gives
point and (21, 1, 2) is 2.83 x 5 y 2 2z 1 2
>
b. r 5 (3, 1, 22) 1 m(1, 1, 3), mPR
5 a t 2 2b 2 2t 1 2
> 3
r 5 (1, 0, 1) 1 n(1, 1, 3), nPR 2
First find a random point on one of the lines. 1
We will use P(1, 0, 1) from the second equation. 52 t
2
We then write the first equation in parametric form. So the equation of the line of intersection for these
Doing so gives x 5 3 1 m, y 5 1 1 m, and two planes in parametric form is
z 5 22 1 3m. We construct a vector from P(1, 0, 1) 1 3
to a general point on the line. x 5 2 t, y 5 t 2 2, z 5 t, tPR.
a 5 31 2 (3 1 m), 0 2 (1 1 m), 1 2 (22 1 3m)4
> 2 2
The direction vector for this line is A2 12, 32, 1B,
5 (22 2 3m, 21 2 m, 3 2 3m).
which is parallel to (21, 3, 2). So, to make things
(1, 1, 3) ? (22 2 3m, 21 2 m, 3 2 3m) 5 0
easier, the parametric form of this line of
(22 2 3m) 1 (21 2 m) 1 (9 2 9m) 5 0
intersection could also be expressed as
6
m5 x 5 2t, y 5 3t 2 2, z 5 2t, tPR
13 In vector form, this is the same as

>
r 5 (0, 22, 0) 1 t(21, 3, 2), tPR. If Q is at minimal distance from A, then this vector
Since Q(0, 22, 0) is on this line, will be perpendicular to the direction vector for the
>
QP 5 (21, 2, 21) 2 (0, 22, 0) line, (4, 2, 1). This means that
5 (21, 4, 21) 0 5 (2 2 4s, 4 2 2s, 26 2 s) ? (4, 2, 1)
So the distance from P(21, 2, 21) to the line of 5 10 2 21s
intersection is 10
s5
0 (21, 3, 2) 3 (21, 4, 21) 0 21
0 (21, 3, 2) 0
d5 So the point Q on the line at minimal distance from
0 (211, 23, 21) 0 A is
0 (21, 3, 2) 0
5
Q(4s, 2s, 1 1 s) 5 Qa4a b, 2a b, 1 1 b
10 10 10
21 21 21
131
Å 14 5 Qa , , b
5 40 20 31
21 21 21
8 3.06
To find the point on the line that gives this minimal Also
QA 5 a2 2 , 4 2 , 25 2 b
> 40 20 31
distance, let (x, y, z) be a point on the line. Then,
using the parametric equations, 21 21 21
5 a , ,2 b
(x, y, z) 5 (2t, 3t 2 2, 2t) 2 64 136
So the distance from P to this point is 21 21 21
"(x 1 1)2 1 (y 2 2)2 1 (z 1 1)2 So the point Ar will satisfy
5 "(1 2 t)2 1 (3t 2 4)2 1 (2t 1 1)2
> >
QAr 5 2QA
5 "14t 2 2 22t 1 18 5 a2 , 2 ,
2 64 136
b
To get the minimal distance, set this quantity 21 21 21
equal to #131
14 .
5 Ar(a, b, c) 2 Q
5 aa 2 , b 2 , c 2 b
40 20 31
"14t 2 2 22t 1 18 5
131
Å 14 21 21 21
38 44 167
131 So a 5 21, b 5 2 21, and c 5 21 . That is,
14t 2 2 22t 1 18 5
14 Ar( 38 44 167
21 , 2 21 , 21 ).
196t 2 2 308t 1 252 5 131 11. a. Think of H as being the origin, E as being on
196t 2 2 308t 1 121 5 0 the x-axis, D as being on the z-axis, and G as being
308 6 "0 on the y-axis. That is,
t5 H(0, 0, 0)
392
11 E(3, 0, 0)
5 G(0, 2, 0)
14
So the point on the line at minimal distance from P is D(0, 0, 2)
(x, y, z) 5 (2t, 3t, 22, 2t) and so on for the other points as well. Then line
segment HB has direction vector
5 a2 , 3a b 2 2, 2a bb
11 11 11
B(3, 2, 2) 2 H(0, 0, 0) 5 (3, 2, 2).
14 14 14 >
Also, HA 5 (3, 0, 2). So the distance formula says
5 a2 , , b
11 5 22 that the distance between A and line segment HB is
14 14 14 0 (3, 2, 2) 3 (3, 0, 2) 0
0 (3, 2, 2) 0
10. A point on the line d5
>
0 4, 0, 26 0
r 5 (0, 0, 1) 1 s(4, 2, 1), sPR.
0 (3, 2, 2) 0
has parametric equations 5
x 5 4s, y 5 2s, z 5 1 1 s, sPR.
Let this point be called 52
Å 17
Q(4s, 2s, 1 1 s). Then 5
>
QA 5 (2, 4, 25) 2 (4s, 2s, 1 1 s) 8 1.75
5 (2 2 4s, 4 2 2s, 26 2 s)

d5
27
3. a. 3x 1 4y 2 12z 2 26 5 0 and
>
3x 1 4y 2 12z 1 39 5 0
1
a
52
b ("17) 5 ("52)
1 0 Ax0 1 By0 1 Cz0 1 D 0
2 Å 17 2 (23, 0, 0). Then use d 5
!A2 1 B2 1 C2
0 3(213) 1 4(0) 2 12(0) 2 26 0
d5
"32 1 42 1 (212)2
Plane, pp. 549–550 b. 3x 1 4y 2 12z 2 26 5 0
1 3x 1 4y 2 12z 1 39 5 0
plane.
d5
"A 2 1 B 2 1 C 2 y 1 3 5 0 is
d5
20x 2 4y 1 5z 1 7 5 0 is "02 1 (1)2 1 02
0 20(3) 1 24(1) 1 5(0) 1 7 0 54
d5
53 x 2 3 5 0 is
d5
2x 1 y 1 2z 2 8 5 0 is "12 1 02 1 02
0 2(0) 1 1(21) 1 2(0) 2 8 0 54
d5
53 z 1 1 5 0 is
d5
3x 2 4y 2 1 5 0 is "02 1 02 1 12
0 3(5) 1 24(1) 1 0(4) 2 1 0 52
d5
"32 1 (24)2 1 02
52
14x 2 28y 1 28z 2 42 5 0. Then use
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 Cz0 1 D 0
!A2 1 B2 1 C2
0 5(1) 2 12(0) 1 0(0) 1 0 0
d5 0 14(1) 2 28(21) 1 28(1) 2 42 0
"5 2 1 (212)2 1 02 d5
5 "142 1 (228)2 1 282
5 or 0.38 2
13 5 or 0.67
3

d5
27
3. a. 3x 1 4y 2 12z 2 26 5 0 and
>
3x 1 4y 2 12z 1 39 5 0
1
a
52
b ("17) 5 ("52)
1 0 Ax0 1 By0 1 Cz0 1 D 0
2 Å 17 2 (23, 0, 0). Then use d 5
!A2 1 B2 1 C2
0 3(213) 1 4(0) 2 12(0) 2 26 0
d5
"32 1 42 1 (212)2
Plane, pp. 549–550 b. 3x 1 4y 2 12z 2 26 5 0
1 3x 1 4y 2 12z 1 39 5 0
plane.
d5
"A 2 1 B 2 1 C 2 y 1 3 5 0 is
d5
20x 2 4y 1 5z 1 7 5 0 is "02 1 (1)2 1 02
0 20(3) 1 24(1) 1 5(0) 1 7 0 54
d5
53 x 2 3 5 0 is
d5
2x 1 y 1 2z 2 8 5 0 is "12 1 02 1 02
0 2(0) 1 1(21) 1 2(0) 2 8 0 54
d5
53 z 1 1 5 0 is
d5
3x 2 4y 2 1 5 0 is "02 1 02 1 12
0 3(5) 1 24(1) 1 0(4) 2 1 0 52
d5
"32 1 (24)2 1 02
52
14x 2 28y 1 28z 2 42 5 0. Then use
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 Cz0 1 D 0
!A2 1 B2 1 C2
0 5(1) 2 12(0) 1 0(0) 1 0 0
d5 0 14(1) 2 28(21) 1 28(1) 2 42 0
"5 2 1 (212)2 1 02 d5
5 "142 1 (228)2 1 282
5 or 0.38 2
13 5 or 0.67
3

0 A(3) 2 2(23) 1 6(1) 1 0 0 5 2t 2 s 1 7
6. 3 5
"A 1 (22) 1 6
we get
3" ( A 1 40 ) 5 Z 3A 1 12 Z
2
2(2s 2 8) 2 s 1 7 5 0
" ( A2 1 40 ) 5 Z A 1 4 Z s53
A2 1 40 5 A2 1 8A 1 16 t 5 2s 2 8
24 5 8A t 5 22
>
0 UV 0 5 0 (22, 22, 22) 0
>
>
0 (0) 2 (1) 2 3(21) 1 3 0 y52 ,x5
17 17
d5
"12 1 (21)2 1 (23)2
b 1 ka b 5 38
214 299
5 3a
5 17 17
"11 4
8 1.51. k52
99
>
r 5 (1, 22, 5) 1 s(0, 1, 21), sPR, 3 x 1 2y 5 219
>
So the
> vector 3. a. 1 x 2 y 1 2z 5 3
UV 5 (t, 1 2 s, s 2 t 2 7). 2 2x 2 2y 1 3z 5 1
0 5 (t, 1 2 s, s 2 t 2 7) ? (0, 1, 21) 4 x2y2453
5 8 2 2s 1 t 5 2x 2 2y 2 6 5 1
t 5 2s 2 8 6 2x 2 2y 2 2 5 11
0 A(3) 2 2(23) 1 6(1) 1 0 0 5 2t 2 s 1 7
6. 3 5
"A 1 (22) 1 6
we get
3" ( A 1 40 ) 5 Z 3A 1 12 Z
2
2(2s 2 8) 2 s 1 7 5 0
" ( A2 1 40 ) 5 Z A 1 4 Z s53
A2 1 40 5 A2 1 8A 1 16 t 5 2s 2 8
24 5 8A t 5 22
>
0 UV 0 5 0 (22, 22, 22) 0
>
>
0 (0) 2 (1) 2 3(21) 1 3 0 y52 ,x5
17 17
d5
"12 1 (21)2 1 (23)2
b 1 ka b 5 38
214 299
5 3a
5 17 17
"11 4
8 1.51. k52
99
>
r 5 (1, 22, 5) 1 s(0, 1, 21), sPR, 3 x 1 2y 5 219
>
So the
> vector 3. a. 1 x 2 y 1 2z 5 3
UV 5 (t, 1 2 s, s 2 t 2 7). 2 2x 2 2y 1 3z 5 1
0 5 (t, 1 2 s, s 2 t 2 7) ? (0, 1, 21) 4 x2y2453
5 8 2 2s 1 t 5 2x 2 2y 2 6 5 1
t 5 2s 2 8 6 2x 2 2y 2 2 5 11
r 5 (1, 1, 4) 1 a2 b (24, 4, 2)
b. 1 x 1 y 1 z 5 300 > 3
2 x 1 y 2 z 5 98 2
3 x 2 y 1 z 5 100
5 (1, 1, 4) 1 (6, 26, 23)
Equation 2 1 equation 3 5 2x 5 198 x 5 99. 5 (7, 25, 1)
Substituting x 5 99 into all three equations gives: as a point on this line. This means the two lines
4 y 1 z 5 201 intersect, and so the four points given lie in the
5 y 2 z 5 21 same plane.
6 2y 1 z 5 1
b. Direction vectors for the plane containing the
Equation 4 1 equation 5 5 2y 5 200 or four points in part a. are (6, 27, 25) and
y 5 100. You then get z 5 101 after substituting (24, 4, 2). So a normal to this plane is
both x and y into equation 1 . (6, 27, 25) 3 (24, 4, 2) 5 (6, 8, 24).
(99, 100, 101) We will use the parallel normal (3, 4, 22). So the
Check: equation of this plane is of the form
1 99 1 100 1 101 5 300
3x 1 4y 2 2z 1 D 5 0.
2 99 1 100 2 101 5 98
Substitute in the point (1, 2, 6) to find D.
3 99 2 100 1 101 5 100
3(1) 1 4(2) 2 2(6) 1 D 5 0
4. a. These four points will lie in the same plane if D51
and only if the line determined by the first two The equation of the plane is
points intersects the line determined by the last two 3x 1 4y 2 2z 1 1 5 0.
points. The direction vector determined by the first So, using the distance formula, this plane is distance
two is Z 3(0) 1 4(0) 2 2(0) 1 1 Z
>
a 5 (7, 25, 1) 2 (1, 2, 6) d5
Z (3, 4, 22) Z
5 (6, 27, 25)
1
So these first two points determine the line with 5
vector equation "29
> 8 0.19
r 5 (1, 2, 6) 1 s(6,27,25), sPR.
The direction vector determined by the last two from the origin.
5. Use the distance formula.
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 Cz0 1 D 0
points is
>
b 5 (23, 5, 6) 2 (1, 1, 4) d5
5 (24, 4, 2) "A 2 1 B 2 1 C 2
a. The distance from A(21, 1, 2) to
So these first two points determine the line with
3x 2 4y 2 12z 2 8 5 0
vector equation
> 0 3(21) 2 4(1) 2 12(2) 2 8 0
r 5 (1, 1, 4) 1 t(24, 4, 2), tPR. d5
Converting these two lines to parametric form, we "32 1 (24)2 1 (212)2
obtain the equations 53
1 1 1 6s 5 1 2 4t b. The distance from B(3, 1, 22) to
2 2 2 7s 5 1 1 4t 8x 2 8y 1 4z 2 7 5 0
3 6 2 5s 5 4 1 2t 0 8(3) 2 8(1) 1 4(22) 2 7 0
d5
Adding the first and second equations gives "82 1 (28)2 1 (4)2
3 2 s 5 2, so s 5 1. Substituting this into the third 1
equation, we get 5 or 0.08
12
1 5 4 1 2t >
6. r 5 (3, 1, 1) 1 t(2, 21, 2), tPR
23 5 2t
3x 2 4y 2 5z 5 0
So t 5 2 32. We need to check this s and t for
Find the parametric equations from the first
consistency. Substituting s 5 1 into the vector
equation, then substitute those equations into the
equation for the first line gives
> second equation. Solve for t. Substitute that t-value
r 5 (1, 2, 6) 1 (1)(6, 27, 25)
5 (7, 25, 1) >
r 5 (3, 1, 1) 1 t(2, 21, 2), tPR
as a point on this line. Substituting t 5 2 32 into the
x 5 3 1 2t
vector equation for the second line gives
y512t Letting z 5 s, then y 5 t gives x 2 3t 1 3s 5 7 or
z 5 1 1 2t x 5 23s 1 3t 1 7
3(3 1 2t) 2 4(1 2 t) 2 5(1 1 2t) 5 0 x 5 3t 2 3s 1 7, y 5 t, z 5 s, s, tPR
t can be any value to satisfy this value, so the two 9. a. 1 3x 2 5y 1 2z 5 4
equations intersect along 1 6x 1 2y 2 z 5 2
>
r 5 (3, 1, 1) 1 t(2, 21, 2), tPR. 1 6x 2 3y 1 8z 5 6
7. a. 1 3x 2 4y 1 5z 5 9 (Equation 2 ) 2 (2 3 equation 1 ) 5 12y 2 5z
2 6x 2 9y 1 10z 5 9 5 26
3 9x 2 12y 1 15z 5 9 Setting z 5 t,
3 3 (3x 2 4y 1 5z 5 9) 5 9x 2 12y 1 15z 5 27 1 5
12y 2 5t 5 26 or y 5 2 1 t
There is no solution because the first and third 2 12
equations are inconsistent. Substituting these two values into the first equation
b. 1 2x 1 3y 1 4z 5 3 gives x 5 12 1 361 t
2 4x 1 6y 1 8z 5 4 1 1 21 5
3 5x 1 y 2 z 5 1 x 5 1 t, y 5 1 t, z 5 t, tPR
2 36 2 12
2 3 (2x 1 3y 1 4z 5 3) 5 4x 1 6y 1 8z 5 6 b. 1 2x 2 5y 1 3z 5 1
There is no solution because the first and second 2 4x 1 2y 1 5z 5 5
equations are inconsistent. 3 2x 1 7y 1 2z 5 4
c. 1 4x 2 3y 1 2z 5 2 (Equation 2 ) 2 (2 3 equation 1 )
2 8x 2 6y 1 4z 5 4 5 12y 2 z 5 3
3 12x 2 9y 1 6z 5 1
Setting z 5 t,
3 3 (4x 2 3y 1 2z 5 2) 5 12x 2 9y 1 6z 5 6 1 1
There is no solution because the first and third 12y 2 t 5 3 or y 5 1 t
4 12
equations are inconsistent.
Substituting these two values into the first equation
8. a. 1 3x 1 4y 1 z 5 4
2 5x 1 2y 1 3z 5 2 gives x 5 98 2 31
24 t
3 6x 1 8y 1 2z 5 8 9 31 1 1
x 5 2 t, y 5 1 t, z 5 t, tPR
(Equation 1 ) 2 (2 3 equation 2 ) 8 24 4 12
5 27x 2 5z 5 0 10. a. 2x 1 y 1 z 5 6
x 2 y 2 z 5 29
Letting z 5 t, then x 5 2 57 t and y 5 1 1 27 t.
5 2 3x 1 y 5 2
x 5 2 t, y 5 1 1 t, z 5 t, tPR The first equation 1 the second equation gives
7 7
3x 5 23 or x 5 21. Substituting x 5 21 into the
b. 1 4x 2 8y 1 12z 5 4
third equation, 3(21) 1 y 5 2 or y 5 5.
2 2x 1 4y 1 6z 5 4
Substituting these two values into the first equation,
3 x 2 2y 2 3z 5 4
2(21) 1 5 1 z 5 6 or z 5 3
(Equation 1 ) 1 (4 3 equation 3 )
These three planes meet at the point (21, 5, 3).
5 24z 5 212 or z 5 2 12. Letting z 5 2 12 creates: 1 2x 2 y 1 2z 5 2
b.
4 4x 2 8y 5 10 2 3x 1 y 2 z 5 1
5 2x 1 4y 5 7 3 x 2 3y 1 5z 5 4
(Equation 1 ) 1 (2 3 equation 2 ) 5 8x 5 24 Equation 1 1 equation 2 5 5x 1 z 5 3

or x 5 3. Substituting in x 5 3 and z 5 2 12 gives Equation 3 2 (3 3 equation 1 ) 5 25x 2 z
y 5 14 5 22.
1 1 These two equations are inconsistent, so the planes
x 5 3, y 5 , z 5 2 do not intersect at any point. Geometrically the
4 2
c. 1 x 2 3y 1 3z 5 7 planes form a triangular prism.
2 2x 2 6y 1 6z 5 14 c. 1 2x 1 y 2 z 5 0
2 x 2 2y 1 3z 5 0
3 2x 1 3y 2 3z 5 27
3 9x 1 2y 2 z 5 0

2 3 equation 1 1 equation 2 5 5x 1 z 5 0, so b. t 5 0 corresponds to the point (3, 0, 21)
>
z 5 25x. 14. a. r 5 (1, 21, 1) 1 t(3, 2, 1), tPR
>
Equation 3 2 equation 1 5 7x 1 y 5 0, so r 5 (22, 23, 0) 1 s(1, 2, 3), sPR
y 5 27x. Set the equations parametric equations equal to
Let x 5 t. The intersection of the planes is a line each other, and determine either the s or t-value.
through the origin with equation x 5 t, y 5 27t, Find the point that corresponds to this value.
z 5 25t, tPR. L1: x 5 1 1 3t, y 5 21 1 2t, z 5 1 1 t
>
11. r 5 (2, 21, 22) 1 s(1, 1, 22), sPR L2: x 5 22 1 s, y 5 23 1 2s, z 5 3s
By substituting in different s-values, you can find x 5 1 1 3t 5 22 1 s
when the plane intersects the xz-plane when y 5 0 y 5 21 1 2t 5 23 1 2s
and the xy-plane when z 5 0. z 5 1 1 t 5 3s
The plane intersects the xz-plane at (3, 0, 24) and s 5 0, t 5 21
the xy-plane at (1, 22, 0). Then find the distance s 5 0 corresponds to the point (22, 23, 0).
>
between these two points using the distance b. r 5 (1, 21, 1) 1 t(3, 2, 1), tPR
>
formula. The distance between these two points r 5 (22, 23, 0) 1 s(1, 2, 3), sPR
is 4.90. P(22, 23, 0)
S S
12. a. x 2 2y 1 z 1 4 5 0 n1 3 n2 5 (3, 2, 1) 3 (1, 2, 3)
>
r 5 (3, 1, 25) 1 s(2, 1, 0), sPR 5 (4, 28, 4) 5 (1, 22, 1)
> >
m ? n 5 (2, 1, 0) ? (1, 22, 1) 5 0 Since the line’s >
r 5 (22, 23, 0) 1 t(1, 22, 1), tPR
direction vector is perpendicular to the normal of 15. a. Since the plane we want contains L, we can
the plane and the point (3, 1, 25) lies on both the use the direction vector for L, (1, 2, 21), as one
line and the plane, the line is in the plane. of the plane’s direction vectors. Since the plane
>
b. r 5 (7, 5, 21) 1 t(4, 3, 2), tPR contains the point (1, 2, 23) (which is on L) and the
>
r 5 (3, 1, 25) 1 s(2, 1, 0), sPR point K(3, 22, 4), it will contain the direction vector
Solve for the parametric equations of both equations (3, 22, 4) 2 (1, 2, 23) 5 (2, 24, 7)
and then set them equal to each other. To find a normal vector for the plane we want, take
L1: x 5 7 1 4t, y 5 5 1 3t, z 5 21 1 2t the cross product of these two direction vectors.
L2: x 5 3 1 2s, y 5 1 1 s, z 5 25 (2, 24, 7) 3 (1, 2, 21) 5 (210, 9, 8)
z 5 25 5 21 1 2t, t 5 22 So the plane we seek will be of the form
t 5 22, x 5 21, y 5 21, z 5 25 210x 1 9y 1 8z 1 D 5 0.
t 5 22 corresponds to the point (21, 21, 25) To determine the value of D, substitute in the point
c. x 2 2y 1 z 1 4 5 0 (1, 2, 23) that is to be on this plane.
21 2 2(21) 1 (25) 1 4 5 0 210(1) 1 9(2) 1 8(23) 1 D 5 0
The point (21, 21, 25) is on the plane since it D 5 16
satisfies the equation of the plane. The equation of the plane we seek is
>
d. r 5 (7, 5, 21) 1 t(4, 3, 2), tPR 210x 1 9y 1 8z 1 16 5 0.
(A, B, C) ? (4, 3, 2) 5 0 b. Using the distance formula, the distance from
A 5 7, B 5 22, C 5 211 S(1, 1, 21) to the plane 210x 1 9y 1 8z 1
7x 2 2y 2 11z 1 D 5 0 16 5 0 is
D 5 250 Z210(1) 1 9(1) 1 8(21) 1 16Z
7x 2 2y 2 11z 2 50 5 0 d5
> Z (210, 9, 8)Z
13. a. r 5 (3, 0, 21) 1 t(1, 1, 2), tPR
7
A(22, 1, 1) 5
x 5 3 1 t, y 5 t, z 5 21 1 2t "245
0 5 3 1 t 2 x, 0 5 t 2 y, 0 5 21 1 2t 2 z 8 0.45
"(3 1 t 2 x)2 1 (t 2 y)2 1 (21 1 2t 2 z)2
16. a. 1 x1y2z51
2 2x 2 5y 1 z 5 21
"(3 1 t 1 2)2 1 (t 2 1)2 1 (21 1 2t 2 1)2 3 7x 2 7y 2 z 5 k
"6t 2 1 30 Equation 1 1 equation 2 5 equation 4
t 5 0 gives the lowest distance of 5.48 5 3x 2 4y 5 0

Equation 2 1 equation 3 5 equation 5 x 5 4t
5 9x 2 12y 5 21 1 k y 5 3t
For the solution to this system to be a line, z 5 21 1 7t, tPR.
equation 4 and equation 5 must be the proportional. So one possible vector equation of this line is
>
k 5 1 makes these two line proportional and the r 5 (0, 0, 21) 1 t(4, 3, 7), tPR.
solution to this system a line. 17. a. 1 x 1 2y 1 z 5 1
b. In part a., we found that k 5 1 by arriving at the 2 2x 2 3y 2 z 5 6
equivalent system 3 3x 1 5y 1 4z 5 5
1 3x 2 4y 5 0 4 4x 1 y 1 z 5 8
2 2x 2 5y 1 z 5 21 Equation 1 1 equation 2 5 equation 5
3 9x 2 12y 5 0 5 3x 2 y 5 7
As the first and third equations are proportional, (4 3 equation 2 ) 1 equation 3 5 equation 6
this is really the same system as 5 11x 2 7y 5 29
1 3x 2 4y 5 0 (7 3 equation 5 ) 1 equation 6
2 2x 2 5y 1 z 5 21 5 equation 7 5 210x 5 220y or x 5 2
Letting x 5 t in the first equation, we see that Substituting into equation 5 : 6 2 y 5 7y 5 21.
y 5 34 t. Substituting these values for x and y into the Substituting into equation 1 : 2 1 22 1 z 5 1
second equation, we find that or z 5 1.
3 (2, 21, 1)
z 5 5a tb 2 2t 2 1 b. 1 x 2 2y 1 z 5 1
4
7 2 2x 2 5y 1 z 5 21
5 t 2 1. 3 3x 2 7y 1 2z 5 0
4
4 6x 2 14y 1 4z 5 0
So the direction vector for the line that solves this
Equation 2 2 (2 3 equation 1 )
system is (1, 34, 74), which is parallel to (4, 3, 7).
5 equation 5 5 2y 2 z 5 23,
x 5 4t
Setting z 5 t,
2y 2 t 5 23 or y 5 3 2 t
y 5 3t
z 5 21 1 7t, tPR.
Substituting y 5 3 2 t and z 5 t into equation 1 :
x 2 2(3 2 t) 1 t 5 1 or x 5 7 2 3t
So one possible vector equation of this line is
> x 5 7 2 3t, y 5 3 2 t, z 5 t, tPR
r 5 (0, 0, 21) 1 t(4, 3, 7), tPR.
9a 3c
b. In part a., we found that k 5 1 by arriving at the 18. 1 2 8b 1 54
equivalent system b b
1 3x 2 4y 5 0 3a 4c
2 2x 2 5y 1 z 5 21
2 2 1 4b 1 53
b b
3 9x 2 12y 5 0 3a 4c
3 1 4b 2 53
As the first and third equations are proportional, b b
this is really the same system as a c
1 3x 2 4y 5 0 x 5 , y 5 b, z 5
b b
2 2x 2 5y 1 z 5 21 1 9x 2 8y 1 3z 5 4
Letting x 5 t in the first equation, we see that 2 23x 1 4y 1 4z 5 3
y 5 34t. Substituting these values for x and y into the 3 3x 1 4y 2 4z 5 3
second equation, we find that 3 1 2 5 8y 5 6
3 3
z 5 5a tb 2 2t 2 1 y5
4 4
7 1 9x 1 3z 5 10
5 t 2 1.
4 2 23x 1 4z 5 0
So the direction vector for the line that solves this 3 3x 2 4z 5 0
system is Q 1, 34, 74 R , which is parallel to (4, 3, 7). 1 1 3 2 5 15z 5 10

2 8 So we get the system of equations
z5 ,x5
3 9 1 42s2t50
3 2 4 1 s 2 2t 5 0
y 5 5 b, 3 2s 2 t 5 0
4
8 a a 2 Adding the first two equations gives
x5 5 5 ,a5 8 2 3t 5 0
9 b 3 3
8
4 t5
3
2 c c 1
z5 5 5 ,c5 Substituting this value for t into the third equation
3 b 3 2
gives
4 0 5 2s 2 t
a , , b
2 3 1 8
3 4 2 5 2s 2
3
19. First put the equation into parametric form. 4
Then substitute the x, y, and z-values into s5
3
x 1 2y 2 z 1 10 5 0 to determine t. Then
Substituting these values for s and t into the equation
substitute t back into the parametric equations >
to determine the coordinates. for PA, we get
>
x11 y22 z21 PA 5 (t 2 s, 2s, 4 2 t)
5 5 5t
5 a 2 ,2 ,42 b
24 3 22 8 4 4 8
x 5 24t 2 1, y 5 3t 1 2, z 5 22t 1 1 3 3 3 3
x 1 2y 2 3z 1 10 5 0
5 a ,2 , b
4 4 4
(24t 2 1) 1 2(3t 1 2) 2 3(22t 1 1) 1 10 5 0 3 3 3
5 This is the vector that is normal to the plane, with
t52
4 its head at point A(1, 0, 4) and tail at the point in
the plane
x 5 24a2 b 2 1, y 5 3a2 b 1 2,
5 5
P(1 2 t 1 s, s, t) 5 Pa1 2 1 , , b
8 4 4 8
4 4
3 3 3 3
z 5 22a2 b 1 1
5
5 a2 , , b
1 4 8
4
3 3 3
a4, 2 , b
7 7 So the vector
> >
4 2 PAr 5 2PA
20. Let Ar(a, b, c) denote the image point under this
5 a2 , , 2 b
4 4 4
reflection. We want to find a, b, and c. The equation
3 3 3
of the plane is x 2 y 1 z 2 1 5 0, so letting y 5 s
5 (a, b, c) 2 a2 , , b
and z 5 t, we get x 5 1 2 t 1 s, s, tPR. These are 1 4 8
the parametric equations of this plane, so a general 3 3 3
5 aa 1 , b 2 , c 2 b
point on this plane has coordinates P(1 2 t 1 s, s, t). 1 4 8
>
So PA 5 (1, 0, 4) 2 (1 2 t 1 s, s, t) 3 3 3
5 (t 2 s, 2s, 4 2 t) This means that a 5 2 3, b 5 2 83, and c 5 2 43,
5
The normal vector to this plane is (1, 21, 1), and in That is, the reflected point is Ar( 2 53, 83, 43) .
> 21. a. The first plane has normal (3, 1, 7) and the
order for PA to be perpendicular to the plane, it >
must be parallel to this normal. This means that PA second has normal (4, 212, 4). Their line of
and (1, 21, 1) will have a cross product equal to intersection will be perpendicular to both of these
the zero vector. normals. So we can take as direction vector the
(t 2 s, 2s, 4 2 t) 3 (1, 21, 1)
cross product of these two normals.
(3, 1, 7) 3 (4, 212, 4) 5 (88, 16, 240)
5 (4 2 s 2 t, 4 1 s 2 2t, 2s 2 t)
5 8(11, 2, 25)
5 (0, 0, 0)

So let’s use (11, 2, 25) as the direction vector for A point on both the first and third planes is
this line of intersection. To find a point on both of (2 372, 0, 152 ). So the vector equation for this line of
these planes, solve for z in the second plane, and intersection is
r 5 a2 , 0, b 1 t(11, 2, 25), tPR,
substitute this into the equation for the first plane. > 37 15
4x 2 12y 1 4z 2 24 5 0 2 2
4z 5 24 2 4x 1 12y and the corresponding parametric equations are
z 5 6 2 x 1 3y 37
0 5 3x 1 y 1 7z 1 3 x 5 2 1 11t
2
5 3x 1 y 1 7(6 2 x 1 3y) y 5 2t
13 15
5 24x 1 22y 1 45 z5 2 5t, tPR.
2
If y 5 0 in this last equation, then x 5 454 and Finally, we consider the line of intersection between
z 5 6 2 x 1 3y the second and third planes. In this case, a direction
45 vector is
562 1 3(0)
4 (4, 212, 4) 3 (1, 2, 3) 5 (244, 28, 20)
21 5 24(11, 2, 25)
52
4 We may use (11, 2, 25) as the direction vector for
The point ( 454, 0, 214) , lies on both planes. So the this line of intersection. We find a point on both of
vector equation of the line of intersection for the these planes in the same way as before.
first two planes is x 1 2y 1 3z 2 4 5 0
r 5 a , 0, 2 b 1 t(11, 2, 25), tPR.
> 45 21 x 5 4 2 2y 2 3z
4 4 0 5 4x 2 12y 1 4z 2 24
The corresponding parametric form is 5 4(4 2 2y 2 3z) 2 12y 1 4z 2 24
45 5 220y 2 8z 2 8
x5 1 11t
4 Taking y 5 0 in this last equation, we get z 5 21
y 5 2t and
21 x 5 4 2 2y 2 3z
z 5 2 2 5t, tPR. 5 4 2 2(0) 2 3(21)
4
We will use a similar procedure for the other two 57
lines of intersection. For the third plane, the normal A point on both the second and third planes is
vector is (1, 2, 3). So a direction vector for the line (7, 0, 21). So the vector equation for this line of
of intersection between the first and third planes is intersection is
>
(3, 1, 7) 3 (1, 2, 3) 5 (211, 22, 5) r 5 (7, 0, 21) 1 t(11, 2, 25), tPR,
5 2 (11, 2, 25) and the corresponding parametric equations are
We may use (11, 2, 25) as the direction vector for x 5 7 1 11t
this line of intersection. We find a point on both of y 5 2t
these planes in the same way as before. z 5 21 2 5t, PR.
x 1 2y 1 3z 2 4 5 0 b. All three lines of intersection found in part a.
x 5 4 2 2y 2 3z have direction vector (11, 2, 25), and so they are
0 5 3x 1 y 1 7z 1 3 all parallel. Since no pair of normal vectors for
5 3(4 2 2y 2 3z) 1 y 1 7z 1 3 these three planes is parallel, no pair of these planes
5 26y 2 2z 1 15 is coincident.
Taking y 5 0 in this last equation, we get z 5 152 2 5 3
22. 1 2 1 2 1 2 5 40
and a b c
x 5 4 2 2y 2 3z 3 6 1
2 2 2 2 2 5 23
a2
5 4 2 2(0) 2 3a b
15 b c
2 9 5 4
3 2 2 1 2 5 67
37 a2 b c
52
2

11 213 7
1 13 2 5 4 5
1 2 5 31 5 1c
a2 b 6
21 229 2
3 14 2 5 5 5 1 2 5 55 c52
a2 b 3
46 So the equation of the parabola we seek is
21 4 2 11 5 5 2 5 46, b 5 11, b 5 21
b 7 3 2
21 229 1 1 y 5 x2 2 x 2 .
6 2 3
2 1 5 55, a 5 , a 5 2
a 1 2 2 24. The equation of the plane is
2 5 3 1 1 4x 2 5y 1 z 2 9 5 0, which has normal (4, 25, 1).
1 1 2 5 40, c 5 , c 5 2
0.25 1 c 3 3 Converting this plane to parametric form gives
1 1 1 1 x5s
a 5 , a 5 2 , b 5 1, b 5 21, c 5 , c 5 2
2 2 3 3 y5t
Because each equation has each of a , b , and c2, the
2 2 z 5 9 2 4s 1 5t, s, tPR.
possible solutions are all combinations of the So for any point Y(s, t, 9 2 4s 1 5t) on this plane,
positive and negative values for a, b, and c: ( 12, 1, 13) , we >can form the vector
XY 5 (s, t, 9 2 4s 1 5t) 2 (3, 2, 25)
( 12, 1, 2 13) , ( 12, 21, 13) , ( 12, 21, 2 13) , ( 2 12, 1, 13) , 5 (s 2 3, t 2 2, 14 2 4s 1 5t)
( 2 12, 1, 2 13) , ( 2 12, 21, 13) , and ( 12, 21, 2 13) . This vector is perpendicular to the plane when it
23. The general form of such a parabola is is parallel to the normal vector (4, 25, 1). Two
y 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 c. We need to determine a, b, and c. vectors are parallel precisely when their cross
Since (21, 2), (1, 21), and (2, 1) all lie on the product is the zero vector.
parabola, we get the system of equations (s 2 3, t 2 2, 14 2 4s 1 5t) 3 (4, 25, 1)
1 a2b1c52 5 (68 1 26t 2 20s, 59 1 20t 2 17s, 23 2 4t 2 5s)
2 a 1 b 1 c 5 21 5 (0, 0, 0)
3 4a 1 2b 1 c 5 1 So we get the system of equations
1 68 1 26t 2 20s 5 0
Adding the first and second equations gives
2 59 1 20t 2 17s 5 0
1
a1c5 3 23 2 4t 2 5s 5 0
2
Subtracting four times the third equation from the
Subtracting the first from the second equation gives
first equation gives
2b 5 23
42t 2 24 5 0
3
b52 4
2 t5
7
Using the fact that a 1 c 5 12 and b 5 2 32 in the
Substituting this value for t into the second equation
third equation gives
gives
1 5 4a 1 2b 1 c
0 5 59 1 20t 2 17s
5 3a 1 2b 1 (a 1 c)
5 59 1 20a b 2 17s
4
5 3a 1 2a2 b 1
3 1
7
2 2
493
5 17s 5
5 3a 2 7
2
7 29
5 3a s5
2 7
7 Substituting these values for s and t into the equation
a5 for Y gives
6
Y(s, t, 9 2 4s 1 5t) 5 Ya , , 9 2 4a b
So using once more that a 1 c 5 12, we substitute 29 4 29
this value in for a and get 7 7 7
1 5a bb 5 a , , 2 b
1 4 29 4 33
5a1c
2 7 7 7 7
So the point M we wanted is M( 297, 47, 2 337 ).
(3x 2 1)(x 1 1) 3x 2 1 x 11
11x 2 2 14x 1 9
@ JD @ 5 ` a2 , 22, b `
> 7 17
(3x 2 1)(x 2 1 1) 2 2
5 a2 b 1 (22)2 1 a b
2
A(x 2 1 1) 1 (Bx 1 C) 3x 2 1 7 17 2
Å
5
(3x 2 1)(x 2 1 1) 2 2
11x 2 2 14x 1 9 5 (A 1 3B)x 2 1 (3C 2 B)x 177
Å 72
1 (A 2 C) 5
A 2 C 5 9, 3C 2 B 5 214, A 1 3B 5 11 8 9.41
A 1 3(3C 1 14) 5 11, A 1 9C 5 231
@ EF @ 5 0 (25, 24, 23) 0
>
(C 1 9) 1 9C 5 231
10C 5 240, C 5 24 5 "(25)2 1 (24)2 1 (23)2
B 5 3(24) 1 14 5 2, A 5 (24) 1 9 5 5 5 "50
A 5 5, B 5 2, C 5 24 8 7.07
EF 5 (21, 24, 26) 2 (4, 0, 3)
( !50) a b 5 !177
1 177 5
Å 2
5 (25, 24, 23)
2 2
8 33.26 units2
27. 3x 2 2z 1 1 5 0
> 4x 1 3y 1 7 5 0
r 5 (21, 24, 26) 1 t(25, 24, 23), tPR.
(5, 25, 5)
J(21 2 5t, 24 2 4t, 26 2 3t), tPR. 6x 2 8y 1 9z 1 D 5 0
JD 5 (3, 0, 7) 2 (21 2 5t, 24 24t, 26 2 3t) 6x 2 8y 1 9z 2 115 5 0
5 (4 1 5t, 4 1 4t, 13 1 3t)
>
0 5 (4 1 5t, 4 1 4t, 13 1 3t) ? (25, 24, 23) r 2 5 (5, 21, 4) 1 t(2, 0, 9), tPR
5 25(4 1 5t) 2 4(4 1 4t) 2 3(13 1 3t) L1: x 5 4 1 s, y 5 2 1 3s, z 5 6 1 11s
5 275 2 50t L2: x 5 5 1 2t, y 5 21, z 5 4 1 9t
3 y 5 21 5 2 1 3s
t52
2 s 5 21
J(21 2 5t, 24 2 4t, 26 2 3t) x 5 3, y 5 21, z 5 25
(3, 21, 25)
5 Ja21 2 5a2 b, 24 2 4a2 b, 26 2 3a2 bb
3 3 3
2 2 2 b. x2y1z1150
3 2 (21) 1 (25) 1 1 5 0
5 a , 2, 2 b
13 3
2 2 311251150
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 Cz0 1 D 0
JD 5 (3, 0, 7) 2 a , 2, 2 b
> 13 3 d5
2 2 "A 2 1 B 2 1 C 2
a. A(3, 2, 3)
5 a2 , 22, b
7 17
8x 2 8y 1 4z 2 7 5 0
2 2
(3x 2 1)(x 1 1) 3x 2 1 x 11
11x 2 2 14x 1 9
@ JD @ 5 ` a2 , 22, b `
> 7 17
(3x 2 1)(x 2 1 1) 2 2
5 a2 b 1 (22)2 1 a b
2
A(x 2 1 1) 1 (Bx 1 C) 3x 2 1 7 17 2
Å
5
(3x 2 1)(x 2 1 1) 2 2
11x 2 2 14x 1 9 5 (A 1 3B)x 2 1 (3C 2 B)x 177
Å 72
1 (A 2 C) 5
A 2 C 5 9, 3C 2 B 5 214, A 1 3B 5 11 8 9.41
A 1 3(3C 1 14) 5 11, A 1 9C 5 231
@ EF @ 5 0 (25, 24, 23) 0
>
(C 1 9) 1 9C 5 231
10C 5 240, C 5 24 5 "(25)2 1 (24)2 1 (23)2
B 5 3(24) 1 14 5 2, A 5 (24) 1 9 5 5 5 "50
A 5 5, B 5 2, C 5 24 8 7.07
EF 5 (21, 24, 26) 2 (4, 0, 3)
( !50) a b 5 !177
1 177 5
Å 2
5 (25, 24, 23)
2 2
8 33.26 units2
27. 3x 2 2z 1 1 5 0
> 4x 1 3y 1 7 5 0
r 5 (21, 24, 26) 1 t(25, 24, 23), tPR.
(5, 25, 5)
J(21 2 5t, 24 2 4t, 26 2 3t), tPR. 6x 2 8y 1 9z 1 D 5 0
JD 5 (3, 0, 7) 2 (21 2 5t, 24 24t, 26 2 3t) 6x 2 8y 1 9z 2 115 5 0
5 (4 1 5t, 4 1 4t, 13 1 3t)
>
0 5 (4 1 5t, 4 1 4t, 13 1 3t) ? (25, 24, 23) r 2 5 (5, 21, 4) 1 t(2, 0, 9), tPR
5 25(4 1 5t) 2 4(4 1 4t) 2 3(13 1 3t) L1: x 5 4 1 s, y 5 2 1 3s, z 5 6 1 11s
5 275 2 50t L2: x 5 5 1 2t, y 5 21, z 5 4 1 9t
3 y 5 21 5 2 1 3s
t52
2 s 5 21
J(21 2 5t, 24 2 4t, 26 2 3t) x 5 3, y 5 21, z 5 25
(3, 21, 25)
5 Ja21 2 5a2 b, 24 2 4a2 b, 26 2 3a2 bb
3 3 3
2 2 2 b. x2y1z1150
3 2 (21) 1 (25) 1 1 5 0
5 a , 2, 2 b
13 3
2 2 311251150
0 Ax0 1 By0 1 Cz0 1 D 0
JD 5 (3, 0, 7) 2 a , 2, 2 b
> 13 3 d5
2 2 "A 2 1 B 2 1 C 2
a. A(3, 2, 3)
5 a2 , 22, b
7 17
8x 2 8y 1 4z 2 7 5 0
2 2
0 8x0 2 8y0 1 4z0 2 7 0 Equation 2 1 (2 3 equation 1) 5
d5
"(8) 1 (28) 1 (4)
2 2 2 4x 1 y 5 21
0 8(3) 2 8(2) 1 4(3) 2 7 0 Equation 2 1 (8 3 equation 3) 5
5
"(8)2 1 (28)2 1 (4)2 6x 1
31
y 5 225
13 5
5 or 1.08 31
12 2 (4x 1 y 5 21)
b. First, find any point on one of the planes, then use 5
1 a6x 1 y 5 225b
the other plane equation with the distance formula. 31
2x 2 y 1 2z 2 16 5 0 5
2x 2 y 1 2z 1 24 5 0 218.8x 5 218.8
2(8) 2 (0) 1 2(0) 2 16 5 0 x51
A(8, 0, 0) 4(1) 1 y 5 21
0 2x0 2 1y0 1 2z0 1 24 0 y 5 25
d5
"(2)2 1 (21)2 1 (2)2 (1) 2 (25) 1 z 5 10
0 2(8) 2 1(0) 1 2(0) 1 24 0 z54
5
"(2)2 1 (21)2 1 (2)2
(1, 25, 4)
b. The three planes intersect at this point.
40
5 or 13.33 5. a. 1 x 2 y 1 z 5 21
3 2 2x 1 2y 2 z 5 0
3. a. L1: 2x 1 3y 2 z 5 3 3 x 2 5y 1 4z 5 23
L2: 2x 1 y 1 z 5 1
Equation 2 1 (2 3 equation 1 ) 5
L1 1 2L2: 5y 1 z 5 5
4x 1 z 5 22
z 5 t,
4x 1 z 5 22
5y 1 (t) 5 5
t z5t
y512 4x 1 (t) 5 22
5
2x 1 y 1 z 5 1 1 t
x52 2
2x 1 a1 2 b 1 (t) 5 1
t 2 4
5 x 2 y 1 z 5 21
a2 2 b 2 y 1 (t) 5 21
4t 1 t
x5
5 2 4
4t t
x 5 , y 5 1 2 , z 5 t, tPR 3t 1
5 5 y5 1
4 2
b. To determine the point of intersection with the 1 t 3t 1
xz-plane, set the above y parametric equation equal x 5 2 2 , y 5 1 , z 5 t, tPR
2 4 4 2
to 0 and solve for the t. This t corresponds to the
b. The three planes intersect at this line.
6. a. L1: x 1 y 1 z 5 0
4t t
x 5 , y 5 1 2 , z 5 t, tPR L2: x 1 2y 1 2z 5 1
5 5
L3: 2x 2 y 1 mz 5 n
t
0512 L2 1 2L3: 5x 1 0y 1 (2m 1 2)z 5 2n 1 1
5 L1 1 L3: 3x 1 0y 1 (m 1 1)z 5 n
t55 5
4(5) (5) (3x 1 0y 1 (m 1 1)z 5 n)
x5 ,y512 , z 5 (5), tPR 3
5 5 5 5
(4, 0, 5) 5 5x 1 0y 1 (m 1 1)z 5 n
3 3
4. a. 1 x 2 y 1 z 5 10
Then set the two new equations to each other and
2 2x 1 3y 2 2z 5 221
solve for a m and n value that would give equivalent
1 2 1 1
3 x1 y1 z52 equations.
2 5 4 2

5x 1 0y 1 (m 1 1)z 5 n
3 3
5x 1 0y 1 (2m 1 2)z 5 2n 1 1
pp. 557–560
2m 1 2 5 (m 1 1) > >
3 a?b
@a @ @b@
m 5 21
> >
5 a ? b 5 (2, 21, 22) ? (3, 24, 12)
n 5 2n 1 1
3 5 2(3) 2 1(24) 2 2(12)
n 5 23 5 214
0 a 0 5 "22 1 (21)2 1 (22)2
b. L1: x 1 y 1 z 5 0 >
L2: x 1 2y 1 2z 5 1
L3: 2x 2 y 2 z 5 23 53
0 b 0 5 "32 1 (24)2 1 122
>
L1 1 L2: 3x 5 23, x 5 21
(21) 1 y 1 z 5 0 5 13
z5t So u 5 cos21 ( 3 214
3 13 )
(21) 1 y 1 (t) 5 0 8 111.0°
y512t > >
x 5 21, y 5 1 2 t, z 5 t, tPR >

> > >
> >
>
> is 2 14 1
13 3 13 (3, 24, 12) 5 (2
52 56
, , 2 168
169 ).
L1: r 5 (21, 23, 0) 1 s(1, 1, 1), sPR > 169 169
>
>
L2: r 5 (25, 5, 28) 1 t(1, 2, 5), tPR
L1: x 5 21 1 s, y 5 23 1 s, z 5 s
L2: x 5 25 1 t, y 5 5 1 2t, z 5 28 1 5t
> >
UV 5 3 (21 1 s) 2 (25 1 t), (23 1 s)
>
> >
214 14
UV 5 (4 1 s 2 t, 28 1 s 2 2t, s 1 8 2 5t) >
m1 ? UV 5 0
projection is 2 143 3 13 (2, 21, 22) 5 (2 289, 149, 289 ).
5 "(6)2 1 (28)2 1 (2)2 x 2 (t) 1 (23 2 3t) 2 5 5 0 or x 5 8 1 4t.
5 "36 1 64 1 4
x 5 8 1 4t, y 5 t, z 5 23 2 3t, tPR.
5 "104 or 10.20

5x 1 0y 1 (m 1 1)z 5 n
3 3
5x 1 0y 1 (2m 1 2)z 5 2n 1 1
pp. 557–560
2m 1 2 5 (m 1 1) > >
3 a?b
@a @ @b@
m 5 21
> >
5 a ? b 5 (2, 21, 22) ? (3, 24, 12)
n 5 2n 1 1
3 5 2(3) 2 1(24) 2 2(12)
n 5 23 5 214
0 a 0 5 "22 1 (21)2 1 (22)2
b. L1: x 1 y 1 z 5 0 >
L2: x 1 2y 1 2z 5 1
L3: 2x 2 y 2 z 5 23 53
0 b 0 5 "32 1 (24)2 1 122
>
L1 1 L2: 3x 5 23, x 5 21
(21) 1 y 1 z 5 0 5 13
z5t So u 5 cos21 ( 3 214
3 13 )
(21) 1 y 1 (t) 5 0 8 111.0°
y512t > >
x 5 21, y 5 1 2 t, z 5 t, tPR >

> > >
> >
>
> is 2 14 1
13 3 13 (3, 24, 12) 5 (2
52 56
, , 2 168
169 ).
L1: r 5 (21, 23, 0) 1 s(1, 1, 1), sPR > 169 169
>
>
L2: r 5 (25, 5, 28) 1 t(1, 2, 5), tPR
L1: x 5 21 1 s, y 5 23 1 s, z 5 s
L2: x 5 25 1 t, y 5 5 1 2t, z 5 28 1 5t
> >
UV 5 3 (21 1 s) 2 (25 1 t), (23 1 s)
>
> >
214 14
UV 5 (4 1 s 2 t, 28 1 s 2 2t, s 1 8 2 5t) >
m1 ? UV 5 0
projection is 2 143 3 13 (2, 21, 22) 5 (2 289, 149, 289 ).
5 "(6)2 1 (28)2 1 (2)2 x 2 (t) 1 (23 2 3t) 2 5 5 0 or x 5 8 1 4t.
5 "36 1 64 1 4
x 5 8 1 4t, y 5 t, z 5 23 2 3t, tPR.
5 "104 or 10.20

To check that this is correct, we substitute in the 5. The direction vectors for the positive x-axis,
solution to both initial equations y-axis, and z-axis are (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), and (0, 0, 1),
4x 1 2y 1 6z 2 14 5 4(8 1 4t) 1 2(t) respectively.
1 6(23 2 3t) 2 14 0 (4, 22, 23) 0 5 "42 1 (22)2 1 (23)2
5 !29,
50
and 0 (1, 0, 0) 0 5 0 (0, 1, 0) 0
and x 2 y 1 z 2 5
5 0 (0, 0, 1) 0
5 (8 1 4t) 2 (t) 1 (23 2 3t) 2 5
5 0.
Hence the line given by the parametric equation 5 !1
above is the line of intersection for the planes. 5 1.
b. The angle between two planes is the same as the (4, 22, 23) ? (1, 0, 0) 5 4, so the angle the vector
angle between their corresponding normal vectors. makes with the x-axis is cos21 Q 1 !294
R 8 42.0°.
0 (4, 2, 6)0 5 "42 1 22 1 62 (4, 22, 23) ? (0, 1, 0) 5 22, so the angle the vector
5 !56 makes with the y-axis is cos21 Q 1 22
!29 R 5 111.8°.
0 (1, 21, 1) 0 5 "12 1 12 1 12 (4,22,23) ? (0, 0, 1) 5 23, hence the angle the
5 !3 vector makes with the z-axis is cos21 Q 1 23!29 R 8 123.9°.
(4, 2, 6) ? (1, 21, 1) 5 8, so the angle between the > >
6. a. a 3 b 5 (1, 22, 3) 3 (21, 1, 2)
planes is cos21 Q !38!56 R 8 51.9°.
> > 5 (22(2) 2 3(1), 3(21) 2 1(2),
x?y > 1(1) 2 (22)(21))
3. a. We have that cos (60°) 5 0 x> 0 0 y> 0 . Also since x
5 (27, 25, 21)
and y are unit vectors, 0 x 0 5 0 y 0 5 1, and moreover
> > >
> > b. By the> scalar law for> vector multiplication,
1 x?y 1 > >
> >
cos (60°) 5 . So x ? y 5 5 . 2a 3 3b 5 2(3)(a 3 > b)
2 131 2 >
5 6(a 3 b )
b. Scalar multiples can be brought out to the front
> > > > 5 6(27, 25, 21) 5 (242, 230, 26)
of dot products. Hence 2x ? 3y 5 (2)(3)(x ? y ), >
> > c.> The area of a parallelogram determined by a and
and so by part a., 2x ? 3y 5 2 3 3 3 12 5 3. b is equal
c. The dot product is distributive, > > to the magnitude of the cross product of
> > > > a and b.
so (2x 2 y ) ? (x 1 3y ) A 5 area of> parallelogram
> > > > > >
5 0a 3 b0
5 2x ? (x 1 3y ) 2 y ? (x 1 3y ) >
> > > > > > > >
5 0 (27, 25, 21) 0
5 2x ? x 1 2x ? 3y 2 y ? x 2 y ? 3y
> > > > > > > >
5 2x ? x 1 2x ? 3y 2 x ? y 2 3y ? y
> >
Since x and y are unit vectors, x ? x 5 y ? y 5 1,
> > > > 5 "(27)2 1 (25)2 1 (21)2
and so by using the values found in part a. and b., 8 >8.66 square units >
> >
(2x 2 y ) ? (x 1 3y ) 5 2(1) 1 (3) 2 A 12 B 2 3(1) d. (b 3 a ) 5 2 (a 3 b )
> > > >
3 5 2 (27, 25, 21)
5 5 (7, 5, 1)
> > > 2 > > > > > > > >
4. a. 2(i 2 2j 1 3k ) 2 4(2i 1 4j 1 5k ) 2 (i 2 j ) So c ? (b 3 a ) 5 (3, 24, 21) ? (7, 5, 1)
> > > > > > > > 5 3(7) 2 4(5) 2 1(1)
5 2i 2 4j 1 6k 2 8i 2 16j 2 20k 2 i 1 j
> > > 50
5 27i 2 19j 2 14k > >
> > > > > > > > 7. A unit vector perpendicular to both a and b can
b. 22(3i> 2 4j> 2 5k>) ? (2i> 1 3k> ) 1 2i ? (3j 2 2k ) be determined
>
> > from
> > any vector perpendicular to
5 22(3i 2 4j 2 5k ) ? (2i 1 0j 1 3k ) both a and b>. a 3 b is a vector perpendicular to
> > > > > > >
1 2(i 1 0j 1 0k ) ? (0i 1 3j 2 2k ) both a and> b.
>
5 22(3(2) 2 4(0) 2 5(3)) 1 2(1(0) a 3 b 5 (1, 21, 1) 3 (2, 22, 3)
1 0(3) 1 0(22)) 5 (21(3) 2 1(22), 1(2) 2 1(3),
5 22(29) 1 2(0) 1(22) 2 (21)(2))
5 (21, 21, 0)
5 18

0 a 3 b 0 5 0 (21, 21, 0) 0
> >
12. First put the line in its corresponding parametric
5 "(21)2 1 (21)2 1 02 form. (3, 1, 5) is a direction vector and (2, 25, 3) is
5 !2
the origin point, so a parametric equation for the
line is x 5 2 1 3s, y 5 25 1 s, z 5 3 1 5s, sPR.
So !2 1
(21, 21, 0) 5 Q 2 !2 1 1
, 2 !2 , 0 R is an unit vector
> If we substitute these coordinates into the equation
perpendicular to both a and b. Q !2 , 0 R is another.
> 1 1
, !2 of the plane, we may find the s value where the line
8. a. Answers may vary. For example: >
intersects the plane.
A direction vector for the line is AB. 5x 1 y 2 2z 1 2
>
AB 5 (1, 2, 3) 2 (2, 23, 1) 5 5(2 1 3s) 1 (25 1 s) 2 2(3 1 5s) 1 2
5 (21, 5, 2) 5 10 1 15s 1 2 5 1 s 2 6 2 10s 1 2
Since A(2, 23, 1) is a point on the line, 5 1 1 6s
>
r 5 (2, 23, 1) 1 t(21, 5, 2), tPR, is a vector So if 5x 1 y 2 2z 1 2 5 0, then 1 1 6s 5 0 or
equation for a line and the corresponding parametric s 5 2 16. At s 5 2 16, the point on the line is ( 32, 2 316, 136) .
equation is x 5 2 2 t, y 5 23 1 5t, z 5 1 1 2t,
To check that this point is also on the plane, we
tPR.
substitute the x, y, z values into the plane equation
b. If the x-coordinate of a point on the line is 4, then
and check that it equals zero.
2 2 t 5 4, or t 5 22. At t 5 22, the point on the
5x 1 y 2 2z 1 2 5 5a b 1 a2 b 2 2a b 1 2
3 31 13
line is (2, 23, 1) 2 2(21, 5, 2) 5 (4, 213, 23).
Hence C(4, 213, 23) is a point on the line. 2 6 6
9. The direction vector of the first line is (21, 5, 2), 50
while the direction vector for the second line is Hence ( 32, 2 316, 136) is the point of intersection between
(1, 25, 22) 5 2 (21, 5, 2). So the direction vectors the line and the plane.
for the line are collinear. Hence the lines are parallel. 13. a.
The lines coincide if and only if for any point on z
the first line and any point on the second line, the
vector connecting the two points is a multiple of the
direction vector for the lines.
(2, 0, 9) is a point on the first line and (3, 25, 10) is (0, 0, 3)
a point on the second line.
(2, 0, 9) 2 (3, 25, 10) 5 (21, 5, 21) 2 k(21, 5, 2)
for any kPR. Hence the lines are parallel and distinct.
10. The direction vector for the parallel line is (0, 3, 0) y
(0, 1, 1). Since parallel lines have collinear direction x (6, 0, 0)
vectors, (0, 1, 1) can be used as a direction vector
for the line. Since (0, 0, 4) is a point on the line,
>
r 5 (0, 0, 4) 1 t(0, 1, 1), tPR, is a vector equation
for a line and the corresponding parametric equation
is x 5 0, y 5 t, z 5 4 1 t, tPR.
11. The line is parallel to the plane if and only if the
direction vector for the line is perpendicular to the
the plane is (2, 3, c). The direction vector for the Two direction vectors are:
line is (2, 3, 1). The vectors are perpendicular if and (0, 3, 0) 2 (0, 0, 3) 5 (0, 3, 23)
only if the dot product between the two is zero. and
(2, 3, c) ? (2, 3, 1) 5 2(2) 1 3(3) 1 c(1) (6, 0, 0) 2 (0, 0, 3) 5 (6, 0, 23).
5 13 1 c
So if c 5 213, then the dot product of normal
vector and the direction vector is zero. Hence for
c 5 213, the line and plane are parallel.

b. corresponding parametric form is x 5 1 1 2t,
z y 5 22 2 3t, z 5 4 2 4t, tPR.
The intersection of this line and the plane is the
(–3, –2, 2) bisector between P and its image. To find this point
we substitute the parametric equation into the plane
equation and solve for t.
2x 2 3y 2 4z 1 66
(0, 0, 0)
y 5 2(1 1 2t) 2 3(22 2 3t) 2 4(4 2 4t) 1 66
(3, 2, 1)
5 2 1 4t 1 6 1 9t 2 16 1 16t 1 66
5 58 1 29t
x So if 2x 2 3y 2 4z 1 66 5 0, then 58 1 29t 5 0,
or t 5 22.
So the point of intersection is occurs at t 5 22, since
the origin point is P and the intersection occurs at the
midpoint of the line connecting P and its image, the
Two direction vectors are: image point occurs at t 5 2 3 (22) 5 24.
(23, 22, 2) 2 (0, 0, 0) 5 (23, 22, 2) So the image point is at x 5 1 1 2(24) 5 27,
and y 5 22 2 3(24) 5 10, z 5 4 2 4(24) 5 20.
(3, 2, 1) 2 (0, 0, 0) 5 (3, 2, 1). So the image point is (27, 10, 20).
15. Let (a, b, c) be the direction vector for this line.
c. >
z So a line equation is r 5 (1, 0, 2) 1 t(a, b, c), tPR.
Since (1, 0, 2) is not on the other line, we may
(0, 3, 6) choose a, b, and c such that the intersection occurs
at t 5 1. Since the line is supposed to intersect the
given line at a right angle, the direction vectors
should be perpendicular. The direction vectors are
(0, 0, 0) perpendicular if and only if their dot product is zero.
The direction vector for the given line is (1, 1, 2).
(1, 1, –1) y (a, b, c) ? (1, 1, 2) 5 a 1 b 1 2c 5 0, so
x b 5 2a 2 2c.
Also (1, 0, 2) 1 (a, b, c) 5 (1 1 a, b, 2 1 c) is the
By substituting for b,
(1 1 a, b, 2 1 c) 5 (1 1 a, 2a 2 2c, 2 1 c).
So for some s value,
x 5 22 1 s 5 1 1 a
y 5 3 1 s 5 2a 2 2c
z 5 4 1 2s 5 2 1 c
Subtracting the first equation from the second yields
Two direction vectors are: the equation, 5 1 0s 5 22a 2 2c 2 1.
(0, 3, 6) 2 (0, 0, 0) 5 (0, 3, 6) Simplifying this gives 6 5 22a 2 2c or just
and a 1 c 5 23.
(1, 1, 21) 2 (0, 0, 0) 5 (1, 1, 21). Subtracting twice the first equation from the third
14. The plane is the right bisector joining yields the equation, 8 5 22a 1 c.
P(1, 22, 4) and its image. The line connecting the So a 1 c 5 23 and 22a 1 c 5 8, which is two
two points has a direction vector equal to that of the equations with two unknowns. Twice the first plus
the second equations gives 0a 1 3c 5 2 or c 5 23.
the plane is (2, 23, 24). So the line connecting the
two points is (1, 22, 4) 1 t(2, 23, 24), tPR, or in Solving back for a gives 2 113 and since b 5 2a 2 2c,
b 5 73. Since a 1 b 1 2c 5 0, the direction vectors,

(1, 1, 2) and (a, b, c) are perpendicular. A direction c. Since the plane is perpendicular to the z-axis, a
vector for the line is (211, 7, 2). direction vector for the z-axis acts as a normal vector
We need to check that for the plane. Hence (0, 0, 1) is a normal vector for
(1, 0, 2) 1 (a, b, c) 5 ( 28 3 , 3 , 3 ) is a point on the
7 8
the plane. So the plane has the form z 1 D 5 0, for
given line. some constant D. To find D, we know that (3, 21, 3)
x 5 22 1 s 5 2 83, at s 5 2 23. The point on the given is a point on the plane, so
line at s 5 2 23 is Q 28
3 , 3 , 3 R . Hence
7 8 0(3) 1 0(21) 1 (3) 1 D 5 0. So 3 1 D 5 0, or
>
q 5 (1, 0, 2) 1 t(211, 7, 2), tPR, is a line that D 5 23. So the Cartesian equation for the plane is
intersects the given line at a right angle. z 2 3 5 0.
16. a. The Cartesian equation is found by taking d. The Cartesian equation can be found by taking
> the
cross the cross product of the two direction vectors for
> product of the two direction vectors, AB and
AC. the plane. Since (3, 1, 22) and (1, 3, 21) are two
>
AB 5 (22, 0, 0) 2 (1, 2, 3) points on the plane
(3, 1, 22) 2 (1, 3, 21) 5 (2, 22, 21) is a
> 5 (23, 22, 23)
AC 5 (1, 4, 0) 2 (1, 2, 3) 5 (0, 2, 23) direction vector for the plane. Since the plane is
> > parallel to the y-axis, (0, 1, 0) is also a direction
AB 3 AC 5 (22(23) 2 (23)(2),
vector for the plane.
23(0) 2 (23)(23),
(2, 22, 21) 3 (0, 1, 0) 5 (22(0) 2
23(2) 2 (22)(0))
(21)(1), (21)(0)2 (2)(0), 2(1) 2 (22)(0))
5 (12, 29, 26)
5 (1, 0, 2)
So 5 (12, 29, 26) is a normal vector for the
So (1, 0, 2) is a normal vector for the plane, so the
plane, so the plane has the form
plane has the form x 1 0y 1 2z 1 D 5 0, for some
12x 2 9y 2 6z 1 D 5 0, for some constant D. To
constant D. To find D, we know that (3, 1, 22) is a
find D, we know that A(1, 2, 3) is a point on the
point on the plane, so
plane, so 12(1) 2 9(2) 2 6(3) 1 D 5 0. So
(3) 1 0(1) 1 2(22) 1 D 5 0. So 21 1 D 5 0,
224 1 D 5 0, or D 5 24. So the Cartesian
or D 5 1. So the Cartesian equation for the plane is
equation for the plane is 12x 2 9y 2 6z 1 24 5 0.
x 1 2z 1 1 5 0.
b. Substitute into the formula to determine distance
between a point and a plane. So the distance, d, of 18. E
(0, 0, 0) to the plane 12x 2 9y 2 6z 1 24 5 0 is 100 km/h
45°
@ 12 (0) 2 9 (0) 2 6 (0) 1 24 @ F
equal to .
"122 1 (29)2 1 (26)2
24
So d 5 !261 8 1.49.
17. a. (3, 25, 4) is a normal vector for the plane, so 400 km/h 400 km/h
R
the plane has the form 3x 2 5y 1 4z 1 D 5 0, for
some constant D. To find D, we know that
A(21, 2, 5) is a point on the plane, so
3(21) 2 5(2) 1 4(5) 1 D 5 0. So 7 1 D 5 0,
or D 5 27. So the Cartesian equation for the plane 45° D
100 km/h
is 3x 2 5y 1 4z 2 7 5 0.
b. Since the plane is perpendicular to the line
Position Diagram Vector Diagram
connecting (2, 1, 8) and (1, 2, 24), a direction
vector for the line acts as a normal vector for the From the triangle DEF and the cosine law, we have
0 R 0 2 5 4002 1 1002 2 2(400)(100) cos (45°)
>
plane. So (2, 1, 8) 2 (1, 2, 24) 5 (1, 21, 12) is a
normal vector for the plane. So the plane has the 8 336.80 km> h.
form x 2 y 1 12z 1 D 5 0, for some constant D. To find the direction of the vector, the sine law is
To find D, we know that K(4, 1, 2) is a point on the applied.
plane, so (4) 2 (1) 1 12(2) 1 D 5 0. So sin /DEF sin /EDF
0R0
> 5
27 1 D 5 0, or D 5 227. So the Cartesian 100
equation for the plane is x 2 y 1 12z 2 27 5 0. sin 45° sin /EDF
8 .
336.80 100
sin 45° vector for the plane. The direction vector of the line
sin /EDF 8 3 100.
336.80 is (2, 21, 2) and the normal vector for the plane
sin /EDF 8 0.2100. is (1, 2, 1).
Thus /EDF 8 12.1°, so the resultant velocity is 0 (2, 21, 2) 0 5 "22 1 (21)2 1 22
336.80 km> h, N 12.1° W. 5 !9
19. a. The simplest way is to find the parametric 5 3.
equation, then find the corresponding vector equation.
If we substitute x 5 s and y 5 t and solve for z, we 0 (1, 2, 1) 0 5 "12 1 22 1 12
obtain 3s 2 2t 1 z 2 6 5 0 or z 5 6 2 3s 1 2t. 5 !6
This yields the parametric equations x 5 s, y 5 t, (2, 21, 2) ? (1, 2, 1) 5 2(1) 2 1(2) 1 2(1) 5 2
and z 5 6 2 3s 1 2t. So the corresponding vector So the angle between the normal vector and the
>
equation is r 5 (0, 0, 6) 1 s(1, 0, 23) 1 t(0, 1, 2), direction vector is cos21 Q 3 !6
2
R 8 74.21°. So
s, tPR. To check that this is correct, find the u 8 90° 2 74.21° 5 15.79°.
Cartesian equation corresponding to the above To the nearest degree, u 5 16°.
vector equation and see if it is equivalent to the b. The two planes are perpendicular if and only if
Cartesian equation given in the problem. A normal their normal vectors are also perpendicular.
vector to this plane is the cross product of the two A normal vector for the first plane is (2, 23, 1) and
directional
> vectors. a normal vector for the second plane is
n 5 (1, 0, 23) 3 (0, 1, 2) 5 (0(2) 2 (23)(1),
(4, 23, 217). The two vectors are perpendicular if
23(0) 2 1(2), 1(1) 2 0(0)) and only if their dot product is zero.
5 (3, 22, 1) (2, 23, 1) ? (4, 23, 217) 5 2(4) 2 3(23)
So (3, 22, 1) is a normal vector for the plane, so the 1 1(217)
plane has the form 3x 2 2y 1 z 1 D 5 0, for some
5 0.
constant D. To find D, we know that (0, 0, 6) is a point
Hence the normal vectors are perpendicular. Thus
on the plane, so 3(0) 2 2(0) 1 (6) 1 D 5 0.
the planes are perpendicular.
So 6 1 D 5 0, or D 5 26. So the Cartesian equation
c. The two planes are parallel if and only if their
for the plane is 3x 2 2y 1 z 2 6 5 0. Since this is
normal vectors are also parallel. A normal vector for
the same as the initial Cartesian equation, the vector
the first plane is (2, 23, 2) and a normal vector for
equation for the plane is correct.
the second plane is (2, 23, 2). Since both normal
b. z vectors are the same, the planes are parallel. Since
(0, 0, 6) 2(0) 2 3(21) 1 2(0) 2 3 5 0, the point
(0, 21, 0) is on the second plane. Yet since
2(0) 2 3(21) 1 2(0) 2 1 5 2 2 0, (0, 21, 0) is
not on the first plane. Thus the two planes are
parallel but not coincident.
(0, –3, 0) 21.
25 N
y
60°
x (2, 0, 0)
40 N
Position diagram
E 40 N F
120°
25 N
20. a. The angle, u, between the plane and the line R
is the complementary angle of the angle between 60° 120°
the direction vector of the line and the normal D 40 N
Vector diagram

From the triangle DEF and the cosine law, we have b. 0 (8, 9) 0 5 "82 1 92
0 R 0 2 5 402 1 252 2 2(40)(25) cos (120°)
>
5 "145
8 56.79 N.
To find the direction of the vector, the sine law is 0 (10, 25) 0 5 "102 1 (25)2
applied. 5 "125
sin /DEF sin /EDF (8, 9) ? (10, 25) 5 8(10) 1 9(25)
0R0
> 5
100 5 235
sin 120° sin /EDF So the angle between these diagonals is
56.79
8
40
. cos21 A !145
235
!125 B 8 74.9°.
> >
sin 120° c. OB 5 (21, 7) and OD 5 (9, 2)
3 40.
0 (21, 7) 0 5 "(21)2 1 72.
sin /EDF 8
56.79
sin /EDF 8 0.610. 5 "50
0 (9, 2) 0 5 "92 1 22
Thus /EDF 8 37.6°, so the resultant force is
approximately 56.79 N, 37.6° from the 25 N force
towards the 40 N force. The equilibrant force has 5 "85
the same magnitude as the resultant, but it is in (21, 7) ? (9, 2) 5 2 (9) 1 7(2)
the opposite direction. So the equilibrant is 55
approximately 56.79 N, 180° 2 37.6° 5 142.4° So the angle between these diagonals is
from the 25 N force away from the 40 N force. cos21 A !505!85 B 8 85.6°.
22. 25. a. First step is to use the first equation to
a b –b
remove x from the second and third.
1 x2y1z52
2 2x 1 y 1 2z 5 1
–b
3 x 2 y 1 4z 5 5
a
a –b So we have
4 0x 1 0y 1 3z 5 3, 1 1 2
b. 1
b 5 0x 1 0y 1 3z 5 3, 21 3 1 1 3
2
1 Hence 3z 5 3, or z 5 1. Since both equations are
2a b 1
2 2a + b the same, this implies that there are infinitely many
2 2a solutions. Let x 5 t, then by substituting into the
equation 2, we obtain
>
23. a. The unit vector in the same direction of a is 2t 1 y 1 2(1) 5 1, or y 5 21 1 t.
> >
simply a divided by the magnitude of a . Hence the solution to these equations is x 5 t,
0 a 0 5 "62 1 22 1 (23)2 y 5 21 1 t, z 5 1, tPR.
>
5 "49
b. First step is to use the first equation to remove x
from the second and third.
57 1 22x 2 3y 1 z 5 211
>
So the unit vector in the same direction of a is 2 x 1 2y 1 z 5 2
1 >
> a 5 17 (6, 2, 23) 5 ( 67, 27, 2 37 ).
0a0 >
3 2x 2 y 1 3z 5 212
b. The unit vector in the opposite direction of a is So we have
simply the negative of the unit vector found in part 4 0x 1 1y 1 3z 5 27, 1 1 2 3 2
a. So the vector is 2 A 67, 27, 2 37 B 5 A2 67, 2 27, 37 B. 5 0x 2 1y 2 5z 5 13, 1 2 2 3 3
24. a. Since OBCD is a parallelogram, the point > C Now the fourth and fifth equations are used to
occurs at (21, 7) 1 (9, 2) 5 (8, 9). So> OC is one create a sixth equation where the coefficient of
vector> equivalent to a diagonal and BD is the other. y is zero.
OC> 5 (8, 9) 2 (0, 0) 5 (8, 9) 6 0x 1 0y 2 2z 5 6, 4 1 5
BD 5 (9, 2) 2 (1, 7) 5 (10, 25) So 22z 5 6 or z 5 23.

Substituting this into equation 4 yields, To check that this is correct, we substitute in the
y 1 3(23) 5 27 or y 5 2. Finally substitute z and solution to both initial equations
y values into equation 2 to obtain the x value. x 2 y 1 z 2 1 5 (0) 2 (21 1 t) 1 (t) 2 1
x 1 2(2) 1 (23) 5 2 or x 5 1. 50
Hence the solution to these three equations is and
(1, 2, 23). x 1 2y 2 2z 1 2 5 (0) 1 2(21 1 t) 2 2(t) 1 2
c. First step is to notice that the second equation is 5 0.
simply twice the first equation. Hence the line given by the parametric equation
1 2x 2 y 1 z 5 21 above is the line of intersection for the planes.
2 4x 2 2y 1 2z 5 22 b. The normal vector for the first plane is
3 2x 1 y 2 z 5 5 (1, 24, 7), while the normal vector for the second
So the solution to these equations is the same as the plane is (2, 28, 14) 5 2(1, 24, 7). Hence the
solution to just the first and third equations. planes have collinear normal vectors, and so are
Moreover since this is two equations with three parallel.
unknowns, there will be infinitely many solutions. The second equation is equivalent to
4 4x 1 0y 1 0z 5 4, 1 1 3 x 2 4y 1 7z 5 30, since we may divide the equation
Hence 4x 5 4 or x 5 1. Let y 5 t and solve for z by two. Since the constant on the right in the first
using the first equation. equation is 28, while the constant on the right in the
2(1) 2 t 1 z 5 21, so z 5 23 1 t second equivalent equation is 30, these planes are
Hence the solution to these equations is x 5 1, parallel and not coincident. So there is no intersection.
y 5 t, z 5 23 1 t, tPR. c. The normal vector for the first equation is
d. First step is to notice that the second equations (1, 21, 1), while the normal vector for the second
is simply twice the first and the third equation is equation is (2, 1, 1). Since the normal vectors are
simply 24 times the first equation. not scalar multiples of each other, there is a line of
1 x 2 y 2 3z 5 1 intersection between the planes.
2 2x 2 2y 2 6z 5 2 The next step is to use the first and second equations
3 24x 1 4y 1 12z 5 24 to find an equation with a zero for the coefficient of x.
So the solution to these equations is the same as the The second equation minus twice the first equation
solution to just the first equation. So the solution to yields 0x 1 3y 2 z 1 0 5 0.
these equations is a plane. To solve this in parametric Solving for z yields, z 5 3y. If we let y 5 t, then
equation form, simply let y 5 t and z 5 s and find z 5 3(t) 5 3t.
the x value. Substituting these into the first equation yields
x 2 t 2 3s 5 1, or x 5 1 1 t 1 3s x 2 (t) 1 (3t) 2 2 5 0 or x 5 2 2 2t. So the
So the solution to these equations is x 5 1 1 3s 1 t, equation of the line in parametric form is x 5 2 2 2t,
y 5 t, z 5 s, s, tPR. y 5 t, z 5 3t, tPR.
26. a. Since the normal of the first equation To check that this is correct, we substitute in the
is (1, 21, 1) and the normal of the second is solution to both initial equations
(1, 2, 22), which are not scalar multiples of each x 2 y 1 z 2 2 5 (2 2 2t) 2 (t) 1 (3t) 2 2
other, there is a line of intersection between the 50
planes. The next step is to use the first and second and
equations to find an equation with a zero for the 2x 1 y 1 z 2 4 5 2(2 2 2t) 1 (t) 1 (3t) 2 4
coefficient of x. The second equation minus the first 5 0.
equation yields 0x 1 3y 2 3z 1 3 5 0. We may Hence the line given by the parametric equation
divide by three to simplify, so y 2 z 1 1 5 0. If above is the line of intersection for the planes.
we let z 5 t, then y 2 t 1 1 5 0, or y 5 21 1 t. 27. The angle, u, between the plane and the line is
Substituting these into the first equation yields the complementary angle of the angle between the
x 2 (21 1 t) 1 t 2 1 5 0 or x 5 0. So the direction vector of the line and the normal vector
equation of the line in parametric form is x 5 0, for the plane. The direction vector of the line is
y 5 21 1 t, z 5 t, tPR.

(1, 21, 0) and the normal vector for the plane is (21, 3, 1) is a point on the plane. Substitute the
(2, 0, 22). coordinates to determine the value of D.
0 (1, 21, 0) 0 5 "12 1 (21)2 1 02 119111D50
D 5 211
5 "2 The equation of the plane is 2x 1 3y 1 z 2 11 5 0.
0 (2, 0, 22) 0 5 "22 1 02 1 (22)2 5 "8 30. The plane is the right bisector joining
(1, 21, 0) ? (2, 0, 22) 5 1(2) 2 1(0) 1 0(22) 5 2 P(21, 0, 1) and its image. The line connecting the
So the angle between the normal vector and the two points has a direction vector equal to that of the
direction vector is cos21 A !22!8 B 5 60°. So normal vector for the plane. The normal vector for
u 5 90 260° 5 30°. > > the plane is (0, 1, 21). So the line connecting the
a?b two points is (21, 0, 1) 1 t(0, 1, 21), tPR, or in
28. a. We have that cos (60°) 5 > > . Also
0a0 0b0 > corresponding
since a and b are unit vectors, 0 a 0 5 0 b 0 5 1 and
> > >
parametric form is x 5 21, y 5 t, z 5 1 2 t, tPR.
> > > >
a ? a 5 b ? b> 5 1, and moreover cos (60°) 5 12. So The intersection of this line and the plane is the
> bisector between P and its image. To find this point
> > a?b
a?b5 5 12. we plug the parametric equation into the plane
131
The dot >product is distributive,
> so > equation and solve for t.
> > > >
(6a 1 b ) ? (a 2 2b ) 5 6a ? (a 2 2b ) 0x 1 y 2 z 5 0(21) 1 (t) 2 (1 2 t)
> >
>
1 b ? (a 2 2b ) 5 21 1 2t
> > > > So if y 2 z 5 0, then 21 1 2t 5 0, or t 5 12.
5 6a ? a 1 6a ? (22b )
> > > > So the point of intersection is occurs at t 5 12, since
1 b ? a 1 b ? (22b ) the origin point is P and the intersection occurs at
> > > > > >
5 6a ? a> 2> 12a ? b 1 a ? b the midpoint of the line connecting P and its image,
2 2b ? b the image point occurs at t 5 2 3 12 5 1. So the
5 6(1) 2 12a b 1 a b
1 1 image point is at x 5 21, y 5 1, z 5 1 2 (1) 5 0.
2 2 So the image point is (21, 1, 0).
2 2(1) 31. a. Thinking of the motorboat’s velocity vector
3 (without the influence of the current) as starting
52 at the origin and pointing northward toward the
2 > >
x?y opposite side of the river, the motorboat has velocity
b. We have that cos (60°) 5 0 x> 0 0 y> 0 . Also since vector (0, 10) and the river current has velocity
0 x 0 5 3, 0 y 0 5 4, and cos (60°) 5 12,
> > vector (4, 0). So the resultant velocity vector of the
x ? y 5 12 (4)(3) 5 6. Also x ? x 5 0 x 0 2 5 9
> > > > > motorboat is
and y ? y 5 0 y 0 5 16.
> > >2 (0, 10) 1 (4, 0) 5 (4, 10)
To reach the other side of the river, the motorboat
The dot product is distributive, so
> > > > > > > needs to cover a vertical distance of 2 km. So the
(4x 2 y ) ? (2x 1 3y ) 5 4x ? (2x 1 3y )
> > > hypotenuse of the right triangle formed by the
2 y ? (2x 1 3y )
> > > > > > marina, the motorboat’s initial position, and the
5 8x ? x 1 12x ? y 2 2y ? x
> > motorboat’s arrival point on the opposite side of
2 3y ? y
the river is represented by the vector
5 8(9) 1 12(6) 2 2(6)
(4, 10) 5 a , 2b
1 4
2 3(16)
5 5
5 84
29. The origin, (0, 0, 0), and (21, 3, 1) are two (We multiplied by 15 to create a vertical component
points on this line. So (21, 3, 1) is a direction vector of 2 in the motorboat’s resultant velocity vector,
for this line and since the origin is on the line, a the distance needed to cross the river.) Since this
>
possible vector equation is r 5 t(21, 3, 1), tPR. new vector has horizontal component equal to 45,
(21, 3, 1) is a normal vector for the plane. So the this means that the motorboat arrives 45 5 0.8 km
equation of the plane is 2x 1 3y 1 z 1 D 5 0. downstream from the marina.

b. The motorboat is travelling at 10 km> h, and in 12
cos u 5
part a. we found that it will travel along the vector 20
( 45, 2) . The length of this vector is u 5 cos 21 a
12
b
20
` a , 2b ` 5 a b 1 22
4 4 2
Å 5
8 53.1°
5
So the sailboat is travelling in the direction
5 "4.64 N 53.1° E, or equivalently E 36.9° N.
So the motorboat travels a total of !4.64 km to 34. Think of the weight vector for the crane with tail
cross the river which, at 10 km> h, takes at the origin at head at (0, 2400) (we use one unit
"4.64 4 10 8 0.2 hours for every kilogram of mass). We need to express this
5 12 minutes. weight vector as the sum of two vectors: one that is
32. a. Answers may vary. For example: parallel to the inclined plane and pointing down this
A direction vector for this line is >
> incline (call this vector x 5 (a, b)), and one that is
AB 5 (6, 3, 4) 2 (2, 21, 3) perpendicular to the inclined plane and pointing
5 (4, 4, 1) >
toward the plane (call this vector y 5 (c, d)). The
So, since the point B(6, 3, 4) is on this line, the >
angle between x and (0, 2400) is 60° and the angle
vector equation of this line is > > >
> between y and (0, 2400) is 30°. Of course, x and y
r 5 (6, 3, 4) 1 t(4, 4, 1), tPR. are perpendicular. Using the formula for dot product,
The equivalent parametric form is we get
y ? (0, 2400) 5 0 y 0 0 (0, 2400) 0cos 30°
x 5 6 1 4t > >
"3
y 5 3 1 4t
z 5 4 1 t, tPR. 2400d 5 400a b"c 2 1 d 2
b. The line found in part a. will lie in the plane 2
x 2 2y 1 4z 2 16 5 0 if and only if both points 22d 5 "3 ? "c 2 1 d 2
A(2, 21, 3) and B(6, 3, 4) lie in this plane. 4d 2 5 3(c 2 1 d 2 )
We verify this by substituting these points into the d 2 5 3c 2
equation of the plane, and checking for consistency. So, since c is positive and d is negative (thinking of
For A: the inclined plane as moving upward from left to
>
2 2 2(21) 1 4(3) 2 16 5 0 right as we look at it means that y points down and
For B: d
to the right), this last equation means that c 5 2"3
6 2 2(3) 1 4(4) 2 16 5 0 >
Since both points lie on the plane, so does the line So a vector in the same direction as y is (1, 2"3).
>
found in part a. We can find the length of y by computing the scalar
33. The wind velocity vector is represented by (16, 0), projection of (0, 2400) on (1, 2 !3), which equals
and the water current velocity vector is represented (0, 2400) ? (1, 2"3) 400"3
5
by (0, 12). So the resultant of these two vectors is 0 (1, 2"3) 0 2
(16, 0) 1 (0, 12) 5 (16, 12).
5 200"3
That is, 0 y 0 5 200"3. Now we can find the length
Thinking of this vector with tail at the origin and >
head at point (16, 12), this vector forms a right >
of x as well by using the fact that
0 x 0 2 1 0 y 0 2 5 0 (0, 2400) 0 2
triangle with vertices at points (0, 0), (0, 12), and > >
(16, 12). Notice that
0 (16, 12) 0 5 "162 1 122 0 x 0 2 1 (200"3)2 5 4002
>
5 "400 0 x 0 5 "160 000 2 120 000

>
5 20 5 "40 000
This means that the sailboat is moving at a speed 5 200
of 20 km> h once we account for wind and water
velocities. Also the angle, u, this resultant vector
makes with the positive y-axis satisfies

So we get that component of (0, 3, 1) is 0. This means that the
0 x 0 5 200 and 0 y 0 5 200"3. This means that the
> >
direction vectors for L1 and L2 are never parallel,
component of the weight of the mass parallel to the which means that these lines are never parallel for
inclined plane is any k.
9.8 3 0 x 0 5 9.8 3 200
>
b. If L1 and L2 intersect, in particular their
5 1960 N, x-coordinates will be equal at this intersection point.
and the component of the weight of the mass But x 5 2 always in L1 so we get the equation
perpendicular to the inclined plane is 25y1k
9.8 3 0 y 0 5 9.8 3 200"3
> y522k
y22
8 3394.82 N. Also, from L1 we know that z 5 3 , so substituting
35. a. True; all non-parallel pairs of lines intersect this in for z in L2 we get
in exactly one point in R2. However, this is not 2k 5 z 1 14
the case for lines in R3 (skew lines provide a y22
counterexample). 2k 5 1 14
3
b. True; all non-parallel pairs of planes intersect in a
3(2k 2 14) 5 y 2 2
line in R3.
y 5 6k 2 40
c. True; the line x 5 y 5 z has direction vector
So since we already know that y 5 2 2 k, we
(1, 1, 1), which is not perpendicular to the normal
now get
vector (1, 22, 2) to the plane x 2 2y 1 2z 5 k,
2 2 k 5 6k 2 40
k any constant. Since these vectors are not
7k 5 42
perpendicular, the line is not parallel to the plane,
k56
and so they will intersect in exactly one point.
So these two lines intersect when k 5 6. We have
d. False; a direction vector for the line
x z11 already found that x 5 2 at this intersection point,
5 y 2 1 5 2 is (2, 1, 2). A direction vector but now we know that
2
x21 y21 z11 y 5 6k 2 40
for the line 24 5 22 5 22 is (24, 22, 22),
5 6(6) 2 40
or (2, 1, 1) (which is parallel to (24, 22, 22)). 5 24
Since (2, 1, 2) and (2, 1, 1) are obviously not y22
parallel, these two lines are not parallel. z5
3
36. a. A direction vector for 24 2 2
y22 5
L1: x 5 2, 5z 3
3 5 22
is (0, 3, 1), and a direction vector for So the point of intersection of these two lines is
z 1 14 (2, 24, 22), and this occurs when k 5 6.
L2: x 5 y 1 k 5
k
is (1, 1, k). But (0, 3, 1) is not a nonzero scalar
multiple of (1, 1, k) for any k since the first

MCV4U Chapter 9 Mock Test
Intended length: 30 minutes START TIME: ________________ END TIME: ________________
INSTRUCTIONS: Fold the bottom of the page FIRST. Complete the following as if it is a real test, taking 30 consecutive minutes from start to
finish and using only a scientific calculator, pencil, paper, eraser and ruler. Write solutions as if for the teacher to read by showing all work,
including units and concluding statements, and writing question numbers and parts. Enjoy!
1. Find the point A on the line 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑧 and the point B on the line (2 − 5𝑡, 3 + 𝑡, 4 + 𝑡) so that
AB is perpendicular to both of these lines. Find the magnitude of the vector AB and hence deduce
the shortest distance between these two lines.
2. Find the distance between 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 2𝑧 and 2𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧 − 1.
3. Find the scalar equation of the plane perpendicular to 𝜋1 : 𝑟⃗ = (−2,1,3) + 𝑠(5, −2, −2) +
𝑡(−1,0,1), 𝑠, 𝑡 ∈ 𝑅 intersects 𝜋1 along the line 𝑟⃗ = (9, −1, −5) + 𝑝(2, −2,2), 𝑝 ∈ 𝑅.
𝑦−4 𝑧−5
4. Find m such that 𝑥 − 3 = = is
2 𝑚
a. Parallel to 4𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 6
b. Find the distance between the line and the plane
c. Find an equation for a plane perpendicular to the plane 4𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 6 but parallel to the
line and 5√2 units from the line
5. Find the distance from the point (1,-2,-2) to the plane with x-intercept -1, y-intercept 2 and z-
intercept 3.
Fold here
2
1. A (1,1,1), B(2,3,4) 𝐴𝐵⃗ = √14 2. 17
3. 𝑥 − 𝑧 − 14 = 0
√
1 22
4a. 2 b. c. 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 9 or 𝑦 − 𝑧 = −11 5.
√2 7
SOLUTIONS
1. HINT: see 9.6 Ex 3 Method 2 (P546)
Using parametric equations A is (𝑠, 𝑠, 2 − 𝑠) and B is (2 − 5𝑡, 3 + 𝑡, 4 + 𝑡), so

𝐴𝐵⃗ = (2 − 5𝑡 − 𝑠, 3 + 𝑡 − 𝑠, 4 + 𝑡 − 2 + 𝑠) = (2 − 5𝑡 − 𝑠, 3 + 𝑡 − 𝑠, 2 + 𝑡 − 𝑠)
Also notice that 𝑚1⃗ = (1,1, −1) and 𝑚2⃗ = (−5,1,1)
𝑚1⃗ ∙ 𝐴𝐵⃗ = 0 = 2 − 5𝑡 − 𝑠 + 3 + 𝑡 − 𝑠 − 2 − 𝑡 − 𝑠
(1) 0 = 3 − 5𝑡 − 3𝑠
𝑚2⃗ ∙ 𝐴𝐵⃗ = 0 = −10 + 25𝑡 + 5𝑠 + 3 + 𝑡 − 𝑠 + 2 + 𝑡 + 𝑠
(2) 0 = −5 + 27𝑡 + 5𝑠
(1)x5-(2)x3 15 − 25𝑡 − 15𝑠 = 0

−15 + 81𝑡 + 15𝑠 = 0
0 + 56𝑡 + 0𝑠 = 0
𝑡=0 𝑠=1
𝐴 = (1,1,1) 𝐵 = (2,3,4)
𝐴𝐵⃗ = √(2 − 1)2 + (3 − 1)2 + (4 − 1)2 = √14
2. Prove that they are skew: 𝑥 = 𝑦, 2𝑥 = 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0, but for 𝐿1 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 = 0 and for

𝐿2 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 = 1, so there is no POI.
1 1
Note that 𝑚1⃗ = (1,1, 2) 𝑚2⃗ = (2 , 1,1)
1 3 1
Now find parallel planes’ normal vector (perp to both): 𝑛⃗ = 𝑚1⃗ × 𝑚2⃗ = (2 , − 4 , 2) = (2, −3,2)
Using 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶𝑧 + 𝐷 = 0 Using 𝜋2 : 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 2
and point on 𝐿2 (0,0,1), and the point on 𝐿1 (0,0,0),
𝜋2 : 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 + 𝐷 = 0 |𝐴𝑥0 + 𝐵𝑦0 + 𝐶𝑧0 + 𝐷| |−2|
0+0+2+𝐷 =0 𝑑= =
√𝐴2 + 𝐵2 + 𝐶 2 √4 + 9 + 4
𝐷 = −2 2
=
√17
3. For 𝜋1 : 𝑛1⃗ = (5, −2, −2) × (−1,0,1) = (−2, −3,2)

For 𝜋2 : 𝑛2⃗ = (2, −2,2) × (−2, −3,2) = (−10,0,10) = (1,0, −1)
Use 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶𝑧 + 𝐷 = 0, 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (9, −1, −5)

(1)(9) + 0(−1) − 1(−5) + 𝐷 = 0
𝐷 = −14
𝑥 − 𝑧 − 14 = 0
4.
a. (1,2, 𝑚) ∙ (4, −1, −1) = 0 = 4 − 2 − 𝑚 ⇒ 𝑚 = 2
|𝐴𝑥0 +𝐵𝑦0 +𝐶𝑧0 +𝐷| |12−4−5−6| 3 1

b. Using point (3,4,5) 𝑑 = = = =
√𝐴2 +𝐵2 +𝐶 2 √16+1+1 √18 √2
c. The normal for the new plane is (4, −1, −1) × (1,2,2) = (0, −9,9), so 𝑦 − 𝑧 + 𝐷 = 0
|𝐴𝑥0 + 𝐵𝑦0 + 𝐶𝑧0 + 𝐷|
5√2 =
√𝐴2 + 𝐵2 + 𝐶 2
|4 − 5 + 𝐷|
5√2 =
√2
10 = | − 1 + 𝐷|
10 = −1 + 𝐷 ⇒ 𝐷 = 11 OR −10 = −1 + 𝐷 ⇒ 𝐷 = −9
5. Let A (-1,0,0), B (0,2,0) and C (0,0,3)
𝐴𝐵⃗ = (1,2,0), 𝐴𝐶⃗ = (1,0,3) 𝑛⃗ = (1,2,0) × (1,0,3) = (6, −3, −2)
Use 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶𝑧 + 𝐷 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−1,0,0)
6𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 + 𝐷 = 0
−6 + 𝐷 = 0
𝐷=6
Use 6𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 + 6 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (1, −2, −2)
|𝐴𝑥0 + 𝐵𝑦0 + 𝐶𝑧0 + 𝐷| |6 + 6 + 4 + 6| 22
𝑑= = =
√𝐴2 + 𝐵2 + 𝐶 2 √49 7

Solution 12 Calculas &amp; Vectors

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Solution 12 Calculas &amp; Vectors

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER 1

1-2 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

3("5 1 "2 ) 2 2 3"2 2 1 3"2

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-3

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-5

"5 1 h 2 "5 51h25 4

1-6 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

1-8 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-9

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-11

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-13

1-14 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

1-16 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-17

1-18 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-19

Therefore, the slope of the tangent to 5 3(0) 2 4

1-20 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

b. A left-sided limit is the value that a function 5 (0)4

1-22 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-23

f. lim Let (x 1 8)3 5 u

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-25

b. lim5 does not exist. (x 1 2)(x 1 2)2

1-26 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-27

4. a. x 5 3 makes the denominator 0. The function is discontinuous at x 5 0.

1-28 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

2 For f(x) to be continuous at x 5 1:

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-29

Grew 0.0601 g during this time interval. discontinuous at x 5 21

700 000 t have accumulated up to now. y

f(x) 0.248 46 0.249 84 0.249 98 0.25

1-32 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-33

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-35

1-2 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

1-2 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

3("5 1 "2 ) 2 2 3"2 2 1 3"2

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-3

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-5

"5 1 h 2 "5 51h25 4

1-6 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

1-8 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-9

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-11

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-13

1-14 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

1-16 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-17

1-18 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-19

Therefore, the slope of the tangent to 5 3(0) 2 4

1-20 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

b. A left-sided limit is the value that a function 5 (0)4

1-22 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-23

f. lim Let (x 1 8)3 5 u

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-25

b. lim5 does not exist. (x 1 2)(x 1 2)2

1-26 Chapter 1: Introduction to Calculus

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual 1-27

4. a. x 5 3 makes the denominator 0. The function is discontinuous at x 5 0.

Solution 12 Calculas & Vectors

Solution 12 Calculas & Vectors