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The importance of by-products from fish processing in the production

of value-added products

Conference Paper · October 2021

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Mina Ahmadi Jalil Zorriehzahra

Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Iranian Fisheries Research Organization
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 The importance of by-products
from fish processing in the
production of value-added products
Mina Ahmadi*1, Mohammad Jalil Zorriehzahra2,
Shiva Ahmadi3

1National Fish Processing Technolog y Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute,
Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Researcher, Anzali, Iran,
2Department of Scientific Information and Communication, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
(IFSRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, I.R. Iran,
3, Gilan University, M.Sc. in Seafood Processing, Rasht, Iran
*Corresponding author: ahmadi.m@areeo.ac.ir
 Fish viscera, which are one of the most important wastes, are rich in unsaturated fatty
acids and proteins and are highly perishable.
 If these biological compounds are used properly, on the one hand, they will reduce the
environmental pollution caused by their disposal, and on the other hand, they will lead
to the production of high value-added products.
 In fish processing, large amounts of waste are produced, including water and solids.
Solid waste contains 50-70% of the main raw materials, and depending on the process
used, this waste will be a mixture of different parts, head, intestines and bones. As a
result, fish bones, skin and fins from fish processing waste can be replaced by valuable
resources.
 By-products of fish are rich in oils, minerals, enzymes, pigments and condiments.
 These wastes are also important in the industry in the production of fertilizers,
compost, protein hydrolyzates.
 Non-nutritional uses include Chitin and Chitosan, carotenoid pigments, extraction of
various enzymes, leather, adhesives, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, fine chemicals,
collagen, and gelatin. Using new methods in fish processing to waste omitting could be
essential and vital for economical aspects.

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 About 45 to 60 percent of all fish, including head, tail, fins, skin, scales, viscera and
spine, are waste products.
 Fish by-products are relatively high in protein, fat and other nutrients, but in most
cases are disposed of without any optimal use and can also cause environmental
pollution.
 One of the by-products in the salmon processing unit is viscera, which make up
between 10 and 15 percent of the fish's weight.
 The fish processing industry produces large quantities of solid waste and effluents.
Fish processing effluents mainly include effluents from primary processing of raw
fish, factory washing and residual raw waste (blood, viscera, etc.).
 Increased aquaculture production has increased fish waste, but these wastes are
rarely used. The high fat content of aquatic processing industries has caused
problems of treatment, disposal and environmental crises.
 In this article, some products from the effluents of fish processing plants are
explained according to their importance.

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 Plastics are usually made from petroleum products and do not decompose in the
environment, but researchers have for the first time produced fish waste in
environmentally friendly plastic fisheries.
 Canadian researchers have produced fish waste from a degradable polyurethane-like
polymer, using the head, bones, skin and intestines of Atlantic salmon.
 Waste used for this purpose is usually disposed of. In the production process of this
plastic, fish oil is also extracted and then oxygen is added to it to form epoxy
molecules that are similar to the molecules in plastic epoxy resin.
 Carbon dioxide was then used to bind these molecules together using almond shell
compounds.
 Instead of cashew nuts, natural amino acids that are readily available can be used,
such as histidine and asparagine.

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 Fish processing wastes also have a high potential for compost production due to their richness in
organic compounds.
 Fish waste is used as organic fertilizer, nutrients for agricultural purposes or as a renewable
source. Fish waste has been proven to be an organic fertilizer and nutrient for both agricultural
uses; and soil strengthening is useful.
 Composting is a biological process that takes place under aerobic conditions in the presence of
oxygen.
 The final pH of the compost is strongly influenced by the organic matter, the decomposition
stages of the compost and the increase of the modifiers.
 Large amounts of salt in compost affect seed germination and root health.
 Compost produced using fish waste and by examining the electrical conductivity, pH and C / N
ratio can be used as organic fertilizer.

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 Bioactive peptides derived from fish waste can be used as antihypertensives, antioxidants,
anticoagulants, and antimicrobial compounds in functional foods or food and pharmaceuticals
according to their therapeutic potential in the treatment or prevention of diseases.

 Antimicrobial peptides show high antimicrobial activity and selective toxicity against
microorganisms with low potential for antibiotic resistance, which is a major problem with
traditional antimicrobials.

 They also have fewer negative effects on the sensory properties of food systems than other
antimicrobials such as essential oils and phenolic compounds.

 Enzymatic hydrolysis is a common method to obtain bioactive peptides.

 In this regard, several hydrolytic enzymes from microbes, plants and animals have been used to
hydrolyze seafood waste.

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 The best way to produce high value-added products from these low-value raw
materials is to use protease enzymes to produce hydrolyzed protein.
 The main purpose of hydrolysis of fish waste is to achieve maximum recycling of
available components while maintaining their high quality.
 One of the determining and important factors in enzymatic hydrolysis using
commercial enzymes is the choice of protease enzyme. In protein hydrolysis,
conditions such as pH, temperature, hydrolysis time and enzymatic activity affect
enzyme performance.
 According to research, hydrolyzed proteins have shown significant ability to inhibit
hydroxyl radicals and linoleic acid peroxidation.
 According to the results, radical scavenging activity of hydrolyzed protein increased
by 40% with increasing degree of hydrolysis.

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 Fish waste containing protein, amino acids, fats, minerals (zinc, selenium), enzymes and
Pigments.
 These lesions can play an important role in the growth and development of pets and be
used in the nutrition of these animals.
 The use of aquatic waste eliminates the need for the country to provide the raw materials
needed to prepare pet food.
 Pet food is prepared from farmed fish waste (head, tail, intestines and offal), cooking
waste and pulverizing dry fish waste.
 Pet food should be packed in a cool, dry place (30 to 40 percent relative humidity at 10
degrees Celsius).
 Excessive heat and humidity will cause the animal's food to decompose and spoil. After
using pet food, the top of the package should be folded tightly.

Fahim, 2019 8
 Generally caught from wild fish, small fish and fatty bony fish, which are not normally
suitable for direct human consumption during the cooking, pressing, drying and grinding of
fresh and fresh raw fish.
 Fish powder is high in protein, amino acids, minerals and essential fatty acids (omega-3 fatty
acids). Total protein in fish meal can be more than 70%.
 The use of fresh and low temperature raw materials in the production of fish meal, short shelf
life during drying, particle size and functional properties, including the adhesive content and
water holding capacity of the fish, and the ability of the fish to vary in quality and quality. Its
price is impressive.
 Fish powder can be made from almost any type of fish, but is generally made from two main
groups.
 The first group is oily fish, which includes species such as cod and oysters. It is a dock that
stores fat in its liver and their meat is low in fat.
 Fish powder prepared from these species, provided that their liver is removed during
processing, contains a small amount of fat, which is about 2 to 6 percent.

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 The second group is obtained from fish that store fat in certain parts of their meat which
account for almost 90% of the fish meal produced in the world.

 Most species used in the production of fish meal have a similar protein content, which is about
16± 2-3% in total fish

 In general, the digestibility value of this product is higher than 95%, while the digestibility
value of plant proteins, depending on the type of plant, is between 77% and 96%.

 Fish meal is qualitatively divided into different grades based on the amount of protein, fat,
moisture, ash and free nitrogen. The higher the protein content and the lower the amount of fat,
moisture, ash and free nitrogen, the more desirable the resulting powder.

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 One of the by-products in the salmon processing unit is viscera, which make up
between 10 and 15 percent of the fish's weight.
 Salmon waste, including head, scales, and fins, after being minced, fermented, and
the addition of beneficial bacteria at 35 ° C, becomes biosilage or a protein product
of the fish.
 Biosilage processed by acidic pH has a high shelf life and can be used as a substitute
for fish meal in aquatic diets.
 Dry processed biosilage is rich in lactic acid (probiotic) bacteria and has a positive
effect on the growth indices and immune system of carp and salmon and is
considered as one of the most useful biological products (Researchers of the Caspian
Sea Ecology Research Institute, 2019)

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(Researchers of the Caspian Sea Ecology Research Institute, 2019)
 Large amounts of waste from processing, especially from processed fatty fish waste,
will be a potential source for producing good quality fish oil for human
consumption.
 Fish oil is mainly composed of two types of fatty acids, Eicosapentaenoic acid
(EPA) and Decosapentaenoic acid (DHA).
 In recent years, fish processing wastes such as tuna, salmon and Pollack have been
suggested as raw materials for the fish oil production process.
 The most recent process that is now considered and used in the world for the
production of fish oil is the extraction process with the above fluid SFE.
 In this method, the sample is in contact with supercritical fluid (carbon dioxide)
under specified temperature and pressure conditions for a specified period of time
and the desired material is extracted from it.

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 Considering the large volume of non-edible fish catch, 21% vs. 79% edible fish, or
food waste during processing that is considered discarded (skin, bone and fin)
Research on the extraction of this valuable substance from the waste of various fish
has resulted in the growth of gelatin production statistics from aquatic animals.
 During the manufacture of gelatin, the animal raw material is treated with dilute acid
or alkali.
 Processed fish skin waste can be used as a potential source for collagen and gelatin
extraction.
 Fish skin, collagen and gelatin were able to get from the bones and fins from the
waste processed fish should be separated.
 Collagen and gelatin are unique proteins compared to fish muscle proteins the
uniqueness of fish lies in their amino acid content, which is rich in non-polar amino
acids (above 80%) such as glycine, alanine, valine, and proline.

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 One of the major advantages of these marine gelatin sources is that they are not
associated with the risk of bovine spongiform encephalopathy.
 Gelatin is a high molecular weight polypeptide derived from the collagen protein
fibers that are a major component of animal skin, bone, and connective tissue.
 The three main stages of the gelatin production process are:
1- Pre-treatment of raw materials
2- Extraction of gelatin
 Purification and drying.
 In the gelatin pretreatment method, two different types of this material are
produced:
1- Type A gelatin: by performing acidic operations on collagen
2- Type B gelatin: by performing alkaline operations on collagen.

Jalili et al,2019 14
 Different process conditions:
(temperature, time, ...) Pre-process conditions (type of acid and alkali, acid and alkali
concentration, Duration of treatment, etc.) can all affect the efficiency of gelatin
extraction in some way.
 The results of the production of edible gelatin from fish waste showed that if
alkaline conditions are used the amount of gelatin produced will be maximum and at
70 ° C and the efficiency of the resulting gelatin will be maximum.

Jalili et al,2019 Jalili et al,2019

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 This vital element is widely used in medical fields, including the production of wound
adhesives, artificial skin, implants, as a carrier for drug delivery as well as dietary
supplements.
 The main sources of commercial collagen are made from the skin and bones of cows and pigs.
 Marine resources are easily accessible, safe and inexpensive for collagen extraction.
 Therefore, fishery wastes such as fish waste are available and safe as an environmentally
friendly approach to scientific and technological development with an emphasis on medical
and industrial opportunities and exploitation.
 The most interesting collagen discovered in aquatic animals; Elastodine is a protein made from
fin it is a shark.
 This protein has a lower molecular weight than most other soluble collagens and also has high
levels of tyrosine and cysteine, which is abnormal.
 These two amino acids in binding is involved, but this phenomenon is not seen in mammalian
collagen

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Hafez Jafari et al,2020 David R. et al,2018
 Thanks for your kind attention!
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