FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND

BUILT ENVIRONMENT
Final Year Project Proposal FYP 1

INVESTIGATION OF THE RECYCLING PRACTICES ON CONSTRUCTION

WASTE IN GREEN (GBI) BUILDING INDEX PROJECTS

by

MOHAMAD FAHMI BIN MOHAMED AFFANDI

DF170027

Cluster Examination Panel Approval by Supervisor

1 DR. EMEDYA MURNIWATI SAMSUDIN Signature and official stamp:

KKAP
2 DR. AHMED MOKHTAR ALBSHIR BUDIEA
KKBP
KKIG
KKSB
Date of submission
to FKAAB office:
 ii

ABSTRACT

Construction sector is growing rapidly in constructing projects in urban and rural area.
The sector using high volume of building materials. Due to high demand, the rate of
construction waste increasing day by day. The research will be conducted to investigate
the recycling practices on construction waste in Green (GBI) Building Index project.
The objective of this study is to identify the recycling practices on construction waste
that effective to reduce the amount of waste generation in GBI projects. For the data
collection, quantitative research method will be used to gather the data by distribute the
questionnaires to the target respondents. The collected data will be analysis using mean
rank from SPSS. The findings of this study will helps the construction community to
aware the important of recycling practices.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT i
TABLE Of CONTENTS ii
LIST OF TABLE iii
LIST OF FIGURES iv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS v
LIST OF APPENDICES vi

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of Study 2
1.2 Problem Statement 3
1.3 Objective of Study 4
1.4 Scope of Study 4
1.5 Significance of Study 5
1.6 Limitation of Study 5

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1. Introduction 6
2.2. Waste Minimization 7
2.3 Green Building Index 8
2.3.1 GBI Classification 8
2.4 Viable Technology on Construction
Waste Recycling 9
2.4.1 Glass 10
2.4.2 Bricks 11
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2.4.3 Plastics 12
2.4.4 Non-ferrous Metals 13
2.4.5 Timber 14

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 15
3.1 Introduction 15
3.2 Research Approach 16
3.3 Flowchart 17
3.3.1 Preliminary Study 18
3.3.2 Literature Review 19
3.3.3 Conduct Survey Framework 19
3.3.4 Conduct Survey 19
3.3.5 Data Analysis 20
3.3.6 Conclusion and Recommendation 19
3.4 Data Collection 21
3.4.1 Sampling 21
3.4.2 Gender 22
3.5 Data Analysis 22

CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS 23

4.1 Expected Result 23
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
 v

LIST OF TABLES

2.1 GBI Classification

 vi

LIST OF FIGURES

2.1 Waste Minimization Practices

3.1 Flowchart
 vii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ACEM - Association of Consulting Engineers Malaysia

C&D - Construction and Demolition
GBI - Green Building Index
 viii

LIST OF APPENDICES

A - Gantt Chart
 1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

The construction sector is currently growth due to high demand in developing

an urban or rural area. The increasing of this sector affected high consumption of
building materials. Due to high demand, the rate of construction waste increasing day
by day (Ogunmakinde et al., 2019) . Over the last few years, most of the construction
waste were disposed at site landfill such as timber and paper based were burned
(Ya’cob et al., 2013). In addition, conventional disposal practices eventually
contribute to saturation of landfill that cause ecological and health problems
(Ibrahim, 2016).

Managing waste from construction does not only conserves landfill space and
decrease the impacts of waste, but it also reduces the project expenditures by
avoiding high order and costs. In Malaysia, various efforts have been implemented
by reusing construction waste as a building materials. Waste managament is an
important component in construction industry which the purpose is to reduce the
waste generated. The aim is to achieve the sustainable construction practices that is
contribute to sustainable development by social, environmental and economic values
(Ogunmakinde et al., 2019). Methods of disposal waste that can be used are by
recycling. Recycling is defined as the end of life recovery of the value of a material
and its reprocessing into a new product in its primary or secondary state for
 2

continuous use. The use of limited resources is minimized by recycling, thus future
resources are conserved.

In Malaysia, various efforts have been implemented by recycling construction

waste as a building materials. Among the encouragement of this effort through the
recycling campaign from the Government or Non-Government Organisation. The
construction industry that implemented the green building index will reduce the
overall impact of the built environment on its surroundings. Over this century, green
building has become a major part of sustainable development. Green Buildings tend
to be a bench mark to reduce the passive impact of the revolution of real estate on the
atmosphere and human health with the goal of fostering sustainable life.

There are certain bodies that can determine whether the building meets the
specifications of a green building. The standard used in Malaysia referred as Green
Building Index (GBI) (Algburi et al., 2016). The Green Building Index (GBI) has
introduced a green rating tool for buildings in the Malaysian industry to promote
sustainability in the built environment and raise awareness among developers,
designers, engineers, architects, contractors, planners and the public about
environmental concerns and our responsibility to future generations. The GBI rating
tool provides developers and structure owners with an opportunity to design and
create green, sustainable buildings that can deliver water savings, energy savings, a
safe indoor climate, enhanced access to common transport and recycling and
greenery for their projects and reduce our environmental impact.
 3

1.2 Problem Statement

Construction waste may cause an impact towards the environment. The

excessive wastage of raw materials, improper waste management and low awareness
of the need for waste reduction are common in the local construction sites. Besides,
through this research enable to identify the methods on how the contractors,
developers and stakeholders overcome this issue on construction industry.

A comprehensive construction waste management is urgently needed on

every construction site. After identifying the causes of construction waste, it is of
great importance to structure ways to minimize it as the most favorable solution to
waste problem of any kind. Indeed, it should be made compulsory that every
construction company should enact construction waste management plan tailored to
its particular mode of business so that every personnel from the management to the
operational level can head for the same goal of construction waste management.
Besides reduction strategies, economic issues in construction waste management in
terms of recycling and contractual implications also play a significant role (Tam &
Tam, 2006).
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1.3 Objective of Study

Objective of this research are:

1. To identify the benefits of the recycling practices on construction waste in
GBI Projects.

2. To determine the methods of the recycling practices on construction waste in

GBI Projects.

3. To propose the key benefit and method of the recycling practices on

construction waste in GBI Projects.

1.4 Scope of Study

This study is focus on the recycling practices on construction waste in Green

(GBI) Building Index Project and the method that has been done to the construction
waste. The data collection will be conducted towards Universiti Tun Hussein Onn
Malaysia students, construction professional in construction industry and the society.
The study would be done through the utilization of questionnaire as a survey and
references. By this strategies, as a researcher may investigate the recycling practices
on construction waste in Green Building Index project.
 5

1.5 Significance of Study

From this study, the socities especially civil engineer, contractors, developers
and stakeholders will get practical information about recycling practices on
construction waste in Green Building Index project. The information will assist them
practicing recycle construction waste in construction industry. This study also help
them to know the impact of construction waste to the environment and also human
health. Sustainable growth is very necessary for savings to ensure that future
generations are able to get benefit from the same benefits on the current generation.

1.6 Limitation of Study

The limitation of the study is getting the data from the construction industry.
This is because, it is a high risk during the pandemic of Covid-19 to meet each other
especially on construction site. The questionnaire distribution will be used online
method.
 6

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Any product of material by human and industrial activity with no residual

value known as waste (Tam & Tam, 2006). With the demands for major
infrastructure projects in Malaysia, along with several commercial buildings, the
higher amount of construction waste is being generated by the construction industry
and housing development programmes. Construction waste may give an impact
towards the environment. It is the responsibility of the construction industry to
develop a whole spectrum of waste, the quantity and form of which depends on
variables, such as the stage of construction, method of construction work and onsite
activities. Therefore, waste minimization is important to ensure the construction
waste management successfully implemented in Malaysia or worldwide.

Due to the lack of knowledge to waste reduction during the planning and
design process to reduce the production of waste, resulting of extra construction
materials are occurs. Excessive waste of raw materials, inappropriate waste
management and limited awareness of the need to minimize waste are prevalent at
local construction sites (Begum et al., 2007). Various waste management techniques
have been suggested by current works. Begum et al pointed that when financial
constraints are present, building solid waste management is commonly seen as a low
priority and proposed that significant waste reduction can be accomplished if waste
management is incorporated as part of project management functions.
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2.2 Waste Minimization

Waste minimisation requires source reduction and recycling on construction site.

Source reduction is defined as any operation, usually within a process, that reduces
or eliminates the generation of waste at the source. The recovery or reuse of what
would otherwise be a waste material is known as recycling.

Figure 2.1: Waste Minimization Practices (Begum et al., 2007)

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2.3 Green Building Index

Malaysia government has developed a system that will be referred as the

"Green Building Index" to assess the ecological design and efficiency of Malaysian
buildings. The Malaysian Institute of Architects and the Association of Consulting
Engineers Malaysia have jointly set up the GBI rating system (ACEM).

The Malaysian building industry has taken a major jump towards the Green
Movement by propelling its own 'Green Building Index' (GBI) in 2009. GBI is
composed particularly for Malaysia's tropical climate, remembering the social,
infrastructural and financial development in Malaysian connection and in the
meantime consolidating high need worldwide difficulties. A Green building
spotlights on expanding the productivity of asset utilization – energy, water, and
materials – while lessening building effect on human wellbeing and the earth amid
the building's life cycle, through better siting, configuration, development, operation,
upkeep, and evacuation.

2.4 GBI Classification

Four (4) classifications are given for the green building certifications to show the
gradient of compliance with the requirements. The complete indexing is shown in
Table 1.

Points GB Ratings Interference

86 Platinum Global Excellence
76-85 Gold National Excellence
66-75 Silver Excellent Practice
50-75 Certified Good Practice
Table 2.1: GBI Classification (www.greenbuildingindex.com.my)

2.5 Viable Technology on Construction Waste Recycling

 9

While several material recycling programs are recommended, the actual

management of Construction and Demolition waste recycling is restricted to a few
kinds of solid waste. Three big areas need to be taken into consideration when
choosing a recyclable material (Mindess et al., 2003). (i)economy, (ii) compatibility
with other materials and (iii) material properties. From a purely economic point of
view, recycling of C&D waste is desirable only when, in terms of cost and quantity,
the recycled commodity is competitive with natural resources. In regions where a
lack of both raw materials and landfilling sites exists, recycled materials would be
more competitive. It investigates the technology on construction waste recycling and
their viability. Six materials recycling practices are studied, including:

i. Glass
ii. Bricks
iii. Plastics
iv. Metals
v. Timber
vi. Paper and Cardboard

2.5.1 Glass
 10

For a variety of uses, glass can be reused in the construction industry:

i. Window: If the glass window was taken care during the demolition stage, it
can be directly re-used.
ii. Glass Fibre: Glass is recycled in processing for the improvement of material
properties. Glass fiber used in thermal and acoustic insulation that can be
combined with cement, gypsum or resin reinforcement products.
iii. Filling Material: Recycle glass is used in the United Kingdom as a fine
material for cement that called as "ConGlassCrete", which is used to improve
the strength of concrete.
iv. Paving Block: It is made by crushing in the USA from recycled glass
aggregate. This recycling technology is also being developed by Hong Kong,
which may (i) provide an attractive reflective appearance on the surface after
polishing.
(ii) reduce water absorption of oncrete block.
(iii) provide good compressive strength.
v. Aggregate in Concrete: For use as concrete in Sweden, a novel fine aggregate
consisting primarily of glass has been made. The production of concrete or
asphalt that mix with the glass and secondary aggregate may decrease the
strength of resulting material (Hendriks and Pietersen, 2000).
 11

2.5.2 Bricks

Bricks arising from demolition may be contaminated with mortar, rendering

and plaster, and are often mixed with other materials such as timber and concrete.
Separation of the potentially valuable facing bricks will be usually difficult and
require hand sorting. In Denmark, only 10–15% bricks from old buildings are facing
bricks (Kristensen, 1994), thus the sorting and cleaning of bricks tend to be more
labour-intensive and costly. Any significant contamination of the bricks will render
their uses uneconomically, as cleanup costs far outweigh the cost of natural brick. In
the practices of a construction site in Kyoto, Japan in 2004, it burns the demolished
bricks into slime burnt ash. And, in recent year, bricks are commonly be crushed to
form filling materials and hardcore in Hong Kong.
 12

2.5.3 Plastics

High level reuses of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS)

and polyvinylchloride (PVC) are possible for recycling if these materials are
collected separately and clean (Hendriks and Pietersen, 2000). Recycling is difficult
if plastic wastes are mixed with other plastics or contaminants. The scope for high
level recycling is limited due to the deterioration in properties of old plastic. Virgin
material has to be added for recycling. In the Netherlands, the recycling material is
used for the production of new plastic profiles containing 70% recycled material;
30% virgin material is used for ensuring sufficient UV resistance (Hendriks and
Pietersen, 2000). In future, it may be possible to improve this replacement ratio up to
80 or 90%.

There are several principal opportunities to address when considering the

recycling of plastic (Coventry, 1999):

i. Panel: the recycling of transparent PVC roofing panel started in 1992. Due to
contamination and the reinforcement, the recycling material has a poorer
quality than new roofing element, and therefore they can only be used for the
lower face. The panel is converted to powder by cryogenic milling. The
powder is then mixed with plasticizers and other materials for the production
of new panel (Hendriks and Pietersen, 2000).
ii. Plastic may be recycled and used in products specifically designed for the
utilization of recycled plastic, such as street furniture, roof and floor, piling,
PVC window, noise barrier, cable ducting and pipe, panel, cladding and
insulation foam.
iii. Technology is being developed that will enable building materials to be
progressively infused with recycled plastic constituent in order to increase
strength, durability and impact resistance, and enhance appearance. This has
resulted in companies creating versatile product for plastic lumber and
aggregate in asphaltic concrete
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iv. Plastic may be utilized for further construction application. Due to volume,
time and financial constraint, the recycling of plastic component is limited to
landfill drainage and asphalt (Sustainable Construction, 1994).

2.5.4 Non-ferrous Metals

The main non-ferrous metal collected from C&D sites are aluminium, copper,
lead and zinc (Coventry, 1999). Once sorted, products can be sold to scrap metal
merchants for recycling or directly to end-users by melting. In United Kingdom,
aluminium usage is up to 95,000 tonnes with about 70% recycled in 1997; copper is
recycled up to 119,000 tonnes out of a national market of 262,000 tonnes used
(100% recycling rate can be achieved); lead is recycled up to 228,700 tonnes (about
85% lead used is recyclable); zinc is recycled nearly 60,000 tonnes in the production
of galvanized steel strip and 40,000 tonnes in the production of protecting steel
galvanized after fabrication. Relatively small quantity of zinc sheet (2000 tonnes per
year) is used for roofing cladding and to some extent flashing. Furthermore, a large
quantity of zinc (representing 30% of the composition) is used in the production of
brass (Coventry, 1999).
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2.5.5 Timber

Timber waste from C&D works is produced in large quantity all over the
world. It is estimated that more than 2.5 million tonnes of timber wastes generated in
the United Kingdom each year (Coventry, 1999; Masters, 2001). Timber waste has a
potential of being recycled as:

i. Whole timber arising from C&D activities can be utilized easily and directly
for reused in other construction projects after cleaning, de-nailing and sizing.
Undamaged wood can be reused as plank, beam, door, floorboard, rafter,
panel, balcony parapet and pile (Hendriks and Pietersen, 2000). In 2004,
Japan developed a new technology in turning timber waste into furniture,
shoring wooden pile for relocated pine trees, wood bench and timber stair.
ii. A special lightweight concrete can be produced from aggregate made from
recycled small wood chunk.
iii. Timber waste can be recycled as energy, such as fuel, charcoal for power
generation in Japan. In the Netherlands, 400,000 tonnes of wood from C&D
activities are generated (Hendriks and Pietersen, 2000); most of this wood is
landfilled or incinerated as a by-product in either coal-fired power plant or
cement kiln; prior to incineration the wood will have be reduced in size
drastically. Blast furnace deoxidization is also adopted in recycling timber.
iv. Timber waste can be recycled to produce insulation board, kitchen utensil and
furniture from the chipped timber by pressurization at around 180 ◦C for 40
min with steam, water and addition of binder. In 2004, Japan practices
adopted this technology in turning timber chip into paving material.
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CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This study was primarily designed to investigate the recycling practices on

construction waste in Green Building Index Projects. Three sets of questionnaires
will be used to gather the data. The target population of this study was bachelor
students enrolled in various courses in University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit
Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, societies and workers in construction industry. Quantitative
research method will be used to obtain the data either from offline or online surveys.
This chapter explains the research procedures of this study, including participants,
genders, data collection procedures and data analysis.

3.2 Research Approach

The design of this study was primarily quantitative in nature. According to

Fraenkel,Wallen and Hyun (2012), quantitative researchers usually base their work
on the belief that facts and feelings can be separated, that the world is a single reality
made up of facts that can be discovered. When it comes to the purpose of research,
quantitative researches seek to establish relationships between variables and look for
and sometimes explain the causes of such relationships. Quantitative research has
established widely agreed on general formulations of steps that guide researchers in
their work. Quantitative research designs tend to be pre-established. The ideal
researcher role in quantitative research is that of a detached observer. The ideal study
 16

in the quantitative tradition is the experiment. Lastly, most quantitative researchers

want to establish generalizations that surpass the immediate situation or particular
setting.
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3.3 Flowchart

Start

Preliminary Study
- Identifying Problem Statement
- Identifying Objective
- Identifying Scope, Significance
and Limitation of Study
- Writing Proposal

Literature Review

- Waste Minimization
- Green Building Index
- Viable Technology on
Construction Waste Recycling

Construct Survey Framework

Conduct Survey

Data Analysis

Conclusion &

Recommendation

End

Figure 3.1 Flowchart

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3.3.1 Preliminary Study

Before a researcher chooses a topic for a project, it is important to identify a

broad area of inquiry and interest. This may be as broad as “global eye health” or
“personality psychology,” but it should be an area that is of interest to the researcher.
Within a broad topic of inquiry, each researcher must begin narrowing the field into a
few subtopics that are of greater specificity and detail. For example, a researcher may
be interested in “global eye health,” but could focus more specifically on “proper eye
care and how it affects individuals.” Although this topic is still too broad for a
research project, it is more focused and can be further refined into a coherent project.

Students as well as professional researchers discover their topics in both

conventional and unconventional ways. Many researchers find that their personal
interests and experiences help to narrow their topic. For students, previous classes
and course material are often the source of research ideas. Furthermore, current
events in politics as well as in academia may inspire topics for research. Academic
journals such as Health Affairs, Health Economics, and the American Journal of
Bioethics can provide good material for new studies, and e-resources such as
PubMed, Google Scholar and Philosopher’s Index are also good starting places.
Lastly, many research ideas are generated through dialogue by talking with
professors, fellow students, and family .
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3.3.2 Literature Review

A literature review surveys books, scholarly articles, and any other sources
relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, and by so doing, provides a
description, summary, and critical evaluation of these works in relation to the
research problem being investigated. Literature reviews are designed to provide an
overview of sources you have explored while researching a particular topic and to
demonstrate to your readers how your research fits within a larger field of study.

3.3.3 Conduct Survey Framework

Not all research projects require study measures. Some research simply
involves observing the results of events in the field and drawing conclusions based
on a theoretical framework. Others may involve analyzing data from clinics or other
institutions, using statistics and reasoning to find patterns that may have important
implications. However, many projects involve direct contact with participants, using
an operationalized definition of a phenomenon. These projects require well-designed
measures in order to be considered valid. There are two broad categories of research
which are quantitative and qualitative.

3.3.4 Conduct Survey

Quantitative studies tend to have larger sample sizes, use standardized

measures and numerical values, and utilize statistical data analysis. A study is
classified as quantitative if the researcher seeks to quantify the variation in a
phenomenon and if information is gathered using quantitative variables. Quantitative
studies allow for collection of large datasets from which the researcher may provide
numeric estimates and identify statistically significant trends and associations. Many
 20

researchers conduct hybrid studies in order to maximize the benefits of qualitative

and quantitative approaches.

3.3.5 Data Analysis

The two most commonly used quantitative data analysis methods are
descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Typically descriptive statistics (also
known as descriptive analysis) is the first level of analysis. It helps researchers
summarize the data and find patterns. A few commonly used descriptive statistics are
mean, median, mode, percentage, frequency and range. Descriptive statistics provide
absolute numbers. However, they do not explain the rationale or reasoning behind
those numbers. Before applying descriptive statistics, it’s important to think about
which one is best suited for your research question and what you want to show. For
example, a percentage is a good way to show the gender distribution of respondents.
Descriptive statistics are most helpful when the research is limited to the sample and
does not need to be generalized to a larger population. For example, if you are
comparing the percentage of children vaccinated in two different villages, then
descriptive statistics is enough (de Castro Luke, 2018).

3.3.6 Conclusion and Recommendation

The conclusion is intended to help the reader understand why your research
should matter to them after they have finished reading the thesis. A conclusion is not
merely a summary of your points or a re-statement of your research problem but a
synthesis of key points. While, recommendations urge specific actions to be taken
with regard to policy, practice, theory, or subsequent research. They are specific
suggestions that make with regard to further research on the topic.
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3.4 Data Collection

3.4.1 Sampling

Many times it is extremely difficult or sometimes even impossible to select

either a random or a systematic non-random sample. Hence, in this type of situation,
the researcher is using convenience sampling for this study. A convenience sample is
a group of individuals who conveniently are available for study (Fraenkel, Wallen &
Hyun, 2012). Thus, the researcher might decide to investigate the recycling practices
on construction waste in GBI project among students in University Tun Hussein Onn
Malaysia, societies and workers in construction industry by asking the available
students at the time of questionnaire distribution day at the typical students gathering
place around the campus to help the researcher in responding to the questionnaires.
As for recruiting societies and workers in construction industry as participants for
this study, the researcher will be visiting the construction office, after getting the oral
and written permission from the rector/administrators and asking their availability
which means that they had a free time at the time when the researcher asked for their
help to respond to the questionnaire.
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3.4.2 Gender

The background information questionnaire will give a brief introduction to

the study and provide instructions for the students to complete the survey. For this
study, the background information questionnaire was modified from the ones used in
Chang’s (2011) study.The background information questionnaire indicated that all
responses of the student participants will be completely anonymous. It was designed
to obtain demographic information about their backgrounds and recycling practices
knowledge on construction waste in construction industry.

3.5 Data Analysis

The collected data from the recycling practices questionnaire will be analysed
using the Statistics Package for Social Science (SPSS) software in order to obtain
statistics. The analysis of the data with the aid of the SPSS software will be used to
determine what types of construction waste should be recycling and the level
understanding about the recycling practices in construction waste among the
students, societies and workers in construction industry.
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CHAPTER 4

RESULT AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Expected Result

First objective of this study is to identify the benefits of recycling practices on

construction waste in Green Building Index project whereas sustainable development
is define as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Next, the second objective is to identify the methods of the recycling

practices on construction waste that effective to reduce the amount of waste
generation by construction industry also may achieved. From the literature review,
we can understand the viable technology on construction waste recycling and also
the waste minimization practices.

Lastly, the third objective to propose the key benefit and methods of the
recycling practices by analysing the data from questionnaire survey. The propose
included the factor of good planning, efficient purchase of material by following
specification, recognize final deposition of waste, supervised all the works and
deliver the information as fast as they may prevent misunderstanding.
 24

REFERENCES

Algburi, S. M., Faieza, A. A., & Baharudin, B. T. H. T. (2016). Review of green

building index in Malaysia; existing work and challenges. International Journal
of Applied Engineering Research, 11(5), 3160–3167.
Begum, R. A., Siwar, C., Pereira, J. J., & Jaafar, A. H. (2007). Implementation of
waste management and minimisation in the construction industry of Malaysia.
Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 51(1), 190–202.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2006.09.004
de Castro Luke. (2018). Your Guide to Qualitative and Quantitative Data Analysis
Methods - Atlan | Humans of Data. In Your guide to Qualitative and
Quantitative Data Analysis Methods (pp. 1–10).
https://humansofdata.atlan.com/2018/09/qualitative-quantitative-data-analysis-
methods/
Ibrahim, M. (2016). Estimating the sustainability returns of recycling construction
waste from building projects. Sustainable Cities and Society, 23, 78–93.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2016.03.005
Ogunmakinde, O. E., Sher, W., & Maund, K. (2019). An assessment of material
waste disposal methods in the Nigerian construction industry. Recycling, 4(1).
https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling4010013
Tam, V. W. Y., & Tam, C. M. (2006). A review on the viable technology for
construction waste recycling. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 47(3),
209–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2005.12.002
Ya’cob, A. S., Abdullah Zawawi, W. N. A., Isa, M. H., & Othman, I. (2013). Factors
that affect sustainable construction waste management efforts at site. WIT
Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 179 VOLUME 2.
https://doi.org/10.2495/SC130992
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APPENDIX A

GANTT CHART

No. Activity / Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Selection of the research

1
topic

Collection of information
2 and data from books and
journals

3 Conducting of introduction

Conducting literature
4
review

Creation of research
5
methodology

Conducting of expected
6
result

Correction of The Proposal

7
Writing

Submission of FYP 1
8
Proposal
26