Relations and Equations Chapter Two

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 = 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 + 𝑬 + 𝟒 (𝑺𝑳 − 𝑳𝑳) (𝒉𝒓)

SL=Lst= 44.14o and LL=Lloc= 45oW for Baghdad city.

𝒐
𝒉𝒔 = (𝟏𝟐 − 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆) × 𝟏𝟓 ( )

𝑨𝑳𝑻 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 [𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑫𝑬𝑪) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑳𝑨𝑻) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒉𝒔 ) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑫𝑬𝑪) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑳𝑨𝑻)]

𝑫𝑬𝑪 = −𝟐𝟑. 𝟒𝟓 𝐜𝐨𝐬⌊𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟔(𝒏 + 𝟏𝟎. 𝟓)⌋

n: the number of the day counted from January from Table 2.

LAT for Ramadi city Baghdad city is 33.3o, London city is 15o

South Facing Horizontal & Vertical Surface Fixed

For vertical surface facing to south that is aw=0o & β=90o

𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒊) = − 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑫𝑬𝑪) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑳𝑨𝑻) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑫𝑬𝑪) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒉𝒔 ) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑳𝑨𝑻)

For Horizontal surface β=0o

𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒊) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑫𝑬𝑪) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑳𝑨𝑻) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑫𝑬𝑪) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒉𝒔 ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑳𝑨𝑻) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨𝑳𝑻)

South Facing Titled Surface

For titled surface facing to south β = 0o-90o

𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒊) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑫𝑬𝑪) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑳𝑨𝑻 − 𝜷) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑫𝑬𝑪) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒉𝒔 ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑳𝑨𝑻 − 𝜷)

 Sunrise time & Sunset time:

𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨𝑳𝑻) = [𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑫𝑬𝑪) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑳𝑨𝑻) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒉𝒔𝒔 ) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑫𝑬𝑪) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑳𝑨𝑻)]

𝟎 = [𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑫𝑬𝑪) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑳𝑨𝑻) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒉𝒔𝒔 ) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑫𝑬𝑪) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑳𝑨𝑻)]
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒉𝒔𝒔 ) = − 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝑳𝑨𝑻) 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝑫𝑬𝑪)

𝒉𝒔𝒔
𝑺𝒖𝒏𝒔𝒆𝒕 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 = p.m.
𝟏𝟓

𝒉𝒔𝒓 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎 − 𝒉𝒔𝒔

𝒉𝒔𝒓
𝑺𝒖𝒏𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 = a.m.
𝟏𝟓

While the day length is calculated from: Day length = 2 × Sunset time

𝑰𝒐
The average solar radiation on a surface (W/m2): 𝑰𝑫𝑵 = 𝑰𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝐀.𝐁
[ ]
𝒆 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨𝑳𝑻)

The direct radiation on a surface (W/m2): 𝑰𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕 = 𝑰𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒊)

The diffuse solar radiation on a surface (W/m2): 𝑰𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒖𝒔𝒆 = 𝑪. 𝑭𝒔𝒔 . 𝑰𝒂𝒗𝒆

𝟏
where Fss: angle factor between the surface and sky 𝑭𝒔𝒔 = 𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜷)

The total solar radiation on a Surface (W/m2):

𝑰𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑰𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕 + 𝑰𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒖𝒔𝒆

The reflected solar radiation on a surface (W/m2):

𝑰𝑹 = 𝑹[𝑪 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨𝑳𝑻)]. (𝟏 − 𝑭𝒔𝒔 ). 𝑰𝒂𝒗𝒆

R: reflectance factor varies from 0.1-0.7, for white snow and the average value is 0.2. In
addition, Io, A, B and C are taken from Table 1.
Day Jan Feb March Apr. May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1 1 32 60 91 121 152 182 213 244 274 305 335
2 2 33 61 92 122 153 183 214 245 275 306 336
3 3 34 62 93 123 154 184 215 246 276 307 337
4 4 35 63 94 124 155 185 216 247 277 308 338
5 5 36 64 95 125 156 186 217 248 278 309 339
6 6 37 65 96 126 157 187 218 249 279 310 340
7 7 38 66 97 127 158 188 219 250 280 311 341
8 8 39 67 98 128 159 189 220 251 281 312 342
9 9 40 68 99 129 160 190 221 252 282 313 343
10 10 41 69 100 130 161 191 222 253 283 314 344
11 11 42 70 101 131 162 192 223 254 284 315 345
12 12 43 71 102 132 163 193 224 255 285 316 346
13 13 44 72 103 133 164 194 225 256 286 317 347
14 14 45 73 104 134 165 195 226 257 287 318 348
15 15 46 74 105 135 166 196 227 258 288 319 349
16 16 47 75 106 136 167 197 228 259 289 320 350
17 17 48 76 107 137 168 198 229 260 290 321 351
18 18 49 77 108 138 169 199 230 261 291 322 352
19 19 50 78 109 139 170 200 231 262 292 323 353
20 20 51 79 110 140 171 201 232 263 293 324 354
21 21 52 80 111 141 172 202 233 264 294 325 355
22 22 53 81 112 142 173 203 234 265 295 326 356
23 23 54 82 113 143 174 204 235 266 296 327 357
24 24 55 83 114 144 175 205 236 267 297 328 358
25 25 56 84 115 145 176 206 237 268 298 329 359
26 26 57 85 116 146 177 207 238 269 299 330 360
27 27 58 86 117 147 178 208 239 270 300 331 361
28 28 59 87 118 148 179 209 240 271 301 332 362
29 29 ------- 88 119 149 180 210 241 272 302 333 363
30 30 ------- 89 120 150 181 211 242 273 303 334 364
31 31 ------- 90 ------- 151 ------- 212 243 ------- 304 ------- 365
 Table 1: Different variable data for 21st for each month.

Month Jan. Feb. March April May Jun.

E -11.2 -13.4 -7.5 1.1 3.3 -1.4

A 2.150 2.050 1.925 1.750 1.600 0.512

Io 1395 1390 1361.5 1336 1319 1309

B 0.142 0.153 0.177 0.152 0.158 0.184
C 0.058 0.06 0.071 0.097 0.121 0.134
Month Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
E - 6.2 - 2.4 7.5 15.4 13.8 1.6

A 1.462 1.487 1.580 1.736 1.975 2.050

Io 1311 1324 1355.5 1368 1387.5 1397

B 0.204 0.180 0.155 0.155 0.181 0.204
C 0.136 0.122 0.092 0.073 0.063 0.057

Io: Extra-terrestrial (outside of earth) solar radiation intensity (W/m2)

A: Correction factor B: Shielding coefficient C: Diffusion factor
 Equations Chapter Three

𝐔𝒃 = 𝐤 𝒊𝒏𝒔 𝐀𝒃 /𝐭

𝐔𝒔 = 𝐤 𝒊𝒏𝒔 𝐀𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 /𝐭

1. The thermal losses of the frontal side of the system for single cover glass (Uf) is calculated by:
(A) Heat Transfer Coefficient (B) Empirical Equation

A. By Heat Transfer Coefficient, (W/K):

Heat transfer coefficient for the temperature of 10oC (h10):

(∆𝑻)𝟎.𝟑𝟏
𝒉𝟏𝟎 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟒 𝟎.𝟎𝟕
𝑳
𝒉𝒑−𝒄 = 𝒉𝟏𝟎 [𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟖(𝑻𝒂𝒗𝒆 − 𝟏𝟎)]

𝜹(𝑻𝒑 + 𝑻𝒄 )(𝑻𝒑 𝟐 + 𝑻𝒄 𝟐 )
𝒉𝒓(𝒑−𝒄) =
𝟏 𝟏
+ −𝟏
𝝐𝒑 𝝐𝒄

𝒉𝒘 = 𝟓. 𝟕 + 𝟑. 𝟖𝑽

𝒉𝒓(𝒄−𝒔𝒌𝒚) = 𝝐𝒈 𝜹(𝑻𝟐𝒄 + 𝑻𝟐𝒔𝒌𝒚 )(𝑻𝒄 + 𝑻𝒔𝒌𝒚 )

Then, the thermal losses of the frontal side of the system (Uf) as tilt angle 45o:
−𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
𝑼𝒇(𝟒𝟓𝒐) = 𝑨𝒄 [ + ]
𝒉𝒑−𝒄 + 𝒉𝒓(𝒑−𝒄) 𝒉𝒘 + 𝒉𝒓(𝒄−𝒔𝒌𝒚)
B. Empirical Equation: for multiple glass covers & 40oC≤ Tp ≤130oC

−𝟏

𝑵 𝟏
𝑼𝒇(𝟒𝟓𝒐) = 𝑨𝒄 𝟎.𝟑𝟏
+
𝟑𝟒𝟒 𝑻𝒑 − 𝑻𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝒉𝒘
( )( )
[( 𝑻𝒑 𝑵 + 𝒇 )

𝜹(𝑻𝒑 + 𝑻𝒂𝒊𝒓 )(𝑻𝒑 𝟐 + 𝑻𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝟐 )

+
−𝟏 𝟐𝑵 + 𝒇 − 𝟏
[𝝐𝒑 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟐𝑵(𝟏 − 𝝐𝒑 )] + [ 𝝐𝒄 ]−𝑵
]

N: number of glass covers

𝒇 = [𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝒉𝒘 + 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 (𝒉𝒘 )𝟐 ][𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟖𝑵]

The thermal losses of the frontal side of the system (Uf) as tilt angle β:

𝑼𝒇(𝜷) = 𝑼𝒕(𝟒𝟓𝒐) [𝟏 − (𝜷 − 𝟒𝟓)(𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟔 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟒 × 𝝐𝒑 )]

Then, the total thermal losses of solar collector (UT):

𝑼𝑻 = 𝑼𝒇 + 𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 + 𝑼𝒃

A number of overall heat losses from the system (Qlosses):

𝑸𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 = 𝑼𝑻 (𝑻𝒑 − 𝑻𝒂𝒊𝒓 )

 1. The amount of heat absorbed by a collector (Qabs)
𝑸𝒂𝒃𝒔 = 𝑰𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕 . 𝑭𝒕 . 𝑨𝒄

𝑭𝒕 = 𝑭𝒔𝒉 . 𝑭𝒅 . 𝛂𝒑 . 𝝉𝒈

2. The amount of useful thermal energy gain from a collector (Qu)

The experimental amount of useful thermal energy gain from a collector (Qu(exp)):

𝐐𝐮(𝐞𝐱𝐩) = 𝒎̇. 𝑪𝒑 (𝑻𝒐𝒖𝒕 − 𝑻𝒊𝒏 )

𝐐𝐮(𝐭𝐡𝐞) = 𝐐𝐚𝐛𝐬 − 𝐐𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐬

3. Efficiency of Solar Collector

𝐐𝐮(𝐞𝐱𝐩)
𝜼𝒂𝒄𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑸𝒂𝒃𝒔

𝐐𝐮(𝐭𝐡𝐞)
𝜼𝒕𝒉𝒆 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑸𝒂𝒃𝒔