Acta Mathematicae Applicatae Sinica, English Series

Vol. 23, No. 3 (2007) 489–494

Fixed Points for Mean Non-expansive Mappings

Chun-xue Wu, Li-juan Zhang
Department of Mathematics, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
(E-mail: wuchunxue1020@163.com; lijuanzhang99@163.com)

Abstract For a Banach Space X Garcia-Falset introduced the coefficient R(X) and showed that if R(X) < 2
then X has a fixed point. In this paper, we define a mean non-expansive mapping T on X in the sense that
2
T x − T y ≤ ax − y + bx − T y for any x, y ∈ X, where a, b ≥ 0, a + b ≤ 1. We show that if R(X) < 1+b
then T has a fixed point in X.

Keywords Fixed point property, mean non-expansive mapping, normal structure

2000 MR Subject Classification O175

1 Introduction

Let X be a Banach space. We denote the unit sphere and the unit ball of X by S(X) and
B(X), respectively. A closed convex subset C of X the mapping T : C → C is said to be a
non-expansive mapping if T x − T y ≤ x − y for all x, y ∈ C. We say that X has the weak
fixed point property (f.p.p.) if every non-expansive mapping defined on a nonempty weakly
compact convex subset of X has a fixed point.
Since 1965, R.Browder, D.Gohde, W.A.Kirk[4−6] and many other authors have established
that the f.p.p. can be guaranteed under several conditions of geometric type on the norm of X.
Uniform convexity and normal structure are examples of such conditions.
To obtain the f.p.p. property of a Banach space X, Garcia-Falset[2] introduced the following
geometric coefficient
 w 
R(X) = sup lim inf xn − x : {xn } ⊂ B(X), xn → 0, x ∈ S(X) .
n→∞

Further, in [3] the author obtained that a Banach space X with R(x) < 2 has the weak fixed
point property and the weak Banach-Saks property.
In 1975, Zhang[8] defined a mean non-expansive self-mapping T on K by

T x − T y ≤ ax − y + bx − T y, ∀ x, y ∈ X, a, b ≥ 0, a + b ≤ 1,

and proved that T has a unique fixed point in K, where K is a weakly compact closed convex
subset of X and has normal structure.
2
In this paper, we show that if a Banach space X satisfies the condition R(X) < 1+b then
such a mean non-expansive mapping T has a fixed point in K.
Definition 1.1. Let X be a Banach space and let T be a mapping from X to X.A sequence
{xn } is called an approximate fixed point sequence for T if T xn − xn  → 0 as n → ∞.
Manuscript received February 14, 2006. Revised January 29, 2007.
Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 10461006), the Natural Science Foundation
of Shandong Province (Y002A10) and the Younger Foundation of Yantai University (SX05Z9).
490 C.X. Wu, L.J. Zhang

For any bounded closed convex subset K of X, we denote the Chebshev radius of K by
r(K) = inf {sup x − y, y ∈ K}.
x∈K

Definition 1.2. The asymptotic radius and the center of a sequence {xn } in X related to a
subset K is defined respectively, by
 
ra ({xn }, K) = inf lim sup xn − y : y ∈ K
n→∞

and  
Za ({xn }, K) = y ∈ K : lim sup xn − y = ra ({xn }, K) .
n→∞

Brodskii and Milman[1] introduced the concept of normal structure. This notion plays an
important role in the existence of fixed points for non-expansive mappings for the case of weakly
compact sets as proved by Kirk[6] .
Definition 1.3. a) A bounded convex subset K of a Banach space X has normal structure
if and only if it does not contain a diametral sequence, that is, there is no sequence {yn } such
that
lim d(yn+1 , conv{y1 , · · · , yn }) = diam{ym }∞
m=1 ,
n→∞

where d(y, A) denotes the distance between y and the set A, convA denotes the convex hull of
A and diamA the diameter of A.
If every convex bounded subset of X has normal structure, we say that X has normal struc-
ture (N S).
b) A space X has weak normal structure (W N S) if every weakly compact convex subset of
X has normal structure, that is, there is no weakly null diametral sequence in X.

2 Some Lemmas

Lemma 2.1. Let T be a mean non-expansive mapping of the Banach space X. If a + b < 1,
then T has a unique fixed point.
Since the proof is similar to the proof of the Banach Contractive Theorem, we omit the
detail here.
Lemma 2.2. Let K be a bounded closed convex subset of X and let T be a mean non-
expansive self-mapping on K. Then T has an approximate fixed point sequence in K.
Proof. For any x0 ∈ K define Tn (x) = (1 − n1 )T (x) + n1 x0 , n = 1, 2, · · ·. Then Tn is a mean
non-expansive self-mapping in K and satisfies
 1
Tn x − Tn y ≤ 1 − (ax − y + bx − T y), ∀x, y ∈ K.
n
By Lemma 2.1, for each Tn there exists a unique fixed point xn , n ∈ Z. Thus

T xn − xn  = T xn − Tn xn 
1 1
= T xn − x0  ≤ diam(K)
n n
1
= sup{x − y : x, y ∈ K} → 0, n → ∞.
n
Hence {xn } is an approximated fixed point sequence for T .
Fixed Points for Mean Non-expansive Mappings 491

From the proof of Theorem 2.3.8 in [7], it follows that if K is a weakly compact closed
convex subset of X then there exists a subset C of K such that T (C) ⊂ C. Moreover, if A is a
subset of C and T (A) is not a subset of A, then C is a minimal invariant closed convex subset
under T .
Lemma 2.3. Let K be a bounded closed convex subset of X. Let T : K → K be a mean
non-expansive self-mapping on K and let {xn }∞
n=1 be an approximate fixed point sequence of T
in K. Then Za ({xn }, K) = K.
Proof. For ε > 0, we write
 
Za,ε ({xn }, K) = y ∈ K : lim sup xn − y ≤ ra ({xn }, K) + ε .
n→∞

We now prove that T Za,ε ({xn }, K) ⊂ Za,ε ({xn }, K). In fact, for any y ∈ Zz,ε ({xn }, K) we
have
lim sup T y − xn  = lim sup T y − T xn + T xn − xn 
n→∞ n→∞
= lim sup T y − T xn 
n→∞
≤ lim sup(ay − xn  + by − T xn )
n→∞
≤ a(ra ({xn }, K) + ε) + b(ra ({xn }, K) + ε)
≤ ra ({xn }, K) + ε.
This implies
 that T y ∈ Za,ε ({xn }, K). Thus Za,ε ({xn }, K) is invariant under T which means
that Za,ε ({xn }, K) = K.
ε>0

Lemma 2.4. Let K be a weakly compact closed convex subset of X and let T be a self-
mapping on K satisfying that
T x − T y ≤ ax − y + bx − T y, ∀x, y ∈ K, a, b ≥ 0, a + b ≤ 1.
Assume that K is minimal invariant for T and {xn } is an approximate fixed point sequence in
K. Then, for any y ∈ K, lim y − xn  = diam(K).
n→∞

Proof. Since T (K) ⊂ K, then co(T (K)) ⊂ K. Note that T (co(T (K))) ⊂ T (K) ⊂ co(T (K))
and that K is minimal invariant under T . Then co(T (K)) = K.
We next show that Z(K) = K. Let Z(K) = {x ∈ K : sup{x − y : y ∈ K} = r(K)} and
let x ∈ Z(K). For every y ∈ K, we have
T x − T y ≤ ax − y + bx − T y ≤ ar(K) + br(K) ≤ r(K).
Hence, T x ∈ Z(K). The minimality of K implies that Z(K) = K.
Now, we claim that lim sup y − xn  = diam(K) for any y ∈ K. Assume that there exists
n→∞
y ∈ K such that lim sup y − xn  < diam(K). Let r = lim sup y − xn  and d = diam(K).

n→∞
 n→∞
Construct the set B z, r+d2 ∩ K : z ∈ K for any ε < d−r
2 . We know from Lemma 2.3 that
lim sup xn − z = r, ∀z ∈ K.
n→∞
For any finite subset {z1 , z2 , · · · , zk } of K, there exists an integer N such that xN − zi  ≤
k r+d

2 . Thus, for any i = 1, 2, · · · , k, xN ∈ ∩ B zi , 2

r + ε = r+d
i=1
. Since K is a weak compact
w
set, we assume
without

loss of generality, that there exists x0 ∈ K such that xN → x0 and
x0 ∈ ∩ B z, r+d2 ∩ K. This implies that x0 is not diameter point. Then sup z − x0  <
z∈K z∈K
r+d
2 < d = diam(K). This is a contradiction.
492 C.X. Wu, L.J. Zhang

If lim sup y − xn  > diam(K) for some y ∈ K, there exists subsequence {yn } of {xn }
n→∞
such that lim sup yn − y = lim inf xn − y < diam(K). Which is a contradiction. Thus
n→∞ n→∞
lim sup y − xn  = diam(K), ∀y ∈ K.
n→∞

Lemma 2.5. Let K be a weakly compact convex subset of Banach space X and let T be
a mean non-expansive self-mapping on K. Assume that K is minimal invariant for T and
w
diam(K) = 1. Let {xn } be an approximate fixed point sequence for T with xn → 0. Then for
any ε > 0 there exists a sequence {zn } of K such that
(1) {zn } is weakly convergent to a point z ∈ K;
(2) zn  > 1 − ε for any n ∈ N ;
(3) zn − zm  ≤ 1+b2 for any n, m ∈ N ;
(4) lim sup zn − xn  ≤ 1+b2 .
n→∞

Proof. Since 0 ∈ K and {xn } is an approximate fixed point sequence, from Lemma 2.4 we know
that lim xn  = 1. Therefore, for any ε > 0, there exists δ(ε) > 0 such that if T x − x < δ(ε)
n→∞
for any x ∈ K, then x > 1 − ε. Otherwise, we can assume that there exists ε0 > 0. Such
that, for any δ(ε) = n1 > 0, we have T xn − xn  < n1 and xn  < 1 − ε0 . This is a contraction.
Let ε > 0 and choose r = min{1, δ(ε)} for any n ∈ N . We define the mappings Sn : K → K
by
1−b
Sn (x) = (1 − r)T x + rxn .
2
Clearly, Sn are mean non-expansive mappings and satisfy Lemma 2.1. Since K is weakly
compact, we know that there is a fixed point sequence zn ∈ K such that {zn } converge to
z ∈ K weakly. This complete the proof of (1).
Since
 1−b 
 
zn − T zn  =Sn (zn ) − T zn = (1 − r)T zn + rxn − T zn 
2
 1−b 
 
≤rT zn − xn  ≤ r ≤ δ(ε),
2
then zn  > 1 − ε for any n = 1, 2, · · ·. This complete the proof of (2).
To prove (3), we see that
 1−b 1−b 
 
zn − zm  =(1 − r)T zn + rxn − (1 − r)T zm − rxm 
2 2
1−b
≤(1 − r)T zn − T zm + rxn − xm 
2
1−b
≤(1 − r)(azn − zm  + bzm − T zm) + rxn − xm 
2
1−b
≤(1 − r)zn − zm  + (1 − r)bzm − T zm + rxn − xm .
2
Thus
1−r 1−b
zn − zm  ≤ bzm − T zm  + xn − xm 
r 2
1−b 1−b
≤(1 − r)b + <b+
2 2
1+b
= .
2
Fixed Points for Mean Non-expansive Mappings 493

We now prove (4). Note first that

 1−b 
 
zn − xn  =(1 − r)T zn + rxn − xn 
2
 1−b 
 
=(1 − r)T zn − (1 − r)T xn + (1 − r)T xn + rxn − xn + rxn − rxn 
2
1+b
≤(1 − r)T zn − T xn  + (1 − r)T xn − xn  + rxn 
2
≤(1 − r)(azn − xn  + bzn − T xn )
1+b
+ (1 − r)T xn − xn  + rxn 
2
≤(1 − r)(azn − xn  + bzn − xn  + bxn − T xn )
1+b
+ (1 − r)T xn − xn  + rxn 
2
1+b
≤(1 − r)zn − xn  + (1 − r)(1 + b)xn − T xn  + rxn .
2
Thus
(1 − r)(1 + b) 1+b
zn − xn  ≤ xn − T xn  + xn .
r 2
So
1+b
lim sup zn − xn  ≤ .
n→∞ 2
The proof is thus complete.

3 Main Results

Theorem 3.1. Let K be a weakly compact closed and convex subset of the Banach space X
and let T : K → K satisfy T x−T y ≤ ax−y+bx−T y for any x, y ∈ K, a, b ≥ 0, a+b ≤ 1.
2
If the Garcia-Falset coefficient R(X) < 1+b , then T has a fixed point in K.
Proof. We assume first that 0 < b < 1 and that T does not have a fixed point in K. Then
there would exist a minimal invariant closed convex subset C for T with diam(C) = 1, and
an approximate fixed point (a.f.p) sequence {xn }∞ n=1 ⊂ C for T . Since C is weakly compact,
w
there exists a subsequence {xnk } of {xn }∞
n=1 such that xnk → 0 as k → ∞, and by translation
that {xn } is weakly convergent to zero. By Lemma 2.5, there is a subsequence {zn }∞n=1 ⊂ C
w
having the properties in Lemma 2.5. We can assume that lim zn − z exists. Since zn → z
n→∞
1+b 1+b
and zn − z ≤ lim zn − zm  ≤ 2 , we have lim zn − z ≤ 2 , by the Hahn-Banach
m→∞ m→∞
1+b
Theorem, we have z ≤ lim zn − xn  ≤ 2 and
n→∞
   
 zn   zn − z z 
 = 
 1+b   1+b + 1+b  ≤ R(X).
2 2 2

2
Then, by Lemma 2.5, we have R(X) ≥ 1+b . This is a contraction. Thus T has a fixed point in
K.
If b = 1, then a = 0. Let y = T x. Then y is a fixed point of T . In fact, since T x − T y ≤
y − T x = 0, then T x = T y = y.
If b = 0, see [3].
Obviously, assume a + b = 1, then uniqueness of fixed point is false.
494 C.X. Wu, L.J. Zhang

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