24-3.

Series and invertibility in Banach spaces

MAU22200 - Advanced Analysis

https://www.maths.tcd.ie/∼zaitsev/Adv-2020
Dmitri Zaitsev zaitsev@maths.tcd.ie

Dmitri Zaitsev (Trinity College Dublin) 24-3. Series and invertibility in Banach spaces 1/5
Convergence of series in normed spaces

Definition (refresher)
A Banach space is a normed vector space (X , k · k) which is complete with
respect to the metric induced by its norm, i.e. d(x, y ) = kx − y k.

Definition (convergence of series in normed spaces)

Let X be a normed space and xn ∈ X for n = 1, 2, . . ..
P∞
1 A series x converges to s ∈ X if the sequence of its partial
P n
n=1
sums sN := N n=1 xn converges to s as N → ∞ (in the induced
metric).
P∞ P∞
n=1 kxn k < ∞.
2 A series
n=1 xn is absolutely convergent if

Dmitri Zaitsev (Trinity College Dublin) 24-3. Series and invertibility in Banach spaces 2/5
Absolutely convergent series in Banach spaces coverge
Theorem
If X is Banach, any absolutely convergent series in X converges.

Proof. Let ∞
P
n=1 xn be an absolutely convergent series in a Banach space
X , and consider the partial sums
sN := N SN := N
P P
n=1 xn ∈ X , n=1 kxn k ∈ R,

for which we have for any m < n the estimate

ksn − sm k = kxm+1 + . . . + xn k ≤ kxm+1 k + . . . + kxn k = |Sn − Sm |. (∗)
Since the series is absolutely convergent, the sequence (SN )N≥1 converges,
hence is Cauchy, i.e.
∀ε > 0 ∃N ∀m, n ≥ N |Sn − Sm | < ε. (∗∗)
Then (∗), (∗∗) =⇒ (sN )N≥1 is Cauchy
P∞ in X =⇒ (sN )N≥1 converges
since X is Banach =⇒ the series n=1 xn converges.
Dmitri Zaitsev (Trinity College Dublin) 24-3. Series and invertibility in Banach spaces 3/5
Geometric series of operators and invertibility

Theorem (inverse as geometric series of operators)

Let X be a Banach space, I (x) = x be the identity operator on X , and
T: X P→ X a bounded linear operator with kT k < 1. Then the geometric
series ∞ n
n=0 T converges and its sum is the inverse of I − T in L(X , X ):

( ∞
P n
P∞ n
n=0 T )(I − T ) = (I − T )( n=0 T ) = I . (∗)

Proof. Using the estimate kABk ≤ kAkkBk Pfor composition operators, we

n k ≤ kT kn . Since kT k < 1 =⇒ ∞ n
have kTP∞ n=0 kT k < ∞ =⇒ the
n
series n=0 T is absolutely convergent. Since X is Banach, the space
L(X , X ) of bounded linear operators is also Banach =⇒ the series
P ∞ n
n=0 T converges. Then for the partial sums, we have

( N n 2 N N+1 ) = I − T N+1
P
n=0 T )(I − T ) = (I − T ) + (T − T ) + . . . + (T − T

and similarly (I − T )( N n N+1 , then taking limits as

P
n=0 T ) = I − T
N → ∞ yields (∗) since kT N+1 k ≤ kT kN+1 → 0 as N → ∞.
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 Theorem (the set of invertible operators in a Banach space is open)
Let X be a Banach space. Then the subset S of all bounded linear
operators T : X → X that are invertible in L(X , X ) is open in L(X , X ).

Proof.
Let T ∈ S be invertible in the space L(X , X ) (of bounded linear operators
X → X ) with inverse T −1 ∈ L(X , X ) and set ε := 1/kT −1 k. Then for any
T 0 ∈ L(X , X ) with kT − T 0 k < ε, the operator A := T −1 (T − T 0 ) has the
norm
kAk ≤ kT −1 kkT − T 0 k < 1,
=⇒ the geometric series ∞ n
P
n=0 A converges to the inverse of

I − A = I − T −1 (T − T 0 ) = I − T −1 T + T −1 T 0 = T −1 T 0 .

In particular, T −1 T 0 is invertible. Since also T is invertible, the product

T 0 = T (T −1 T 0 ) is invertible, i.e. T 0 ∈ S. Since T 0 ∈ L(X , X ) was
arbitrary with kT − T 0 k < ε, S contains the open ball Bε (T ) and hence is
open since T ∈ S was arbitrary.
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