CHAPTER – 5

FACTORIZATION OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

Exercise - 5.1
Page No: 5.9

Question 1: Factorize x3 + x – 3x2 – 3

Solution:

T IO S
x3 + x – 3x2 – 3

I
NO A D
CO N
Here x is common factor in x3 + x and – 3 is common factor in – 3x2 – 3
A
x3 – 3x2 + x – 3

PY
DO U A
x2 (x – 3) + 1(x – 3)
T
ED PR

Taking (x – 3) common
(x – 3) (x2 + 1)
C

Therefore, x3 + x – 3x2 – 3 = (x – 3) (x2 + 1)

©

Question 2: Factorize a (a + b)3 – 3a2b (a + b)

Solution:
a (a + b)3 – 3a2b (a + b)
= a (a + b) {(a + b)2 – 3ab}
= a (a + b) {a2 + b2 + 2ab – 3ab}
= a (a + b) (a2 + b2 – ab)

Question 3: Factorize x (x3 – y3) + 3xy (x – y)

Solution:
x (x3 – y3) + 3xy (x – y)
= x (x – y) (x2 + xy + y2) + 3xy (x – y)
Taking x (x – y) as a common factor
= x (x – y) (x2 + xy + y2 + 3y)
= x (x – y) (x2 + xy + y2 + 3y)

T IO S I
Question 4: Factorize a2x2 + (ax2 + 1) x + a
NO A D
CO N
Solution:
A
a2x2 + (ax2 + 1) x + a

PY
DO U A
= a2x2 + a + (ax2 + 1) x
T
ED PR

= a (ax2 + 1) + x (ax2 + 1)
= (ax2 + 1) (a + x)
C
©

Question 5: Factorize x2 + y – xy – x
Solution:
x2 + y – xy – x
= x2 – x – xy + y
= x (x – l) – y (x – 1)
= (x – 1) (x – y)

Question 6: Factorize x3 – 2x2y + 3xy2 – 6y3

Solution:
 x3 – 2x2y + 3xy2 – 6y3
= x2 (x – 2y) + 3y2 (x – 2y)
= (x – 2y) (x2 + 3y2)

Question 7: Factorize 6ab – b2 + 12ac – 2bc

Solution:
6ab – b2 + 12ac – 2bc

T IO S
= 6ab + 12ac – b2 – 2bc

I
NO A D
CO N
Taking 6a common from first two terms and –b from last two terms
A
= 6a (b + 2c) – b (b + 2c)

PY
DO U A
Taking (b + 2c) common factor
T
ED PR

= (b + 2c) (6a – b)
C

Question 8: Factorize x (x – 2) (x – 4) + 4x – 8
©

Solution:
x (x – 2) (x – 4) + 4x – 8
= x (x – 2) (x – 4) + 4(x – 2)
= (x – 2) [x (x – 4) + 4]
= (x – 2) (x2 – 4x + 4)
= (x – 2) [x2 – 2 (x)(2) + (2) 2]
= (x – 2) (x – 2) 2
= (x – 2)3
Question 9: Factorize (a – b + c)2 + (b – c +a) 2 + 2(a – b +c) (b – c +a)
Solution:
(a – b + c)2 + (b – c + a) 2 + 2(a – b + c) (b – c + a)
{Because p2 + q2 + 2pq = (p + q) 2}
Here p = a – b + c and q = b – c + a
= [a – b + c + b- c + a]2
= (2a)2

T IO S I
= 4a2
NO A D
CO N
A
Question 10: Factorize a2 + 2ab + b2 – c2

PY
DO U A
Solution:
T
ED PR

a2 + 2ab + b2 – c2
= (a2 + 2ab + b2) – c2
C

= (a + b)2 – (c) 2
©

We know, a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)
= (a + b + c) (a + b – c)
Therefore, a2 + 2ab + b2 – c2 = (a + b + c) (a + b – c)

Question 11: Factorize:

a2 + 4b2 − 4ab − 4c2

Solution:
The given expression to be factorized is
a2 + 4b2 − 4ab − 4c2
This can be arranging in the form
a2 + 4b2 − 4ab − 4c2
= (a2 + 4b2 − 4ab) − 4c2
= {(a2 – 2. a.2b + (2b)2} − 4c2
= (a – 2b)2 – 4c2
Substitute 𝑥 = (𝑎 − 2𝑏).
𝑎2 + 4𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑏 − 4𝑐 2 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑐 2

T IO S I
= 𝑥 2 − (2𝑐)2
NO A D
CO N
= (𝑥 + 2𝑐)(𝑥 − 2𝑐)
A
Put 𝑥 = (𝑎 − 2𝑏).

PY
DO U A

𝑎2 + 4𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑏 − 4𝑐 2 = {(𝑎 − 2𝑏 + 2𝑐)} {(𝑎 − 2𝑏) − 2𝑐 }

T
ED PR

= (𝑎 − 2𝑏 + 2𝑐)(𝑎 − 2𝑏 − 2𝑐)
We cannot further factorize the expression.
C

So, the required factorization of 𝑎2 + 4𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑏 − 4𝑐 2 is (𝑎 − 2𝑏 +

©

2𝑐)(𝑎 − 2𝑏 − 2𝑐).

Question 12: Factorize:

x2 − y2 − 4xz + 4z2
Solution:
The given expression to be factorized is
x2 − y2 − 4xz + 4z2
Rearrange the terms as
x2 − y2 − 4xz + 4z2 = (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑧 + 4𝑧 2 ) − 𝑦 2
 = {(𝑥 )2 − 2. 𝑥. 2𝑧 + (2𝑧)2 } − (𝑦)2
= (𝑥 − 2𝑧)2 − (𝑦)2
Substituting 𝑎 = (𝑥 − 2𝑧) in the above expression,
x2 − y2 − 4xz + 4z2 = (𝑎)2 − (𝑦)2
= (𝑎 + 𝑦)(𝑎 − 𝑦)
Put 𝑎 = (𝑥 − 2𝑧).
x2 − y2 − 4xz + 4z2 = {(𝑥 − 2𝑧) + 𝑦}{(𝑥 − 2𝑧) − 𝑦}

T IO S I
= (𝑥 − 2𝑧 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 2𝑧 − 𝑦)
NO A D
CO N
We cannot further factorize the expression.
A
So, the required factorization of x2 − y2 − 4xz + 4z2 is (𝑥 − 2𝑧 + 𝑦)(𝑥 −

PY
DO U A
2𝑧 − 𝑦).
T
ED PR

Question 13: Factorize:

C
©

𝟓 𝟏
𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 +
𝟔 𝟏𝟐

Solution:
The given expression to be factorized is
5 1
2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 +
6 12

This can be written in the form

5 1 3 2 1
2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + = 2𝑥 2 − ( + ) 𝑥 +
6 12 6 6 12
3 2 1
= 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 +
6 6 12
1 1 1
= 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 +
2 3 12
 1
Take common x from the first two terms and − from the last two terms,
6
5 1 1 1 1
2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + = 𝑥 (2𝑥 − ) − (2𝑥 − )
6 12 2 6 2
1
Finally take common (2𝑥 − ) from the above expression,
2
5 1 1 1
2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + = (2𝑥 − ) (𝑥 − )
6 12 2 6

We cannot further factorize the expression.

T IO S
5 1 1 1
So, the required factorization of 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + is (2𝑥 − ) (𝑥 − ).

I
6 12 2 6

NO A D
CO N
A
Question 14: Factorize:

PY
DO U A

𝟏𝟐 𝟏
𝒙𝟐 +
T
𝒙+
ED PR

𝟑𝟓 𝟑𝟓

Solution:
C

The given expression to be factorized is

©

12 1
𝑥2 + 𝑥+
35 35

This can be written in the form

12 1 1 1 1
𝑥2 + 𝑥+ = 𝑥2 + ( + ) 𝑥 +
35 35 7 5 35
1 1 1
= 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 +
7 5 35
1
Take common x from the first two terms and from the last two terms,
5
12 1 1 1 1
𝑥2 + 𝑥+ = 𝑥 (𝑥 + ) + (𝑥 + )
35 35 7 5 7
1
Finally take common (𝑥 + ) from the above expression,
7
 12 1 1 1
𝑥2 + 𝑥+ = (𝑥 + ) (𝑥 + )
35 35 7 5

We cannot further factorize the expression.

12 1 1 1
So, the required factorization of 𝑥 2 + 𝑥+ is (𝑥 + ) (𝑥 + ).
35 35 7 5

Question 15: Factorize:

T IO S
𝟏
𝟐𝟏𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 +
𝟐𝟏

I
NO A D
Solution:

CO N
A
The given expression to be factorized is

PY
1
DO U A
21𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 +
21
T
ED PR

This can be written in the form

1 2 1 2
2
21𝑥 − 2𝑥 + = (√21𝑥) − 2𝑥 + ( )
C

21 √21
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2 1 1 2
= (√21𝑥) − 2. √21𝑥. +( )
√21 √21

1 2
= (√21𝑥 − )
√21

We cannot further factorize the expression.

1 1 2
So, the required factorization of 21𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + is (√21𝑥 − ) .
21 √21

Question 16: Give possible expressions for the length and breadth of
the rectangle having 35y2 + 13y − 12 as its area.
Solution:
The area of the rectangle is
35y2 + 13y − 12
First we will factorize the above expression. This can be written in the
form
35y2 + 13y – 12 = 35y2 + 28y – 15y − 12
Take common 7y from the first two terms and – 3 from the last two terms,
35y2 + 13y – 12 = 7y (5y + 4) − 3(5y + 4)

T IO S
Finally take common (5y + 4) from the above expression,

I
NO A D
35y2 + 13y – 12 = 7y (5y + 4) (7y − 3)

CO N
A
The area of a rectangle having length a and breadth b (𝑎 ≥ 𝑏) is ab.

PY
DO U A
Here we don’t know the bigger or the smaller factor. So, the two
T
possibilities are
ED PR

(i) Length is (5y + 4) and breadth is (7y − 3)

(ii) Length is (7y − 3) and breadth is (5y + 4)
C
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Question 17: What are the possible expressions for the dimensions of the
cuboid whose volume is 3x2 − 12x.
Solution:
The volume of the cuboid is
3x2 − 12x
First we will factorize the above expression.
Take common 3𝑥 from the two terms of the above expression,
3x2 − 12x = 3x (x – 4)
The volume of a cuboid having length 𝑎, breadth b and height 𝑐 is 𝑎𝑏𝑐.
Here the word ‘dimensions’ stands for the length, breadth and height of
the cuboid. So, the three possibilities are
(i) Length is 3, breadth is x and height is (𝑥 − 4)
(ii) Length is x , breadth is (𝑥 − 4) and height is 3
(iii) Length is (𝑥 − 4), breadth is 3 and height is x
There are many other possibilities also, because we can consider the
product of two simple factors as a single factor.

T IO S I
NO A D
Question 18: Factorize (𝒙𝟐 +
𝟏 𝟏
𝟐 ) − 𝟒 (𝒙 + ) + 𝟔

CO N
𝒙 𝒙
A
Solution:

PY
DO U A
1 1
(𝑥 2 + ) − 4 (𝑥 + ) + 6
𝑥2
T 𝑥
ED PR

1 4
= 𝑥2 + – 4x – + 4 + 2
𝑥2 𝑥
C

1 4
= 𝑥2 + 2 + 4 + 2 – – 4x
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𝑥 𝑥

1 2 1 1
= (x ) + ( ) + (-2) + 2x( ) + 2( ) (−2) + 2(-2)x
2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

As we know, x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx = (x + y + z) 2

So, we can write;
2
1
= (𝑥 + + (−2))
𝑥
2
1
or (𝑥 + + (−2))
𝑥

1 1 1 2
2
Therefore, 𝑥 + – 4(𝑥 + ) + 6 = (𝑥 + – 2)
𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥
Question 19: Factorize (x + 2) (x2 + 25) – 10x2 – 20x
Solution:
(x + 2) (x2 + 25) – 10x (x + 2)
Take (x + 2) as common factor;
= (x + 2) (x2 + 25 – 10x)
= (x + 2) (x2 – 10x + 25)
Expanding the middle term of (x2 – 10x + 25)

T IO S
= (x + 2) (x2 – 5x – 5x + 25)

I
NO A D
CO N
= (x + 2) {x (x – 5) – 5 (x – 5)}
A
= (x + 2) (x – 5) (x – 5)

PY
DO U A
= (x + 2) (x – 5)2
T
ED PR

Therefore, (x + 2) (x2 + 25) – 10x (x + 2) = (x + 2) (x – 5)2

C
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Question 20: Factorize 2a2 + 2√𝟔 ab + 3b2

Solution:
2a2 + 2√6 ab + 3b2
Above expression can be written as (√2a)2 + 2 × √2a × √3b + (√3b)2
As we know, (p + q) 2 = p2 + q2 + 2pq
Here p = √2a and q = √3b
= (√2a + √3b)2
Therefore, 2a2 + 2√6 ab + 3b2 = (√2a + √3b)2

Question 21: Factorize a2 + b2 + 2 (ab + bc + ca)

Solution:
a2 + b2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
As we know, p2 + q2 + 2pq = (p + q) 2
We get,
= (a + b)2 + 2bc + 2ca
= (a + b)2 + 2c (b + a)
Or (a + b)2 + 2c (a + b)

T IO S I
Take (a + b) as common factor;
NO A D
CO N
= (a + b) (a + b + 2c)
A
Therefore, a2 + b2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca = (a + b) (a + b + 2c)

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR

Question 22: Factorize 4(x – y) 2 – 12(x – y) (x + y) + 9(x + y)2

Solution:
C

Consider (x – y) = p, (x + y) = q
©

= 4p2 – 12pq + 9q2

Expanding the middle term, -12 = -6 – 6 also 4 × 9 = -6 × -6
= 4p2 – 6pq – 6pq + 9q2
= 2p (2p – 3q) – 3q (2p – 3q)
= (2p – 3q) (2p – 3q)
= (2p – 3q)2
Substituting back p = x – y and q = x + y;
= [2 (x – y) – 3(x + y)]2 = [2x – 2y – 3x – 3y] 2
= (2x – 3x – 2y – 3y) 2
= [-x – 5y] 2
= [(-1) (x + 5y)] 2 = (x + 5y) 2
Therefore, 4(x-y) 2 – 12(x – y) (x + y) + 9(x + y)2 = (x+5y )2

Question 23: Factorize a2 – b2 + 2bc – c2

Solution:
a2 – b2 + 2bc – c2

T IO S
As we know, (a – b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab

I
NO A D
CO N
= a2 – (b – c) 2
A
Also we know, a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)

PY
DO U A
= (a + b – c) (a – (b – c))
T
ED PR

= (a + b – c) (a – b + c)
Therefore, a2 – b2 + 2bc – c2 = (a + b – c) (a – b + c)
C
©

Question 24: Factorize:

xy9 − yx9
Solution:
The given expression to be factorized is
xy9 − yx9
This can be written in the form
xy9 − yx9 = 𝑥. 𝑦. 𝑦 8 − 𝑦. 𝑥. 𝑥 8
Take common 𝑥𝑦 from the two terms of the above expression
xy9 − yx9 = 𝑥𝑦(𝑦 8 − 𝑥 8 )
= 𝑥𝑦(𝑦 8 − 𝑥 8 )
= 𝑥𝑦{(𝑦 4 )2 − (𝑥 4 )2 }
= 𝑥𝑦{(𝑦 4 + 𝑥 4 )(𝑦 4 − 𝑥 4 )}
xy9 − yx9 = 𝑥𝑦(𝑦 4 + 𝑥 4 ){(𝑦 2 )2 − (𝑥 2 )2 }
= 𝑥𝑦(𝑦 4 + 𝑥 4 )(𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 )(𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 )

T IO S
= 𝑥𝑦(𝑦 4 + 𝑥 4 )(𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 ){(𝑦)2 − (𝑥 )2 }

I
= 𝑥𝑦(𝑦 4 + 𝑥 4 )(𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 )(𝑦 + 𝑥 )(𝑦 − 𝑥 )
NO A D
CO N
We cannot further factorize the expression.
A
So, the required factorization of xy9 − yx9 is 𝑥𝑦(𝑦 4 + 𝑥 4 )(𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 )(𝑦 +

PY
DO U A
𝑥 )(𝑦 − 𝑥 )
T
ED PR

Question 25: Factorize:

C
©

x4 + x2y2 + y4
Solution:
The given expression to be factorized is
x4 + x2y2 + y4
Add and subtract the term x2y2 in the given expression.
x4 + x2y2 + y4 = x4 + x2y2 + y4 + x2y2 – x2y2
= (x4 + x2y2 + y4 + x2y2) – x2y2
= ((x2)2 + 2.x2. y2 + (y2)2) – x2y2
= (x2 + y2)2 – x2y2
= (x2 + y2)2 – (xy)2
Substituting a = (x2 + y2) in the above expression, we get
𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 4 = (𝑎)2 − (𝑥𝑦)2
= (𝑎 + 𝑥𝑦)(𝑎 − 𝑥𝑦)
Put a = (x2 + y2) in the above expression,
𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 4 = {(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑥𝑦}{(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) − 𝑥𝑦}
= (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦)

T IO S
We cannot further factorize the expression.

I
So, the required factorization of 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 4 is (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 +
NO A D
𝑥𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦).

CO N
A

PY
DO U A
Question 26: Factorize:
T
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔√𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎
ED PR

Solution:
C

The given expression to be factorized is

©

𝑥 2 + 6√2𝑥 + 10
This can be written in the form
𝑥 2 + 6√2𝑥 + 10 = 𝑥 2 + (5√2 + √2)𝑥 + 10

= 𝑥 2 + 5√2 + √2𝑥 + 10
Take common x from the first two terms and √2 from the last two terms.
𝑥 2 + 6√2𝑥 + 10 = 𝑥(𝑥 + 5√2) + √2(𝑥 + 5√2)

Finally, take common (𝑥 + 5√2) from the above expression. Then we

have
𝑥 2 + 6√2𝑥 + 10 = (𝑥 + 5√2)(𝑥 + √2)
We cannot further factorize the expression.
So, the required factorization is 𝑥 2 + 6√2𝑥 + 10 = (𝑥 + 5√2)(𝑥 + √2).

Question 27: Factorize:

𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐√𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝟎
Solution:
The given expression to be factorized is

T IO S I
𝑥 2 − 2√2𝑥 − 30
NO A D
CO N
This can be written in the form
A
𝑥 2 − 2√2𝑥 − 30 = 𝑥 2 − (5√2 − 3√2)𝑥 − 30

PY
DO U A

= 𝑥 2 − 5√2 + 3√2𝑥 − 30
T
ED PR

Take common x from the first two terms and 3√2 from the last two terms,
𝑥 2 − 2√2𝑥 − 30 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 5√2) + 3√2(𝑥 − 5√2)
C
©

Finally take common (𝑥 − 5√2) from the above expression,

𝑥 2 − 2√2𝑥 − 30 = (𝑥 − 5√2)(𝑥 + 3√2)

We cannot further factorize the expression.
So, the required factorization of 𝑥 2 − 2√2𝑥 − 30 is (𝑥 − 5√2)(𝑥 + 3√2).

Question 28: Factorize:

𝒙𝟐 − √𝟑𝒙 − 𝟔
Solution:
The given expression to be factorized is
𝑥 2 − √3𝑥 − 6
This can be written in the form
𝑥 2 − √3𝑥 − 6 = 𝑥 2 − (2√3 − √3)𝑥 − 6

= 𝑥 2 − 2√3 + √3𝑥 − 6
Take common x from the first two terms and √3 from the last two terms.
Then we have

T IO S
𝑥 2 − √3𝑥 − 6 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 2√3) + √3(𝑥 − 2√3)

I
Finally take common (𝑥 − 2√3) from the above expression. Then we
NO A D
CO N
have
A
𝑥 2 − √3𝑥 − 6 = (𝑥 − 2√3)(𝑥 + √3)

PY
DO U A
T
We cannot further factorize the expression.
ED PR

So, the required factorization of 𝑥 2 − √3𝑥 − 6 is (𝑥 − 2√3)(𝑥 + √3).

C
©

Question 29: Factorize:

𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓√𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑𝟎
Solution:
The given expression to be factorized is
𝑥 2 + 5√5𝑥 + 30
This can be written in the form
𝑥 2 + 5√5𝑥 + 30 = 𝑥 2 + (3√5 + 2√5)𝑥 + 30

= 𝑥 2 + 3√5𝑥 + 2√5𝑥 + 30
Take common x from the first two terms and 2√5 from the last two terms.
Then we have
𝑥 2 + 5√5𝑥 + 30 = 𝑥(𝑥 + 3√5) + 2√5(𝑥 + 3√5)

Finally take common (𝑥 + 3√5) from the above expression,

𝑥 2 + 5√5𝑥 + 30 = (𝑥 + 3√5)(𝑥 + 2√5)

We cannot further factorize the expression.
So, the required factorization of 𝑥 2 + 5√5𝑥 + 30 is (𝑥 + 3√5)(𝑥 + 2√5).

T IO S
Question 30: Factorize:

I
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐√𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝟒
NO A D
CO N
A
Solution:

PY
The given expression to be factorized is
DO U A
T
𝑥 2 + 2√3𝑥 − 24
ED PR

This can be written in the form

C

𝑥 2 + 2√3𝑥 − 24 = 𝑥 2 + (4√3 − 2√3)𝑥 − 24

©

= 𝑥 2 + 4√3 − 2√3𝑥 − 24
Take common x from the first two terms and −2√3 from the last two
terms,
𝑥 2 + 2√3𝑥 − 24 = 𝑥(𝑥 + 4√3) − 2√3(𝑥 + 4√3)

Finally take common (𝑥 + 4√3) from the above expression,

𝑥 2 + 2√3𝑥 − 24 = (𝑥 + 4√3)(𝑥 − 2√3)

We cannot further factorize the expression.
So, the required factorization of 𝑥 2 + 2√3𝑥 − 24 is (𝑥 + 4√3)(𝑥 − 2√3).
Question 31: Factorize:
5√5𝑥 2 + 20𝑥 + 3√5
Solution:
The given expression to be factorized is
5√5𝑥 2 + 20𝑥 + 3√5
This can be written in the form
5√5𝑥 2 + 20𝑥 + 3√5 = 5√5𝑥 2 + (15 − 5)𝑥 + 3√5

T IO S I
= 5√5𝑥 2 + 15𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 3√5
NO A D
CO N
Take common 5𝑥 from the first two terms and √5 from the last two terms,
A
5√5𝑥 2 + 20𝑥 + 3√5 = 5𝑥(√5𝑥 + 3) + √5(√5𝑥 + 3)

PY
DO U A
T
Finally take common (√5𝑥 + 3) from the above expression,
ED PR

5√5𝑥 2 + 20𝑥 + 3√5 = (√5𝑥 + 3)(5𝑥 + √5)

C

We cannot further factorize the expression.

©

So, the required factorization of 5√5𝑥 2 + 20𝑥 + 3√5 is(√5𝑥 + 3)(5𝑥 +

√5).

Question 32: Factorize:

2𝑥 2 + 3√5𝑥 + 5
Solution:
The given expression to be factorized is
2𝑥 2 + 3√5𝑥 + 5
This can be written in the form
2𝑥 2 + 3√5𝑥 + 5 = 2𝑥 2 + (2√5 + √5)𝑥 + 5

= 2𝑥 2 + 2√5𝑥 + √5𝑥 + 5
Take common 2𝑥 from the first two terms and √5 from the last two terms,
2𝑥 2 + 3√5𝑥 + 5 = 2𝑥(𝑥 + √5) + √5(𝑥 + √5)

Finally take common (𝑥 + √5) from the above expression,

2𝑥 2 + 3√5𝑥 + 5 = (𝑥 + √5)(2𝑥 + √5)

T IO S
We cannot further factorize the expression.

I
NO A D
So, the required factorization of 2𝑥 2 + 3√5𝑥 + 5 is (𝑥 + √5)(2𝑥 + √5).

CO N
A

PY
DO U A
Question 33: Factorize:
T
9(2a − b)2 − 4(2a − b) − 13
ED PR

Solution:
C

The given expression to be factorized is

©

9(2a − b)2 − 4(2a − b) − 13

Substituting 𝑥 = (2𝑎 − 𝑏) in the above expression, we get
9(2a − b)2 − 4(2a − b) – 13 = 9x2 – 4x − 13
This can be written in the form
9x2 – 4x – 13 = 9x2 – 13x + 9x − 13
Take common x from the first two terms and 1 from the last two terms,
9(2𝑎 − 𝑏)2 − 4(2𝑎 − 𝑏) − 13 = 𝑥 (9𝑥 − 13) + 1(9𝑥 − 13)
Finally take common (9𝑥 − 13) from the above expression,
9(2𝑎 − 𝑏)2 − 4(2𝑎 − 𝑏) − 13 = (9𝑥 − 13)(𝑥 + 1)
Put 𝑥 = (2𝑎 − 𝑏),
9(2𝑎 − 𝑏)2 − 4(2𝑎 − 𝑏) − 13 = {9(2𝑎 − 𝑏) − 13}{(2𝑎 − 𝑏) + 1}
= {(18𝑎 − 9𝑏) − 13}{(2𝑎 − 𝑏) + 1}
= (18𝑎 − 9𝑏 + 13)(2𝑎 − 𝑏 + 1)
We cannot further factorize the expression.
So, the required factorization of 9(2𝑎 − 𝑏)2 − 4(2𝑎 − 𝑏) − 13 is
(18𝑎 − 9𝑏 + 13)(2𝑎 − 𝑏 + 1).

T IO S I
NO A D
Question 34: Factorize:

CO N
A
7(x − 2y)2 − 25(x − 2y) + 12

PY
DO U A
Solution:
T
ED PR

The given expression to be factorized is

7(x − 2y)2 − 25(x − 2y) + 12
C

Substituting 𝑎 = (𝑥 − 2𝑦) in the above expression, we get

©

7(x − 2y)2 − 25(x − 2y) + 12 = 7𝑎2 − 25𝑎 + 12

This can be written in the form
7(x − 2y)2 − 25(x − 2y) + 12 = 7𝑎2 − 21𝑎 − 4𝑎 + 12
Take common 7𝑎 from the first two terms and – 4 from the last two terms,
7(x − 2y)2 − 25(x − 2y) + 12 = 7𝑎2 − 21𝑎 − 4𝑎 + 12
7(x − 2y)2 − 25(x − 2y) + 12 = 7𝑎(𝑎 − 3) − 4(𝑎 − 3)
Finally take common (𝑎 − 3) from the above expression,
7(x − 2y)2 − 25(x − 2y) + 12 = (𝑎 − 3)(7𝑎 − 4)
Put 𝑎 = (𝑥 − 2𝑦) in the above expression,
7(x − 2y)2 − 25(x − 2y) + 12 = {(𝑥 − 2𝑦) − 3}{7(𝑥 − 2𝑦) − 4}
= {(𝑥 − 2𝑦) − 3}{(7𝑥 − 14𝑦) − 4}
= (𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 3)(7𝑥 − 14𝑦 − 4)
We cannot further factorize the expression.
So, the required factorization of 7(x − 2y)2 − 25(x − 2y) + 12 is
(𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 3)(7𝑥 − 14𝑦 − 4).

T IO S
Question 35: Factorize:

I
NO A D
2(x + y)2 − 9(x + y) − 5

CO N
A
Solution:

PY
The given expression to be factorized is
DO U A
T
2(x + y)2 − 9(x + y) − 5
ED PR

Substituting 𝑎 = (𝑥 + 𝑦) in the above expression, we get

C

2(𝑥 + 𝑦)2 − 9(𝑥 + 𝑦) − 5 = 2𝑎2 − 9𝑎 − 5

©

This can be written in the form

2𝑎2 − 9𝑎 − 5 = 2𝑎2 − 10𝑎 + 𝑎 − 5
Take common 2𝑎 from the first two terms and 1 from the last two terms,
2(𝑥 + 𝑦)2 − 9(𝑥 + 𝑦) − 5 = 2𝑎(𝑎 − 5) + 1(𝑎 − 5)
Finally take common (𝑎 − 5) from the above expression,
2(𝑥 + 𝑦)2 − 9(𝑥 + 𝑦) − 5 = (𝑎 − 5)(2𝑎 + 1)
Put 𝑎 = (𝑥 + 𝑦). Then we have
2(𝑥 + 𝑦)2 − 9(𝑥 + 𝑦) − 5 = {(𝑥 + 𝑦) − 5}{2(𝑥 + 𝑦) + 1}
= {(𝑥 + 𝑦) − 5}{(2𝑥 + 2𝑦) + 1}
 = (𝑥 + 𝑦 − 5)(2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 1)
We cannot further factorize the expression.
So, the required factorization of 2(𝑥 + 𝑦)2 − 9(𝑥 + 𝑦) − 5 is
(𝑥 + 𝑦 − 5)(2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 1).

T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
A

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR
C
©
 Exercise - 5.2
Page No: 5.13

Factorize each of the following expressions:

Question 1: p3 + 27
Solution:
p3 + 27

T IO S I
= p3 + 33
NO A D
CO N
[using a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)]
A
= (p + 3) (p² – 3p – 9)

PY
DO U A
Therefore, p3 + 27 = (p + 3) (p² – 3p – 9)
T
ED PR

Question 2: y3 + 125
C

Solution:
©

y3 + 125
= y3 + 53
[using a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)]
= (y + 5) (y2 − 5y + 52)
= (y + 5) (y2 − 5y + 25)
Therefore, y3 + 125 = (y + 5) (y2 − 5y + 25)

Question 3: 1 – 27a3
Solution:
= (1)3 −(3a) 3
[using a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)]
= (1− 3a) (12 + 1× 3a + (3a) 2)
= (1−3a) (1 + 3a + 9a2)
Therefore, 1−27a3 = (1−3a) (1 + 3a+ 9a2)

Question 4: 8x3y3 + 27a3

T IO S I
Solution:
NO A D
CO N
8x3y3 + 27a3
A
= (2xy) 3 + (3a) 3

PY
DO U A
[using a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)]
T
ED PR

= (2xy + 3a) ((2xy)2 − 2xy × 3a + (3a) 2)

= (2xy + 3a) (4x2y2 − 6xya + 9a2)
C
©

Question 5: 64a3 − b3
Solution:
64a3 − b3
= (4a)3 − b3
[using a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)]
= (4a − b) ((4a)2 + 4a × b + b2)
= (4a − b) (16a2 + 4ab + b2)

𝐱𝟑
Question 6: – 8y3
𝟐𝟏𝟔
Solution:
x3
– 8y3
216

x 3
= ( ) − (2y)3
6

∵ [x 3 − y 3 = (x − y)(x 2 + xy + y 2 )]
x x 2 x
= ( − 2y) (( ) + × 2y + (2y)2 )
6 6 6

T IO S
x x2 xy
= ( − 2y) ( + + 4y 2 )

I
6 36 3
x2 NO A D x2

CO N
x xy
∴ − 8y 3 = ( − 2y) ( + + 4y 2 )
A
216 6 36 3

PY
DO U A
T
Question 7: 10x4 y – 10xy4
ED PR

Solution:
10x4 y – 10xy4
C
©

= 10xy (x3 − y3)

[using a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)]
= 10xy (x−y) (x2 + xy + y2)
Therefore, 10x4 y – 10xy4 = 10xy (x−y) (x2 + xy + y2)

Question 8: 54x6 y + 2x3y4

Solution:
54x6 y + 2x3y4
= 2x3y (27x3 +y3)
= 2x3y ((3x) 3 + y3)
 [using a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)]
= 2x3y {(3x+y) ((3x)2 − 3xy + y2)}
=2x3y (3x + y) (9x2 − 3xy + y2)

Question 9: 32a3 + 108b3

Solution:
32a3 + 108b3

T IO S I
= 4(8a3 + 27b3)
NO A D
CO N
= 4((2a) 3 + (3b) 3)
A
[using a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)]

PY
DO U A
= 4 [(2a+3b) ((2a)2−2a × 3b + (3b) 2)]
T
ED PR

= 4 (2a + 3b) (4a2 − 6ab + 9b2)

C

Question 10: (a − 2b)3 − 512b3

©

Solution:
(a−2b)3 − 512b3
= (a−2b)3 − (8b) 3
[using a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)]
= (a −2b−8b) {(a−2b)2 + (a−2b)8b + (8b) 2}
= (a −10b) (a2 + 4b2 − 4ab + 8ab − 16b2 + 64b2)
= (a−10b) (a2 + 52b2 + 4ab)

Question 11: 8x2y3 − x5

Solution:
The given expression to be factorized is
8x2y3 − x5
Take common 𝑥 2 . Then we have
8x2y3 − x5 = 𝑥 2 (8𝑦 3 − 𝑥 3 )
This can be written as
8x2y3 − x5 = 𝑥 2 {(2𝑦)3 − (𝑥 )3 }

T IO S I
Recall the formula for difference of two cubes
NO A D
CO N
𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )
A
Using the above formula, we have

PY
DO U A

8x2y3 − x5 = 𝑥 2 {(2𝑦)3 − (𝑥 )3 }
T
ED PR

= 𝑥 2 (2𝑦 − 𝑥 )(4𝑦 2 + 2𝑦𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )

= 𝑥 2 (2𝑦 − 𝑥 )(𝑥 2 + 2𝑦𝑥 + 4𝑦 2 )
C
©

We cannot further factorize the expression.

So, the required factorization of 8x2y3 − x5 is 𝑥 2 (2𝑦 − 𝑥)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑦𝑥 + 4𝑦 2 ).

Question 12: 1029 − 3x3

Solution:
The given expression to be factorized is
1029 − 3x3
Take common 3. Then we have from the above expression,
1029 − 3x3 = 3(343 − 𝑥 3 )
This can be written as 1029 − 3x3 = 3{(7)3 − (𝑥 )3 }
Recall the formula for difference of two cubes
𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )
Using the above formula, we have
1029 − 3x3 = 3{(7)3 − (𝑥 )3 }
= 3(7 − 𝑥 ){(7)2 + 7. 𝑥 + (𝑥 )2 }
= 3(7 − 𝑥 )(49 + 7𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )

T IO S
We cannot further factorize the expression.

I
So, the required factorization of 1029 − 3x3 is 3(7 − 𝑥 )(49 + 7𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ).
NO A D
CO N
A
Question 13: x3y3 + 1

PY
DO U A

Solution:
T
ED PR

The given expression to be factorized is

x3y3 + 1
C
©

This can be written as

x3y3 + 1 = (𝑥𝑦)3 + (1)3
Recall the formula for sum of two cubes
𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )
Using the above formula, we have
= (𝑥𝑦 + 1)((𝑥𝑦)2 − 𝑥𝑦. 1 + (1)2 )
= (𝑥𝑦 + 1)(𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 1)
We cannot further factorize the expression.
So, the required factorization of x3y3 + 1 is (𝑥𝑦 + 1)(𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 1).
Question 14: x4y4 − xy
Solution:
The given expression to be factorized is
x4y4 – xy
Take common xy. Then we have from the above expression,
x4y4 – xy = 𝑥𝑦(𝑥 3 𝑦 3 − 1)

T IO S
This can be written as

I
x4y4 – xy = 𝑥𝑦{(𝑥𝑦)3 − (1)3 }
NO A D
CO N
Recall the formula for difference of two cubes
A
𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )

PY
DO U A

Using the above formula, we have

T
ED PR

x4y4 – xy = 𝑥𝑦(𝑥𝑦 − 1){(𝑥𝑦)2 + 𝑥𝑦. 1 + (1)2 }

= 𝑥𝑦(𝑥𝑦 − 1)(𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 1)
C
©

We cannot further factorize the expression.

So, the required factorization of x4y4 – xy is 𝑥𝑦(𝑥𝑦 − 1)(𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 1).

Question 15: a3 + b3 + a + b
Solution:
The given expression to be factorized is
a3 + b3 + a + b
This can be written as
a3 + b3 + a + b = {(𝑎)3 + (𝑏)3 } + (𝑎 + 𝑏)
Recall the formula for sum of two cubes
𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )
Using the above formula, we have
𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 ) + (𝑎 + 𝑏)
Take common (𝑎 + 𝑏). Then we have
𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 = (𝑎 + 𝑏){(𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 ) + 1}
= (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 + 1)

T IO S
We cannot further factorize the expression.

I
So, the required factorization of 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 is (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 +
𝑏 2 + 1). NO A D
CO N
A

PY
DO U A
Question 16: Simplify:
T
ED PR

173×173×173+127×127×127
(i)
173×173−173×127+127×127
C

155×155×155−55×55×55
©

(ii)
155×155+155×55+55×55

1.2×1.2×1.2−0.2×0.2×0.2
(iii)
1.2×1.2+1.2×0.2+0.2×0.2

Solution:
(i) The given expression is
173×173×173+127×127×127
173×173−173×127+127×127

Assume 𝑎 = 173 and 𝑏 = 127. Then the given expression can be

rewritten as
𝑎3 +𝑏3
𝑎2 −𝑎𝑏+𝑏2
Recall the formula for sum of two cubes
𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )
Using the above formula, the expression becomes
𝑎3 +𝑏3 (𝑎+𝑏)(𝑎2 −𝑎𝑏+𝑏2 )
=
𝑎2 −𝑎𝑏+𝑏2 𝑎2 −𝑎𝑏+𝑏2

Note that both 𝑎 and b are positive. So, neither 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 nor any factor of
it can be zero.

T IO S
Therefore we can cancel the term (𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 ) from both numerator

I
and denominator. Then the expression becomes
NO A D
(𝑎+𝑏)(𝑎2 −𝑎𝑏+𝑏2 )

CO N
=𝑎+𝑏
A
𝑎2 −𝑎𝑏+𝑏2

PY
= 173 + 127
DO U A
T
= 300
ED PR
C

(ii) The given expression is

©

155×155×155−55×55×55
155×155+155×55+55×55

Assume 𝑎 = 155 and 𝑏 = 55. Then the given expression can be rewritten
as
𝑎3 −𝑏3
𝑎2 +𝑎𝑏+𝑏2

Recall the formula for difference of two cubes

𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )
Using the above formula, the expression becomes

𝑎3 −𝑏3 (𝑎−𝑏)(𝑎2 +𝑎𝑏+𝑏2 )

=
𝑎2 +𝑎𝑏+𝑏2 𝑎2 +𝑎𝑏+𝑏2
Note that both 𝑎, b is positive and unequal. So, neither 𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 nor any
factor of it can be zero.
Therefore we can cancel the term (𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 ) from both numerator
and denominator. Then the expression becomes
(𝑎−𝑏)(𝑎2 +𝑎𝑏+𝑏2 )
=𝑎−𝑏
𝑎2 +𝑎𝑏+𝑏2

= 155 − 55
= 100

T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
(iii) The given expression is
A
1.2×1.2×1.2−0.2×0.2×0.2

PY
1.2×1.2+1.2×0.2+0.2×0.2
DO U A

Assume 𝑎 = 1.2 and 𝑏 = 0.2. Then the given expression can be rewritten
T
ED PR

as
𝑎3 −𝑏3
C

𝑎2 +𝑎𝑏+𝑏2
©

Recall the formula for difference of two cubes

𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )
Using the above formula, the expression becomes
𝑎3 −𝑏3 (𝑎−𝑏)(𝑎2 +𝑎𝑏+𝑏2 )
=
𝑎2 +𝑎𝑏+𝑏2 𝑎2 +𝑎𝑏+𝑏2

Note that both 𝑎, b is positive and unequal. So, neither 𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 nor any
factor of it can be zero.
Therefore we can cancel the term (𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 ) from both numerator
and denominator. Then the expression becomes
(𝑎−𝑏)(𝑎2 +𝑎𝑏+𝑏2 )
=𝑎−𝑏
𝑎2 +𝑎𝑏+𝑏2
 = 1.2 − 0.2
=1

Question 17: (a + b)3 − 8(a − b)3

Solution:
(a + b)3 − 8(a − b)3
= (a + b)3 − [2(a − b)]3

T IO S I
= (a + b)3 − [2a − 2b] 3
NO A D
CO N
[using p3 – q3 = (p – q) (p2 + pq + q2)]
A
Here p = a + b and q = 2a − 2b

PY
DO U A
= (a + b − (2a − 2b)) ((a + b)2 + (a + b) (2a − 2b) + (2a − 2b) 2)
T
ED PR

= (a + b − 2a + 2b) (a2 + b2 + 2ab + (a + b) (2a − 2b) + (2a − 2b) 2)

= (a + b − 2a + 2b) (a2 + b2 + 2ab + 2a2 − 2ab + 2ab − 2b2 + (2a − 2b) 2)
C

= (3b − a) (3a2 + 2ab − b2 + (2a − 2b) 2)

©

= (3b − a) (3a2 + 2ab − b2 + 4a2 + 4b2 − 8ab)

= (3b − a) (3a2 + 4a2 − b2 + 4b2 − 8ab + 2ab)
= (3b − a) (7a2 + 3b2 − 6ab)

Question 18: (x + 2)3 + (x − 2) 3

Solution:
(x + 2)3 + (x − 2) 3
[using p3 + q3 = (p + q) (p2 – pq + q2)]
Here p = x + 2 and q = x – 2
= (x + 2 + x − 2) ((x + 2)2 − (x + 2) (x − 2) + (x − 2) 2)
= 2x (x2 + 4x + 4 − (x + 2) (x − 2) + x2 − 4x + 4)
[Using: (a + b) (a − b) = a2 − b2]
= 2x (2x2 + 8 − (x2 − 22))
= 2x (2x2 + 8 − x2 + 4)
= 2x (x2 + 12)

T IO S I
Question 19: x6 + y6
NO A D
CO N
Solution:
A
The given expression to be factorized is

PY
DO U A
x6 + y6
T
ED PR

This can be written as

x6 + y6 = (𝑥 2 )2 + (𝑦 2 )3
C
©

Recall the formula for sum of two cubes

𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )
Using the above formula, we have
x6 + y6 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ){(𝑥 2 )2 − 𝑥 2 . 𝑦 2 + (𝑦 2 )2 }
= (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )(𝑥 4 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 4 )
We cannot further factorize the expression.
So, the required factorization of x6 + y6 is (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )(𝑥 4 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 4 ).

Question 20: a12 + b12

Solution:
The given expression to be factorized is
a12 + b12
This can be written as
a12 + b12 = (𝑎4 )3 + (𝑏 4 )3
Recall the formula for difference of two cubes
𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )

T IO S
Using the above formula, we have

I
a12 + b12 = (𝑎4 + 𝑏 4 ){(𝑎4 )2 − 𝑎4 . 𝑏 4 + (𝑏 4 )2 }
NO A D
CO N
= (𝑎4 + 𝑏 4 )(𝑎8 − 𝑎4 𝑏 4 + 𝑏 2 )
A
We cannot further factorize the expression.

PY
DO U A

So, the required factorization of a12 + b12 is (𝑎4 + 𝑏 4 )(𝑎8 − 𝑎4 𝑏 4 + 𝑏 2 ).

T
ED PR

Question 21: x3 + 6x2 + 12x + 16

C
©

Solution:
The given expression to be factorized is
x3 + 6x2 + 12x + 16
This can be written as
x3 + 6x2 + 12x + 16 = x3 + 4x2 + 2x2 + 8x + 4x + 16
Take common x2 from first two terms, 2x from the next two terms and 4
from the last two terms. Then we have,
x3 + 6x2 + 12x + 16 = x2(𝑥 + 4) + 2𝑥 (𝑥 + 4) + 4(𝑥 + 4)
Finally, take common (𝑥 + 4). Then we get,
x3 + 6x2 + 12x + 16 = (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4)
We cannot further factorize the expression.
So, the required factorization of x3 + 6x2 + 12x + 16 is (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 +
4).

𝟏 𝟐
Question 22: 𝒂𝟑 − − 𝟐𝒂 +
𝒂𝟑 𝒂

Solution:

T IO S
The given expression to be factorized is

I
1 2
𝑎3 − − 2𝑎 +
NO A D
𝑎3 𝑎

CO N
A
This can be written as

PY
1 2 1 3 2
DO U A
3 )3
𝑎 − − 2𝑎 + = {(𝑎 − ( ) } − 2𝑎 +
𝑎3 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
T
ED PR

Recall the formula for sum of two cubes

𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )
C

Using the above formula and taking common −2 from the last two terms,
©

we get
1 2 1 1 1 2 1
𝑎3 − − 2𝑎 + = [(𝑎 − ) {(𝑎)2 + 𝑎. + ( ) }] − 2 (𝑎 − )
𝑎3 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

1 1 1
= (𝑎 − ) (𝑎2 + 1 + 2 ) − 2 (𝑎 − )
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
1
Take common (𝑎 − ). Then we have,
𝑎
1 2 1 1
𝑎3 − − 2𝑎 + = (𝑎 − ) {(𝑎2 + 1 + ) − 2}
𝑎3 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎2
1 1
= (𝑎 − ) (𝑎2 + 1 + − 2)
𝑎 𝑎2
1 1
= (𝑎 − ) (𝑎2 + − 1)
𝑎 𝑎2
We cannot further factorize the expression.
1 2 1 1
So, the required factorization of 𝑎3 − − 2𝑎 + is (𝑎 − ) (𝑎2 + −
𝑎3 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎2
1).

Question 23: a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3 − 8

T IO S
Solution:

I
NO A D
The given expression to be factorized is

CO N
A
a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3 − 8

PY
Recall the well-known formula
DO U A
T
(𝑎 + 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 + 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 + 𝑏 3
ED PR

The given expression can be written as

𝑎3 + 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 + 𝑏 3 − 8 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)3 − (2)3
C
©

Recall the formula for difference of two cubes

𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )
Using the above formula and taking common –2 from the last two terms,
we get
𝑎3 + 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 + 𝑏 3 − 8
= {(𝑎 + 𝑏) − 2}{(𝑎 + 𝑏)2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏). 2 + (2)2 }
= (𝑎 + 𝑏 − 2){(𝑎)2 + 2𝑎. 𝑏 + (𝑏)2 } + (2𝑎 + 2𝑏) + 4
= (𝑎 + 𝑏 − 2)(𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 4)
We cannot further factorize the expression.
So, the required factorization of 𝑎3 + 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 + 𝑏 3 − 8 is (𝑎 +
𝑏 − 2)(𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 4).

Question 24: 8a3 − b3 − 4ax + 2bx

Solution:
The given expression to be factorized is
8a3 − b3 − 4ax + 2bx

T IO S
The given expression can be written as

I
NO A D
8a3 − b3 − 4ax + 2bx = {(2𝑎)3 − (𝑏)3 } − 4𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏𝑥

CO N
A
Recall the formula for difference of two cubes

PY
DO U A
𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )
T
ED PR

Using the above formula and taking common −2𝑥 from the last two
terms, we get
C

8a3 − b3 − 4ax + 2bx = (2𝑎 − 𝑏){(2𝑎)3 + 2𝑎. 𝑏 + (𝑏)3 } − 2𝑥 (2𝑎 − 𝑏)

©

= (2𝑎 − 𝑏)(4𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 ) − 2𝑥 (2𝑎 − 𝑏)

Take common (2𝑎 − 𝑏). Then we have,
8a3 − b3 − 4ax + 2bx = (2𝑎 − 𝑏){(4𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 ) − 2𝑥 }
= (2𝑎 − 𝑏)(4𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑥 )
We cannot further factorize the expression.
So, the required factorization of 8a3 − b3 − 4ax + 2bx is (2𝑎 − 𝑏)(4𝑎2 +
2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑥 ).
 Exercise 5.3
Page No: 5.17

Question 1: Factorize 64a3 + 125b3 + 240a2b + 300ab2

Solution:
64a3 + 125b3 + 240a2b + 300ab2
= (4a)3 + (5b) 3 + 3(4a)2(5b) + 3(4a) (5b)2,

T IO S I
which is similar to a3 + b3 + 3a2b + 3ab2
NO A D
CO N
We know that, a3 + b3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 = (a+b)3]
A
= (4a+5b)3

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR

Question 2: Factorize 125x3 – 27y3 – 225x2y + 135xy2

Solution:
C

125x3 – 27y3 – 225x2y + 135xy2

©

Above expression can be written as (5x)3 − (3y) 3 − 3(5x)2(3y) + 3(5x)

(3y)2
Using: a3 − b3 − 3a2b + 3ab2 = (a − b)3
= (5x − 3y)3

𝟖 𝟒
Question 3: Factorize x3 + 1 + x2 + 2x
𝟐𝟕 𝟑

Solution:
8 4
x3 + 1 + x2 + 2x
27 3
 2 3 2 2 2
= ( 𝑥 3 ) + 13 + 3 × ( 𝑥) × 1 + 3(1)2 × ( 𝑥)
3 3 3

= [∵ 𝑥 3 + 𝑏 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑏 + 3𝑥𝑏 2 = (𝑥 + 𝑏)3 ]
8 4 2 3
∴ 𝑥 3 + 1 + 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 = ( 𝑥 + 1)
27 3 3

Question 4: Factorize 8x3 + 27y3 + 36x2y + 54xy2

T IO S
Solution:

I
8x3 + 27y3 + 36x2y + 54xy2
NO A D
CO N
Above expression can be written as (2x)3 + (3y) 3 + 3 × (2x)2 × 3y + 3 ×
A
(2x) (3y)2

PY
DO U A
Which is similar to a³ + b³ + 3a²b + 3ab² = (a + b) ³]
T
ED PR

Here a = 2x and b = 3y
= (2x + 3y)3
C

Therefore, 8x3 + 27y3 + 36x2y + 54xy2 = (2x + 3y)3

©

Question 5: Factorize a3 − 3a2b + 3ab2 − b3 + 8

Solution:
a3 − 3a2b + 3ab2 − b3 + 8
Using: a3 − b3 − 3a2b + 3ab2 = (a−b)3
= (a − b)3 + 23
Again, Using: a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)]
= (a – b + 2) ((a − b)2 − (a − b) 2 + 22)
= (a – b + 2) (a2 + b2 − 2ab – 2 (a − b) + 4)
= (a – b + 2) (a2 + b2 − 2ab − 2a + 2b + 4)
a3 − 3a2b + 3ab2 − b3 + 8 = (a – b + 2) (a2 + b2 − 2ab − 2a + 2b + 4)

Question 6: x3 + 8y3 + 6x2y + 12xy2

Solution:
The given expression to be factorized is x3 + 8y3 + 6x2y + 12xy2
This can be written in the form

T IO S
x3 + 8y3 + 6x2y + 12xy2 = (𝑥 )3 + (2𝑦)3 + 6𝑥 2 𝑦 + 12𝑥𝑦 2

I
NO A D
CO N
Take common 6𝑥𝑦 from the last two terms. Then we get
A
x3 + 8y3 + 6x2y + 12xy2 = (𝑥 )3 + (2𝑦)3 + 6𝑥𝑦(𝑥 + 2𝑦)

PY
DO U A

This can be written in the following form

T
ED PR

x3 + 8y3 + 6x2y + 12xy2 = (𝑥 )3 + (2𝑦)3 + 3𝑥. 2𝑦(𝑥 + 2𝑦)

Recall the formula for the cube of the sum of two numbers
C

(𝑎 + 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 3𝑎𝑏(𝑎 + 𝑏)
©

Using the above formula, we have

x3 + 8y3 + 6x2y + 12xy2 = (𝑥 + 2𝑦)3
We cannot further factorize the expression.
So, the required factorization is of x3 + 8y3 + 6x2y + 12xy2 is (𝑥 + 2𝑦)3 .

Question 7: 8x3 + y3 + 12x2y + 6xy2

Solution:
The given expression to be factorized is 8x3 + y3 + 12x2y + 6xy2
This can be written in the form
8x3 + y3 + 12x2y + 6xy2 = (2𝑥 )3 + (𝑦)3 + 12𝑥 2 𝑦 + 6𝑥𝑦 2
Take common 6xy from the last two terms, Then we get
8x3 + y3 + 12x2y + 6xy2 = (2𝑥 )3 + (𝑦)3 + 6𝑥𝑦(2𝑥 + 𝑦)
This can be written in the following form
x3 + 8y3 + 6x2y + 12xy2 = (2𝑥 )3 + (𝑦)3 + 3𝑥. 2𝑦(2𝑥 + 𝑦)
Recall the formula for the cube of the sum of two numbers
(𝑎 + 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 3𝑎𝑏(𝑎 + 𝑏)

T IO S I
Using the above formula, we have
NO A D
CO N
x3 + 8y3 + 6x2y + 12xy2 = (2𝑥 + 𝑦)3
A
We cannot further factorize the expression.

PY
DO U A

So, the required factorization is of x3 + 8y3 + 6x2y + 12xy2 is (2𝑥 + 𝑦)3 .

T
ED PR

Question 8: 8a3 + 27b3 + 36a2b + 54ab2

C
©

Solution:
The given expression to be factorized is 8a3 + 27b3 + 36a2b + 54ab2
This can be written in the form
8a3 + 27b3 + 36a2b + 54ab2 = (2𝑎)3 + (3𝑏)3 + 36𝑎2 𝑏 + 54𝑎𝑏 2
Take common 18𝑎𝑏 from the last two terms,. Then we get
8a3 + 27b3 + 36a2b + 54ab2 = (2𝑎)3 + (3𝑏)3 + 18𝑎𝑏(2𝑎 + 3𝑏)
This can be written in the following form
8a3 + 27b3 + 36a2b + 54ab2 = (2𝑎)3 + (3𝑏)3 + 3.2𝑎. 3𝑏(2𝑎 + 3𝑏)
Recall the formula for the cube of the sum of two numbers
(𝑎 + 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 3𝑎𝑏(𝑎 + 𝑏)
Using the above formula, we have
8a3 + 27b3 + 36a2b + 54ab2 = (2𝑎 + 3𝑏)3
We cannot further factorize the expression.
So, the required factorization is of 8a3 + 27b3 + 36a2b + 54ab2 is
(2𝑎 + 3𝑏)3 .

Question 9: 8a3 − 27b3 − 36a2b + 54ab2

T IO S
Solution:

I
NO A D
The given expression to be factorized is 8a3 − 27b3 − 36a2b + 54ab2

CO N
A
This can be written in the form

PY
DO U A
8a3 − 27b3 − 36a2b + 54ab2 = (2𝑎)3 − (3𝑏)3 − 36𝑎2 𝑏 + 54𝑎𝑏 2
T
Take common – 18ab from the last two terms, Then we get
ED PR

8a3 − 27b3 − 36a2b + 54ab2 =(2𝑎)3 − (3𝑏)3 − 18𝑎𝑏(2𝑎 + 3𝑏)

C

This can be written in the following form

©

8a3 − 27b3 − 36a2b + 54ab2 = (2𝑎)3 + (3𝑏)3 + 3.2𝑎. 3𝑏(2𝑎 + 3𝑏)

Recall the formula for the cube of the difference of two numbers
(𝑎 + 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 3𝑎𝑏(𝑎 + 𝑏)
Using the above formula, we have
8a3 − 27b3 − 36a2b + 54ab2 = (2𝑎 − 3𝑏)3
We cannot further factorize the expression.
So, the required factorization is of 8a3 − 27b3 − 36a2b + 54ab2 is
(2𝑎 − 3𝑏)3 .
Question 10: x3 – 12x (x − 4) − 64
Solution:
The given expression to be factorized is x3 – 12x (x − 4) − 64
This can be written in the form
x3 – 12x (x − 4) – 64 = x3 – 12x2 + 48x – 64
= x3 – 64 – 12x2 + 48x
= (x)3 – (4)3 – 12x2 + 48x

T IO S
Take common – 12x from the last two terms, Then we get

I
NO A D
CO N
x3 – 12x (x − 4) – 64 = (x)3 – (4)3 – 12(x – 4)
A
This can be written in the following form

PY
DO U A
x3 – 12x (x − 4) – 64 = (x)3 – (4)3 – 3.x.4 (x – 4)
T
ED PR

Recall the formula for the cube of the difference of two numbers
(𝑎 + 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 3𝑎𝑏(𝑎 + 𝑏)
C
©

Using the above formula, we have

x3 – 12x (x − 4) – 64 = (x − 4)3
We cannot further factorize the expression.
So, the required factorization is of x3 – 12x (x − 4) – 64 is (x − 4)3.

Question 11: a3x3 − 3a2bx2 + 3ab2x − b3

Solution:
The given expression to be factorized is a3x3 − 3a2bx2 + 3ab2x − b3
This can be written in the form
a3x3 − 3a2bx2 + 3ab2x − b3 = a3x3 − b3 − 3a2bx2 + 3ab2x
 = (𝑎𝑥 )3 − (𝑏)3 − 3𝑎2 𝑏𝑥 2 + 3𝑏 2 𝑥
Take common from the last two terms,. Then we get
a3x3 − 3a2bx2 + 3ab2x − b3 = (𝑎𝑥 )3 − (𝑏)3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑥 (𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏)
This can be written in the following form
a3x3 − 3a2bx2 + 3ab2x − b3 = (𝑎𝑥 )3 − (𝑏)3 − 3. 𝑎𝑥. 𝑏(𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏)
Recall the formula for the cube of the difference of two numbers
(𝑎 − 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 − 3𝑎𝑏(𝑎 − 𝑏)

T IO S I
Using the above formula, we have
NO A D
CO N
a3x3 − 3a2bx2 + 3ab2x − b3 = (𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏)3
A
We cannot further factorize the expression.

PY
DO U A

So, the required factorization is of a3x3 − 3a2bx2 + 3ab2x − b3 is

T
ED PR

(𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏)3 .
C
©
 Exercise – 5.4
Page No: 5.22

Factorize each of the following expressions:

Question 1: a3 + 8b3 + 64c3 − 24abc
Solution:
a3 + 8b3 + 64c3 − 24abc

T IO S
= (a)3 + (2b) 3 + (4c) 3− 3×a×2b×4c

I
NO A D
CO N
[Using a3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc − ca)]
A
= (a + 2b + 4c) (a2 + (2b)2 + (4c)2 – a × 2b − 2b × 4c − 4c × a)

PY
DO U A
= (a + 2b + 4c) (a2 + 4b2 +16c2 − 2ab − 8bc − 4ac)
T
ED PR

Therefore, a3 + 8b3 + 64c3 − 24abc = (a + 2b + 4c) (a2 + 4b2 +16c2 −2ab −

8bc − 4ac)
C
©

Question 2: x 3 − 8y 3+ 27z3 + 18xyz

Solution:
= x3 − (2y) 3 + (3z) 3 – 3 × x × (−2y) (3z)
= (x + (−2y) + 3z) (x2 + (−2y)2 + (3z) 2 −x(−2y) − (−2y) (3z) − 3z(x))
[using a3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc − ca)]
= (x −2y + 3z) (x2 + 4y2 + 9 z2 + 2xy + 6yz − 3zx)

Question 3: 27x 3 − y 3– z3 – 9xyz

Solution:
27x 3 − y 3– z3 – 9xyz
= (3x) 3 − y 3– z3 – 3(3xyz)
[Using a3 + b3 + c3 −3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc − ca)]
Here a = 3x, b = -y and c = -z
= (3x – y – z) {(3x)2 + (- y)2 + (– z)2 + 3xy – yz + 3xz)}
= (3x – y – z) {9x2 + y2 + z2 + 3xy – yz + 3xz)}

T IO S I
𝟏
Question 4: x3 − y3 + 125z3 + 5xyz
NO A D
𝟐𝟕

CO N
A
Solution:
1

PY
x3 − y3 + 125z3 + 5xyz
DO U A
27
T
𝑥 3
ED PR

𝑥
= ( ) + (−y)3 + (5z)3 – 3 (−y) (5z)
3 3

[Using a3 + b3 + c3 −3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc − ca)]

C
©

𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑥
=(3 + (−𝑦) + 5𝑧) ((3) + (−𝑦)2 + (5𝑧)2 – 3 (−𝑦) − (−𝑦) 5𝑧 − 5𝑧 (3))
2
𝑥 𝑥𝑦 5𝑧𝑥
= ( − 𝑦 + 5𝑧) (𝑥 9 + 𝑦 2 + 25𝑧 2 + + 5𝑦𝑧 – )
3 3 3

Question 5: 8x3 + 27y3 − 216z3 + 108xyz

Solution:
8x3 + 27y3 − 216z3 + 108xyz
= (2x) 3 + (3y) 3 + (−6y) 3 −3(2x) (3y) (−6z)
= (2x + 3y + (−6z)) {(2x)2 + (3y) 2 + (−6z) 2 −2x × 3y − 3y (−6z) − (−6z)
2x}
= (2x + 3y − 6z) {4x2 + 9y2 + 36z2 − 6xy + 18yz + 12zx}

Question 6: 125 + 8x3 − 27y3 + 90xy

Solution:
125 + 8x3 − 27y3 + 90xy
= (5)3 + (2x) 3 +(−3y) 3 −3 × 5 × 2x × (−3y)
= (5 + 2x + (−3y)) (52 + (2x) 2 + (−3y) 2 − 5(2x) − 2x(−3y) − (−3y)5)

T IO S
= (5 + 2x − 3y) (25 + 4x2 + 9y2 −10x + 6xy + 15y)

I
NO A D
CO N
A
Question 7: 8x3 − 125y3 + 180xy + 216

PY
DO U A
Solution:
T
ED PR

The given expression to be factorized is

8x3 − 125y3 + 180xy + 216
C

This can be written in the form

©

8x3 − 125y3 + 180xy + 216 = 8x3 − 125y3 + 216 + 180xy

= (2𝑥 )3 + (−5𝑦)3 + (6)3 − 3(2𝑥 ). (−5𝑦). (6)
Recall the formula
𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐𝑎)
Using the above formula, we have
8x3 − 125y3 + 180xy + 216
= {2𝑥 + (−5𝑦) + 6}{(2𝑥 )3 + (−5𝑦)3 + (6)3 − (2𝑥 ). (−5𝑦) −
(−5𝑦)(6) − (6). (2𝑥 )}
= (2𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 6)(4𝑥 2 + 25𝑦 2 + 36 + 10𝑥𝑦 + 30𝑦 − 12𝑥 )
We cannot further factorize the expression.
So, the required factorization is of 8x3 − 125y3 + 180xy + 216 is
(2𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 6)(4𝑥 2 + 25𝑦 2 + 36 + 10𝑥𝑦 + 30𝑦 − 12𝑥 ).

Question 8: (3x − 2y)3 + (2y − 4z) 3 + (4z−3x) 3

Solution:
(3x−2y)3 + (2y−4z) 3 + (4z−3x) 3

T IO S
Let (3x−2y) = a, (2y−4z) = b, (4z−3x) = c

I
NO A D
a + b + c= 3x − 2y + 2y − 4z + 4z − 3x = 0

CO N
A
We know, a3 + b3 + c3 −3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc − ca)

PY
DO U A
⇒ a3 + b3 + c3 −3abc = 0
T
or a3 + b3 + c3 =3abc
ED PR

⇒ (3x−2y)3 + (2y−4z) 3 + (4z−3x) 3 = 3(3x−2y) (2y−4z) (4z−3x)

C
©

Question 9: (2x−3y)3 + (4z−2x) 3 + (3y−4z) 3

Solution:
(2x − 3y)3 + (4z − 2x) 3 + (3y − 4z) 3
Let 2x – 3y = a, 4z – 2x = b, 3y – 4z = c
a + b + c= 3x − 2y + 2y − 4z + 4z − 3x = 0
We know, a3 + b3 + c3 −3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc − ca)
⇒ a3 + b3 + c3 −3abc = 0
(2x − 3y)3 + (4z − 2x) 3 + (3y − 4z) 3 = 3(2x − 3y) (4z − 2x) (3y − 4z)
 𝒙 𝒛 𝟑 𝒙 𝟐𝒚 𝟑 𝟓𝒙 𝒚 𝟒𝒛 𝟑
Question 10: ( + 𝒚 + ) + ( − + 𝒛) + (− − − )
𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟔 𝟑 𝟑

Solution:
The given expression to be factorized is
𝑥 𝑧 3 𝑥 2𝑦 3 5𝑥 𝑦 4𝑧 3
( +𝑦+ ) +( − + 𝑧) + (− − − )
2 3 3 3 6 3 3
𝑥 𝑧 𝑥 2𝑦 5𝑥 𝑦 4𝑧
Let 𝑎 = ( + 𝑦 + ) , 𝑏 = ( − + 𝑧) and 𝑐 = (− − − ). Then
2 3 3 3 6 3 3

T IO S
the given expression becomes

I
𝑥 𝑧 3 𝑥 2𝑦 3 5𝑥 𝑦 4𝑧 3
) = 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3
2 NO A D
( +𝑦+ ) +( −
3 3 3
+ 𝑧) + (−
6
− −
3 3

CO N
A
Note that

PY
DO U A
𝑥 𝑧 𝑥 2𝑦 5𝑥 𝑦 4𝑧
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 =( +𝑦+ )+( − + 𝑧) + (− − − )
2 3 3 3 6 3 3
T
ED PR

𝑥 𝑧 𝑥 2𝑦 5𝑥 𝑦 4𝑧
= +𝑦+ + − +𝑧 = − −
2 3 3 3 6 3 3

=0
C
©

Recall the formula

𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐𝑎)
When 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0, this becomes
𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 0. (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐𝑎)
=0
⇒ 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 = 3𝑎𝑏𝑐
So, we have the new formula
𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐, when 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0.
Using the above formula, the given expression can be written as 𝑎3 +
𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 = 3𝑎𝑏𝑐
 𝑥 𝑧 𝑥 2𝑦 5𝑥 𝑦 4𝑧
Put 𝑎 = ( + 𝑦 + ) , 𝑏 = ( − + 𝑧) and 𝑐 = (− − − ).
2 3 3 3 6 3 3

Then we have
𝑥 𝑧 3 𝑥 2𝑦 3 5𝑥 𝑦 4𝑧 3 𝑥 𝑧 𝑥
( +𝑦+ ) +( − + 𝑧) + (− − − ) = 3( + 𝑦 + )( −
2 3 3 3 6 3 3 2 3 3
2𝑦 5𝑥 𝑦 4𝑧
+ 𝑧) (− − − )
3 6 3 3

We cannot further factorize the expression.

𝑧 3 3

T IO S
𝑥 𝑥 2𝑦
So, the required factorization is of ( + 𝑦 + ) + ( − + 𝑧) +
2 3 3 3

I
5𝑥 𝑦 4𝑧 3 𝑥 𝑧 𝑥 2𝑦 5𝑥 𝑦 4𝑧
(−
6 NO A D
− −
3 3
) is 3 ( + 𝑦 + ) ( −
2 3 3 3
+ 𝑧) (−
6
− −
3 3
)

CO N
A

PY
DO U A
Question 11: (a − 3b)3 + (3b − c)3 + (c − a)3
T
Solution:
ED PR

The given expression to be factorized is

C

(a − 3b)3 + (3b − c)3 + (c − a)3

©

Let 𝑥 = (𝑎 − 3𝑏), 𝑦 = (3𝑏 − 𝑐) and 𝑧 = (𝑐 − 𝑎). Then the given

expression becomes (𝑎 − 3𝑏)3 + (3𝑏 − 𝑐)3 + (𝑐 − 𝑎)3 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3
Note that
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = (𝑎 − 3𝑏) + (3𝑏 − 𝑐) + (𝑐 − 𝑎)
= 𝑎 − 3𝑏 + 3𝑏 − 𝑐 + 𝑐 − 𝑎
=0
Recall the formula
𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐). (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐𝑎)
When 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0, this becomes
𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 0. (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐𝑎)
=0
⇒ 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 = 3𝑎𝑏𝑐
So, we have the new formula
𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 = 3𝑎𝑏𝑐, when 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0.
Using the above formula, the given expression can be written as
𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 = 3𝑥𝑦𝑧

T IO S I
Put 𝑥 = (𝑎 − 3𝑏), 𝑦 = (3𝑏 − 𝑐) and 𝑧 = (𝑐 − 𝑎). Then we have
NO A D
CO N
(𝑎 − 3𝑏)3 + (3𝑏 − 𝑐)3 + (𝑐 − 𝑎)3 = 3(𝑎 − 3𝑏)(3𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎)
A
We cannot further factorize the expression.

PY
DO U A

So, the required factorization is of (𝑎 − 3𝑏)3 + (3𝑏 − 𝑐)3 + (𝑐 − 𝑎)3 is

T
ED PR

3(𝑎 − 3𝑏)(3𝑏 − 𝑐 )(𝑐 − 𝑎).

C

Question 12: 𝟐√𝟐𝒂𝟑 + 𝟑√𝟑𝒃𝟑 + 𝒄𝟑 − 𝟑√𝟔𝒂𝒃𝒄

©

Solution:
The given expression to be factorized is
2√2𝑎3 + 3√3𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 3√6𝑎𝑏𝑐
This can be written in the form
2√2𝑎3 + 3√3𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 3√6𝑎𝑏𝑐
3 3
= (√2𝑎) + (√3𝑏) + (𝑐)3 − 3. (√2𝑎). (√3𝑏). (𝑐)
Recall the formula
𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐). (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐𝑎)
Using the above formula, we have
2√2𝑎3 + 3√3𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 3√6𝑎𝑏𝑐
2 2
= {(√2𝑎) + (√3𝑏) + 𝑐} {(√2𝑎). (√3𝑏). (𝑐)(√2𝑎) + (√3𝑏) + (𝑐)2 −
(√2𝑎). (√3𝑏) − (√3𝑏). (𝑐) − (𝑐). (√2𝑎)}

= {√2𝑎 + √3𝑏 + 𝑐}{2𝑎2 + 3𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − (√2𝑎). √6𝑎𝑏 − √3𝑏𝑐 − √2𝑐𝑎}

We cannot further factorize the expression.

So, the required factorization is of 2√2𝑎3 + 3√3𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 3√6𝑎𝑏𝑐

T IO S
is {√2𝑎 + √3𝑏 + 𝑐}{2𝑎2 + 3𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − (√2𝑎). √6𝑎𝑏 − √3𝑏𝑐 − √2𝑐𝑎}.

I
NO A D
CO N
A
Question 13: 3√3𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 − 5√5𝑐 3 − 3√15𝑎𝑏𝑐

PY
DO U A
Solution:
T
ED PR

The given expression to be factorized is

3√3𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 − 5√5𝑐 3 − 3√15𝑎𝑏𝑐
C

This can be written in the form

©

3 3
3√3𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 − 5√5𝑐 3 − 3√15𝑎𝑏𝑐 = (√3𝑎) + (−𝑏)3 + (−√5𝑐) −
3. (√3𝑎). (−𝑏)(−√5𝑐)
Recall the formula
𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐𝑎)
Using the above formula, we have
3√3𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 − 5√5𝑐 3 − 3√15𝑎𝑏𝑐
2 2
= {(√3𝑎) + (−𝑏) + (−√5𝑐)} {(√3𝑎) + (−𝑏)2 + (−√5𝑐) −
(√3𝑎). (−𝑏) − (−𝑏). (−√5𝑐) − (−√5𝑐). (√3𝑎)}
= (√3𝑎 − 𝑏 − √5𝑐)(3𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 5𝑐 2 + √3𝑎𝑏 − √5𝑏𝑐 − √15𝑐𝑎)
We cannot further factorize the expression.
So, the required factorization is of 3√3𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 − 5√5𝑐 3 − 3√15𝑎𝑏𝑐 is
(√3𝑎 − 𝑏 − √5𝑐)(3𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 5𝑐 2 + √3𝑎𝑏 − √5𝑏𝑐 − √15𝑐𝑎).

Question 14: 2√2𝑎3 + 16√2𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 12𝑎𝑏𝑐

T IO S
Solution:

I
The given expression to be factorized is
NO A D
CO N
2√2𝑎3 + 16√2𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 12𝑎𝑏𝑐
A

PY
This can be written in the form
DO U A

3 3
T
2√2𝑎3 + 16√2𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 12𝑎𝑏𝑐 = (√2𝑎) + (2√2𝑏) + (𝑐)3 −
ED PR

3. (√2𝑎). (2√2𝑏). (𝑐)

C

Recall the formula

©

𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐). (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐𝑎)

Using the above formula, we have
2√2𝑎3 + 16√2𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 12𝑎𝑏𝑐
2 2
= (√2𝑎 + 2√2𝑏 + 𝑐) {(√2𝑎) + (2√2𝑏) + (𝑐)2 − (√2𝑎). (2√2𝑏) −
(2√2𝑏). (𝑐) − (𝑐). (√2𝑎)}

= {√2𝑎 + 2√2𝑏 + 𝑐}{2𝑎2 + 8𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 4𝑎𝑏 − 2√2𝑏𝑐 − √2𝑐𝑎}

We cannot further factorize the expression.

So, the required factorization is of 2√2𝑎3 + 16√2𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 12𝑎𝑏𝑐
is {√2𝑎 + 2√2𝑏 + 𝑐}{2𝑎2 + 8𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 4𝑎𝑏 − 2√2𝑏𝑐 − √2𝑐𝑎}.

Question 15: Find the value of x3 + y3 − 12xy + 64, when x + y =−4

Solution:
The given expression is
x3 + y3 − 12xy + 64

T IO S
It is given that

I
NO A D
𝑥 + 𝑦 = −4

CO N
A
⇒𝑥+𝑦+4=0

PY
DO U A
The given expression can be written in the form
T
x3 + y3 − 12xy + 64 = x3 + y3 + 64 − 12xy
ED PR

= (𝑥 )3 + (𝑦)3 + (4)3 − 3. (𝑥 ). (𝑦). (4)

C

Recall the formula

©

𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐). (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐𝑎)

Using the above formula, we have
x3 + y3 − 12xy + 64
= (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4){(𝑥 )2 + (𝑦)2 + (4)2 − (𝑥 ). (𝑦) − (𝑦). (4) − (4). (𝑥 )}
= (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4){𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 16 − 𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑦 − 4𝑥}
= 0. {𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 16 − 𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑦 − 4𝑥}
=0
 VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPES QUESTION (VSAQs)
Page No: 5.24

Question 1: Factorize x4 + x2 + 25
Solution:
x4 + x2 + 25
= (x2) 2 + 52 + x2

T IO S
[using a2 + b2 = (a + b) 2 – 2ab]

I
NO A D
CO N
= (x2 +5) 2 −2(x2) (5) + x2
A
= (x2 +5) 2 −10x2 + x2

PY
DO U A
= (x2 + 5) 2 − 9x2
T
ED PR

= (x2 + 5) 2 − (3x) 2
[using a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b]
C

= (x 2 + 3x + 5) (x2 − 3x + 5)
©

Question 2: Factorize x2 – 1 – 2a – a2
Solution:
x2 – 1 – 2a – a2
x2 – (1 + 2a + a2)
x2 – (a + 1)2
(x – (a + 1) (x + (a + 1)
(x – a – 1) (x + a + 1)
[using a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b) and (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab]
Question 3: If a + b + c =0, then write the value of a3 + b3 + c3.
Solution:
We know, a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a + b +c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc − ca)
Put a + b + c =0
This implies
a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc

T IO S I
Question 4: If a2 + b2 + c2 = 20 and a + b + c =0, find ab + bc + ca.
NO A D
CO N
Solution:
A
We know, (a + b + c) ² = a² + b² + c² + 2(ab + bc + ca)

PY
DO U A
0 = 20 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
T
ED PR

-10 = ab + bc + ca
Or ab + bc + ca = -10
C
©

Question 5: If a + b + c = 9 and ab + bc + ca = 40, find a2 + b2 + c2.

Solution:
We know, (a + b + c) ² = a² + b² + c² + 2(ab + bc + ca)
92 = a² + b² + c² + 2(40)
81 = a² + b² + c² + 80
⇒ a² + b² + c² = 1

(𝟐.𝟑)𝟑 −𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝟕
Question 6: The value of (𝟐.𝟑)𝟐
+𝟎.𝟔𝟗+𝟎.𝟎𝟗
(a) 2

(b) 3

(c) 2.327

(d) 2.273
Solution:

T IO S
The given expression is

I
(2.3)3 −0.027
NO A D
(2.3)2 +0.69+0.09

CO N
A
This can be written in the form

PY
DO U A
(2.3)3 −(0.3)3
T
(2.3)2 +23×0.3+(0.3)2
ED PR

Assume 𝑎 = 2.3 and 𝑏 = 0.3. Then the given expression can be rewritten
as
C

𝑎3 −𝑏3
©

𝑎2 +𝑎𝑏+𝑏2

Recall the formula for difference of two cubes

𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )
Using the above formula, the expression becomes
(𝑎−𝑏)(𝑎2 +𝑎𝑏+𝑏2 )
𝑎2 +𝑎𝑏+𝑏2

Note that both 𝑎 and b are positive, unequal. So, neither 𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 nor any
factor of it can be zero.
Therefore we can cancel the term (𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 ) from both numerator
and denominator. Then the expression becomes
(𝑎−𝑏)(𝑎2 +𝑎𝑏+𝑏2 )
=𝑎−𝑏
𝑎2 +𝑎𝑏+𝑏2

= 2.3 − 0.3
=2
So, the correct choice is (a).

(𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟑)𝟑 +(𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟕)𝟑
Question 7: The value of (𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟑)𝟐 −𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟑×𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟕+(𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟕)𝟐
is

T IO S I
(a) 0.006
NO A D
CO N
A
(b) 0.02

PY
DO U A
(c) 0.0091
T
ED PR

(d) 0.00185
Solution:
C
©

The given expression is

(0.013)3 +(0.007)3
(0.013)2 −0.013×0.007+(0.007)2

Assume 𝑎 = 0.013 and 𝑏 = 0.007. Then the given expression can be

rewritten as
𝑎3 +𝑏3
𝑎2 −𝑎𝑏+𝑏2

Recall the formula for difference of two cubes

𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )
Using the above formula, the expression becomes
(𝑎+𝑏)(𝑎2 −𝑎𝑏+𝑏2 )
𝑎2 −𝑎𝑏+𝑏2
Note that both 𝑎 and b are positive. So, neither 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 nor any factor of
it can be zero.
Therefore we can cancel the term (𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 ) from both numerator
and denominator. Then the expression becomes
(𝑎+𝑏)(𝑎2 −𝑎𝑏+𝑏2 )
=𝑎+𝑏
𝑎2 −𝑎𝑏+𝑏2

= 0.013 + 0.007
= 0.02

T IO S I
So, the correct choice is (b).
NO A D
CO N
A
Question 8: Mark the correct alternative in each of the following:

PY
DO U A

The factors of a2 − 1 − 2x − x2 are

T
ED PR

(a) (a − x + 1) (a − x − 1)
C
©

(b) (a + x − 1) (a − x + 1)

(c) (a + x +1) (a − x + 1)

(d) none of these

Solution:
The given expression to be factorized is a2 − 1 − 2x − x2
Take common – 1 from the last three terms and then we have
a2 − 1 − 2x − x2 = a2 – (1 + 2x + x2)
= 𝑎2 − {(1)2 + 2.1𝑥 + (𝑥 )2 }
= 𝑎2 − (1 + 𝑥 )2
 = (𝑎)2 − (1 + 𝑥 )2
= {𝑎 + (1 + 𝑥 )}{𝑎 − 1 − 𝑥 }
= (𝑎 + 𝑥 + 1)(𝑎 − 𝑥 − 1)
So, the correct choice is (c).

Question 9: The factors of x4 + x2 + 25 are

T IO S
(a) (x2 + 3x + 5) (x2 − 3x + 5)

I
NO A D
(b) (x2 + 3x + 5) (x2 + 3x − 5)

CO N
A

PY
(c) (x2 + x +5) (x2 − x + 5)
DO U A
T
ED PR

(d) none of these

Solution:
C

The given expression to be factorized is x4 + x2 + 25

©

This can be written in the form

x4 + x2 + 25 = (𝑥 2 )2 + 2. 𝑥 2 . 5 + (5)2 − 9𝑥 2
= {(𝑥 2 )2 + 2. 𝑥 2 . 5 + (5)2 } − (3𝑥 )2
= (𝑥 2 + 5)2 − (3𝑥 )2
= (𝑥 2 + 5 + 3𝑥 )(𝑥 2 + 5 − 3𝑥 )
So, the correct choice is (a).

Question 10: The factors of x2 + 4y2 + 4y − 4xy − 2x − 8 are

(a) (x − 2y −4) (x − 2y + 2)
(b) (x − y + 2) (x − 4y − 4)

(c) (x + 2y − 4) (x + 2y + 2)

(d) none of these

Solution:
The given expression to be factorized is x2 + 4y2 + 4y − 4xy − 2x − 8

T IO S
This can be arranging in the form

I
NO A D
x2 + 4y2 + 4y − 4xy − 2x – 8 = {𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 } − 2(𝑥 − 2𝑦) − 8

CO N
A
= {(𝑥 )2 − 2. 𝑥. 2𝑦 + (2𝑦)2 } − 2(𝑥 − 2𝑦) − 8

PY
= (𝑥 − 2𝑦)2 − 2(𝑥 − 2𝑦) − 8
DO U A
T
Let 𝑎 = (𝑥 − 2𝑦). Then the above expression becomes
ED PR

x2 + 4y2 + 4y − 4xy − 2x – 8 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎 − 8
C

= 𝑎2 − (4 − 2)𝑎 − 8
©

= 𝑎2 − 4𝑎 + 2𝑎 − 8
= 𝑎(𝑎 − 4) + 2(𝑎 − 4)
= (𝑎 − 4)(𝑎 + 2)
Put 𝑎 = (𝑥 − 2𝑦).
x2 + 4y2 + 4y − 4xy − 2x – 8 = {(𝑥 − 2𝑦) − 4}{(𝑥 − 2𝑦) + 2}
= (𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 4)(𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2)
So, the correct choice is (a).

Question 11: The factors of x3 − 7x + 6 are

(a) x (x − 6) (x − 1)

(b) (x2 − 6) (x − 1)

(c) (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3)

(d) (x − 1) (x + 3) (x − 2)
Solution:

T IO S
The given expression to be factorized is x3 − 7x + 6

I
This can be written in the form
NO A D
CO N
x3 − 7x + 6 = x3 – (1 + 6) x + 6
A
= x3 – x – 6x + 6

PY
DO U A

Take common x from the first two terms and −6 from the last two terms.
T
ED PR

Then we have
x3 − 7x + 6 = 𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 1) − 6(𝑥 − 1)
C

= 𝑥 {(𝑥 )2 − (1)2 − 6(𝑥 − 1)}

©

= 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) − 6(𝑥 − 1)
Finally, take common (𝑥 − 1) from the above expression,
x3 − 7x + 6 = (𝑥 − 1){𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) − 6}
= (𝑥 − 1){𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6}
= (𝑥 − 1){𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 6}
= (𝑥 − 1){𝑥 (𝑥 + 3) − 2(𝑥 + 3)}
= (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2)
So, the correct choice is (d).
Question 12: The expression x4 + 4 can be factorized as

(a) (x2 + 2x + 2) (x2 − 2x + 2)

(b) (x2 + 2x + 2) (x2 + 2x + 2)

(c) (x2 − 2x − 2) (x2 − 2x + 2)

(d) (x2 + 2) (x2 − 2)

T IO S
Solution:

I
NO A D
The given expression to be factorized is 𝑥 4 + 4

CO N
A
This can be written in the form

PY
DO U A
𝑥 4 + 4 = (𝑥 2 )2 + (2)2 + 2. 𝑥 2 . 2 − 4𝑥 2
T
= {(𝑥 2 )2 + 2. 𝑥 2 . 2 + (2)2 } − (2𝑥 )2
ED PR

= (𝑥 2 + 2)2 − (2𝑥 )2
C

= (𝑥 2 + 2 + 2𝑥 )(𝑥 2 + 2 − 2𝑥 )
©

So, the correct choice is (a).

Question 13: If 3x = a + b + c, then the value of (x − a)3 + (x −b)3 +

(x − c)3 − 3(x − a) (x − b) (x −c) is

(a) a + b + c

(b) (a − b) (b − c) (c − a)

(c) 0

(d) none of these

Solution:
The given expression is
(x − a)3 + (x −b)3 + (x − c)3 − 3(x − a) (x − b) (x −c)
Recall the formula
𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐𝑎)
Using the above formula, the given expression becomes
(x − a)3 + (x −b)3 + (x − c)3 − 3(x − a) (x − b) (x −c)

T IO S I
= {(𝑥 − 𝑎) + (𝑥 − 𝑏) + (𝑥 − 𝑐)}{(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑥 − 𝑏)2 + (𝑥 − 𝑐)2 −
NO A D
(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏) − (𝑥 − 𝑏)(𝑥 − 𝑐) − (𝑥 − 𝑐)(𝑥 − 𝑎)}

CO N
A
= (𝑥 − 𝑎 + 𝑥 − 𝑏 + 𝑥 − 𝑐){(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑥 − 𝑏)2 + (𝑥 − 𝑐)2 − (𝑥 −

PY
𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏) − (𝑥 − 𝑏)(𝑥 − 𝑐) − (𝑥 − 𝑐)(𝑥 − 𝑎)}
DO U A
T
= (3𝑥 − 𝑎 − 𝑏 − 𝑐){(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑥 − 𝑏)2 + (𝑥 − 𝑐)2 − (𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 −
ED PR

𝑏) − (𝑥 − 𝑏)(𝑥 − 𝑐) − (𝑥 − 𝑐)(𝑥 − 𝑎)}

Given that
C
©

3𝑥 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
⇒ 3𝑥 − 𝑎 − 𝑏 − 𝑐 = 0
Therefore, the value of the given expression is
(x − a)3 + (x −b)3 + (x − c)3 − 3(x − a) (x − b) (x −c)
= 0. {(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑥 − 𝑏)2 + (𝑥 − 𝑐)2 − (𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏) − (𝑥 − 𝑏)(𝑥 −
𝑐) − (𝑥 − 𝑐)(𝑥 − 𝑎)}
=0
So, the correct choice is (c).
Question 14: If (x + y)3 − (x − y)3 − 6y(x2 − y2) = ky2, then k =

(a) 1

(b) 2

(c) 4

(d) 8

T IO S
Solution:

I
NO A D
The given equation is

CO N
A
(x + y)3 − (x − y)3 − 6y (x2 − y2) = ky2

PY
DO U A
Recall the formula
T
𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )
ED PR

Using the above formula, we have

C

(x + y)3 − (x − y)3 − 6y (x2 − y2) = ky2

©

⇒ {(𝑥 + 𝑦)3 − (𝑥 − 𝑦)3 − 6𝑦(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) = 𝑘𝑦 2 }

⇒ 2𝑦(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) − 6𝑦(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) = 𝑘𝑦 3
⇒ 2𝑦(3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − 6𝑦(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) = 𝑘𝑦 3
⇒ 6𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑦 3 − 6𝑥 2 𝑦 + 6𝑦 3 = 𝑘𝑦 3
⇒ 8𝑦 3 = 𝑘𝑦 3
⇒ 𝑘𝑦 3 = 8𝑦 3
⇒ 𝑘 = 8, provided 𝑦 ≠ 0.
So, the correct choice is (d).
Question 15: If x3 − 3x2 + 3x − 7 = (x + 1) (ax2 + bx + c),
then a + b + c =

(a) 4

(b) 12

(c) −10

T IO S
(d) 3

I
NO A D
Solution:

CO N
A
The given equation is

PY
x3 − 3x2 + 3x − 7 = (x + 1) (ax2 + bx + c)
DO U A
T
This can be written as
ED PR

𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 7 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)
⇒ 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 7 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
C
©

⇒ 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 7 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 2 + (𝑏 + 𝑐)𝑥 + 𝑐

Comparing the coefficients on both sides of the equation.

We get,
𝑎=1 … (1)
𝑎 + 𝑏 = −3 … (2)
𝑏+𝑐 =3 … (3)
c = -7 … (4)

Putting the value of a from (1) in (2)

We get,
1 + 𝑏 = −3
𝑏 = −3 − 1
𝑏 = −4
So the value of a, b and c is 1, – 4 and -7 respectively.
Therefore,
a + b + c = 1 – 4 – 7 = – 10

T IO S I
So, the correct choice is (c).
NO A D
CO N
A

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR
C
©