1913

MOSELEY'S X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY

- Henry Gwy-Jeffreys Mosely, and English Physicidt and research at Ernest Rutherford's laboratory
noticed that shooting electrons at elements (also known as x-ray spectroscopy) caused them to release
x-rays st unique frequencies.

- By arranging the elements according to the square root of the frequency they emitted, he was able to
draw out an arrangement of elements that move correctly predicted periodic trends.

- Though, ther were four gaps (atomic numbers 43, 61, 85, and 87) in the periodic table.

1919

DISCOVERY OF NUCLEAR TRANSMUTATION

- Ernest Rutherford, a New Zealand physicist who came to be known as the father of nuclear physics
successfully carried out a nuclear transmutation reaction - a reaction involving the transformation of
one element or isotope into another element.

- The first nuclide to be prepared by artificial means was an isotope of oxygen 17O, through bombarding
nitrogen atoms with α particles.

1937

DISCOVERY OF ELEMENT-43 (TECHNETIUM)

- The first element to be prepared that does not naturally occur on earth

- Was created by bombardment of molybdenum by deuterons (heavy hydrogen, H12), by Emilio Segre
and Carlo Pernier

- American physicist Ernest Lawrence synthesized element with atomic number 43 using a linear particle
accelerator.

1939

DISCOVERY OF ELEMENT-87 (FRANCIUM)

- Discovered by Marguerite Perey as a breakdown product of uranium

1940

DISCOVERY OF ELEMENT - 85 (ASTATINE)

- Discovered by Dale Corson, K. Mackenzie, and Emilio Segre. They bombarded atoms of bismuth (Z=83)
with fast-moving alpha particles in a cyclotron.

1940-1961

SYNTHESIS OF TRANSURANIC ELEMENTS and ELEMENT-61 (PROMETHIUM)

- Edwin McMillan (1940) used a particle accelerator go bombard uranium with neutrons and created an
element with atomic number 93 which he named neptunium.

- At the end of 1940, element-94 was synthesized by Seaborg, McMillan, Kennedy, and Whal. They
bombarded uranium with deuterons (particles composed of a proton and a neutron in a cyclotron).
Element-94 was named Plutonium.

- Element-95, Americium (Seaborg et al. 1944)

- Element-96, Curium (Seaborg et al. 1944)

- Element-61, Promethium (Marinsky et al. 1945) was discovered as a decay fissiom of uranium

- Element-97, Berkelium (Seaborg et al. 1949)

- Element-98, Californium (Thompson, Street, Gioirso, and Seaborg: 1950)

- Element-99, Einsteinium (Ghiorso et al. 1952)

- Element-100, Fermium (Ghiorso et al. 1952)

- Element-101, Mendelevium (Ghiorso Harvey, Choppin, Thompson, Seaborg 1955)

- Element-102, Nobelium (Ghiorso, Sikkeland, Walton, and Seaborg 1958)

- Element-103, Lawrencium (Ghiorso et al. 1961)

1964-2009

DISCOVERY OF SUPERHEAVY ELEMENTS

- Element-104, Rutherfordium (L Berkeley Lab, USA - Dubna Lab, Russia 1964)

- Element-105, Dubnium (L Berkeley Lab, USA - Dubna Lab, Russia 1967)

- Element-106, Seaborgium (L Berkeley Lab, USA - Dubna Lab, Russia 1974)

- Element-107, Bohrium (Dubna Russia 1975)

- Element-109, Meitnerium (Armbruster, Munzember et al. 1982)

- Element-108, Hassium (Armbruster, Munzember et al. 1984)

- Element-110, Darmstadtium (Hofmann, Ninov, et al. GSI - Germany 1992)

- Element-111, Roentgenium (Hofmann, Ninov, et al. GSI - Germany 1994)

-Element-112, Copernicium (GSI - Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung 1996)

- Element-113, Nihonium (Hofmann, Ninov et al. GSI - Germany 1996)

- Element-114, Flerovium (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research and Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory 1999)

- Element-116, Livermorium (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research and Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory 2000)

- Element-118, Oganesson (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research and Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory 2002)

- Element-115, Moscovium (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research and Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory 2003)

- Element-117, Tennessine (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research and Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, Vanderbilt University and Oak Ridge National Laboratory 2009)

2006-present

DISCOVERY OF HYPOTHETICAL CHEMICAL ELEMENTS (ALKALI METALS AND SUPERACTINOIDS)

Element-119, Uue, Ununennium, Alkali metal (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research and Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory 2006)

Element-124, Ubq, Unbiquadium, Superactinoid (2006)

Element-120, Ubn, Unbinilium, Alkali metal (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research and RIKEN 2006-2008)

Element-122, Ubb, Unbibium, Superactinoid (2008)

Element-121, Ubu, Unbiunium, Superactinoid (2010)

Element-125, Ubp, Unbipentium, Superactinoid (2010)

Element-123, Ubt, Unbitrium, Superactinoid (2013)

Element-126, Ubn, Unbihexium, Superactinoid --

Element-127, Ubs, Unbiseptium, Superactinoid --

Physical Science

Quarter 1 - Week 2

Concept of Atomic Number Led to the Synthesis of New Elements in the Laboratory

PERFORMANCE TASK

Activity 2: Create a timeline using illustrations and text showing on how elements form with the concept
of atomic number.