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ABSTRACT
HIV and syphilis co-infection is complex and diagnosis of syphilis is more difficult
among HIV positive patients. HIV can alter the clinical picture of syphilis and can
cause more serious complications. Unusual serological responses like high titre as
well as false negative reactions have been reported in VDRL tests in HIV reactive
Keywords patients, therefore specific tests such as TPHA or FTA-ABS should always be done
in all HIV reactive patients. We conducted this study to know the prevalence of
Syphilis, syphilis among HIV reactive patients in a tertiary care hospital and to test the
HIV, adequacy of VDRL as a screening test for the diagnosis of syphilis in HIV patients.
VDRL, Our study showed 11.4% of HIV serum samples reactive with TPHA, while out of
TPHA TPHA reactive samples only 37.5% were VDRL reactive. 0.3% samples gave non-
treponemal false positive reactions, i.e. VDRL reactive but TPHA non-reactive.
CD4 count was correlated in TPHA reactive patients and most of the patients
(62.2%) were having CD4 count <400 cells/cu.mm. In light of the findings in our
study, there is a need to formulate a strict policy to diagnose syphilis especially in
HIV sero-reactive patients. Diagnosis on the basis of single non-specific test cannot
rule out syphilis, therefore combination of non-specific test along with specific test
is required for proper diagnosis of syphilis. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of
syphilis is essential not only to lower transmission rates, but also to avoid the
complications seen in the later stages of the disease.
Introduction
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(5): 726-730
HIV infected persons (Gordon SM et al, using kit received from Institute of
1994). serology, Kolkata and TPHA test was
performed by using Immunotrep from
HIV and syphilis co-infection is complex Omega Diagnostics. CD4 count was done
and diagnosis of syphilis is more difficult by using BD FACS Calibur flow
among HIV positive patients. HIV can cytometer. Positive and negative controls
alter the clinical picture of syphilis and can were included with all the tests performed.
cause more serious complications. Comparison of CD4 counts in TPHA
Unusual serological responses like high reactive/ VDRL reactive, TPHA reactive/
titre as well as false negative reactions VDRL non-reactive and both non-reactive
have been reported in VDRL test were done in all HIV patients.
(Venereal Disease Research Laboratory)
in HIV reactive patients, therefore specific Results and Discussion
tests such as TPHA (Treponema Pallidum
Haemagglutination assay) or FTA-ABS During the study period of one year, we
(Fluorescent Treponema Pallidum received 2670 HIV sero -reactive serum
Antibody- Absorption test) should always samples for VDRL testing. Out of 2670
be done in all HIV reactive patients samples, 1768 were males and 902 were
(Lowhagen GB, 1990). females (1.96:1). Out of total samples
received, 304 (11.4%) samples were found
Timely diagnosis of syphilis in HIV reactive with TPHA. TPHA was found
patients would help in better management reactive most commonly in males (76.3%)
of these patients and will reduce the and between age group of 20-40 years
transmission of HIV. Considering the (53.6%) followed by 40-60 years (40.8%)
increasing prevalence of HIV syphilis co- as shown in table 1. Among TPHA
infection, we conducted the study to know reactive samples, only 114 (37.5%)
the prevalence of syphilis among HIV samples were VDRL reactive while 190
reactive patients in a tertiary care hospital (62.5%) samples were VDRL non-
and to test the adequacy of VDRL as a reactive. Among VDRL reactive samples,
screening test for the diagnosis of syphilis 97 patients were having low titre (1:8 or
in HIV patients. less) and 20 patients having high titre
(>1:8). Also 9 (0.3%) samples gave non-
Materials and Methods treponemal false positive reactions, i.e.
VDRL reactive but TPHA non-reactive.
A prospective study was conducted in the Of these 9 biological false positive cases,
Department of Microbiology, Dr. Ram 6 were having low VDRL titre (1:8 or
Manohar Lohia hospital and PGIMER less) while in two titre of 1:16 and in one
over a period of one year from July 2012 sample a titre of 1:32 was obtained. CD4
to June 2013. All the known HIV reactive count was correlated in TPHA reactive
serum samples received in the laboratory patients and most of the patients (62.2%)
from Anti-retroviral therapy clinic and were having CD4 count <400 cells/cu.mm
wards for VDRL test were included in the (Table 3). As shown in table 4, no
study. Both VDRL and TPHA were done statistically significant difference was
in the received serum samples. Also CD4 found in CD4 counts in TPHA reactive
count was done in all HIV sero-reactive and non-reactive HIV patients.
patients. The VDRL test was performed
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(5): 726-730
showed 11.4% of HIV serum samples found in other study from Ethiopia (Eticha
reactive with TPHA, while out of TPHA et al, 2013) where females were
reactive samples only 37.5% were VDRL predominantly affected and most common
reactive which is comparable to other age group was 40-49yrs . Age group of 20-
studies (Paul Diggory, 1996 and 40 yrs were most commonly affected in
Turbadkar et al, 2007). Also in 9 samples this study followed by 40-60 yrs, because
VDRL +/ TPHA- but the titres were low in it is the most sexually active age group.
most of the samples i.e.< 1/8, which is in TPHA is found to be superior for
accordance with other studies. These nine diagnosis of syphilis over VDRL as seen
cases were lost for the follow up, hence, in our studies and is consistent with other
the seroconversion pattern or relevant study (H. Young et al, 1974)
clinical findings could not be studied.
False positive is seen because non- In our study correlation of syphilis sero-
treponemal test detects antibodies against reactive patient with CD4 count was done.
non-specific antigen i.e. reagin, cardiolipin 62.2% patients were having CD4 count <
and lecithin. In HIV infection 400 cells/cu.mm. In a study conducted by
anticardiolipin, antilecithin antibodies and Farhi et al, 2009 and Sadiq et al, 2005 :
polyclonal gammopathy can occur. Hence mean CD4 count in active syphilis in HIV
it suggests biologically false positive and sero-reactive patients were 450 and
not syphilis infection (Rachel et al, 1996). 410cells/cu.mm respectively. Lower CD4
cell count that is associated with more
TPHA positive/ VDRL negative may severe degree of immunosuppression may
result in tertiary or treated syphilis or it increase the risk of treatment failure in
can be due to other pathogenic HIV-infected patients who receive
treponemes. The VDRL test provides an penicillin treatment according to the
excellent, inexpensive method of assessing guidelines. CD4 count 350 cells/ml and
disease activity and monitoring treatment. RPR titre 1:32 are associated with
It gives low titres or becomes negative increased risk of neurosyphilis in HIV-
with inactive or treated disease and gives infected patients (Marra et al, 2004 and
high titres in active syphilis. However, Libois et al, 2007). Hence monitoring of
syphilis is such a serious, but treatable CD4 count in HIV- syphilis co-infected
disease hence initial testing alone by patients is essential (Nicola et al, 2007).
VDRL test is not justified, as a proportion CD4 count was correlated in TPHA
of latent and tertiary disease would be reactive and non-reactive patients and no
missed (Paul Diggory, 1996). Although significant difference was found between
cost effectiveness of VDRL test makes it a the two groups. Since HIV patients are
common screening test for syphilis. We immunosuppressed and are prone to
have seen from this study that to various opportunistic infections hence low
accurately diagnose and confirm syphilis it CD4 count may be due to other
would be better to do TPHA along with opportunistic infections present in the
VDRL in HIV patients. In our study, patient which were not included in this
TPHA was found reactive most commonly study. However the limitation of this study
in males (76.3%) and between age group is that TPHA reactive patients were not
of 20-40 years (53.6%) which is in followed up and also the CD4 count was
accordance with some studies (Turbadkar not correlated with the treatment of these
et al, 2007), while discordant result was patients.
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(5): 726-730
In light of the findings in our study, there Libois A, De Wit S, Poll B, et al. 2007.
is a need to formulate a strict policy to HIV and syphilis: when to perform a
diagnose syphilis especially in HIV sero- lumbar puncture. Sex Transm Dis;
reactive patients. Diagnosis on the basis of 34:141 4.
single non-specific test cannot rule out Lowhagen GB. 1990. Syphilis: test
syphilis, therefore combination of non- procedures and therapeutic
specific test along with specific test is strategies. Semin Dermatol; 9:152-9.
required for proper diagnosis of syphilis. Marra CM, Maxwell CL, Smith SL, et al.
Prompt diagnosis and treatment of syphilis 2004. Cerebrospinal fluid
is essential not only to lower transmission abnormalities in patients with
rates, but also to avoid the complications syphilis: association with clinical and
seen in the later stages of the disease. laboratory features. J Infect Dis;
189:369 76.
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