Chapter

Chapters 8
(8 & 9) Deflection
• Chapter 8. Conjugate beam method
• Chapter 9. Virtual Work Method

Iqbal Marie
2018-2019

Hibbeler, R. C., Structural Analysis, 7th Edition,

8.1 Deflection of Beams and Elastic Curve

ASSUMPTION
Linear Elastic Material Response: ( A structure subjected to a load will return to
its original un-deformed position after load is removed )
Deflections of structures can occur from:
• loads,
• temperature,
• fabrication errors or
• settlement
In designs, deflections must be limited in order to prevent cracking of attached brittle materials such as
concrete, glass and plaster and provide integrity and stability of roofs.

• A structure must not vibrate or deflect severely for the comfort of occupants.
• Deflections at specified points must be determined if one is to analyze statically indeterminate structures

METHODS to be considered in this course are:

• Conjugate Beam
• Virtual Work Method

Causes of deformation for structures are the internal forces:

• Axial forces for trusses
• Bending moment for beams

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 Deflected Shapes Depends on Support Conditions

Moment Diagrams are a Good Indication for the shape of

the elastec cure ( deflection curve)

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Example 8.1 Draw the deflected shape ( elastic curve) of each of the beams and frames.

Developed by H. Muller Breslau - 1865

8.5 Conjugate Beam Method

Used to find slopes and deflection due to bending of beams . It is based
on principles of Statics only

Internal Loadings Beam Theory

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A “fictitious” beam of the same length as the real beam loaded with
the real beam’s M/EI diagram…

 Real Beam = V Conjugate Beam

V Real Beam = M Conjugate Beam

Procedure for Analysis

Draw the conjugate beam of the real one with suitable

supports as shown in the table

The conjugate beam is loaded with the M/EI diagram

derived from the load w on the real beam
From the above comparisons, we can state 2 theorems
related to the conjugate beam

Theorem 1
The slope at a point in the real beam is numerically
equal to the shear at the corresponding point in the
conjugate beam
Theorem 2
The disp. of a point in the real beam is numerically
equal to the moment at the corresponding point in the
conjugate beam
When drawing the conjugate beam, it is important that the
shear & moment developed at the supports of the conjugate
beam account for the corresponding slope & displacement
of the real beam at its supports

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Examples of Conjugate Beam Supports

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http://ocw.nthu.edu.tw/ocw/upload/8/258/Chapter_9-98.pdf

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Find the deflection at Point D

https://www.google.com/search?q=conjugate+beam+solve+example&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi_hebxu-
_fAhXwhaYKHbGkDXEQsAR6BAgDEAE&biw=1600&bih=758#imgrc=oF_z46H3ZCCXaM:

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 Determine the deflection of the steel beam at point C. The reactions have been
computed. Take E = 200GPa, I = 60(106)mm4

+
M/EI

18/EI

MC + 45(9) -81(3)= 0 MC = -162kN.m

EIC =-162
C = -162/(200E9 x 60E-6) = 0.0135 mm

Chapter 8: Deflections

Prob. 8.29 use the conjugate beam method to

determine the displacement at C and slope
at C

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9
 Chapter 9
Deflection
Using Energy Method
To Calculate Slope and Deflection

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 2. Temperature
If any members undergoes an increase in
temperature, T will be positive, whereas a
decrease in temperature results in a negative
value

member L n T L nT L

dL  aTL

1     naT L

Sum

3. Fabrication Errors
When a fabrication error increase in length of a
member, L is positive, whereas a decrease in
length is negative
Virtual

1    nudL
Loads

member
Real L n L n L
Displ.

Sum

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 4. Combined Effects ( external Load + temperature+
fabrication error)

Fabrication error

 n L

nNL
1   AE
  na  T L   nL

Example 9.12 The cross sectional area of each member of the truss show, is A = 400mm2
and E = 200GPa.
Determine the vertical displacement of joint C

A virtual force of 1 kN is
applied at C in the vertical
direction

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 1. Support reactions
Determine the vertical deflection of point G

Fill the results in table. 25 35

k k
Membe nNL/AE
n(k) N(k) L(in) AE (in2-ksi)
r (in-k)
2. Using the method of joints to determine the
AB -0.67 -33.33 48 58000 0.0184
force in each member ( N), due to the applied
BC -0.67 -33.33 48 58000 0.0184
loads
CD -0.67 -46.66 48 58000 0.0257
DE -0.67 -46.66 48 58000 0.0257
AF 0.83 41.67 60 58000 0.0359
BF 0 -10 36 58000 0
CF -0.83 -25 60 58000 0.0216
3. Apply the virtual load at the point of interest in the
FG 1.33 53.33 48 58000 0.0589
desired direction. Since the deflection at point G is
CG 1 0 36 58000 0
required . Therefore, apply a unit load at point G. Then
CH -0.83 -8.33 60 58000 0.0072 find reaction
GH 1.33 53.33 48 58000 0.0589
DH 0 -30 36 58000 0
HE 0.83 58.33 60 58000 0.0503

Total 0.3209

Determine the vertical deflection at joint C due to temperature drop of 8Cin members AB and BC
and a temperature increase of 30C in members AF, FG, GH and EH ( = 1.2(10-5 )

N N

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Determine the vertical deflection at joint D if member CF is 15 mm too longer and member EF is
10 mm too short.

N N

9.5 Virtual Work for beams and Frames

Deflection at A

L m( x ) M ( x )
1    dx
0 EI ( x )

Slope at A
1


Clockwise negative and counterclockwise
positive

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 The integration to solve for the displacement or rotation can be carried out using
either direct integration or by utilizing a visual integration method. With direct
integration, the equations of M and m for each segment of the structure must be
developed for use in the equation,
L m( x )M ( x )
1    dx
0 EI ( x )

An alternative to this approach is to construct the moment diagrams by utilizing

the following relationship

Where n is the number of segments in the M diagram. The segments are selected
and numbered to simplify the integration of equation. A is the area of the moment
diagram of each segment and h is the respective height of the m diagram at the centroid
of each segment of the moment diagram, M.
By using that the calculation of deflections and rotations becomes a simple matter of
addition rather than integration. Or use (Mm) integration tables

IMPORTANT NOTES:

In performing the integration using visual integration, the following rules must be observed.

• Construct the moment diagram (M) due to the applied loads on the structure.
• Divide the moment diagram, M, to segments that you can easily be able to calculate the
area and locate the center of each segment . Calculate the area and locate the center of
each segment on the M-diagram. Project the location of the center of each area on the m-
diagram.
• Draw the m-diagram due to a virtual load ( UNIT LOAD for displacement OR UNIT
MOMENT for rotation). This load is applied at the point of interest and in the direction of
which a displacement is to be calculated. Measure the height, hi, on the moment diagram
of the virtual load.
• Both moment diagrams must be continuous over the length over which the integration
being performed.
• If the moment diagram due the applied loads or the moment diagram due to the virtual
load is not continuous, one MUST divide the integration into segments, each of which is
continuous over the integration length.

• You can use tables for Mm integration tables

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 Determine the vertical displacement at end C of the beam

3. Apply the virtual load at the point of interest in

the desired direction

1. calculate the support reactions

4. calculate the support reactions with

unit load applied

.
2. Moment diagram using superposition (M)
5. draw virtual moment diagram (m)

Since EI is constant throughout the structure, the

total deflection at C = -1008 /EI.
the deflection is upward

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Determine the horizontal displacement at D of the frame
M

Moment diagram due to 20 k load

Moment diagram due to 1 k/ft load

EI is constant throughout the structure, the total

horizontal deflection at D equals -44296.875/EI
Moment diagram due to the unit load at D,
deflection is to the right

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 12 4

40

M
5
1
m
0.5 1.5

Deflection at C = 1/6*40*5*10 *123/ (29E3 * 53.8) = 0.369 in

Example: 9.4 Determine the displacement at point B of a steel beam

E = 200 GPa , I = 500(106) mm4

B = (600x10x10)/(4x200x106x500x10-6) =.15 m

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Example 9.6 Determine the slope at point B of the steel beam shown .
E = 200 GPa, I = 60(106)mm4.

B = (0.5x-1(-30-15)x5)/( 200(106 ) x60 x10-6) =0.00938 rad

Example: Determine the horizontal displacement at A

(- ) Means opposite to
 = .5(100x5x-5)/(200E6x200E6x10-12)= - 0.03125 m the assumed virtual
load

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Example 9-8 Determine the horizontal displacement of point C on the frame. E = 200GPa, I=
235x106 mm4 for both members

112.5
60 kN/m

180

112.5

C =[1/3(270x3x2.4) + 5/12(270x3x3)]/ (200x106 x 235x10-6 ) = 0.035 m

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