t*FvdyftoHxGufrSm;&onfhtaMumif;&if;rsm; (2 ) 27

t*FvdyftoHxGufrSm;&onfhtaMumif;&if;rsm; (2 )
toHxGufrSm;ykH aemufwpfrsKd;onf toHcGJykHrSm;jcif; jzpfonf/
rnfonfhbmompum;rSmrqdk pum;vkH;wpfvkH;wGif wpfoHwnf;ygovdk
wpfoHxufydkNyD;vnf; ygEdkifonf/ t*FvdyfvlrsKd;u wpfoHxufydkygaom
pum;vkH;rsm;twGif;rS toHrsm;cGJ&mwGif olwdkYbmompum;\ vkyfaeus
enf;pepftwdkif; vkyfonf/ xdkenf;pepfudk avYvm&aumif;rSef; rod
aom (rl&if;toHudkvnf; rMum;zl;aom) uRefawmfwdkYjrefrmrsm;u jref
rmrsm;twGuf tqifajyonfhenf;vrf;jzifh cGJonf/ xdktcg xGufay:vm
aomtoHonf rl&if;toHtwdkif; r[kwfawmhay/ odkY&mwGif jrefrmrsm;
trSm;nDojzifh xdktoHxGufrsm;onf ]jrefrmwdkYxGufaom t*FvdyftoH
rsm;} jzpfvmonf/ atmufyg½kd;&Sif;aom om"uav; Munfhyg-
]'cit.y}udk jrefrmrsm;u ]pD;wD;} [k toHxGufonf/ þpum;vkH;wGif
toH2oHyg&m jrefrmrsm;u ]ci} ESifh ]ty} cGJonf/ þuJhodkY cGJjcif;rSmvnf;
jrefrmrsm;twGuf obm0usovdk tqifvnf;ajyaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
]ci} onf ]pD;} jzpfNyD; ]ty}onf ]wD;}jzpf&m toHxGufonf ]pD;wD;} jzpf&
28 t*FvdyftoH trSefxGufapzdkY

rnfr[kwfygvm;/ bmrsm;rSm;p&m&SdrvJ[k xifcsifp&mjzpfonf/ odkY

aomf t*Fvdyfrsm;u þtwdkif;rawG;ay/ olwdkYu yxrtoHudk ]cit}
rSm jzwfonf/ xdkYaMumifh toHonf ]pD;} r[kwfawmhbJ ]qpf} jzpfoGm;
onf/ odkYaomf ar;p&mjzpfvmonfu (jrefrmrsm;twGuf awG;&cuf
BuD;jzpfonfrSm) 'kwd,toHudk ]y} wpfvkH;wnf;ESifh b,fvdktoHxGuf
&rSmvJjzpfonf/ onfae&mwGif jrefrmrsm;odygvsuf rsufpdarSmufaeaom
tcsufrSm t*Fvdyfrsm;\toHxGufonf tqkH;owfwGif aemufqkH;Asnf;
oHygjcif;jzpfonf/ ]s} ESifhqkH;vQif ]pf}oHygonf/ ]m} ESifhqkH;vQif ]rf} oHyg
onf/ ]l}ESifhqkH;vQif ]vf} oHygonf (p onf)/ ,ck ]cit} wGif ]t} ESifhqkH;
ojzifh ]wf}oH ygonf/ xdk ]t}oHudk ] y} ESifh aygif;NyD; ]wD} [k xGuf&rnfjzpf
onf/ þae&mwGif t*FvdyftoHxGuf\ aemufOya'owpfckvnf; yg
vmjyefonf/ xdOk ya'orSm t*Fvyd rf sm;u toHwpfajy;nDrxGub f J ]zd
vdkuf azmhvdkufxGufonf} qdkaom Oya'ojzpfonf (txufazmfjyyg
]*} twdkif;)/ ,ckom"uwGif yxrtoHonf ]zd}xGuf&rnfh toHjzpfNyD;
'kwd,toHonf ]azmh} xGuf&rnfhtoHjzpfonf/ xdktcg xGufay:vmaom
toHonf ]qpfwD} jzpfonf/ jrefrmrsm;xGufaom ]pD;wD;}onf jrefrmbm
ompum;\ "avYxkH;pHtwdkif; wpfajy;nDtoHjzpfNyD; toHtrSef ]qpf
wD}onf olwdkYbmompum;\ "avYxkH;pHtwdkif; zdNyD;rS jyefazmhxGufaom
toHjzpfonf/
aemufom"uwpfcrk mS uReaf wmfwaYkd usmif;rSm oifc&hJ aom ]tri-
gonometry} jzpfonf/ uRefawmfwdkYu ]tri} ]go} ]no} ]met} ]ry} [k
toHcGJNyD; ]x&D*dkEdkrufx&D}[k toHxGufonf/ þtoHxGufonf uRef
awmf wpfa,mufwnf;\ toHxGufr[kwfbJ q&mrsm;tygt0if wpf
ausmif;vkH;\ toHxGufjzpf&m wpfEdkifiHvkH;\ toHxGufyif jzpfEdkifonf/
taMumif;rSm toHcGJyHkonf uRefawmfwdkY jrefrmrsm;twGuf ,kwdå&Sdaom
cGJyHkcGJenf;jzpfaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ uRefawmfwdkY tbd"meftokHk; jyKaeaomf
 t*FvdyftoHxGufrSm;&onfhtaMumif;&if;rsm; (2 ) 29

vnf; tbd"mefvSefNyD; toHoauFwMunfh&aumif; rSef;rodMuay/ uRef

awmfwdkYudk oifMum;aeaom q&mrsm;uvnf; ]x&D*dkEdkrufx&D} qdkawmh
uRefawmfwdkYvnf; ]x&D*dkEdkrufx&D} vdkufMu&m uRefawmfwdkYu jyefoif
aom wynfhrsm;vnf; ]x&D*dkEdkrufx&D} jzpfoGm;onf/ xdka&mtcg ]x
&D*dkEdkrufx&D}onf ]jrefrmwdkYxGufaom t*FvdyftoH} jzpfoGm;onf/ t
bd"mefu jyaom toHcGJykHtrSefonf ]ˌtrig.o.'nom.e.try} jzpfí w
u,fhtoHtrSefonf ]x&pf*aemfrf;rx&D} jzpfonf/ þpum;vkH;\ yx
rtoH ]x&pf}onf 'kwd,tjrifhqkH;toHjzpfNyD; wwd,toH ]aemfrf;}
onf tjrifhqkH;toHjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh ]x&pf}wGif zdxGufí ]*}wGif
azmhxGufum ]aemfrf;} wGif jyefzdNyD;aemuf useftoHrsm; azmhxGuf&rnf
jzpfonf/
þerlemrsm;udk,lvQif atmufygom"ursm;udkvnf; vG,fulpGm
oabmaygufrnf jzpfonf/ ydkrdk&Sif;vif;pGm jrif&eftwGuf toHcGJykHudk
Oxford u rjyaomfvnf; Webster ujyonfhtwdkif; wnfyk'frSm t
pufxnfhjyygonf/
]'men.u} onf ]rDEl;} r[kwfbJ ]rJef;EsL} jzpfonf/
]'sem.i} onf ]qDrD;} r[kwfbJ ]qJrf;rD} jzpfonf/
]'civ.il} onf ]qDA,fvf} r[kwfbJ ]qpfA,fvf} jzpfonf/
]'dom.i.no} onf ]'dkrDedk} r[kwfbJ ]a':rf;rEdk} jzpfonf/
]'Plym.outh}onf ]yvdkif;armufof}r[kwfbJ ]yvif;rufof}
jzpfonf/
]'Prot.es.tant} onf ]y½kdwufpfwJefY} r[kwfbJ ]ya&mhwpwJefY}
jzpfonf/
30 t*FvdyftoH trSefxGufapzdkY

]'can.o.py}onf ]uEdkyD} r[kwfbJ ]uJef;eyD} jzpfonf/ (þae

&mwGif ]o} onf ]a} oHjzpfonf/)
]'bish.op} onf ]bD;a&Smhyf} r[kwfbJ ]bpf&Sufyf} jzpfonf/
(þae&m wGif ]o} onf ]a} oHjzpfonf/)
]'lem.on} onf ]vDrGef} r[kwfbJ ]vJrf;rJef} jzpfonf/ (þae
&mwGif ]o} onf ]a} oHjzpfonf/)
]'drag.on} onf ]'&*Gef} r[kwfbJ ]'&uf*Jef} jzpfonf/ (þae
&mwGif ]o} onf ]a} oHjzpfonf/)
]dec.o.'ra.tion}onf ]'Dudka&;&Sif;}r[kwfbJ ]'ufua&;&Sif} jzpf
onf/ (þae&mwGif ]o} onf ]a} oHjzpfonf/)
]'pov.er.ty} onf ]ydAk mwD} r[kwbf J ]aygYAwD} jzpfonf/ (þae
&mwGif ]o} onf ]not}rS ]o} oHjzpfonf/)
]'sen.ate} onf ]qD;edwf} r[kwfbJ ]qJef;euf} jzpfonf/ (þ
ae&mwGif aemufqkH; ]e} udk xnfhrxGufay/)
]'rec.on.cile} onf ]&DuGefqdkif;vf} r[kwfbJ ]&ufuJefqdkifvf}
jzpfonf/ (þae&mwGif ]o}onf ]a}oHjzpfonf/)
]'sed.en.tary} onf ]qD'Jefw&D} r[kwfbJ ]quf'ifx&D} jzpfonf/
]'sab.o.tage} onf ]qmbdkwdwfcsf} r[kwfbJ ]qufbwmh&Sf} jzpf
onf/ (þae&mwGif ]o} onf ]a}oHjzpfNyD; aemufqkH; rS ]e} oH
udk xnfhrxGufay/)
]'Thom.as} onf ]aomrwfpf} r[kwfbJ ]axmfrf;rufpf} jzpf
(þae&mwGif ]o}onf ]on}rS ]o}oHjzpfonf/ ]th} onf
 t*FvdyftoHxGufrSm;&onfhtaMumif;&if;rsm; (2 ) 31

]Thai land} rS ]th} twdkif; ]ht} ]x}toH xGufonf/)

,cktoHudk rnfodkYrnfykHcGJonf? tzdtazmhudk rnfodkYrnfykHvkyf
onf? ]o} oHudkrnfuJhodkYxGufonfpojzifh uRefawmfvuf0ifpGm ajymjy&jcif;
onf pmzwfolESifh uRefawmf\ qufoG,frIonf ]pm} jzpfaeaomaMumifh
jzpfonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh ]toH}udpöudk ]em;} jzifhrvkyfbJ ]rsufpd} jzifh
vkyfaeaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ txufwGifqdkcJhonfhtwdkif; uRefawmfwdkY
rl&if;toHudk rMum;zl;bJ pdwful;jzifhtoHcGJNyD; pdwful;jzifhtoHxGufjcif;?
odkYr[kwf uRefawmfwdkYqDwGif t½kd;pGJaeaom ]jrefrmwdkYxGufaom t*Fvdyf
toH}rsm;udkom Mum;zl;jcif;wdkYaMumifh jzpfonf/
txufygerlemrsm;onf rrsm;aomfvnf; uRefawmfwdkYtoHcGJonfh
ykHpHESifh olwdkYtoHcGJonfhykHpH rnfuJhodkYuGJjym;aeykHudk ay:vGifatmif jyEdkifvdrfh
rnf[k arQmfvifhygonf/ xdkYtjyif olwdkYtoHcGJykHonfvnf; aygufaomuf
r[kwfbJ pepfwusjzpfaeonfudkMunfhvQif tjcm;pum;vkH;rsm;udkvnf;
tvm;wlykHpHtwdkif; cGJvdrfhrnfudk rSef;qEdkifojzifh xdktwdkif; [kwfr[kwf t
bd"mefxJwGif ppfaq;MunfhEdkifonf/ tbd"mefrS oauFwrsm;udkMunfhNyD; t
wnfjyKEdkifjcif; odkYwnf;r[kwf olwdkYvlrsdK;wpfOD;OD;xHrS jzpfap? wDADowif;
odkYr[kwf t*Fvdyf½kyf&Sif pum;ajymcef;wpfckckrSjzpfap tdkifwDenf;jzifh
toHygxGufjyaom aemufqkH;ay: t*Fvdyftbd"mefrsm;rSjzpfap toHt
rSefudk em;xJ0ifonftxd wpfBudrfrQMum;zl;jcif;jzifh uRefawmfwdkY wpfouf
vkH; t½kd;pGJvmonfh toHxGuftrSm;rsm;udk wpfcgwnf;jyifypfvdkufEdkif
onf/ þenf;vrf;onf trSm;oHo&mrS uRefawmfwdkY ½kef;xGuf&rnfh
wpfckwnf;aom enf;vrf;jzpfonf/
uRefawmfwdkYjrefrmrsm; ]aqmfvrGefig;}[k ac:aeaom ]'salmon}
udk aemufom"utjzpf MunfhMu&atmif/ aqmfvrGefqdkaom toHxGuf
jzpfay:&jcif;onf xdkpum;vkH;udk toHxGufzdkYBudK;pm;&mwGif jrefrmrsm;\
32 t*FvdyftoH trSefxGufapzdkY

xkH;pHtwdkif; ]sal} ESifh ]mon} [k toHcGJaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ ]sal} onf

]aqmfvf} jzpfNyD; ]mon} onf ]rGef} jzpfonf r[kwfygvm;/ *syefvlrsKd;
rsm; tvGefESpfoufaom qm&Sdrd (sashimi)ac: ig;pdrf;onf þ ]'sal
mon} ESifh ]tuna} (wl;emig;)wdkY jzpfonf/ vGefcJhaom tESpf40u *syef
EdkifiHodkY wHwm;tif*sifeD,mynmoGm;a&muf oifMum;pOfu tdrf&Sif*syef
u qm&SdrdESifh {nfhcHonfhtcg uRefawmfu ]qJrf;rJef}[k ajymonfudk
oifwef;twlwufaom jrefrmtif*sifeD,mu ]aqmfvrGefudk ajymwm
vm;} [k ar;onfudk trSwf&rdonf/
þpum;vk;H udk erlemay;jcif;rSm txufazmfjyyg ]u}? ]c}? ]* }? ]p}
taMumif;&if;rsm;tjyif ]i}taMumif;vnf; ajymcsifíjzpfonf/ a&SUwGif
ajymcJhonfhtwdkif; olwdkYu olwdkYpum;udk uRefawmfwdkYtoHcGJovdk rcGJbJ
]salm}ESifh ]on}[k cGJonf/ wpfzef txufazmfjyygtaMumif;&if; ]i} t
wdkif; ]salm} xJrS ]l} oHudk azsmufjyefonf/ xdktcg ]sam} (qJrf;) qdkaom
toH&onf/ 'kwd,toHtjzpf yxrtoHrS aemufqkH;usefaeaom ]rf}
toHudk ]on} ESifh aygif;NyD;toHxGuf&mrSmvnf; ]o}udk ]a} oabmxm;
NyD;xGufojzifh ]man} (rJef) qdkaomtoH&NyD; yxrtoHxuf azmhxGuf
&rnfjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh toHtrSefonf ]qJrf;rJef} jzpfonf/ ,ckvdkajym
aomtcg þtoHxGufonf tawmfvuf0ifygvm;[k xifp&m&Sdonf/
odkYaomf ]qJrf;rJef}qdkaom toHtrSefudk wpfBudrfMum;zl;½kHESifh ]aqmfvrGef}
r[kwfrSef; wef;odoGm;rnfjzpfovdk aemufvnf; rSm;ac:p&mtaMumif;
&Sdawmhrnfr[kwfay/
uRefawmfwdkY toHcGJykHrSm;jcif;aMumifh toHxGufvGJoGm;onfhtjzpf
\ aemufxif&Sm;aom om"uwpfckrSm ]extraordinary} jzpfonf/ þp
um;vkH;udk uReaf wmfwu Ykd ]extra}ESihf ]ordinary} [k pum;vk;H ESpv
f ;Hk tjzpf
cG&J m cG&J onfhtaMumif;&if;uvnf; obm0usonf/ taMumif;rSm ]extra}
 t*FvdyftoHxGufrSm;&onfhtaMumif;&if;rsm; (2 ) 33

onf ]omvGefonfhteuft"dyÜm,faqmifNyD; ]ordinary}u ]omref}[k

qdkvdk&m ]omrefxuf xl;uJaom} t"dyÜm,f&Sdonfh ]extraordinary}twGuf
obm0usaomcGJrI[k ,kHMunfp&mtaMumif;&SdaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ odkY
aomf þonfrSm uRefawmfwdkYtawG;jzpfNyD; olwdkYu (bmaMumifhrSef;t
aMumif;&if;udk uRefawmfrod&aomfvnf;) þtwdkif;rawG;ay/ (&Snf
onfhtoHudk csKHUvdkonfhoabmvm; rajymwwfay/) olwdkYu ]extra}ESifh
]ordinary} [kcGJrxGufbJ ]ex.traor.di.na.ry} [kwpfqufwnf; xGuf
&m olwdkYtoHcGJykHudk tpufrsm;jyxm;onf/ xdkYaMumifh uRefawmfwdkYu
]tdyfcfpfx&matmf'ife&D} [k toHxGufcsdefwGif olwdkY\ toHtrSefrSm
]tpfcfpxa&m'ife&D} jzpfí toHwpfoHusKHUoGm;onfudk awGU&onf/
t*Fvdyftu©&m ]x} onf ]k} oHESifh ]s} oHudk aygif;xm;jcif;jzpfí
,ck ¤if;udkESpfjcrf;jyefcGJum ]k} oHudk a&SUwGifaygif;NyD; ]s} oHudk
aemufwGifaygif;&if; ]ek} ESifh ]straor}[k cGJjcif;jzpfonf/ þpum;vkH;
\ toHonfvnf; ,ckvdkpmjzifha&;jy&mwGif ½IyfaxG;oa,mif xif&
aomfvnf; toHtrSefudk ]em;}jzifh Mum;&csdefwGif cJ&mcJqpfjzpfp&m
bmrQr&Sday/ t*Fvdyfowif;jzpfap? t*Fvdyf½kyf&Sifjzpfap uRefawmfwdkY
em;rvnfEdkifjcif;onf uRefawmfwdkY\toHrSm;rsm; uRefawmfwdkY pdwfxJ
pGJaeaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ ]tpfcfpxa&m'ife&D} [k Mum;&csdefwGif uRef
awmfwdkYodaom ]tdyfcfpfx&matmf'ife&D}udk ajymaerSef; uRefawmfwdkY
roday/ toHrSefudkodNyD; aemufydkif;wGif xdktoHMum;vdkufonfESifh em;xJ
wpfcgwnf; wef;0ifoGm;rnfjzpfonf/
]extra}ESifhywfoufNyD; aemufrSwfom;p&mpum;vkH;rSm ]extra-
vagant} jzpfonf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh ]extra}ygaom pum;vkH;rsm;onf
]extra}ESihf useftydkif;cGJNyD; toHxGufonfursm;ojzifh ,ckpum;vkH;udk
vnf; ]tdyfcfpx&maA;*JefY}[k toHxGufMuonf/ odkYaomf þpum;vkH;
onfvnf; txufom"urSmuJhodkYyif ]extra} ESifh ]vagant} cGJrxGufbJ
34 t*FvdyftoH trSefxGufapzdkY

wpfqufwnf; toHxGuf&m toHcGJykHonf ]ex.trav.a.gant} jzpfí

toHtrSefonf ]tpfcfpx&ufA*JefY} jzpfonf/ þerlemonf toHcGJykH
rSm;ojzifh toHxGufrSm;&ykHudkjyaom erlem aumif;wpfckjzpfonf/