PyiHtaunSu Bithukar

jynfaxmifpkAdokum AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; wuúokdvfae0if;
http:\\www.myanmarcupid.net
rmwdum
1/ yxryifvn
kH v
D mcH
2/ yifvHk&Icif;(1947)
3/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ pnf;&Hk;a&;pGrf;&nf
4/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ed'gef;
5/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh zufqpfawmfvSefa&;
6/ AdkvfawZESifh Adkvfrdk;BudK;
7/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\udk,fwdkifa&;tw¬KywådtusOf;
8/ uRefawmfrarhEdkifaom q,fhudk;Zlvdkif
9/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh rpöwmae&l;
10/ Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;\pmayvuf&mrsm;
11/ tpfruvdrfajymwmudk; qdkwJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
12/ um;ysufí ajcvsifavQmufcJhaomAdkvfcsKyf
13/ umuG,fa&;0efBuD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
14/ twdwrf t
S &dyrf sm;
15/ ESpf(50)u e,fcsJYwdkY\ ]]0SufzJ}}
pma&;ol\trSm
1995ckESpf Zlvdkifvu ]]EG,feD}}r*¾Zif;wGif uRefawmfvpOfa&;cJhaom aqmif;yg;rsm;pkaygif;&ef

]]trSwfw& AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;}}trnfjzifh pmtkyfxkwfa0cJhygonf/ ,if;pmtkyfxGufxGufcsif; pmzwf
y&dowfu tvkt,uf0,f,zl wf&t I m;ay;í pmtkyv f ufusefr&Sad tmif ukeo f mG ;ojzifh xkwaf 0olrsm;?
e,fudk,fpm;vS,frsm;? pmtkyfta&mif;qdkifrsm;yif thHtm;oifhcJhMuygonf/
pma&;ol uRefawmfhxHodkYvnf; EdkifiHtESHtjym;rS pmzwfy&dowf (txl;ojzif hvli,frsm;)xHrS
pmtajrmuftrsm;&&S&d m trsm;pk\tmabmfuawmh ,aeYvil ,frsm;taejzifh Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;udk rrSv D ukd f
olrsm;jzpfaomaMumifh ]]trSww f & Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;}}pmtkyrf sdK;zwf&rS Adv
k cf sKyf vGwv f yfa&;BudK;yrf;rI
omru vly*k K¾d vftjzpf yifu, kd pf &du
k ?f 0goem? tawG;tac:? tajrmftjrif? oabmxm;rsm;udk avhvm
od&SdcGifh&ojzifh aemufxyftvm;wl AdkvfcsKyftaMumif;pmtkyfxkwfay;yg&ef arwåm&yfcHcsufrsm;jzpfae
ygonf/
,ckpmtkyfwGifum; AkdvfcsKyf\wdkif;&if;om;aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;twGuf pGrf;pGrf;wrefBudK;yrf;
aqmif&u G rf I (wenf;tm;jzif)h ]]jynfaxmifp}k }jzpfay:vmatmifBudK;yrf;wnfaqmifrq I ikd &f mwdYkukd OD;pm;ay;
azmfjyvdkojzifh pmtkyftrnfudk ]]jynfaxmifpkAdokum AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;}}[k a&G;cs,fay;vdkuf&jcif;
jzpfygonf/
usefaqmif;yg;rsm;rSm ]]AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;}}taMumif; tao;pdwfavhvmvdkolrsm; vli,frsm;
twGu&f nf&, G cf suf ]]pwdik o f pf}}r*¾Zif;wGif uReaf wmf vpOftcef;qufa&;csaomaqmif;yg;rsm;udk pkpnf;
íazmfjyxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/
'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;NyD;qHk;onfh 1945ckESpf? aemufydkif; trsdK;om;acgif;aqmifBuD; AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef; udk vlyk*Kd¾ vfwpfa,muftjzpf avhvmtuJcwfEdkifvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhcsufjzifh þpmtkyfudk
xkwfa0vdkuf&jcif;jzpfygownf;/
þpmtkyu f kd Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;\(82)ESpaf jrmuf arG;aeYtxdr;f trSwt f jzpfvnf;aumif;? yifvkH
pmcsKyf ESp(f 50)jynfh ]]a&T&wk}}txdr;f trSwt f jzpfvnf;aumif;? *kPjf yKxkwaf 0vdu k jf cif;vnf; jzpfygonf/
wuúodkvfae0if;
tck'Dpmtkyf(pdf)udk (61)ESpfjynfh tmZmenfaeYtxdrf;trSwftjzpf

jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmifuGefjrLewDzkd&rf www.myanmarcupid.net rS
jzeffYcsDjcif;jzpfygonf/
"gwfyHkrsm;udkulnDay;ol MATRIX
19.7.2008
yxryifvHknDvmcH
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rIordkif;wGifvnf;aumif;? ]],leD,H}}ac:]]jynfaxmifpk}}yHkpHjzifh
vGwfvyfaom tcsKyftjcmtmPmykdif ArmEdkifiHawmfudk 1948-ckESpfu ukvor*¾XmecsKyf&Sd
urÇmhajryHkBuD;wGif txift&Sm; a&;jc,f wnfaqmifcJh&müvnf;aumif; txl;ta&;ygaom ae&modkY
tcdkiftrm a&muf&Sdaeonfh a0g[m&pum;vHk;wpfckum; ]]yifvHk}}yifjzpfygonf/
]]yifvHk}}[lonfum; &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;? vJcsm;e,f&Sd awmifay:NrdKUuav;\ trnf
jzpfygonf/
uRefawmfwdkU udk,fwdkifyifvQif 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD; rjzpfrDu ]]yifvHk}}[laomNrdKYtrnfudk
rMum;zl;cJhyg/ awmifBuD;? anmifa&T? a&Tanmif? yif;w,? [kdyHk;? erf;qrfwdkYuJhodkY xif&Sm;aomNrdKYwpfNrdKY
r[kwfaom aMumifh jzpf[efwlygonf/
rnfodkYyifjzpfap 1947-ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv(12)&ufaeYu trsdK;om;acgif;aqmifBuD;
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; udk,fwdkifOD;pD;vsuf nDvmcHudk,fpm;vS,frsm;? wdkif;&if;om; vlrsdK;pkudk,fpm;vS,f
awmfrsm; tygt0if acgif;aqmif(22)OD;wdkYonf eHeuf(10)em&DwdwdwGif yifvHkNrdKYü txl;pDrH
aqmufvkyfxm;aom r@yfBuD; twGif;0,f ]]wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;pmcsKyfBuD;}}udk wpfcJeuf
wnDwnGwfwnf; vufrSwfa&;xdk;vdkufaomaMumifh xdkaeY? xkdtcsdefrSpí ]]yifvHk}}[laom rlvu
tnMwawmifay:NrdKYuav;\ trnfonf EdkifiHausmf? urÇmausmfjzpfvmavawmhonf/
,if;owif;udk urÇmodkYa&mufatmif us,fjyefYpGm owif;jzefYEdkifpGrf;&Sdol oufaotjzpf
NAdwdoQtpdk;& "eo[m,EdkifiHrsm;qdkif&m 0efBuD;XmerS 'kwd,0efBuD; ]]rpöwmabmfwGrfav}}udk,fwdkif
xkdaeYu yifvHkwGif &SdaecJhygonf/
(rSwcf su-f ]]rpöwmabmfwrG af v}onf aemufyikd ;f qmbJYG& ]]tmomabmfwrG af v}}jzpfvmonft h jyif
ArmEdik if uH vnf; Edik if jH cm;om;rsm;twGuf tjrifq
h ;kH bJUG ]]atmifqef;wHceG }f }bJUG cs;D jr§ijhf cif;cH&oljzpfygonf)
pma&;ol
ÄÄÄ
pifppftm;jzifh 1947-ckESpf azazmf0g&Dvu ]]yifvHknDvmcH}}onf ]]'kwd,ajrmufyifvHknDvmcH}}
jzpfygonf/ 1947-ckESpfu usif;ycJhaom ]]yxryifvHknDvmcH}}[lí&SdcJhygao;onf/ odkYaomf
,if;yxryifvHknDvmcHtaMumif; odolenf;yg;onf/ vGefcJhaom 10-ESpfausmfu uRefawmfonf
]]vkyfom;jynfolYaeYpOf}}owif;pmwdkufwGif ]]jynfaxmifpkaeY tBudKa[majymyJG}} a[majymcJhzl;&m
uRefawmfu 1946-ckESpf yxryifvHknDvmcHytaMumif; xnfhajymonfudk vli,ft,f'DwmtzJGU0if
tcsdKYuyif rodvdkufMu[kajymygonf/
wu,fawmhvnf; 1646-ckESpfu yifvHktpnf;ta0;rSm ]]uGefz&ifh}}odkYr[kwf]]nDvmcH}}[k
twdtus rqdkEdkifyg/ ]]ESD;aESmzvS,fyJG}} SEMINARoabmomjzpfonf[k qdkEdkifygonf/
ÄÄÄ
NAdwo d Q e,fcsYJvufyg;ap bk&ifcH ]]qma':refprpf}}ESihf ol\vufyg;ap (qmay:xGe;f )tpd;k &tzJYGwYkd
onf 1942-ckEpS q f ef;u &efuek Nf rdKYrS upOfu h vsm; qkwcf mG xGuaf jy;oGm;NyD; tdE, d́ jynf ]]qif;rvm;}}NrdKY
wGif oHk;ESpfoHk;rdk; ]]ppfajy;tpdk;&}}tjzpf em;cdkcJhygonf/ xkdtwmtwGif; ppfBuD;NyD;oGm;ygu ArmEdkifiHodkY
jyefvmum aemufxyf wpfausmhaus;uRefjyK&ef pDrHudef;trsdK;rsdK;udk ]]puúLjzLpmwrf;}}tjzpf a&;qJGcJhyg
onf/ ,if;pDru H ed ;f rsm;teuf pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;? o,HZmwrsm; tjrwfxw k f acgif;yHjk zwf,al &; ponfwYkd
tjyif awmifwef;a'oae wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsdK;pkrsm;tm; enf;rsdK;pHjk zifh aoG;cJt G yk cf sKyf&ef oD;oefYprD cH suf
rsm;vnf;yg&Scd o hJ nf/
odYk &mwGif ArmEdik if EH iS hf oH;k ESpaf usmf uif;uGmaecJo h l bk&ifcEH iS w
hf uG ol\ &kyaf o;tpd;k &wdYk onf
ppftwGi;f (*syefacwf)ESihf ppfNyD;acwf(zufppfawmfveS af &;tNyD;)wGif tHMh ozG,af umif;atmif Ed;k Mum;wuf
<uvmaom wdik ;f &if;om;jynforl sm; (vlrsdK;pkrsm;tygt0if) tawG;tac:? tqift h wef; rnfrQjrifv h m
onfudk aumif;pGmoabmraygufrdMuacs/ xdkYaMumifh olwdkY\orm;&dk;usaoG;cJGtkyfcsKyfenf;(Divide
And Rule)pepftwdkif;yif ppfNyD;acwfwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm; aoG;cJGtkyfcsKyf&ef BudK;pm;cJhMuygonf/
,if;tajctaewGif ]]1946-ckEpS f yxr yifvn kH v
D mcH}} [kac:aom tpnf;ta0;jzpfvmcJyh gonf/
wdkif;&ifom; vlrsdK;pkrsm;teuf vlOD;a&trsm;qHk;jzpfaom &Srf;trsdK;om;rsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkYtay:
MoZm&Sad eao;ol ya'o&mZfe,f&iS f apmfbmG ;rsm;tm; t"du pnf;&H;k í Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;trSL;jyKaom
ArmEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh aoG;cJG&ef BuHpnfcsufyifjzpfygonf/
tqdkyg yxryifvHknDvmcH tpnf;ta0;odkY wufa&muf&ef zdwfpmrsm;udk vJcsm;? rdkif;udkif?
rdik ;f aemif? oxHek ,f&iS f paom apmfbmG ;rsm;trnfjzifh jzefYcsaD 0iSaomfvnf; pifppf olwYkdaemufrS BudK;udik f
olrsm;um; ]]e,fjcm;a'otkyfcsyfa&;Xme}} Frontier Areas Administration rS e,fcsJUvufyg;ap
bk&ifc\ H MoZmcHrsufEmS jzLt&m&Srd sm;jzpfonf/
,if;yxryifvHknDvmcH tpnf;ta0;odkY NAdwdoQ bk&ifcHrif;BuD; qma':refprpf udk,fwdkif
wufa&mufOD;rnf [lívnf;owif;rsm;vTifhxm;NyD;jzpfonf/
bk&ifcH qma':refprpfonf yifvHktpnf;ta0;rwdkifrD &uftenf;i,ftvdkwGif jrpfBuD;em;odkY
ol\vufyg;ap rsuEf mS jzLt&m&Sd tcsKd UESit hf wlomG ;a&mufNyD; ucsiaf cgif;aqmifrsm;tm; awGUqHak qG;aEG;
NyD; ArmEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh raygif;&ef aoG;xdk;pnf;½kH;cJhao;aMumif;vnf; owif;rsm; ay:xGuf
vmonf/
ÄÄÄ
xdkrQruao;/ 1946-ckESpf yxryifvHknDvmcHü NAdwdoQe,fcsJYwdkY tBuHtpnfESifh ywfoufí
tjcm;ta&;BuD;aom owif;rsm;vnf; xGuaf y:vmjyefonf/ nDvmcHoYkd rjzpfraewufa&muf&ef BudKwif
pnf;0g;½du k x f m;ol ArmEdik if aH &;orm;rsm;rSm *VKefO;D apmESihf ol\ynma&;0efBuD;a[mif; OD;b&ifwYkd yif
jzpfonf/
e,fcsUJ wdYk\ tBuHum; &Sr;f ? ucsipf aom wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm; pkaygif;yg0ifonfh ]]awmifwef;
a'o pnf;vHk;nDñGwfa&;tzGJUcsKyf}} UNITED HILL PEOPLE'S ORGANIZATION trnfjzifh
tzJUG BuD; wnfaxmifzUJG pnf;rnf/ odYk aomf t"duae&mjzpfaom OuúXtjzpf NAdwo d Qbk&ifcBH uD; ud, k w
f ikd f
vkyrf nf/ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf *VKefO;D apmudk wm0efay;rnf/ þodYk vQKd U0SuBf udKwifBuHpnfxm;
aMumif; owif;rsm;xGufay:vmNyD; &efukefxkwf ]]e,l;wdkif;}}ESifh ]]bm;rif;}} t*Fvdyfowif;pmrsm;u
tus,fw0ifh zGifhcsa&;om;vdkufMuonf/
þwGif ArmEdkifiHa&;avmuwGif-
]]tif; ...aumif;Mua&maygh? awmifwef;om;awG&JUtzGJUBuD;rSm OuúXu rsufESmjzLbk&ifcHBuD;?
taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;usawmh om,m0wDe,fom; qdak omfvnf; tmz&duwdu k f ,l*E¨mEdik if u
H eD*½d;k
(uyÜvD)eJU wlwJh tom;rnf;rnf; *VKefapm qdkyguvm;? tHhyguGm}}
[lí jyuf&,fjyK oa&mfonfh [mojyufvHk;rsm; jzpfay:cJhygonf/
odkY&mwGif tdE´d,jynfwGif oHk;ESpfoHk;rdk; em;cdk&if; usdwfBuHcJhaom e,fcsJUq&mwdkY\tBuHum;
vHk;0 ratmifjrifcJhygacs/
ÄÄÄ
yxrqH;k jzpfay:cJo h nfjh yóemum; 1946-ckEpS f yifvpkH nf;a0;yGüJ a[majym aqG;aEG;ol vlrsKd ;pk
acgif;aqmifrsm;onf Edik if aH &; pum;rajym&? vlraI &;? ynma&;ponfwYkdom ajym&rnf[al om rsuEf mS jzL
t&m&SdwdkY\ csKyfcs,fynwfcsufyif jzpfonf/ &Srf;jynfe,f vGwfvyfa&;tzGJUrS vli,facgif;aqmif
udwk ifat; (uG,v f eG o
f l Edik if aH wmf aumifp0D ifa[mif; OD;wifat;) qdv k Qif &Sr;f jynfe,fü zGUH NzdK;wd;k wufrI
tvGefaESifhaES;aeyHkudk EdkifiHa&;qefqef a0zefa[majym&ef tm;cJxm;onf/
aemufwpfcsufuawmh &Srf;apmfbGm;tcsdKYu olwdkYav;pm;MunfndKol AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udkyg
d Mf um;&ef ¤if;wdYk\ qEúkd wifjyvmjcif;yifjzpfonf/ e,fjcm;a'o tkycf sKyaf &;Xme(F.A.A)
]]yifv}kH } odYkzw
rS rsufESmjzLt&m&Sdrsm;onf rjiif;omojzifh AdkvfcsKyfudk,fwdkif rnfodkYrQ tpnf;ta0;rwufEdkifatmif
]]tBuHtzef}} vkyMf uawmhonf/ 1946-ckEpS f rwfvu Adv k cf sKyfonf ocifjr? [oFmw OD;jr? ocif0wif?
OD;atmifZaH 0 paom zqyvA[drk S acgif;aqmifrsm;ESit hf wl &cdik jf ynfoYkd pnf;½k;H a&; c&D;xGu&f ef tpDtpOf
vkyx f m;NyD; jzpfaeonf/ &cdik jf ynfajrmufyikd ;f ? awmifyikd ;f tESt H jym;odYk ]]uGi;f qif;}} pnf;½k;H &ef c&D;pOfrsm;
udvk nf; twdtusa&;qGu J m a'ocH &cdik af cgif;aqmifrsm;xHoYkd jzefYa0xm;NyD;jzpfonf/ ,if;tpDtpOfukd
odxm;ol rsufESmjzLe,fcsJUt&m&Sdrsm;onf yxryifvHktpnf;ta0;udk 1946-ckESpf rwfv 26? 27? 28
&ufaeYwGif usif;y&efowfrSwfí AdkvfcsKyftm; zdwfMum;vdkufonf/ wpfenf;tm;jziffh AdkvfcsKyf yifvHkodkY
rvmEdik af tmif BuHzef ]]tuGuq f if}} vdu
k jf cif;yifjzpfonf/ odYkaomf Adv k cf sKyfEiS w
hf uG zqyvacgif;aqmif
rsm; nd§EdIif;wdkifyifvsuf 1946-ck yifvHknDvmcHodkY AdkvfcsKyfudk,fpm; 'kwd,OuúX ocifEk? OD;b*srf;ESifh
ref;bcdkif (aemufydkif;tmZmenf 0efBuD;)wdkY wufa&muf&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufMuonf/
ocifEyk gvmvQif Edik if aH &;pum;ajym&ef aocsmvSojzifh rsuEf mS jzLt&m&Srd sm; rsuv f ;kH jyL;ukeMf u
awmhonf/
xdYk aMumifyh v J m;rod rwfv 27-&ufaeYwiG f bk&ifcrH if;BuD;\twGi;f 0efxrH S aMu;eef;wpfapmif
a&mufvmonf/ aMu;eef;wGifum; bk&ifcHrif;BuD;onf &kwfw&wfzsm;vmojzifh nDvmcHrwufa&muf
Edkifonfudk 0rf;enf;aMumif;azmfjyxm;ygonf/ pum;ajymaumif;olawG tmaygiftm&if;oefoefESifh
EdkifiHa&;pum;awG tm;yg;w&ajymMuawmhrnfjzpfaomaMumifh bk&ifcHrif;BuD;vnf; tajctaet&
ta&;ay: ]]zsm;}} vdkuf&jcif;jzpf[efwlygonf/ xdktcsdefü (1946-ck rwfv) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
ol\rlvtpDtpOftwdkif; &cdkifbufodkY pnf;&Hk;a&;c&D; xGufoGm;NyDjzpfonf/
ÄÄÄ
odYkEiS yhf if OuúX bk&ifcH qma':refprpfEiS hf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; *VKefO;D apmwdYk OD;aqmifuyG u f J
rnfh ]]awmifwef;a'opnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;tzJGUcsKyf}} UNITED HILL PEOPLE'S ORGANIZA-
TION [laom e,fcsUJwdkY\ pdwful;,OftdyfrufBuD;onf taumiftxnfay:rvm&Hkru aemufydkif;
owif;tpteyifrMum;&awmhacs/
1947-ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dv 27&ufaeYu vef'efNrdKYwiG cf sKyq f ckd ahJ om ]]atmifqef;-tufwvD}}pmcsKy\ f
tydk'f3? (8)wGif-
]]awmifwef;a'oae wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;ud, k w
f ikd u
f ArmjynfrESit hf wl at;twl
yltrQ vGwv f yfa&;udw k pfNydKifeuf &,lvykd gonf[k tcdik t f rmpmcsKyfwpfck vufrw S af &;xd;k csKyfq&kd rnf}}
[lí NAdwo d Qtpd;k &\ ]]pdeaf c:csu}f }udk Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;uvnf; &J0phH mG yifvufcu H m wu,fyif
(24.2.1947)aeY yifvn kH v
D mcHü pnf;vH;k nDnw G af &;pmcsKyfBuD;udk atmifjrifpmG vufrw S af &;xd;k jyvdu k jf cif;
aMumifo h mvQif (12.2.1947)aeY 'kw, d yifvn kH vD mcHBuD;u yxryifvn kH v D mcH (1946)udk arS;rSed af ysmuf
uG,foGm;atmif ordkif;t& vTrf;rdk;oGm;EdkifcJhjcif;omjzpfygownf;/
ÄÄÄ
yifvHk&Icif;(1947)
aqmiftukef aEGtul; MunfEl;p&m Owkro tcgor,jzpfonfh uarÇmZwdkif;? vJcsm;NrdKUe,f
yifvHkNrdKYuav;\ eHeufcif;rSm txl;yif om,m&IarmzG,faumif;aeygonf/
]]ESif;aiGusH . . . avjyefavmif;vdkY . . . n§manmif;a<uvk . . . pHkwpfcGif . . .}}[laom Nr0wD
rif;BuD;\vuf&m ]]&0deaf 'gif;,Ofys}H } ywfysKd ;oDcsi;f rS tyd'k u f kd txl;owd&zG,af umif;vSaom tcgumv
vnf;jzpfygonf/
xdkYaeYum; 1947-ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv 12-&ufaeYwnf;/
ÄÄÄ
azazmf0g&Dv 13-&uf aeYqv kd Qif Advk cf sKyaf tmifqef;touf(32)ESpw f if;wif;jynfah rG;aeYjzpfonf/
odkYaomf olYtzdkY 1947-ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv 12-&ufaeYonfvnf; ol\b0wGif ta&;BuD;qHk;
aeYwpfaeY jzpfaeonf/ taMumif;rlum; xdkaeYonf UNIONac: jynfaxmifpkyHkpHjzifh vGwfvyfaom
ArmEdik if aH wmfjzpfay:aponfh ordik ;f 0if yifvn kH nD wG af &;pmcsKyfBuD; vufrw S af &;xd;k Mu&rnfah eY yifjzpf
aomaMumifhaywnf;/
xdkaeY(12.2.1947)aeY eHeufcif;u yifvHkNrdKUuav;\&Icif;rSm txufwGifazmfjycJhonfh twdkif;
aomwmvuFm&aw;wpfy'k jf zpfaom ]]&0deaf 'gif,Ofys}H }ywfysKd ;oD;csi;f rS ]]ESi;f aiGusH . . .avjyefavmif;vdYk}}
csDtyd'k x f u J vkd aiGEiS rhf eI rf eI jf zifh om,mMunfE;l zG,af umif;aevifu h pm; uRefawmf\pdwx f w J iG rf l yifvkH
nDnw G af &;pmcsKyfBuD; atmifjrifpmG vufrw S af &;xd;k NyD;onf t h csderf a&mufao;ojzifh 0rf;ajrmufauseyf
jcif; rjzpfEdkifao;bJ obm0rdcifu txl;wvnfjc,frIef;ay;xm;onfh yifvHk&Icif;vSyrI t&omudk
aumif;pGmrcHpm;EdkifbJ jzpfaeygonf/
apmapmydik ;f u csw D ckH swEkH iS hf awGa0aeol vlrsKd ;pkacgif;aqmif(&Sr;f apmbGm;ESihf ucsi'f 0l g)tcsKd Yonf
,refaeY(11.2.1947)naebufu Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;\ &Si;f jycsuu f kd oabmwlvufccH MhJ uaomfvnf;
aemufwpfaeY (12.2.1947)eHeuf wu,fwrf;pmcsKyfvufrw S af &;xd;k &csed w f iG f vufrw S xf ;kd Muyghrvm;[k
pd;k &draf erdygonf/
ÄÄÄ
txl;wpfvnf pDraH qmifvyk x f m;aom pmcsKyfvufrw S x f ;dk Murnfh r@yfBuD;twGi;f odYk Adv k cf sKyf
acgif;aqmifaom uRefawmfwYkd jynfrrS Armud, k pf m;vS,cf Ek pS Of ;D pvH;k a&muf&adS ecsdet f xd uRefawmfonf
pdwfxJrSBudwfí pdk;&drfaeqJjzpfygonf/
xdkYjyif yifvHkpmcsKyfjzpfajrmuf&ef rnfolrS pdwful;,Oftdyfrufyif rrufMuaomtcsdefrSpí
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ ]]jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwf&Sifoefxufjrwfa&;? wdkif;&ifom;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;}}
txl;BudK;pmwnfaqmifcJhyHkrsm;udkyg jyefvnfowd&jrifa,mufaerdygonf/
1942-ckESpfu om"uwpfckudkwifjyvdkygonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ]]Adkvfrdk;BudK;}}ac: *syef
AdkvfrSL;BuD; qlZluD;(&JabmfoHk;usdyftm; ppfynmoifMum;ay;cJhonfh ]]rDemrDuDuef}}tzJGUtBuD;tuJ)wdkY
OD;pD;uGyfuJaom ArmhvGwfvyfa&;(bDtdkifat)wyfrawmfESifh *syefbk&ifhwyfrawmf wyfr[m(33)wdkY
yl;wJpG pfaMumfi;onf &efuek Nf rdKYawmfukd 1942-ckEpS f rwfv 8&ufaeYu atmifjrifpmG odr;f ydu k Ef ikd cf aJ Mumif;
udk ,aeY vlBuD;ydkif;t&G,f yk*d¾Kvfrsm;u rSwfrdMurnfxifygonf/
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUppfwyfrsm;onf &efukefNrdKYudk pGefYcGmaemufqkwfajy;cJhaomfvnf; cHppfoabm
qufvufwdkuf&if; qkwfaeojzifh bDtdkifatwyfrsm; txufArmEdkifiHodkY qufvufcsDwuf&eftwGuf
ppfonftiftm; rvHrk avmufjzpfaeygonf/ xdpk Ofu Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmfwiG f tiftm; oH;k axmif
cefYom&So d jzifh aemufxyfppfonftiftm; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;jznfw h if;&efvakd e&m oefprG ;f aomvli,frsm;
tm; ]]bDtikd af t}}wyfrawmfoYkd 0ifa&muftrIxrf;&eftwGuf ppfom;opfpak qmif;&efppD Ofygonf/ &orQ
ppfom;opfrsm;tm; &efukefrSmyif tjrefavhusifhoifMum;ay;NyD; txufArmEdkifiHodkY qufvufcsDwuf
wdu k cf u kd &f ef&nf&, G yf gonf/
,if;odYk ppfom;pkaqmif;a&;twGuf pnf;&H;k vIUH aqmfcsufpmwrf;wpfapmifukd 1942-ckEpS f rwfv
31&ufaeYu Adv k cf sKyfu, kd w
f ikd rf Ml urf;a&;NyD; &efuek t f a&SUydik ;f ? Adv k cf sKyfvrf;(a&ausmf)&Sd Armydik f t*Fvyd f
owif;pm ]]e,l;bm;rm;}} owif;pmwdkufwGif apmifa& tajrmuftjrm;yHkESdyfí jzefYa0cJhygonf/
pmwrf;atmufwiG f ]]Adv k cf sKyf Advk af wZ? Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmf}} [k Adv k cf sKyf\ trnf0u S u f kd
azmfjyxm;ygonf/
,ifpmwrf;wGif tyd'k (f 10)yd'k yf g&S&d m þaqmif;yg;ESiw hf ukd &f ukd of ufqikd af om tyd'k (f 6)ESihf tyd'k f
(8)wdkYudkom xkwfEIwfazmfjyvkdygonf/
(6) ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfonf Armwdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk;pnf;vkH;nDnGwfrIU&&Sdatmif
BudK;yrf;aqmif&Gufrnfjzpf\/ vGwfvyfa&;vdkvm;olwdkY wpnf;wvHk;wnf; &Sdatmif
vkyrf nfjzpf\/
(7) ArmvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfonf &Srf;? csif;? ucsifpaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm;ESifh
wpfaoG;wnf; wpfpdwfwnf;&Sd\/ Armwdkif;&ifom;tm;vHk; wef;wl&nfwl tcGifhta&;
&&Sad prnfjzpf\/
pmwrf;\ aemufq;kH tyd'k w f iG f ]]xdYk aMumifh Armhvw G vf yfa&;wyfrawmfoYkd tvH;k t&if;ESif 0ifMu
avmh}}[ktqHk;owfxm;ygonf/
pmwrf;ta&;tom;udak vhvmMunfyh gu Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;\ 0goemtwdik ;f ? 0guwnfaqmuf
yHEk iS hf wdwk Ekd iS v
hf &kd if;udk wdusjywfom;pGma&;xm;yHu k kd owdjyKrrd nfjzpfNyD; ol\ pdwaf epdwx f m;ESihf p&du k uf kd
ay:vGiaf prnfjzpfygonf/ xdYkjyif Adv k cf sKyf\ ]]jynfaxmifppk w d "f gwf}}ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nDnw G af &;
udk t"dtiftm;tjzpf wnfaqmufvdkpdwfudkyg xdktcsdeftcg 1942-ckESpfuyif xif&Sm;apcJhygonf/
1942-ckESpf {NyDvqef;wGif jrpf0uRef;ay:a'oüjzpfyGm;cJhaom u&if-Arm y#dyu©ta&;tcif;
ydrk Bkd uD;xGm;vmrnft h EÅ&m,fujkd rifol Adv k cf sKyfonf ol\OD;aqmifvrf;nTerf jI zifh u&ifacgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf
em;vnfrI,lum Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk rjzpfrae&&SdatmifBudK;pm;cJhonf/
1943-45 ESpt f wGi;f wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsdK;pk vli,frsm;udk pnf&;kH NyD; ArmhwyfrawmfwiG f 0ifa&muf
trIxrf;apcJhyHk? ppfNyD;acwf 1945 wGifvnf; NAdwdoQe,fcsJYorm;xHrS vGwfvyfa&;udk wdkif;&if;om;
pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;tiftm;jzifh r& &atmif,lrnfudk tBudrfBudrfa<uaMumfcJhNyD; 1947-ckESpf Zefe0g&D
vqef; 2&ufaeYu t*FvefEdkifiHodkY ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf ta&;qdk&ef c&D;xGufcsdefrwdkifrD&ufydkif;
rsm;txd wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm; aexdik &f ma'otESYH tjym;odYk tyifyef;cHomG ;a&mufa[majympnf;&H;k cJyh kH
paom twdwfrS t&dyfrsm;udk uRefawmfonf yifvHkNrdKY&Sd r@yfBuD;twGif; xdkifae&if; jyefajymif;pOf;pm;
aerdygonf/
Adv
k cf sKyfu, kd w
f ikd u
f awmh ,refaeY (11.2.1947)aeY naeu vlrsKd ;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;tm; &Si;f vif;
ajymjyNyD;csed rf pS í olwnfaqmuf&ef arQmrf eS ;f xm;onfh ]]jynfaxmifpBk uD;}} {uefrck s taumiftxnfay:
vmawmhrnf[k wpfxpfcs ,HkMunfxm;[efjzifh rsufESmxm;&Tifvef;aeyHk&ygonf/
BudKwifowfrSwfxm;onfh tcsdefjzpfaom eHeuf 10em&Dxdk;onfESifhAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
xdkif&mrSxí pm;yJGBuD;ay:wGif toifhwifxm;aom pmcsKyf&Sd&modkY oGufvufpGm avQmufoGm;NyD; ol\
tuÐstw d rf S oluikd af eus ]]ygum;}}trsKd ;tpm; PARKER VACUMATICazmifwed t f a[mif;udk xkw, f ul m
Armjynfrudk,fpm;vS,facgif;aqmiftjzpf xdyfqHk;rSpwif vufrSwfxdk;vdkufygonf/
xktd csed t f xd uReaf wmfonf usev f rl sKd ;pkacgif;aqmifrsm; vufrw S x f ;kd yghrvm;[k pdwxf rJ S pd;k &drf
aeqJjzpfygonf/
odkYaomf uRefawmfpdk;&drfovdkrjzpfbJ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkudk,fpm;vS,f pkpkaygif;(AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;tygt0if) 22OD;wdYk onf wpfa,mufNyD;wpfa,muf atmufygtpDtpOftwdik ;f vufrw S x f ;kd
vdkufMuawmhonf/
1/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; (Armjynfracgif;aqmif)
2/ pyfcGefyefqdkif; (awmifydkif;apmfbGm;)
3/ pyfa&Todkuf (anmifa&TapmfbGm;)
4/ pyf[kefz (ajrmufydkif;odEDéapmfbGm;)
5/ pyfeef; (vJcsm;apmfbGm;)
6/ pyfxGef;at; (omrcrf;apmfbGm;)
7/ OD;cGefyef; (vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f? ajrmufydkif;odEéDS)
8/ OD;wifat; (vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f? awmifBuD;)
9/ OD;Mumyk (vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f? oDayg)
10/ pyf,pfz (vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f? oDayg)
11/ qrm;'l0gqif0g;aemif (ucsifudk,fpm;vS,f? jrpfBuD;em;)
12/ 'l0gaZmf&pf (ucsifudk,fpm;vS,f? jrpfBuD;em;)
13/ OD;cGefxD; (vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f? yifvHk)
14/ OD;xGef;jrifh (vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f? armufr,f)
15/ OD;cGefapm (vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f? yif;w,)
16/ OD;jzL (usdKif;wHk apmfbGm;udk,fpm;vS,f)
17/ OD;'def&wef (ucsifudk,fpm;vS,f? jrpfBuD;em;)
18/ 'l0gaZmfvGef; (ucsifudk,fpm;vS,f? Aef;armf)
19/ OD;vbef*a&mif; (ucsifudk,fpm;vS,f? Aef;armf)
20/ OD;vSLrIef (csif;udk,fpm;vS,f? zvef;)
21/ OD;aomifZmckwf (csif;udk,fpm;vS,f? wD;wdef)
22/ OD;0rfudka[m (csif;udk,fpm;vS,f? [m;cg;)
ÄÄÄ
uRefawmfhtaejzifh apmapmu pdk;&drfrdjcif;rSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom Armudk,fpm;
vS,ftzJGU NAdwdefEdkifiHodkYoGm;í vGwfvyfa&;twGuf aqG;aEG;ta&;qdkaecdkuf Armjynf&Sd awmifwef;
a'otkyfcsKyfa&;XmerS rsufESmjzLt&m&Sdrsm;? omoemjyKq&mta,mifaqmif NAdwdoQe,fcsJUvufyg;ap
rsm;u wdik ;f &ifom;vlrsKd ;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;tm; enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh pnf;&H;k um aoG;cJrG aI Mumifh &Sr;f ESihf ucsiaf cgif;
aqmiftcdsKYawGa0aeojzifh yifvHkpmcsKyfwu,fvufrSwfa&;xdk;Murnfh (12.2.1947)aeYwGif vufrSwf
rxkd;bJaeMurnfudk pdk;&drfrdjcif;jzpfygonf/
odkY&mwGif (11.2.1947)aeYu AdkvfcsKyfudk,fwdkif &Sif;vif;aqG;aEG;csufudk tm;vHk;oabmayguf
vufcHvdkufMuojzifh NAdwdoQwdkY arQmfvifhovdkrjzpfbJ yifvHkpmcsKyfvufrSwfa&;xdk;yJG xajrmuf atmif
jrifoGm;cJhygonf/
wpfenf;tm;jzifh wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;u Adv k cf sKyf\acgif;aqmifru I kd vufcv H suf
D }H } UNIONac: jynfaxmifpyk pkH jH zifh vGwv
]],le, f yfaom or®wEdik if aH wmfopfukd wnfaxmifvu kd Mf uonfh
oabmyifjzpfonf/
ESpyf &dapä'tm;jzif(h 48)ESpyf ifMumoGm;NyDjzpfaomfvnf; 1947-ckEpS ?f azazmf0g&Dv 12 &ufaeYu
]]yifvHk&Icif;}}udk jyefvnfowd&jrifa,mifaerdygownf;/ /
aMu;rHk^12.2.1995
ÄÄÄ
trsdK;om;acgif;aqmifBuD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ pnf;&Hka&;pGrf;&nf
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;ordkif;udk rSwfwrf;wifa&;om;onf&Sdaomf 1947-ckESpfqef;u AdkvfcsKyf

atmifqef; acgif;aqmifaom Armudk,fpm;vS,ftzJGUwpfzJGUonf ArmhvGwfvyfa&;udpö ta&;qdk&ef
&efukefNrdKYrS NAdwdefEdkifiH? vef'efNrdKYodkYoGm;a&mufcJhonfudkvnf;aumif;? AdkvfcsKyfwdkYtzJGUESifh NAdwdoQ
eef;&if;0ef(0efBuD;csKy)f rpöwmtufwvDO;D aqmifonfh NAdwo d Qu, kd pf m;vS,t f zJUG wdYk 1947-ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dv
13 &ufaeYrSpí vef'efNrdKY&Sd urÇmausmf vdyfpmwpfckjzpfaom trSwf 10? a'gifeif;vrf; (No.10,
Downing Street)wGif pwifaqG;aEG;cJhonfudkvnf;aumif; csefvSyfxm;vdkufygu NyD;jynfhpHkrnf
r[kwaf cs/
xdEk pS q
f ef;u ordik ;f wGi&f pfrnfh &ufpw GJ pfcuk m; 1947-ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv 27&ufaeYyifjzpfonf/
taMumif;rlum; xdkaeYwGif NAdwdoQtpdk;&u ArmEdkifiHtm; wpfESpftwGif; vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;ay;ygawmh
rnf[k tmrcHcsuaf y;onfh ]atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyf}udk atmifjrifacsmarmpGm vufrw S af &;xd;k vdu
k f
aomaMumifhyifwnf;/
]vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;}qdkonfrSmvnf; ArmjynfrESifhwuG awmifwef;a'o&Sd vlrsdK;pkrsm;aexkdif&m
a'o(jynfe,f)rsm; tygt0if UNION],leD,H}ac: ]jynfaxmifpk}yHkpHtjzpf vGwfvyfa&;ay;jcif;udk
qdkvdkayonf/
(rSwfcsuf/ /27.1.1947 aeYwGif ]atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyf} vufrSwfa&;xdk;NyD;aemuf
19.7.1947 aeYwGif AdkvfcsKyfESifhwuG taygif;tyg tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm; vkyfBuHcH&í usqHk;
oGm;Muvifu h pm; Adv
k cf sKy\f OD;aqmifrjI zifh aqG;aEG;awmif;qd&k mrS&&Scd ahJ om ]atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKy}f
onf ysujf y,froGm;cJyh gacs/ 1947-ckEpS f Zlvikd v f 19&ufaeY nydik ;f rSmyif Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ae&mqufcH
&ef? wm0efqufvuf,l&ef NAdwdoQbk&ifcHu zqyvtzJGUcsKyf 'kwd,OuúX ocifEk(OD;Ek)udk zdwfac:
cefYxm;NyD;aemuf rMumrD OD;Ekudk,fwdkif NAdwdoQtpdk;&\ zdwfac:csuft& vef'efNrdKYodkYoGm;a&mufí
vGwfvyfa&;tNyD;owf tpDtpOftjzpf ]Ek-tufwvDpmcsKyf}udkvufrSwfa&;xdk;EdkifcJhygonf/)
rnfodkYyifjzpfap ]wpfESpftwGif;vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;ay;ygrnf}[k NAdwdoQtpdk;&u tmrcHcsufay;
cJhonfh ]atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyf}t& ArmEdkifiHonf 1948-ck? Zefe0g&Dv 4&ufaeY eHeuf4em&D
rdepf 20 rSpí ]jynfaxmifpkor®wEdkifiH}tjzpf vGwfvyfaom tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkifEdkifiH jzpfvmcJhaom
aMumifh ,if;odYk wu,fvw G v
f yfa&;&csdeüf ol toufxif&mS ;r&Sad wmhvifu h pm; ol\OD;aqmifBudK;yrf;
rIaMumifh vGwv f yfa&;&cJjh cif;jzpfav&m Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;tm; ]vGwv f yfa&;Adou k m}[k *kPjf yKwifpm;
ac:a0:aeMujcif;jzpfygonf/
,aeYvli,frsm; txl; od&SdrSwfom;Muapcsifonfum; vGyfvyfa&;twGuf 27.1.1947aeYu
vef'efNrdKYwiG f vufrw S af &;xd;k csKyfqckd ahJ om ]atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyf}udk Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;taejzifh
tcuftcJr&Sd vG,fulacsmarmpGm csKyfqdkEdkifcJhjcif;r[kwf[laom tcsufyifwnf;/
ÄÄÄ
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf vef'efNrdKYodkYa&mufNyD; 0efBuD;csKyfrpöwm tufwvDacgif;aqmifaom
NAdwo d Qtpd;k &tzJYG EiS hf pwifaqG;aEG;Muonfh 1947-ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dv 13&ufaeYuyif ol\vdv k m;csuu f kd
bGif;bGif;ESifh jywfom;pGmyifawmif;qdkcJhonf/ olYtaejzifh ArmEdkifiHjynfrtwGufomru awmifwef;
a'o&Sd wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsdK;pktwGuyf g wd, k pf m;jyKí vma&mufjcif;jzpfaMumif;? vdck sifonfh vGwv f yfa&;
yHpk u
H vnf; jynfrESiahf wmifwef;a'oaevlrsKd ;pkrsm;\ a'oe,fy,f(jynfe,f)rsm; pkaygif;zJUG pnf;tyfonfh
UNION]jynfaxmifpk}toGifrsdK;jzpfaMumif;udk &J0hHjywfom;pGmajymcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
,if;odkY aqG;aEG;yJGwGif pwifta&;qdkaeqJrSmyif taESmifht,Suf? txpftaighwpfckay:vm
awmhonf/
,if;um; NAdwdoQtpdk;&xHodkY ArmEdkifiHrS aMu;eef;wpfapmifa&mufvmjcif;yifjzpfonf/
aMu;eef;pm;wGif ,ckvef'efa&mufaeolatmifqef;onf awmifwef;a'o wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm;udk
udk,fpm;rjyK? txl;ojzifh &Srf;jynfe,fudk udk,fpm;jyKolr[kwf? Armjynfrudk,fpm;vS,fomjzpfaMumif;
yg&SdNyD; aMu;eef;pm\atmufwGif &Srf;apmfbGm;ESpfOD;\trnfygvmonf/
þwGif NAdwdoQtpdk;&u tqdkygaMu;eef;pmudkjyNyD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; ]rif;ajymovdk
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm;udk udk,fpm;jyKta&;qdkydkifcGihfr&Sd}[k ajymygonf/
aMu;eef;pmaMumif hocifjrpaom Armudk,fpm;vS,ftzJGU0ifrsm;onf txl;pdk;&drfwkefvIyfoGm;
rdaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;url ,ckaMu;eef;&dkufol apmfbGm;ESpfOD;onf vlenf;pkomjzpfaMumif;
odojzifh £ajE´rysufacs/
&Sr;f apmfbmG ;ESpOf ;D u NAdwo d Qtpd;k &xHaMu;eef;&du k v
f u
kd af Mumif;udk &efuek Nf rdKY&dS zqyvXmecsKyfrS
wm0ef&SdvlBuD;rsm;u Mum;odav&m csufcsif;yif wefjyefvIyf&Sm;rIudkjyKvkyfcJhMuygonf/
&Srf;jynfvGwfvyfa&;tzJGUcsKyfrS OD;wifat;(aemufydkif; EdkifiHawmf aumifpD0if)? OD;xGef;jrifh
(awmifBuD;)wdYkEiS hf wdik yf ifí Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;tm;tav;eufaxmufco H nfh vlxt k pnf;ta0;yJw G pf&yf
jyKvky&f ef Adv k rf LS ;atmif(&JabmoH;k usyd )f ? Adv k x f eG ;f vif;(jynfoYl &aJ bmf)ESihf OD;azcif (aemufyikd ;f oHtrwf
BuD;? tNidrf;pm;)wdkYtm; awmifBuD;NrdKYodkYapvTwfvdkufygonf/
OD;wifat;ESifhOD;xGef;jrifh(awmifBuD;)wdkYonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\acgif;aqmifrIudk t<uif;rJh
vufc, H MkH unforl sm;jzpfonft h jyif tvGew f uf<uaomvli,frsm;jzpfonft h avsmuf olwYkdacgif;aqmif
onfh &Srf;jynfe,fvGwfvyfa&;tzJGUcsKyf(SHAN STATE FREEDOM LEAGUE)onf &Srf;jynfe,f
wGit f xl;yif MoZmanmif;NyD; vli,fxt k m;pnf;&H;k odr;f oGi;f Edik cf yhJ gonf/ xdYk aMumifh OD;wifat;trSL;jyK
aom acgif;aqmifrsm;u jynfe,ftwGif;&SdtzJGUcJGrsm;tm; apmfbGm;ESpfOD; bdvyfodkYaMu;eef;&dkufjcif;udk
uefYuu G &f w
I cf sonft h pnf;ta0;rsm;jyKvkyí f qE´jyKMu&efneT Mf um;vdu k of nf/ xdYk jyif awmifBuD;NrdKUe,f
wGif vlwef;pm;tvTmtoD;oD;yg0ifonfh vlxt k pnf;ta0;yJBG uD;wpf&yfusi;f y&ef pDpOfvu kd o
f nf/ ,if;
vlxktpnf;a0;yJGodkY wufa&mufolvlOD;a&rSm ESpfaxmifausmf&Sd&m ArmjynfrwGifqdkvQif y&dowfrrsm;
vS[kqdkEdkifaomfvnf; &Srf;jynfe,ftzdkYrSmrl rBuHKpzl;xl;uJpGm tiftm;jyvdkuaom qE´jyrI odkYr[kwf
EdkifiHa&;vIyf&Sm;rIBuD;wpf&yfjzpfcJhonf/ ,if;tpnf;ta0;BuD;u &Srf;jynfe,ftaejzifh ArmjynfrESifh
twlwpfjydKifeufwnf; vH;k 0vGwv f yfa&;awmif;qkad Mumif;ESihf jynfrESit hf wl awmifwef;a'o jynfe,f
rsm; pkaygif;zJUG pnf;tyfaom ]jynfaxmifp}k toGijf zifh vH;k 0vGwv f yfa&;&vdak Mumif; Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;\
awmif;qdkcsuft<uif;rJhaxmufcHygaMumif; wcJeufqHk;jzwfcsufcsvdkufMuygonf/ tpnf;ta0;odkY
a<uaMumforH sm;jzif&h w k o f rd ;f í pepfwuswef;pDvn S v hf nfum NAdwo d Qtpd;k & awmifwef;a'otkycf sKyfa&;
&Hk;a&SUodkYoGm;NyD; udkvdkeDe,fcsJUqefYusifa&;a<u;aMumfoHrsm;[pfatmfa<u;aMumfqE´jycJhMuao;onf/
þum; &Sr;f jynfe,fordik ;f wGif yxrqH;k tMudrf jynfov l xl rk sm;\ Edik if aH &;qE´jyrIBuD;yifjzpfawmhonf/
xdkaeYrSmyif OD;wifat;? OD;azcifwdkYtzJGU &efukefzqyvXmecsKyfESifh vef'efNrdKYa&muf AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;xHoYkd vlxt k pnf;a0;yJBG uD;\ qH;k jzwfcsuu f kd tjrefaMu;eef;&du k t
f aMumif;Mum;vdu k Mf uonf/
AdkvfcsKyfuvnf; NAdwdoQ0efBuD;csKyf rpöwmtufwvDtm; awmifBuD;NrdKY vlxktpnf;a0;BuD;rS
qH;k jzwfcsuf aMu;eef;pmpudx k wk jf yvdu k af omtcg ]atmifqef;onf &Sr;f jynfe,fukd ud, k pf m;rjyK}[laom
apmfbGm;ESpfOD;\aMu;eef;onf tvdktavsmufysufjy,foGm;avawmhonf/
odYk EiS yhf if Adv
k cf sKyfwYkd Armud, k pf m;vS,tf zJUG ESihf jAdwod Qtpk;d &wdYk nSEd iId af qG;aEG;yJq
G ufvufusif;y
EdkifcJh&m aemufqHk;ü NAdwdoQwdkYonf rwwfombJ ArmEdkifiHtm; ]jynfaxmifpk}yHkpHjzifh vHk0vGwfvyfa&;
ay;&efoabmwlaMumif; twnfjyKonfh ]atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyf}udk 27.1.1947aeYwiG f vufrw S f
a&;xdk;csKyfqdkvkdufawmhonf/
odkY&mwGif rpöwmtufwvDOD;aqmifaom NAdwdoQtpdk;&onf 0efBuD;csKyfa[mif; ]csmcsD}OD;aqmif
onfh ]uGeq f maA;wpf}ygwD\ zdtm;ay;rIaMumifh ]atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyf}wGif rodrom vSnu hf u G f
ozG,f ]0SufzJ}wpfckxnfhoGif;a&;om;xm;avonf/ ,if;]0SufzJ}uawmh þodkYjzpfonf/
]atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyf}\tydk'f 3(*)wGuf-
]awmifwef;a'ojynfe,frsm;twGurf l oufqikd &f vlrsdK;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;ud, k wf ikd u
f Armjynf
rESifhtwl vGwfvyfa&;&,lum ],leD,H}ac: jynfaxmifpkyHkpHjzifh aevdkaMumif; tcdkiftrmpmcsKyf
wpfckvufrSwfa&;xdk;csKyfqdkay;Mu&rnf}
[kxnfhoGif;xm;jcif;yifjzpfonf/
þum; awmifwef;a'orS wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm; aexkid &f m jynfe,frsm;ESiyhf wfoufí Adv k cf sKyf
atmifqef;tm; ]pdeaf c:}vdu k jf cif;yifjzpfonf/ Adv k cf sKyfuvnf; ,if;pdeaf c:csufukd &JY0phH mG yifvufcu H m
1947-ckESpf azazmf0g&D 2&ufaeYta&muf &efukefodkYjyefvmcJhygonf/
ÄÄÄ
xdktcsdefü wdkif;&ifom;vlrsdK;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;\ pHknDtpnf;ta0;udk &Srf;jynfe,fyifvHkNrdKYü
azazmf0g&Dfv 12 &ufaeYwGif usif;yEdkifiH&efpDpOfxm;NyD;jzpf&m NAdwdoQwdkYu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; t
qdyk g ]yifvt kH pnf;ta0;ü vlrsKd ;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;\ oabmwlvufcaH Mumifph mcsKyf vufrw S af &;xd;k atmif
wwfEdkifvQifvkyfjyygavmh} [kpdefac:vdkufjcif;yifjzpfonf/
AdkvfcsKyfwdkY NAdwdefa&mufaecsdefwGif Armjynf&SdjAdwdoQtpdk;& awmifwef;a'otkyfcsKyfa&;XmerS
]pwDAifqif}qdkolOD;aqmifaom e,fcJsYvufyg;aprsm;onf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;tm;
enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh pnf;&Hk;aoG;cGJaecJhMuonf/
]atmifqef;wdkY r,HkMueJY oleJYaygif;&if cifAsm;wdkY 'ku©a&mufrSmyJ? NAdwdoQtkyfpdk;rIatmufrSmrS
cifAsm;wdkYoufomr,f}ponfjzifh ajcxdk;aoG;cJGovdk wpfzufrSmvnf; EdkifiHjcm;rS taumif;qHk; t&uf
,rum? pm;aumif;aomufzG,frsm;jzifh jzm;a,mif;pnf;&Hk;rIaMumifh vlrsdK;pkacgif;aqmiftcsdKYonf
azazmf0g&Dv f 12&ufaeYwiG f yifvpkH mcsKyfvufrw S x f ;kd oif?h rxd;k oifh pOf;pm;&mü awGa0vsuf&MdS uonf/
xdYk aMumifv h nf; Adv k cf sKyfonf vef'efNrdKYü wpfvvH;k vH;k tvGeyf ifyef;pGm tvkyf vkycf &hJ NyD;aemuf
&efuek jf yefa&mufaomtcg tem;,ltyef;ajz&efpw d rf ul;awmhbJ yifvo kH Ykd azazmf0g&Dv 8 &ufaeYta&muf
c&D;xGucf yhJ gonf/
Adv
k cf sKyf yifvo
kH Ykda&mufomG ;csed üf tajctaerSm azazmf0g&Dv 12 &ufaeYusi;f yrnfh yifvn kH v D mcH
BuD;wGif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkacgif;aqmifrsm; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfpGmjzifh vufrSwfxdk;Muyghrvm;[k pdk;&drf
ozG,fjzpfaeonfrSm trSefyifjzpfygonf/
,if;tajctaeudak umif;pGmodNyD; Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef;\ acgif;aqmifru I kd t<uif;rJ, h MkH unfaxmuf
cHol ucsifacgif;aqmif qrm;'l0gqif0g;aemif? rdkif;yGefapmfbGm;BuD;(tmZmenfacgif;aqmif)ESifhwuG
&Sr;f jynfvw G v f yfa&;tzJUG rS OD;wifat;? OD;xGe;f jrif(h awmifBuD;)? tdik pf t D ufpf OD;wifx#G ?f OD;azcifpaom
yk*K¾d vfrsm;u yifvakH &muf ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;tm; tvsit f jref pnf;&H;k vIy&f mS ;rIjzifh ESpef m&DtwGi;f ud, k pf m;
vS,faygif;pHkyg0ifaom tpnf;ta0;wpfckjzpfajrmufoGm;ygawmhonf/
,if;tpnf;ta0;odYk Adv k cf sKyuf , kd w
f ikd w
f ufa&mufNyD; ],le, D }H ac: jynfaxmifpt k oGijf zifh jynfe,f
rsm;ESijhf ynfrwdYky;l aygif;zJUG vsuf vGwv f yfa&;&,ljcif;onfomvQif taumif;qH;k jzpfaMumif; tcsut f vuf
pHv
k ifpmG jzifh &Si;f vif;ajymjy&m tm;vH;k u em;vnfoabmaygufomG ;NyD; vufco H abmwlno D mG ;Muav
awmhonf/
xdkaeYum; 1947-ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv 11 &ufaeYyifjzpfonf/
wpfenf;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifpak eY(azazmf0g&Dv 12)jzpfay:vmaponfh yifvn kH n
D wG af &; pmcsKyf
BuD;jzpfajrmufatmifjrif&ef azazmf0g&Dv 11 &ufaeYnaeusrSyif aocsmoGm;cJhygonf/
xdtk csed üf ]pwDAifqif}OD;aqmifaom NAdwo d Qe,fcsJ Yvufyg;aptkypf u k awmh aemufq;kH tajctae
udkrodMuao;/ olwdkYaoG;cJGajcxdk;xm;onfhtwdkif; yifvHkpmcsKyf rnfodkYrS jzpfajrmufEdkifrnfr[kwf[k
wxpfcsxifaeMuqJyifjzpfonf/
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsdK;pk acgif;aqmifrsm;ESiw f uG ucsif'0l grsm;? &Sr;f jynfe,frS e,f&iS af pmfbmG ;rsm;
onf Adv k cf sKyf\ESv;kH om;twGi;f tcdik t f rmude;f atmif;aeonfh ]jynfaxmifppk w d "f mwf}taMumif; aumif;
pGmodjrifoabmaygufoGm;MuNyDjzpfavonf/
xdkYaMumifhyif aemufwpfaeY azazmf0g&Dv 12 &uf eHeuf 10em&DtcsdefwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
trSL;jyKaom udk,fpm;vS,f 22OD;wdkYonf ordkif;0if ]yifvHknDnGwfa&;pmcsKyfBuD;}udk wpfa,mufNyD;
wpfa,muf qufwdkufvufrSwfa&;xdk;vkdufMuonf/
þum; 1942-ckESpf ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf(bDtkdifat)acwfrSpí AdkvfcsKyftaejzifh txkl;
BudK;pm;wnfaqmifcJhaom wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;? ppfNyD;acwf zqyvtzJGUcsKyf odkYr[kwf
trsdK;om;wyfOD;BuD;\ OuúXtjzpf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm;tm; w&if;wESD;pnf;&Hk;cJhjcif; (26.9.1946)
aeYwiG f tpd;k &tmPm&&SNd yD;aemufwiG v f nf; awmifwef;a'orsm;odYk ud, k w f ikd o f mG ;a&mufvsuf aoG;csi;f
vlrsdK;pkrsm;tm; tyifyef;cHpnf;&Hk;cJhjcif;wdkY\ &v'fyifwnf;/
wpfenf;tm;jzifh AdkvfcsKyfonf ol\pnf;&Hk;a&;pGrf;&nfjzifh ]jynfaxmifpkor®w ArmEdkifiHawmf}
[laom vGwv f yfonfh tcsKyftjcmtmPmydik Ef ikd if w H pfEikd if uH kd urÇmah jryHak y:wGif xif&mS ;ay:vGipf mG a&;qJG
zefwD;EdkifcJjcif;yifjzpfygownf;/
pwdik o f pfr*¾Zif;(azazmf0g&Dv-1995)
(ESpfig;q,fajrmufwyfrawmfa&T&wk*kPfjyKaqmif;yg;)
ÄÄÄ
ArmhwyfrawmfzcifBuD;AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ed'gef;
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;ordkif;wGif tvGefta&;ygaom tcef;u@ü armfuGef;wifxm;&rnfh ]1300-

jynft h a&;awmfy}kH udk (1938-39)NyD;onfah emufyikd ;f twuf<uqH;k Edik if aH &;pdw"f mwf&o dS l wdYk Armtpnf;
t&Hk;rS (ocif)acgif;aqmifrsm;? wuúodkvfor*¾rSausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh NAdwdoQe,fcsJU
orm;xHrS vGwfvyfa&;udk 'l;axmuf vufjzefYawmif;ír&? ArmEdkifiHudk e,fcsJUorm;u vufeuf
tiftm;jzifh tvG,w f ul odr;f ydu
k u
f Rejf yKco
hJ nfeh nf;wl rdrw
d Ydkonfvnf; e,fcsJ Uorm;tm; vufeufpu GJ ikd f
wdkufcdkuf,lrSomvQif &Edkifvdrfhrnf[k jywfom;pGmodjrifoabmaygufvmcJhayonf/
,if;odkYwdkufcdkuf&mwGif ArmwdkYtaejzifh "m;? vSH? av;jrm;paom or&dk;usvufeufrsm;jzifh
r&Edik /f acwfrv D ufeufrsm;? armif;jyefaoewfrsm;? tajrmufped af jymif;rsm;jzifw h u
kd rf o
S m &Edik rf nf[v k nf;
ppfa&;aoe*FAsL[mudkyg em;vnf;vmcJhMuonf/
xdYk aMumifh acwfrv D ufeufc, J rf;rsm;? acwfrpD pfynmrsm;? enf;AsL[mrsm;vdv k mcJo h nf/ ,if;vdk
tyfcsuf&&SdEdkifrnfh tajctaeonf 1939-ckESpfwGif uHtm;avsmfpGm jzpfay:vmcJhygonf/
taMumif;rlum; 1939-ckEpS ?f pufwifbmv 3&ufaeYwiG f Oa&myü'kw, d urÇmppfBuD; pwifjzpf
yGm;vmcJhaomaMumifhyifwnf;/
xdak eYwiG f *smreDrS emZDtmPm&Sif ][pfwvm}onf NAdwed Ef ikd if t H m; ppfaMunmvdu k o f nf/ wpfenf;
tm;jzifh NAdwdoQe,fcJsUorm;twGuf tusyfawGUonfh tajctaejzpfvmcJhonf/
þwGif ]t*Fvdyftcuf? Armhtcsuf}[laompum; ArmEdkifiHwGif ysHESHacwfpm;vmawmhonf/
t"dyÜg,fuawmh Oa&myrS ppfBuD;aMumifh NAdwdoQwdkY ab;usyfeHusyfjzpfaeonfh tajctaeudk
tcGifhaumif;,lum ArmwdkYu vGwfvyfa&;udkwdkuf,lrnf[líjzpfonf/
xdktcsdefü 1936-ckESpf wuúokdvfoydwfrSarG;zGm;ay;vdkufaom (aemifwpfcsdefwGif AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;jzpfvmrnf)h ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udak tmifqef;onf bDt,fvaf c: Oya'ynmbJUG ,l&ef
oifMum;qJ wpfyikd ;f wpfpom&Sad o;pOf wdik ;f jynfvw G v
f yfa&;&&S&d efom OD;pm;ay;vkyo f mG ;&efEiS hf Edik if aH &;
omtcsed jf ynfjh yKvky&f ef qH;k jzwfvu kd af vonf/ xdYkaMumifh olonf ]wdYkArmtpnf;t&H;k BuD;}(ociftoif;)
\taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ocifatmifqef;jzpfvmonf/
ocifatmifqef;taejzifh 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD; Oa&myüpwifjzpfyGm;csdefü tcGifhaumif;,lum
tvm;tvm&So d nfh Edik if aH &;tiftm;pkrsm;yl;aygif;í pnfv;kH nDnw G pf mG jzifh vIy&f mS ;jcif;omvQif taumif;
qH;k ajcvSr;f [k aumufcsufcsrdco hJ nf/ xdYk aMumifo h o l nf wdYk Armtpnf;t&H;k rS ta&;ygaomacgif;aqmif
rsm;? wuúodkvfor*¾rSacgif;aqmifa[mif;rsm;? 0g&ifhEdkifiHa&;orm;vlBuD;rsm;xJrS a'gufwmbarmf?
a'gufwmodrf;armifpaomyk*dK¾ vfrsm;tm;pkpnf;um ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m xGuf&yf*dkPfBuD;(ArmhxGuf&yf
*dkPf;)ALL-BURMA FREEDOM BLOCudkzJGUpnf;xlaxmifvdkufavonf/ tiftm;txl;awmifhwif;
aomtwdu k t f cHtzJUG BuD;jzpfjcif;aMumifh NAdwo d Qbk&ifct H rSL;jyKaom e,fcsJYtpd;k &onf Armhxu G &f yf*Pkd ;f
BuD;udk pd;k &drrf uif;jzpfvmrdawmhonf/ xGu&f yf*P kd ;f BuD;\ pnf;vH;k nDnw G rf tI iftm;udk NzdKcJ&G ef trsKd ;rsKd ;
enf;vrf;&SmBudK;pm;cJhonf/
xGu&f yf*P kd ;f acgif;aqmifrsm;rSmrl olwYkdcsrw S x f m;aom qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;t& acwfrv D ufeufuikd f
wyfrawmfjzpfajrmufvma&;twGuf EdkifiHjcm;tultnD&&Sd&ef vQdKU0SufBuHpnfaeMuNyDjzpfonf/
NAdwdoQe,fcsJYtpkd;&onf xGuf&yf*dkPf;ü t"duta&;ygaom acgif;aqmifrSm 1936-ckESpf
wuúov kd o f ydwaf cgif;aqmifa[mif; ]ocifatmifqef;}yifjzpfonf[k aumufcsufcsrdojzifh ,if;acgif;
aqmiftm;a&S;OD;pGm ]ESdrf}rSjzpfacsrnf[k qHk;jzwfvdkufonf/
ocifatmifqef;onf Armjynfov l x l (k txl;ojzifh wuf<uaomvli,fx)k tm; e,fcsYJqefYusif
a&;ESiv hf w G v f yfa&;wdu k yf 0GJ if&eftoifjh yifMuavmh [laom pnf;&H;k EI;d aqmfcsuf a<uaMumf&if; c&D;vSnv hf nf
a[majymaeNyDjzpf&m ol\a[majymyJGwpfckudk taMumif;jyK&if; [oFmwc&dkif &mZ0wf0ef(c&dkif&J0ef)
rsufESmjzL ]aZAD;,m;}qdkolu atmifqef;udkzrf;ap[k trdefYxkwfvdkufonfhtjyif EdkifiHa&;t& odu©mcs
]ESdrf}onfhtaejzifh ]atmifqef;udkzrf;rdygu qkawmfaiG ig;usyfcsD;jr§ifhrnf}[kvnf; aMunmvdkufonf/
ocifatmifqef;onf tvGet f a&;BuD;ah eNyDjzpfaom tcsed t f cgwGif e,fcsYJorm;\ tusO;f axmif
xJcsKyfaESmifcaH eírjzpf[k qH;k jzwfvsuf NAdwo d Qtpd;k & ykvyd t f zJUG ESihf axmufvrS ;f a&;pHak xmufawG rsupf d
atmufrS udk,fa,mifazsmufum ]ajrvQdK;}aevkduf&awmhonf/ þonfrSmvnf; jynfolvlxkESifh tpdk;&
trIxrf;tcsKd Yuyg olYtm;ulní D om ykvyd pf akH xmufawG ajc&mrcHEikd af tmif ]ajrvQKd ;}aeEdik &f rkH u [oFmw
rS &efukefNrdKYodkY vQdK0SufpGm acsmacsmarmarm jyefvmEdkifcJonf/
odkYaomf þtwdkif;Mum&Snfaeírjzpf/ EdkifiHjcm;tultnD&&ef tquftoG,fuvnf; vHk;0r&Sd
vifhupm; ]ocifatmifqef;}taejzifh jynfyodkYjzpfonfhenf;jzifh tjrefodkYxGufoGm;rSjzpfacsawmhrnf[k
xGuf&yf*dkPf;ESifhwdkYArmtpnf;t&Hk;acgif;aqmifrsm;u awG;awmoHk;oyfrdMuavonf/
xkdtcsdefu ta&SUtm&SwGif acwfrDtwdk;wufqHk;? tiftm;BuD;rm;qHk;jzpfaeaom *syefEdkifiH\
tultnD&,l&efvnf; ocifatmifqef;pdwu f ;l pOf;pm;rdco hJ nf/ Armhxu G &f yf*Pkd ;f acgif;aqmif a'gufwm
barmfuvnf; *syefwdkYxHrS tultnDvdkvQif &EdkifaMumif; owif;pum;Mum;&avonf/ odkYaomf
wu,fwrf; vufawGUusawmh *syefwYkdu Armvli,frsm;ESiv hf ufwyGJ ;l aygif;&ef pdwt f m;xufoefyrkH &bJ
tBudrfBudrfa&TYqdkif;aeojzifh pdwfysufzG,f&mBuHK&jyefonf/
ocifatmifqef;onf bmyJjzpfjzpf e,fcsJYt*Fvdyfudk vufeufudkifwdkufí vGwfvyfa&;&,l&ef
wzGzGajymaeNyD; ajymufusm;enf;jzifh wdkufcdkuf&efvnf; pDrHcsufwpf&yfa&;qJGwifjycJhonf/ vkyfazmf
udkifzuf&Jabmfrsm;u vufeufr&SdbJ rnfodkYwdkufrnfenf;[kar;Muaomtcg ocifatmifqef;u . . .
]"m;jywdkufwJvlawGawmif vufeuf&atmif BuHEdkifvdkY&Sd&if usKyfwdkYvdk pepfwuspnf;&Hk;xm;wJh
vlawGtzdkY bmjzpfvdkYr&Edkif&rSmvJ}
[k cyfwnfwnfjyefajymcJhygonf/
*syefwdkYxHrS tultnD&&efraocsmao;vifhupm; rdrdwdkYuyif EdkifiHjcm;odkY pGefYpm;xGufoGm;NyD;
tultnD&mS &ef tm;vH;k qH;k jzwfNyD;aemuf qkaiGig;usyx f w
k xf m;jcif;cH&í 0&rf;ajy;jzpfol ocifatmifqef;
udkyif EdkifiHjcm;odkYapvTwf&ef tm;vHk;u qHk;jzwfvdkufMuavonf/
apmapmydkif;u *syefwdkYu twlyl;wJGvkyf&ef aESmufaES;a&TUqdkif;cJhjcif;rSm ocifatmifqef;wdkYvdk
Armvli,frsm;onf vuf00J g'D(uGejf rLepf)awG[k xifrw S íf twlwv GJ yk &f ef 0efav;aecJjh cif;jzpfaMumif;
aemufrSod&onf[k AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ajymjyzl;ygonf/
&efuek Nf rdKYrS vQKd U0Supf mG xGucf mG oGm;&ef qH;k jzwfNyD;aemuf ocifatmifqef;ESiahf &eHajrtvkyo f rm;
acgif;aqmif ocifvNS rdKi(f &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f if Adv k &f efatmif)wdYkonf t*Fvyd t f pd;k & axmufvrS ;f a&;pHak xmuf
awGrodatmif ][dik v f }D trnf&dS w&kwo f abFmjzif(h rnfonfEh ikd if jH cm;tquftoG,rf rS &Sb d )J w&kwjf ynfoYkd
ZGwfyif pGefYpm;vsufxGufcGmoGm;cJh&m w&kwfjynfqdyfurf;NrdKYwpfNrdKYjzpfaom ]trdGKif}NrdKYodkY a&mufoGm;cJh
Muavonf/
]trdKG if}NrdKYoYkd a&mufomG ;onfw h ikd af tmif ocifatmifqef;ESihf ocifvNS rdKifwYkd onf olwYkd vt kd yfae
aom EdkifiHjcm;tultnD&&Sd&ef bmarQmfvifhcsufrSr&Sdao;bJ a,mifvnfvnfjzpfaecJhMuonf/
ÄÄÄ
xkdtawmtwGif; *syefppfzuftmPmydkifwdkY\wm0efay;csuft& (aemifwGif Armemrnf
]Adkvfrdk;BudK;}[k vlodrsm;vmrnfh AdkvfrSL;Bud;qlZluD;(Col.Suzuki)onf *syefowif;pm ],dkrD,dk&D}\
Edik if jH cm;owif;axmuf[efaqmifvsuf &efuek Nf rdKYoYkda&mufvmcJo h nf/ ol\&nf&, G cf suu f awmh NAdwo d Q
tpdk;&tm; jynfwGif;rS awmfvSefykefuefrnfh rsdK;cspfvli,frsm;udk vQdKU0SufpGmqufoG,fpnf;&Hk;&efyif
jzpfonf/ xdv k il ,frsm;tm; ppfynmoifwef;rsm;ay;jcif;? acwfrv D ufeufrsm;tultnDay;jcif;jzifv h nf;
pnf;&H;k odr;f oGi;f &ef &nf&, G o
f nf/ Adv k rf LS ;BuD;qlZu l ;D taejzifh txufrS wm0efay;csut f &vma&mufjcif;
jzpfaomfvnf; *syefEdkifiHwdkusdKNrdKYrS xdyfoD;ppfzuftmPmydkifwdkY\ &nf&G,fcsuftrSefudkrod&Smacs/
&efukefa&mufaomtcg xdktcsdefu NAdwdoQtpdk;&\twdkuftcH tiftm;pkxJrS tiftm;t&SdqHk;?
twuf<uqHk;jzpfaom ]ArmhxGuf&yf*dkPf;}udkcsOf;uyf&m xGuf&yf*dkPf;tBuD;tuJ a'gufwmbarmfESifh
vnf;aumif;? wpfcw k nf;aom Armydik f t*Fvyd o f wif;pm ]e,l;bm;rm;}xkwaf 0ol a'gufwmodr;f armif
ESifhvnf;aumif; vQdKU0SufpGmqufoG,frdavonf/ xdkYaMumfivnf; a'gufwmbarmfwdkYrSwqifh ocif
atmifqef;ESio hf cifvNS rdKifwYkdEpS af ,muf w&kwjf ynf ]trdKG if}NrdKYoYkdxu G o
f mG ;MuNyDjzpfaMumif; od&avonf/
AdkvfrSL;BuD;qlZluD;u xkdvli,fESpfOD;tm; ]trdGKif}rS *syefjynfodkY tjrefqHk;ac:,l&efpDpOfrnfh
taMumif;? aemufxyf ppfoifwef;wuf&ef vli,ftenf;i,fvakd Mumif;ajym&m a'gufwmbarmfuvnf;
pDpOfay;ygrnf[k uwday;NyD; ]ocifjr}paomacgif;aqmifrsm;ESif hn§dEdIif;wdkifyifcJhMuonf/
(rSwfcsuf/ /xdktcsdefu ]wdkYArmtpnf;t&Hk;}acgif;aqmifydkif;wGif oabmxm;uJGvJGí tkyfpkESpfpk
jzpfaeonf/ ocifu, kd af wmfridI ;f ? ocifjrwdYkuwpftyk pf ?k ocifxeG ;f tkyEf iS hf ocifApdew f Ykdu wpftyk pf jk zpf
aeonf/)
ra&S;raESmif;rSmyif &efukefNrdKY&Sd *syefaumifppf0efonf ocifxGef;tkyfESifhvQdK0SufpGmqufoG,frd
&mrS t*Fvyd t f pd;k &udak wmfveS &f eftwGuf ppfoifwef;wufrnfh vli,frsm;ac:,lvakd Mumif; urf;vSr;f &m
ocifxeG ;f tkyu f vnf; olu, kd w f ikd af cgif;aqmifí olwYkd\ wdYkArmtpnf;t&H;k rS vli,ftcsKd Yukd pnf;&H;k NyD;
*syefodkYvdkufygrnf[k uwday;vdkufonf/
ÄÄÄ
&efukefNrdKYwGif AdkvfrSL;BuD;qlZluD;u ArmhxGuf&yf*dkPf;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm;ajymjyonfhtwdkif;
vsifjrefou G v f ufomG vIy&f mS ;pDpOfvu kd &f m rsm;rMumrD ocifatmifqef;ESihf ocifvNS rdKifwYkd onf (w&kwf
jynfrBuD;twGi;f odYk 0ifa&muf&efBudK;pm;aecdu k )f *syefwYkdvmac:ojzifh wdu k sKd NrdKUodYk a&mufomG ;awmhonf/
ordkif;okawoDwdkYrSwfom;p&mum; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;jzpfvmrnfh ocifatmifqef;*syefEdkifiH
wdkusdKNrdKYodkYa&mufoGm;aomaeYrSm 1940jynfhESpf Edk0ifbmv 12&ufaeYjzpfonf[líyifwnf;/
wdu k sdKNrdKYwiG f ocifatmifqef;onf ]Adv k rf ;kd BudK;}jzpfvmrnfh ]ume,fqZl u l ;D }ESihf yxrqH;k tBudrf
awGUqHck &hJ &m pwifawGUcsdeüf t*Fvyd v f wkd wfuRrf;ol *syefwpfO;D u Adv k rf ;kd BudK;tm; ppfzufrAS v kd rf LS ;BuD;
[krajymbJ ]rpöwmrDemrD}trnf&Sd t&yfom;wpfOD;taetjzpfom rdwfqufay;cJhonf/
(rSwcf su/f /trSeu f Adv k rf LS ;BuD;qlZu l ;D onf ol\emrnf0u S f ]rpöwmrDemrD}udyk if qufvuftoH;k
jyKaeaomaMumifjh zpfonf/ ]rDemrD}[laom *syeftrnfuvnf; t"dygÜ ,f&ydS gonf/ ocifatmifqef;tyg
t0if &JabmfoHk;usdyftm; ppfynmoifMum;ay;&ef wm0efusaom vQdKU0SuftzJGtpnf;trnfu ]rDemrD
uDuef}(MINAMI KIKAN)jzpfonf/ ,if;tzJUG rS *syeft&m&Srd sm;onf &Jabmfo;kH usyd \ f enf;jyq&mrsm;
yif jzpfonf/ xkdq&mrsm;xJrS toufxif&Sm;&Sdaeao;ol tenf;i,frQom usefawmh&m ,if;wdkYtm;
1981-ckESpfu ArmEdkifiHrS tjrifhqHk;bJGxl;*kPfxl; ]atmifqef;wHcGef}bJGcsD;jr§ifhcJhonf/ ,if;odkYcsD;jr§ifhcH
cJh&olwpfOD;jzpfaom rpöwmtDZl;rD;,m;(IZUMIYA)onf olwdkY\ vQdK0SuftzJGUtpnf;taMumif;
]rDemrDuDuef}[lí pmtkyfwpftkyfa&;om;cJh&m jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? owif;ESifhpme,fZif;vkyfief;rS
pmtkyt f jzpf&u kd Ef ydS jf zefYcscD yhJ gonf/ ]rDemrD}[laom *syefa0g[m&\t"dygÜ ,fuawmh]awmifbuf}jzpfonf/
ta&SU? taemuf? awmif? ajrmuf t&yfav;rsufESm\ awmifbufjzpfonf/ uDuef KIKANuawmh
tzJUG tpnf;[kt"dygÜ ,f&ygonf/ ArmjynfrS NAdwo d QqefYusiaf &;vli,frsm;tm; vQKd U0Supf mG ][dik ef ef} uRe;f ü
ppfynmoifMum;ay;&rnfh wm0ef&Sdaom tzJGUtpnf;tjzpf ]rDemrDuDuef}[laom trnf0SufoHk;
cJjh cif;jzpfonf/ tzJUG tBuD;tuJ ume,fqZl u l ;D onf ol\trnf0u S u f v kd nf; ]rDemrD}[k,cl jhJ cif;jzpfonf)
odYkaomf vlcsi;f pwifawGUcsed u f om emrnf0u S f ]rDemrD}[krw d q f ufcahJ omfvnf; aemufyikd ;f rMumrD
Adv k rf LS ;BuD;qlZu l ;D onf ol\emrnftrSezf iG ahf jymNyí ocifatmifqef;ESiw hf uG &Jabmfo;kH usdyw f Ykd oo d mG ;
cJhMuonf/
þae&mwGif &Jabmfo;kH usyd w f Ukd taMumif; tenf;i,fjznfpu G w f ifjy&ygrnf/ ocifu, kd af wmfriId ;f ?
ocifjrwdYkacgif;aqmifaom wdUk Armtpnf;t&H;k rS a&G;cs,af pvTwv f u kd o f rl sm;rSm ocifatmifqef;? ocif
vSaz(Adv k vf ufsm)? ocifvNS rdKif (Adv k &f efatmif)? ocifpv H idI f (Adv
k rf LS ;atmif)? ocifapmvGif (Adv k rf if;acgif)?
udv k aS rmif(Adv k af Z,s)? ukx d eG ;f &Sed (f Adv
k &f efEikd )f ? udak &T(Adv k af usmaf Zm)ponfwYkdjzpfNyD; ocifxeG ;f tky?f ocif
Apdew f Ykd\ wdYkArmtpnf;t&H;k wpfjcrf;rS apvTwo f rl sm;uawmh ocif&aI rmif(Adv k af e0if;)? ocifatmifoef;
(AdkvfpBuFm)? ocifxGef;tkyf(AdkvfjrifhaqG)? Adkvfrdk;ndK? Adkvfapmatmif? Adkvfapmaemif ponfwdkYjzpfonf/
ÄÄÄ
wduk sKNd rdKYwiG f Adv k rf LS ;BuD; ]qlZu l ;D }onf ocifatmifqef;qdo k t l m;pdw0f ifpmrdojzifh avhvmtuJ
cwfMunfhcJhonf/ &efukefNrdKY&Sd ]xGuf&yf*dkPf}acgif;aqmfirsm;u w&kwfjynfodkYBudKwifxGufoGm;ESifhol
]atmifqef;}onf Edik if aH &;odyyHÜ nmudk txl;BudK;pm;avhvmxm;NyD; Edik if aH &;tawG;tac:? tajrmftjrif
&Sad om xufjrufonfh vli,facgif;aqmifwpfO;D jzpfygonf[k ajymvdu k í f vnf; Adv k rf LS ;BuD;]qlZu l ;D }u
atmifqef;tm; pdwf0ifpm;rdvsuf tuJcwfMunfhcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
]qlZu l ;D }onf t*Fvyd pf um;udk txl;ruRrf;usifaomfvnf; wpfzufom;em;vnfatmifajymqdk
aqG;aEG;Edik o f jzifh ocifatmifqef;ESi&hf if;ES;D atmifqufqNH yD; aqG;aEG;cJo h nf/ þwGi]f ocifatmifqef;}
onf omrefvli,fwpfOD;ESifhrwlbJ wpfrlxl;jcm;oltjzpf tuJcwfoHk;oyfrdonf/ t&ufraomuf?
aq;vdyfraomuf? vlif,wdkYbm0 taysmftyg;vdkufpm;&efvnf; vHk;0pdwfr0ifpm;bJ ol\wdkif;jynf
(ArmEdkifiH)NAdwdoQvufatmuf uRefoabmufb0rS vGwfajrmufa&;udkom wpfpdkufrwfrwf pdwftm&Hk
pl;pdu
k af eoljzpfaMumif;ay:vGiv f monf/ ocifatmifqef;\ ESv;kH om;xJwiG w f pfcwk nf;aom tm&Hpk u kd f
rI(WBESSION)um; ArmhvGwfvyfa&;yifjzpfaMumif; AdkvfrSL;BuD; ]qlZluD;}u odjrifoabmaygufvm
&m þvli,fum; ]tem*wfArmEdkifiHtwGuf tm;udk;&xdkufavmufatmif xl;cRefxufjrufaom
acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfEdkifayonfwum;} [k wpfxpfcs ,lqvdkufawmhonf/
xdkYaemuf ESpfa,mufom; a&SUvkyfief;pOfrsm; n§dEdIif;aqG;aEG;&ef ArmEdkifiHrS usefvli,frsm;tm;
*syefodkY vQdKY0SufpGmac:,la&;udpu ö dkygaqG;aEG;cJhMuonf/
usefvli,frsm;udkac:,l&ef ocifatmifqef;udk,fwdkifyif vQdK0SufpGm ArmjynfodkYjyefvmNyD;
*syefppfzuf(a&wyfrawmf)\ tultnDjzifh usefvli,frsm;udkac:,l&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufMuonf/
odYkEiS yhf if ocifatmifqef;onf ol\ yifu, kd t
f *Fg&kyu
f akd zsmu f vsuf &kyzf suuf m 1941-ckEpS q f ef;
wGif ArmEdkifiHodkY vQdKY0SufpGmjyefvnf0ifa&mufvmcJh&avonf/ xdkaemuf tpDtpOftwdkif; &efukefNrdKrS
&Jabmfo;kH usyd v f il ,frsm;tm; *syefa&wyfrawmfoabFmwpfp;D jzifh vQKd U0Supf mG ac:,lNyD; *syefEikd if o H Ykd xGucf mG
oGm;cJhavonf/
ocifatmifqef;(Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;)taejzifh *syefEikd if o H Ykd 'kw,d tBudrf a&muf&o dS mG ;aomaeYum;
1941-ckESpf rwfv 27&uaeYjzpfygonf/
1945-ckEpS w f iG f taumiftxnfay:cJah om ordik ;f rSww f rf;0if ]zufqpfawmfveS af &;}BuD; pwifchJ
onfhaeYuvnf; rwfv 27&ufaeY(,aeYwyfrawmfaeY)jzpfaejcif;rSm xl;qef;aomwdkufqdkifrIwpfck[k
qdk&rnfjzpfygownf;/
pwdkifopf(rwfv 1995)
ÄÄÄ
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh zufqpfawmfvSefa&;
1945-ckESpf Mo*kwfvqef;ujzpfygonf/ *syefwGif [D&dk;&SD;rm;ESifh em*gqm*DNrdKYrsm;ay:odkY

tar&duefavwyfu urÇmhyxrqHk;tEkjrLAHk;BuJcsvdkufNyD;aemuf &ufydkif;twGif;rSmyif *syef{u&mZf
]][D&kd[Dwdk}}udk,fwdkif Unconditional Surrenderac: t<uif;rJhvufeufcsvdkufjcif;aMumifh urÇmh
ta&SUzsm;ü 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;NyD;qHk;oGm;NyDjzpfygonf/
(rSwcf suf/ /Oa&mywGirf l 1945-ckEpS ?f ZGev f uyif emZD*smreDuvufeufcsojzifh ppfyBGJ uD;NyD;ae
NyDjzpfonf/ pma&;ol)
&efukefNrdKYwGif r[mrdwfNAdwdoQwyfrsm;ESifhtwl taemufEdkifiHaMu;eef;owif;Xmersm; owif;
axmufrsm; t*Fvdyfppfowif;axmuf(War Correspomdents)rsm;vnf;a&muf&SdaeNyDjzpfonf/
wpfaeYwiG f zqyvtzJUG csKy&f ;kH wnf&mjzpfaom A[ef;&Sd trSw(f 8)ud, k rhf if;ud,
k cf si;f vrf;ü NAdwo d Q
owif;axmufwpfO;D u uReaf wmht f m;awGUqHNk yD;ar;jref;ygonf/ olar;jref;yHu k uReaf wmf\q&m Adv k cf sKyf
atmifqef;ESiw hf uG wyfrawmf(rsKd ;cspAf rmhwyfrawmfPBF)tm; oa&movd]k ESrd }f ovkad voHrsKd ;jzpfaeaom
aMumifh uRefawmfuvnf; rcHcsifí avoHwif;wif;? rsufESmxm;wnfwnfjzifh jyefajzcJhygonf/
ol\ar;cGe;f rSm-
]cifAsm;wdYk &YJ tBuD;tuJ atmifqef;eJY Armhwyfrawmf[m apmapmydik ;f uawmh *syefeYJ yal ygif;NyD;
Armjynfu NAdwdoQawGudk wdkufcJhw,f/ tckusjyefawmh NAdwdoQtygt0if r[mrdwfwyfaygif;pkeJY
qufo, G yf ;l aygif;NyD; *syefuakd wmfveS w f u
kd cf u
kd cf w
hJ ,f/ 'g[m 1944-ckEpS af emufyikd ;f ? usKyfwYkdr[mrdwf
wyfawGbufuta&;omNyD; *syefu&IH;edrfYpjyKaevdkY EdkifwJhbufudk 0ifyl;aygif;wmr[kwfvm;}}[lí
jzpfygonf/
xdak r;cGe;f udu k Reaf wmfonf rcHr&yfEikd af tmifemusn;f um xdt k *Fvyd of wif;axmuf\ rsuEf mS udk
aphaphMunfhum avoHwif;wif;jzifh-
]]No...No, That's not true}}
]]Edk;. . . Edk;. . . r[kwfbl;/ vHk;0r[kwfbl;}}[ktpcsDum atmufygtwdkif; jyefajymvdkufygonf/
]]'Dr,f usKyf&Sif;&Sif;yJajymr,f/ *sife&,fatmifqef;eJY olY&JYwyfrawmf[m cifAsm;wdkYzufu
ppfEdkifaevdkYEdkifwJhbufuajy;0ifyl;aygif;wmr[kwfbl;/ cifAsm;wdkYrEdkifbJ&IH;ae&ifvnf; usKyfwdkYwyfu
*syefurkd vJrG aoGawmfveS rf mS bJ/ awmfveS w f u kd cf u
kd zf Ukd vnf; tcdik t f rmqH;k jzwfxm;NyD;jzpfw,f/ cifAsm;u
tck rwfv(27)&ufaeYrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JYwyfu *syefawmfvSefa&;udk pwifcJhwmyJodw,f/
trSeaf wmh usKyfwYkd wyfrawmfupkd wifwnfaxmifwhJ &Jabmfo;kH usdyaf vhusifah epOfu wpfBudr/f aemuf
1942-ckESpfOD;u *syefwyfeJYtwl Armjynfudk0ifvmcsdefuwpfBudrf/ ESpfBudrfwdwd *syefudkawmfvSefzdkY
BuHpnfcJhzl;w,f/ 'gayr,fh taMumif;trsdK;rsdK;aMumifh tJ'DESpfBudrfvHk;rjzpfajrmufcJhbl;/ 1945-ckESpf
rwfvusryS J pnf;urf;wusawmfveS Ef ikd cf w hJ ,f/ 'DtaMumif;awGajym&&if t&SnBf uDy/J cifAsm;odcsi&f if
Mo*kwv f (29)&ufaeY &efuek Nf rdKYawmfcef;rudv k mcJ/h tJ'rD mS *sief &,fvaf tmifqef;u olU&JU*syefawmfveS f
a&;taMumif;tao;pdyf t*FvdyfbmomeJY&Sif;jyvdrfhr,f}}
þodkY uRefawmfu t*Fvdyfvdk jywfom;pGmajymvdkufawmhrS rsufESmjzLowif;axmufonf rod
romrsufESmysufoGm;NyD; EIwfqufumxGufoGm;ygonf/
ÄÄÄ
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;jzpfvmrnfh ]]ocifatmifqef;}}ESiw hf uG ppfBudKacwfe,fcsJUqefYusifa&;acgif;
aqmifrsm;onf Oa&mywGif 'kw, d urÇmppfBuD;pwifjzpfymG ;csed (f 1939)uyif Armhvw G v
f yfa&;udk NAdwo d Q
e,fcsJ Yorm;xHrS vufeufuikd w f u kd cf u kd &f ef qH;k jzwfcNhJ yD;aemuf acwfrv D ufeufuikd w f yfrawmfjzpfajrmuf
vma&;twGuf ppfynmoifMum;a&;ESihf vufeufc, J rf; &&S&d ef Edik if jH cm;tultnDukd BudK;pm;&SmazGaecdu k f
*syefjynfü MILITARISM]]ppfruf0g'}}vTr;f rd;k aecsed Ef iS w hf u kd qf ikd &f mrS rarQmv f ifb h J *syefwYkdEiS hf qufo, G f
rdcMhJ uygonf/
wpfenf;tm;jzifh ocifatmiqef;tygt0if e,fcsYJqefYusiaf &;tiftm;pkonf xdt k csed u f tjcm;
tultnDqdkí bmtquftoG,frSr&Sdojzifh a&G;cs,fjcif;rjyKEdkifbJ &&mtulktnDjzpfaom *syefwdkYESifh
vufwJGum acwfrDvufeufudkif wyfrawmfjzpfajrmufa&;udkom t"duOD;wnfcsufxm;ívIyf&Sm;
aqmif&u G cf MhJ u&ygonf/
pifppftm;jzifh Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESi&hf aJ bmfo;kH usyd w f Ykdonf *syefwYkd\ppfruf0g'? zufppfpepfukd
vHk;0vufcHjcif;rjyKvdkMuacs/ odkYaomf vufwpfavm rdrdwdkYwGif ta&;wBuD;vdktyfaeaom acwfrD
ppfynmoifMum;a&;? vufeufc, J rf;&&Sad &;twGuf *syefwYkdEiS [ hf efaqmify;l aygif;cJ&h av&m wpfaeYusvQif
rvJrG aoG *syefwYkdtm; awmfveS Mf u&rnf[v k nf; odxm;ESiMhf uygonf/ ,if;odYk*syefEiS yhf ;l aygif;tultnD
&,lNyD;rS *syefujkd yfawmfveS jf cif;udk urÇmt h jrifwiG f rnfoYkd&v dS rd rhf nfuv kd nf;aumif;? ta&Stm&SwiG f *syefwYkd
ppfa&;omaecdu k f ylaygif;NyD; *syefawGta&;edrrhf o S m *syefuakd wmfveS w f ukd cf u
kd Mf uonf[k a0zefc&H rnfukd
vnf;aumif; &Jabmfo;kH usyd af cgif;aqmif Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u apmapmuyif BudKwifwu G cf surf Nd yD;jzpfyg
onf/
xdYk aMumifh aqmif;ygtpwGif azmfjycJah om NAdwo d Qowif;axmuf\ar;cGe;f udk taMumif;tcsuf
cdkifvHkpGmjzifhajzMum;Edkif&ef AdkvfcsKyfonf aumif;pGmjyifqifxm;ygonf/ ,if;tcsufudk 1945-ckESpf
Mo*kwv f (29)&ufaeYu &efuek Nf rdKYawmfcef;rwGif Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ud, k w f ikd f zwfMum;&Si;f vif;cJah om
pmwrf;u aumif;pGm ay:vGifxif&Sm;apygonf/
]]'Dr,f usKyf&Sif;&Sif;yJajymr,f/ *sife&,fatmifqef;eJY olY&JYwyfrawmf[m
cifAsm;wdkYzufu ppfEdkifaevdkYEdkifwJhbufuajy;0ifyl;aygif;wmr[kwfbl;}}
t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh AdkvfcsKyfa&;om;cJhaom ,if;pmwrf;\acgif;pOfrSm THE RESISTANCE
MOVEMENT jzpfNyD; 1954-ckEp S u
f uRefawmfonf ]]zufppfawmfveS af &;ordik ;f }}trnfjzifh Armjyefc&hJ m
&Ir0r*¾Zif;wdu k rf S pmtkyt f jzpfyEkH ydS jf zefYcsDcyhJ gonf/
þae&mwGif pmzwfy&dowftaejzifh ordkif;tcsuftvufwpfckodxm;&efvdkrnfxifygonf/
,if;um; 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;rjzpfyGm;rDESifh ppftwGif;umvwGif *syefwdkYonf olwdkY\]]ppfruf0g'}}t&
tm&SwiG u f sLausmfrrI sm;ajAmifususjzifv h yk cf o
hJ nf[ h al omtcsufyifjzpfygonf/
xdYk aMumifh ,aeY]xdik 0f rf}[kac:aom w&kwjf ynfyikd u f Ref;udk *syefwYkd uusK;ausmford ;f ydu k x f m;NyD;
trnfuv kd nf;]azmfrq kd m} FORMOSA[kajymif;ac:cJo h nf/ xdYkjyif w&kwjf ynfyikd f ][kid ef ef} HAINANuRe;f
udv k nf; *syefwYkdu tydik pf ;D odr;f ydu k x f m;cJo h nf/ xku d Re;f ESpuf Re;f vH;k wGif *syefb&k ifah &wyfrawmf tajc
pdu k pf cef;rsm;xm;&Scd yhJ gonf/
ÄÄÄ
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom &JabmfoHk;usdyfwdkYtm; ppfynmavhusifhoifMum;ay;a&;udk
*syefMunf;wyfrawmfu wm0ef,al qmif&u G cf ahJ omfvnf; 'kw, d urÇmppfBuD;tm&Swu kd w f iG pf wifrjzpfymG ;
rDu txl;vQdKU0SufpGmjyKvkyf&avonf/ xdkYaMumifh &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifavmif;rsm;tm; *syefa&wyfrawmf
,leDazmif;0wfpHkrsm;0wfqifapvsuf a&wyftajcpdkufpcef;rsm;&Sd&mwGif vQdKU0SufpGmppfoifwef;rsm;ay;
cJyh gonf/
*syefwYkdu vQKd Y0u S pf pfynmoifwef;rsm;ay;cJo h nfah e&mrSm apmapmydik ;f u azmfrq kd m(,ckxikd 0f rf)
uRef;jzpfygonf/
]]&JabmfoHk;usdyf}}[lí a,sbk,soabmac:Muaomfvnf; pifppftm;jzifh wu,fwrf;ppfynm
avhvmoifMum;cJo h Ol ;D a&rSm (27)OD;omjzpfygonf/ rlvta&twGuu f (30)&So d nfrmS rSe\ f / odYk aomf
ocifatmifqef;wdYk EiS hf t,ltqrwlojzifh ppfoifwef;rwufbaJ ecJo h l ArmESpOf ;D udck sefvyS af omf (28)
a,mufomuseyf gonf/ wpfzef ,if;(28)a,mufteuf ocifxeG ;f tky(f ,ck uG,v f eG )f onf ppfoifwef;
vk;H 0rwufbJ tkycf sKyfa&;ESiphf rD cH efYcrGJ u I o kd mavhvmaeojzifh trSew f uf, ppfoifwef;wufNyD; ppfynm
avhvmcJholrSm(27)OD;omjzpfygonf/
Armvli,ftm;vH;k rSm vQKd Y0u S pf mG ppfynm pwifavhvmoifMum;csed u f yif *syefwYkd\ pD;yd;k wif;rm
pGmqufqrH ?I azmufjyefaomtawG;tac:tjyKtrlrsm;aMumifh *syefawGtay: pufqw k rf ek ;f wD;um *syef
qefYusifa&;pdwfawGjyif;xefvsuf&SdaeNyDvnf;jzpfonf/
azmfrq kd m(xdik 0f rf)uRe;f ü&Sad epOf wpfaeYwiG f Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf udpw ö pfcjk zifh wdu k sKd NrdKYawmf
odYk acwåomG ;a&mufc&hJ ygonf/ xdt k csed üf olEiS t hf ,ltqcsi;f rwlol ESpOf ;D teuf wpfO;D \ ud, k af &;ud, k f
wmtaMumif;rsm;aMumifh Armvli,frsm;tm;aoG;xdk;vIHaqmfay;ojzifh Armvli,f&Jabmfrsm;onf
csufcsif;yif *syeftm; awmfvSefykefuef&ef BuHpnfcJhMuygonf/
uHtm;avsmfpGm Armvli,fawG um,uHajrmuf awmfvSefykefuefjcif;rjyKrD jyefa&mufvm&m
,if;odkY rdkuf&l;&JtMuHtpnftjyKtrlrsdK;onf rnfodkYrS tusdK;r&SdEdkif,Hkru rdrdwdkY vltm;vHk;rvJGraoG
toufq;kH &I;H NyD; rlv&nfreS ;f csufjzpfaom acwfrv D ufeufuikd w f yfrawmfjzpfajrmufa&;vnf; taumif
txnfay:vmawmhrnfr[kwfaMumif; tm;vHk;em;vnfatmif &Sif;vif;ajymMum;jcif;jzifh xdktcsdefu
*syefawmfvSefa&;udk tcsdefrDwm;qD;EdkifcJhygonf/
þum; ,aeYjynfolwyfrawmfjzpfaeaom Armhwyfrawmf\ rlvtjrKaw[kqdkEdkifonfh
]]&JabmfoHk;usdyf}}wdkYyxrqHk;tBudrf *syeftm;awmfvSefwdkufcdkuf&ef BuHpnfjcif;yifwnf;/
azmfrdkqm(xdkif0rf)uRef;wGif *syeftm; awmfvSefykefuef&ef BuHpnfjcif;udk &JabmfoHk;usdyf\
acgif;aqmif AdkvfcsKyfu rvkyfjzpfatmiftusdK;taMumif;&Sif;vif;ajymjyNyD; wm;qD;cJhjcif;rSm ol\
tarQmt f jrifBuD;rm;rI? txl;ojzifh ppfacgif;aqmiftjzpf aoe*FAsL[menf;ynm xufjrufreS u f efaMumif;
udk xif&Sm;aponfh om"uyifjzpfygonf/
'kw, d tBudrzf ufqpfawmfveS af &;vky&f efBuHpnfcjhJ cif;um; 1942-ckEpS f ]bDtikd af tacwf} Adv k cf sKyf
ESi&hf aJ bmfo;kH usyd w f YkdO;D aqmifonfh Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmf? *syefb&k ifw h yfrawmf IMPERIAL ARMY
wyfrsm;ESifhtwl ArmEdkifiHodkYcsDwuf0ifa&mufcgp(jAdwdoQwyfrsm; ArmEdkifiHrSqkwfcGmxGufaecsdef)u
jzpfygonf/
AdkvfcsKyfESifhwuG &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifrsm; ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmft&m&Sdrsm;onf *syefqefY
usifa&;pdwf"mwfjyif;xefaeMuonfrSefaomfvnf; olwdkYtm; ppfynmavhusifhoifMum;ay;cJhaom
]]rDemrDuu D ef}}tzJYG raS cgif;aqmif Adv k rf LS ;BuD;qlZu l ;D (Advk rf ;kd BudK;)ESihf *syefenf;jyq&mrsm;udrk l rke;f wD;jcif;
vHk;0r&Sdonfhtjyif cifrifoHa,mZOfjzpfaerdMuygonf/
odYk &mwGif 1942-ckEpS Of ;D ydik u f pí ArmEdik if t H wGi;f odYk 0ifa&mufvmcJah om *syefb&k ifw h yfrawmfrS
ppfom;rsm;(txl;ojzifh) *syefppfzuf axmufvSrf;a&;(uifaywdkif)tzJG0ifrsm;onf Armtay:qufqH
&mü tvGepf ufqw k rf ek ;f wD;zG,af umif;aeygonf/ cdik v f akH omtaMumif;wpfpw kH pf&mr&Sb d J ]]w&m;cH}}[k
owfrw S u f m ppfaq;ar;jref;avh&o dS nf/ t*Fvyd b f momjzifh TORTUREac: ESyd pf ufenf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh ESyd pf uf
Muonf/ tcsKd YArmvlrsKd ;rsm;qdv k Qif *syef(uifaywdik )f u zrf;qD;ESyd pf ufppfar;&if; toufq;kH &H;I cJ&h onf/
(1842-ckESpf zufqpfawmfvSefa&; pwifcgp AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ armfawmfum;armif;ol
,mOfarmif;&JabmfneG Yf armif? ppf0efBuD;&H;k rS ppf&(J wyfxed ;f )tzJUG rSL;Adv k rf LS ;vSr;kd wdYk qv kd Qif *syefppfaxmuf
vSrf;a&;uzrf;qD;NyD; AdkvfcsKyf\ vQdKY0SufXmecsKyfpcef;ae&mudk ppfar;&m zGifhrajymojzifh towfcHcJh&
ygonf/)
xdpk Ofu *syefppfwyf\tjyKtrlrmS *smreDrS emZDtmPm&Si[ f pfwvm\ &ufpufMurf;MuKyfenf;
rsm;uJo h Ykdyif tvGepf ufqw k &f &HG mS zG,af umif;aom ]]zufqpf}}enf;rsm;twdik ;f jzpfaeojzifh *syeftultnDjzifh
NAdwo d QwdYk xrH S vGwv f yfa&;&awmhrnf[k apmapmydik ;f arQmfvifrh o d l Armjynfov l x l o k nf *syefwYkd tay:
rkef;wD;pufqkwfMuawmhonf/
tqdkyg ]]bDtdkifat}}acwf(1942)wGif *syefppfaxmufvSrf;a&;rnfrQtwifh&Jvmoenf;qdkvQif
Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmfacgif;aqmif &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f ift&m&Srd sm;udyk if &efvyk pf jyKvmygonf/ Oyrm-
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;\ ppfO;D pD;t&m&Scd sKyf Adv k rf LS ;BuD;aZ,s? vufaxmufwyfrLS ;Adv k rf LS ;BuD;vusmf wdYktjyif
Adkvfvufsm\vufaxmuft&m&Sd AdkvfAwifwdkYudk *syefppfaxmufvSrf;a&;u zrf;qDcsKyfaESmifonftxd
tajctaeqd;k vmcJyh gonf/ txufygudpyö wfoufí Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ud, k w f ikd f *syefb&k ifw h yfrawmf
ppfO;D pD;XmecsKyfxt H jyif;txefueYu f uG t f a&;qkv d u kd af wmhro S m Adv k af Z,sESiAhf v dk vf usfmwdYk vw G af jrmuf
vmygawmhonf/
]]cifAsm;wdkYrEdkifbJ&IH;ae&ifvnf; usKyfwdkYwyfu *syefudkrvJGraoGawmfvSef
rSmbJ/ awmfvSefwdkufcdkuf zdkUvnf; tcdkiftrmqHk;jzwfxm;NyD;jzpfw,f}}
þwGif Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmf\ acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfol &Jabmfo;kH usyd Ef iS w hf uG Armh Edik ahf &;
orm;vli,facgif;aqmifrsm;xJrS zufppf0g'udq k efYusipf w d &f o dS t
l csKd Yonf *syefwYkdtm;jyefvnfawmfveS f
wdkufcdkuf&ef vQdKU0SufpGmBuHpnfcJhMuygonf/
]]cifAsm;u tck rwfv(27)&ufaeYrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JYwyfu *syef
awmfvSefa&;udk pwifcJhwmyJodw,f/ trSefawmh usKyfwdkYwyfrawmfudkpwif
wnfaxmifwJh &JabmfoHk;usdyfavhusifhaepOfu wpfBudrf/ aemuf 1942-ck
ESpfOD;u *syefwyfeJYtwl Armjynfudk0ifvmcsdefu wpfBudrf/ ESpfBudrfwdwd
*syefudkawmfvSefzdkY BuHpnfcJhzl;w,f/
odkY&mwGif ArmEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh jynfolvkxltm; *syefqefUusifa&;pnf;&Hk;rIudk xda&mufpGm
rvkyEf ikd bf J ArmEdik if aH &;e,fy,füoabmxm;uJv G rGJ aI wG&adS eonfudk Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf odjrifum
pdwfysufrdcJhygonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh 1942-ckESpfu tajctaerSm ]zufqpfawmfvSefa&;}udk xda&muf
atmifjrifpGmvufawGYtaumiftxnfrazmfEdkifao;[kvnf; qifjcifoHk;oyfrdonf/
,if;udpEö iS yhf wfoufí Adv k cf sKyfu, kd w
f ikd af &;om;NyD;(29.8.1945)aeYu &efuek Nf rdKYawmfcef;rwGif
zwfMum;&Sif;vif;cJhaom ]zufqpfawmfvSefaea&;}acgif;pOfwGif-
xdtk csed f (bDtikd af tacwf)u ta&;ygqH;k ArmEdik if aH &;acgif;aqmiftm;vH;k vdv k rkd mS tusO;f axmif
rsm;xJa&mufaeMuNyD; useEf ikd if aH &;orm;rsm;uvnf; olwYkd\ t&if;&Siaf ygufpvlwef;pm;p&du k t f & awGa0
ai;idkifvsufyif &SdaeMuavonf[k a0zefoHk;oyfa&;om;xm;ygonf/
NAdwdoQtpdk;& ArmjynfrS rqkwfcGmrD zrf;qD;tusOf;csxm;jcif;cH&ol wdkYArmtpnf;t&Hk;0if
ocifrsm;onf AdkvfcsKyfwdkY\ *syefrsm;tay:oabmxm;ESifh *syefwdkYtm;qufqHa&;ESifhywfoufí
tcsif;csif; oabmxm;uJGvJGaeMuaMumif;owif;udkvnf; &efukefNrdKYudkodrf;ydkufNyD;rMumrD AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;udk,fwdkifMum;odcJh&ygonf/ bDtdkifatwyfrawmfacgif;aqmifydkif;uawmh tjrefqHk;*syefudk
awmfveS &f efqEáomum BudK;pm;Muygao;onf/ odYk aomf us,fjyefYpmG pnf;&H;k rIr&Sad o;jcif;? BudKwifjyif
qifrIqdkívnf;ajymyavmufatmifrvkyf&ao;jcif;wdkYaMumifh wu,fwrf;xda&mufatmifjrifrnfh
]zufqpfawmfvSefa&;}pwif&ef tcsdefumvESifhtajctaer[kwfao;[k AkdvfcsKyfuppfa&;r[mAsL[m
qHk;jzwfcsufcsvdkufygonf/
þum; &Jabmfo;kH usyd w f Ykdtaejzifh *syeftm;jyefíawmfveS w f u kd cf ukd &f ef 'kw, d tBudrBf uHpnfcjhJ cif;
yifjzpfonf/ Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;uawmh ppfraI &;&muRr;f usio f jl zpfonft h m;avsmpf mG rdr\ d &Jabmfvil ,f
awG tv[o toufqHk;&HI;&rnfhvkyf&yfrsdK;rvkyfoifh[k qHk;jzwfvdkufjcif;jzpfygonf/
ÄÄÄ
*syefbk&ifhwyfrawmfrS ppftmPmydkifwdkYonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;OD;pD;aom ]]ArmhvGwfvyfa&;
wyfrawmf}} BURMA INDEPENDENCE ARMY\trnfuv kd nf;aumif;? bDtikd af twyfrawmfonf
&efuek Nf rdKUudo k rd ;f ydu
k Nf yD;aemuf vsijf refpmG ppfonftiftm;wd;k wufvmonfuv kd nf;aumif; oabmrus
&Hkru pdwfrcsovdk oHo,rsm;vnf;jzpfcJhygonf/
xdYk aMumifyh if 1942-ckEpS f Zlvidk v f (28)&ufaeYwiG f ]bDtikd af t}wyfrawmfukd zsuo f rd Nf yD; ]bD'aD t}
ac: ArmhumuG,af &;wyfrawmf(BURMA DEFENCE ARMY)udk ppfonftiftm; wyf&if;oH;k &if;jzifh
omjyefvnfzUGJ pnf;vdu k o f nf/ Advk cf sKyfatmifqef;udk ume,f(Adv k Bf uD;)tqifjh zifo h m bD'aD tudk uGyu f J
apcJo h nf/
odUk &mwGif *syefjynf wdu k sKd NrdKU&Sd *syefxyd o f ;D ppftmPmydik w f Ykdu ArmEdik if t H m; (1.8.1943)aeYwiG f
]vGwfvyfa&;}ay;ygawmhrnf[k aMujimcJh&m *syefay;rnfh]vGwfvyfa&;}u wu,ftpfr[kwfbJ]twk}
omjzpfrnf[k Armacgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh pdwfxJrSBudKwifodaeMuonf/
odkYESifhyif 1943-ckESpf Mo*kwfv(1)&ufaeYwGif *syefu ArmEdkifiHtm; ]vGwfvyfa&;}ay;ygNyD[k
aMujimvdkuf&m tkyfcsKyfa&;tydkif;udk a'gufwmbarmftm; EdkifiHawmftBuD;tuJ(t"dywd)tjzpf cefYtyf
vdu k of nf/ trSeaf wmh t"dywda'gufwmbarmfukd *syefppfbufuyif tBuHay;tzJUG tjzpfun l oD a,mif
ESifholwdkYvdkcsifovdkBudK;pm;cJhMuygonf/
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf &Jabmfo;kH usdyw f Ykd tay: oHa,mZOfBuD;cJo h l ]rDemrDuu D ef}tzGUJ tBuD;tuJ
]Adv
k rf ;kd BudK; (ac:) Adv k rf LS ;BuD;qlZu l ;D }udv
k nf; ArmEkid if w
H iG f qufrxm;awmh/ 1942-ckEpS u f yif *syefjynf
odkYydkYvdkufNyDjzpfonf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udkrl AdkvfrSL;BuD;rS ar*sm*sife&,f(AdkvfcsKyf)&mxl;tqifhodkYwdk;jr§ifhay;um
Armhwyfrawmf\ ppfaoemywdESifh 0efBuD;tzJGUwGif ]ppf0efBuD;}&mxl;ygay;cJhygonf/
ppf0efBuD;&Hk;udk &efukefNrdKY OD;0dpm&vrf;wGif zJGUpnf;vkdufNyD;aomtcg AdkvfcsKyfonf Armjynfol
wpf&yfv;kH yg0ifvsuf zufqpf*syeftm; wpfceJ ufawmfveS yf ek u f ef&ef tcGit hf a&;&ayNyD[t k m;wufum
BudKwifjyifqifrIrsm;pwifaqmif&GufcJhygonf/
Armhwyfrawmf\ ppfonftiftm;ESihf wyf&if;wyfzUGJ rsm;wd;k csUJ &eftwGuf (&efot l *Fvyd uf w kd ukd &f ef
[k *syefwdkYtm;ajymum)BudK;pmaqmif&Gufavawmhonf/
xkdtawmtwGif; tdE´d,jynfa&mufaeol AdkvfcsKyfwdkY\vkyfazmfudkifbuf&Jabmf udkodrf;az
(OD;odr;f azjrif?h uG,v f eG )f ESihf vQKd Y0u
S q f ufo, G &f &Hrk u ta&SUawmiftm&Sr[mrdww f yfaygif;pkXmecsKyfEiS hf
em;vnfr&I &Scd yhJ gonf/
1944-ckEpS f Mo*kwv f (4)&ufr(S 7)&uftwGi;f yJc;l NrdKY&AdS rmhwyfrawmf pHjywyf&if;wGif wyfrawmf
acgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf Edik if aH &;acgif;aqmifrsm;vQKd Y0u S pf nf;a0;um Adv k cf sKyw
f ifjyaom ]zufqpfwu dk zf suaf &;
ESifhjynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzJGUcsKyf}zJGUpnf;&ef tqdkjyKcsufudk tm;vHk;uvufcHtwnfjyKvdkufMuonf/
wpfenf;tm;jzifh zufqpfawmfveS af &;twGuf pepfwus qH;k jzwftaumiftxnfazmfvu kd of nfh ajcvSr;f
yifjzpfygonf/
1944-ckEpS f Mo*kwv f aemufyikd ;f wGif Adv k cf sKyfonf zufqpfawmfveS af &;twGuf BudKwifjyifqif
rIrsm;ydkí vsifjrefoGufvufpGm BudK;pm;aqmif&GufcJhygonf/ wdkif;&ifom;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;udk t"du
tiftm;tjzpf cdik rf mpGm&nf&, G cf sufxm;olyyD D wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsdK;pkvil ,frsm;udv k nf; pnf;&H;k odr;f oGi;f
vsuf wyfrawmfwyf&if;wyfzJGUtoD;oD;odkY0ifa&muftrIxrf;apcJhygonf/
,if;odkY tylwjyif; jyifqif&efvnf; tdEd́, Arme,fpyfppfa&;tajctaet&txl;vdktyfvmNyD
jzpfygonf/
xdkYaMumifhyifvQif Armhordkif;wGif rBuHKpzl;xl;uJpGmaompnf;vHk;rIjzifh jynfolwpf&yfvHk;
]vSnf;aeavSatmif; jrif;aZmif;ygrusef}yg0ifqifEJGatmifyJGcHEdkifcJhonfh ]zufqpfawmfvSefa&;MuD;}onf
1945-ckESpf rwfv(27)&ufaeYwGif wpfcJeuftaumiftxnfay:vmcJhjcif;jzpfygonf/
]]'gayr,fh taMumif;trsdK;rsdK;aMumifh tJ'DESpfBudrfvHk;rjzpfajrmufcJhbl;/
1945-ckESpf rwfvusrSyJ pnf;urf;wusawmfvSefEdkifcJhw,f/ 'DtaMumif;
awGajym&&if t&SnfBuDyJ/ cifAsm;odcsif&if Mo*kwfv(29)&ufaeY &efukef
NrdKYawmfcef;rudkvmcJh/ tJ'DrSm *sife&,fvfatmifqef;u olU&JU*syefawmfvSef
a&;taMumif;tao;pdyf t*FvdyfbmomeJY&Sif;jyvdrfhr,f}}
wuúodkvfae0if;
ÄÄÄ
twdwfrSt&dyfrsm;
odkYr[kwf
AdkvfawZESifhAdkvfrdk;BudK;
]ArmwdYk aemiftpOf
wu,fEdkifrnf . . ./
atmifyifv,frmS awmh
a&ndKacsmufcJhay;NyD/
aqmifykv’if uG,fNyD;awmh
a&TA[dk aysmufcJhavonf/
a&pD;wpfcg a&omwpfvSnfhrdkY
tm;ravQmheJY nD/
udef;&,f crf;&,f
qef;us,fygbd
pMumodkufwabmif
pmqkdajymifayonf}
ÄÄÄ
]tif;udk [oFmqif;rnf
qif;&ifav;eJYcGif;rnf
xdkrkqdk;udk xD;&dk;&dkufrnf
xD;&dk;udk rdk;BudK;ypfrwJh
pmqdk&Sdygonf . . . /
axmifhoHk;&mwpfckupí
&wemqdw k m
vdkwm&Edkifrnf . . . /}
þum; 1300-jynfEh pS t f a&;awmfykH (1938-39)twGi;f u tqdak wmf &ky&f iS rf if;om; cifarmif&if
oDqdk"mwfjym;oGif;cJhaom ]pMumodkuf}oDcsif;rS wpdwfwa'ojzpfygonf/
aqmif;tukef aEGtul; MunfEl;zG,f &wkrmotxl;ojzifh ESpf(50)jynfh a&T&wkwyfrawmfaeY
usa&mufaeonft h cgor,wGif txufazmfjyyg ]pMumodu k }f oDcsi;f udk txl;yif owd&wrf;wrdygonf/
taMumif;rlum; tqdyk g ]pMumodu k }f oDcsi;f onf 1300jynft h a&;awmfyt kH wGi;f u xGuaf y:cJah omf
vnf; aemufo;kH ESpcf efYtMum 1941 'DZifbmvukeEf iS hf 1942-ck ESpq f ef;umvwGif wyfrawmfEiS hf qufpyf
ywfoufvmcJhaomaMumifhyifwnf;/
xdok cD si;f udk ,ckEpS f (75)ESpaf jrmuf pde&f wkobifusi;f yawmhrnfh yJc;l NrdKY ]ae&S,ef ,fausmif;}ac:
trsdK;om;txufwef;ausmif;rS q&mOD;oufwifonf 1300jynft h a&;awmfyt kH wGi;f u Armvli,frsm;
rsdK;cspfpdwfEdk;Mum;wuf<uNyD; vGwfvyfaomudk,fhrif;udk,fhcsif;EdkifiHjzpfatmif &,lvdkpdwf EdI;qGay;onfh
taejzifh a&S;u&SdcJhonfh ]pMumodkuf}wabmifudk tajcjyKum oDcsif;a&;zJGU oDuHk;cJhygonf/
oDcsi;f trnfuv kd nf; ]pMumodu k }f [kyifay;um tqdak usmf &ky&f iS rf if;om; cifarmif&if oDqv kd suf
NAdwdoQbmrm;&kyf&SifukrÜPDrS "mwfjym;oGif;jzefYcsDcJh&m wpfEdkifiHvHk; ysHYESHYausmfMum;oGm;cJhygonf/
toHaumif; tqdkydkifol rif;om;cifarmif&if txl;vIdufvSJpGmoDqdkxm;yHku qJGaqmifrItvGef
aumif;ojzifh Mum;&olvil ,ftaygif;wdYk onf ]pMumodu k }f oDcsi;f aMumifh rsm;rMumrD NAdwo d Qe,fcsUJ vuf
atmuf uRefoabmufb0rS igwdkYvGwfajrmufMuawmhtHh[k tm;wufvmcJhMuawmhonf/ xkdYaMumifh
,if; ]pMumodkuf}oDcsif;udk ArmhvGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rItaxmuftuljyK aw;wpfyk'ftjzpf ordkif;wGif
rSwfwrf;wifxm;oifhaMumif; *DwavmurS acgif;aqmifydkif;u ajymqdka&;om;tBuHjyKcJhMuygonf/
ÄÄÄ
,aeYjynfoYl wyfrawmfjzpfvmaom Armhwyfrawmf\ rlvtjrKawjzpfco hJ nfh ]&Jabmfo;kH usyd }f udk
ocifatmifqef;acgif;aqmifvsuf ]rDemrDuu D ef}ac: *syefppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;tzJUG \tultnDjzifh 1941-
ckESpfu [dkifeefuRef;wGif vIdU0SufpGmppfynmavhusifhoifMum;ay;cJhygonf/
([dik ef efuRe;f onf ,aeY w&kwjf ynfyikd u f Re;f wpfuRe;f jzpfovdk rlvuvnf; w&kwjf ynfyikd f jzpfchJ
onf/ odYkaomf 'kw, d urÇmppfrjzpfr*D syefwiG f tmPm&tpd;k &\ ppfruf0g' MILITARISMt& [dik ef ef
uRe;f ESiwhf uG ,aeY]xdik 0f rf}[kac:aomuRe;f udyk g *syefwYkduusK;ausmo f rd ;f ydu
k x
f m;onf/ xdik 0f rfuv kd nf;
]azmfrdkqm} [ktrnfajymif;cJhonf/ xdkYaMumifh &JabmfoHk;usdyftm; vQdKY0SufpGm ppfynmoifMum;ay;pOfu
][kdifeef}onf *syefwdkYvuf0,fa&mufaeNyD; *syefbk&ifha&wyfrawmf tajc pdkufpcef;wpfckjzpfcJhonf/)
ocifatmifqef;trSL;jyKaom &Jabmfo;kH usdyw f Ykd onf [dik ef efuRef;ü vQdKY0u S pf mG ynmoifMum;NyD;
aemuf ppfoifwef;NyD;qHk;oGm;ojzifh 1941-ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif xdkif;EdkifiHodkY a&muf&SdvmMuonf/
olwdkYtm; ppfynmoifMum;ay;cJhaom ]rDemrDuDuef}tzJGUacgif;aqmifAdkvfrSL;BuD;qlZluD;ESifhwuG *syef
enf;jyq&mrsm;vnf;vdkufygvmcJhonf/
tpDtpOfuawmh xdkif;EdkifiH AefaumufNrdKYwGif ArmEdkifiHrS NAdwdoQe,fcsJUwyfrsm;tm; wdkufcdkuf
armif;xkw&f eftwGuf ]Armhvw G vf yfa&;wyfrawmf}BURMA INDEPENDENCE ARMY(BIA)trnf
jzifh vufeufudkifwyfrawmf pwifzJGUpnf;wnfaxmif&efyifjzpfonf/
,if;tpDtpOftwdkif; 1941-ck 'DZifbm(26)&ufaeYwGif AefaumufNrdKYwGif tajcpdkufaexdkifol
ArmvlrsdK; rsdK;cspfyk*dK¾ vfwpfOD;jzpfaom OD;vGef;az\aetdrfü xdkif;EdkifiH&Sd ArmtrsdK;om;usef;rmoefpGrf;
olrsm;pkpnf;vsuf Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmf(bDtikd af t)udpk wifwnfaxmifvu kd Mf uawmhonf/ xkpd Of
u &Jabmfo;kH usdyw f Ykd vufarmif;aoG;azmufaomufí vGwv f yfa&;twGuf opömqdck MhJ ujcif;onfvnf;
wyfrawmfordkif;wGif armfuGef;wifxm;&rnfh jzpf&yfwpfckyifjzpfygonf/
ÄÄÄ
xdtk csed üf ta&SYtm&SwiG f ppfruftiftm;tBuD;qH;k jzpfaom *syefEikd if o H nf xdik ;f Edik if EH iS hf r[mrdwf
pmcsKyfcsKyfqdkxm;vdkufNyD;jzpf&m xdkif;EdkifiHu *syefppfav,mOfrsm; Munf;wyf wyf&if? wyfr[m? wyfr
rsm;0ifa&muftajcpdu k o f nfukd vufccH iG jhf yKae&NyD;jzpfonf/ xdYk aMumifv h nf; xdik ;f Edik if rH w S qifh *syefppf
av,mOfrsm;u 1941-ck 'DZifbmvtwGif;u &efukefNrdKYodkY ESpfBudrfwdkifwdkif avaMumif;rSvma&muf
wduk cf u kd Ef ikd cf jhJ cif;jzpfonf/ xdik ;f Edik if &H dS *syefMunf;wyfrsm;uvnf; rav;&Sm;? puFmylEiS hf ArmEdik if rH sm;odYk
usLausmf0ifa&muf&ef toifhjyifxm;NyD;jzpfonf/
AefaumufNrdKYwiG f &Jabmfo;kH usyd w f Ykd Armhvw G vf yfa&;wyfrawmf(bDtikd af t)udk zJUG pnf;wnfaxmif
vdkufcsdefü &efukefNrdKY NAdwdoQbk&ifcHESifhtpdk;&tzJGUwdkYonf NAdwdoQtrSwf(17)wyfrBuD;\tumtuG,f
,lvQuf tdajE´rysu&f adS eao;&m xdik ;f Edik if rH S &Jabmfo;kH usyd w f Ykd\vIy&f mS ;rIrsm;udk NAdwo d Qov l QKd rsm;rSwqifh
&efukefodkYaygufMum;a&muf&SdoGm;rnfudkvnf; pdk;&drfae&qJyifjzpfonf/
xdkYaMumifh &JabmfoHk;usdyfwdkYonf rdrdwdkYwyfrawmf ArmEdkifiHodkY csDwuf0ifa&muf&mwGif rlv
emrnfrsm;roHk;bJ emrnf0Sufrsm;toD;oD;,l&efqHk;jzwfvdkufMuonf/
þae&mwGif &Jabmfo;kH usyd w f Ykdemrnf0u S rf sm;,lMuyHo k nf pdw0f if;pm;zG,af umif;aMumif; wifjyvdk
ygonf/
&JabmfoHk;usdyfwdkY\acgif;aqmif ocifatmifqef;u ]AdkvfawZ}[laomemrnfudk,lvdkuf&m
oluo hJ Ydk yif &efuek w f uúov kd o f r*¾rwS qifv h mMuol udv k aS rmifu ]Adv k af Z,s}trnfu, kd vl u kd yf gonf/
&efuek Nf rdKYrS L.M.P.aq;ynm'Dyvdrk mbJo G ifMum;ay;onfh aq;ausmif;om;a[mif; ocifatmifoef;onf
olYudk,fol ]AdkvfpMum}[laomtrnf0Suf,lvdkufonf/ þwGif ausmif;om;oydwfacgif;aqmifa[mif;
ocifvSaz(umvuwåm;)uvnf; ]Adkvfvusfm}emrnf0Sufudk,lvdkufonf/
atmifvNH rdKYe,fom;Zmwd &efuek w f uúov dk of r*¾twGi;f a&;rSL;a[mif; udx k eG ;f &Sed o f nf ]Adv k &f efEikd }f
trnf0u S u f , kd v l u kd Nf yD;? ocifatmifqef;ESit hf wl 1940-ckEpS u f jynfyodYk BudKwifxu G o f mG ;cJo h l a&eHajr
tvkyform;acgif;aqmifocifvSNrdKifuvnf; ]Adkvf&efatmif}[lítrnf0Sufudk,lvdkufonf/
xdkYaMumifh &JabmfoHk;usdyfwdkY\ emrnf0Sufrsm;udk avhvmMunfhaomf
awZ - aZ,s
pMum - vusfm
&efEikd f - &efatmif
apmatmif - apmaemif
ponfjzifh uAsmqefqef um&HnDonfh trnfrsm;jzpfaeonfudkawGU&ygonf/
þum; ArmvlrsdK;wdkY\ ESvHk;om;xJwGif &dk;&mtpOftvmADZt& udef;atmif;wnf&SdcJhaom
uAsmvuFmta&;tom;ESpo f ufraI Mumifh &Jabmfo;kH usdyw f Ykd \ trnf0u S rf sm;onf uAsmqefaeMujcif;
ayavm[kawG;awmoHk;oyfzG,f&mjzpfaeygawmhonf/
ÄÄÄ
&JabmfoHk;usdyftrnf0Sufrsm;ESifhywfoufí pdwf0ifpm;zG,faemufwpfcsuf&Sdygao;onf/
'kw, d urÇmppfBuD;rjzpfru D NAdwo d Qbm;rm; &ky&f iS rf S 'g&du k w
f mOD;bZifonf ]&Ha&Tawmf}trnf&dS
toHxGufZmwfum;wpfum;&dkufcJhygonf/ Zmwfvrf;u yoDyHkjyifrS emrnfausmf ]&yfpwefESifhZdk&ufAf}
(RUSTUM AND ZOREB)ppfolBuD;om;tzZmwfvrf;jzpfonf/ ppfolBuD;om;tzonf om;tz
rSe;f rodbJ pD;csi;f xd;k wdu k cf u
kd Mf u&mwGif zatu olYemrnf MuHK;0g;vdu k cf sed üf om;uodNyD; acwått hH m;oifh
ai;aecdu k f zatppfoBl uD;u vQifjrefpmG "m;ESix hf ;kd vdu k of nf/ om;jzpfol aocgeDusrS olYom;rSe;f odNyD;
zcifppfoBl uD;,lBuHK;r&jzpfonfZh mwfvrf;jzpfonf/ ,if;Zmwfum;ü om;ae&mwGif rif;om;BuD;bwifu h
]Adv
k af e0if;}trnfjzifv h nf;aumif;? zcifBuD;tjzpf 'g&du k wf mOD;bZifu ]Adv k Af v}trnfjzifv
h nf;aumif;
&du
k u f ;l cJyh gonf/
xdek mrnfEpS cf v k ;kH &Jabmfo;kH usdyef mrnf0u S w f iG yf gaeaMumif; pum;pyfajymMu&if; q&mOD;jynfpkH
(aoG;aomuf)u ]tJ'DemrnfawG[m 'g&dkufwmOD;bZif&JY ]&Ha&Tawmf}Zmwfum;xJuemrnfawG,lxm;
wmyJAs}[k ajymzl;ygonf/
rnfodkYyifjzpfap pdwf0ifpm;p&mawmhaumif;ygonf/
uG,fvGefol &JabmfoHk;usdyf0if (ocifapmvGif) Adkvfrif;acgifuawmh ol\trnf0Sufudk Armh
ordkif;rS tif;0bk&if ]rif;acgif}emrnfudk,lcJhjcif;jzpfonf[kajymzl;ygonf/
wuúodkvfor*¾rS udkvSarmif(AdkvfaZ,s)uvnf; ol\emrnf0Sufudk tavmif;rif;w&m;BuD;
OD;atmifaZ,s\trnfrS ]aZ,s}udk ocifatmifqef;\ ]AdkvfawZ}trnf0SufESifhvnf; um&HnDatmif
,lcJhaMumif;ajymcJhygonf/
ÄÄÄ
,if;odkYemrnf0Suf toD;oD;,lMuNyD;aemuf ]bDtdkifat}wyfrawmfacgif;aqmif &JabmfoHk;usdyf
wdkYonf olwdkY\wyfudk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhtwl uGyfuJcsDwufrnfh ]rDemrDuDuef}tzJGUtBuD;tuJ
AdkvfrSL;BuD;qlZluD;udkvnf; emrnf0Sufwpfckay;&ef pdwful;&vmMuonf
emrnf0u S af &G;Mu&if; 1300jynft h a&;awmfyu kH ay:aygufacwfpm;cJah om ]pMumodu k }f oDcsif;udk
owd&rdMuavonf/
pMumodkufoDcsif;wGif ArmwdkYonf vGwfvyfaom udk,fhrif;udk,fhcsif;EdkifiHü ae&awmhrnf[l
ívnf;aumif;?
]tavmif;awmfvnf; vmcsdefeD;NyD xD;uewfpnf} [lívnf;aumif;?
]a&pD;wpfcg a&omwpfvSnfhrdkY tm;ravQmhESifhnD . . . } [lívnf;aumif;?
jynfow l Ykd ukd tm;ay;xm;onft h jyif oDcsif;\oHNydKiftyd'k u f vnf; tvGet f m;wufz, G af umif;
aeonf/
]tif;udk [oFmqif;rnf . . .}t"dyÜg,fum; tif;0udk [oFmiSuftrSwftom;jzpfonfh rGefwdkY
vmwdkufí tif;0ysufrnf/
]qif;&if av;eJYcGif;rnf}
xdktcgu av;vufeufpJGudkifaom rkqdk; odkYr[kwf rkqdk;zdk&Gmom;u OD;aqmifí jyefwdkufNyD;
tEdkif&rnf/ rkqdk;quf (ac:) ukef;abmifrif;qufjzpfvmrnf/
]xdkrkqdk;udk xD;&dk;&dkufrnf}
wzef rkq;kd (uke;f abmifrif;)qufukd paeeHx;D &d;k odYk r[kwf t*Fvyd rf if;wdYk wu kd í
f rif;qufjyKwf
rnf/
odkYaomf wabmifurqHk;ao;yg/
]xD;&dk;udk rdk;BudK;ypfrwJh pmqdk&Sdygonf . . .}
paeeHxD;&dk;onfvnf; Mum&SnfrcH/ tcsdefwefvQif xD;&dk;udk rdk;BudK;ypfNyD; rdk;BudK;vufeufcGif;
cH&aomaMumifh xD;&dk;ysufpD;vdrfhrnf/
þodkYqdkvQif ]pMumodkuf}oDcsif;rS tm;ay;csufudk toHk;jyK&ef taumif;qHk;[k &JabmfoHk;usdyf
wdkYu qHk;jzwfvQif olwdkU\ppfoifwef;enf;jyq&mtBuD;tuJ AdkvfrSL;BuD;]qlZluD;}\trnf0Sufudk
]Adkvfrdk;BudK;}[kay;vdkufMuawmhonf/
wenf;tm;jzifh ArmvlrsdK;wdkY\ &dk;&mtpOftvm"avht& twdwfwabmifrsm;,HkMunfwwf
jcif;udkvnf; toHk;csvdkufjcif;jzpfygonf/
,if;tcsufudk bDtdkifatwyfrawmf ArmEdkifiHtwGif;odkYcsDwuf0ifa&mufjcif;rjyKrD BudKwifí
vHIaqmif0g'jzefY&mwGif toHk;cs&ef &JabmfoHk;usdyfacgif;aqmifydkif;u tBuH&cJhygonf/
xdt k csed üf *syefEiS xhf ikd ;f Edik if cH sKyq
f x
kd m;aom ppfr[mrdwpf mcsKyt f & Aefaumufa&'D,t kd oHviT Xhf me
udkyg 0g'jzefY&mwGiftoHk;jyKcGifh&aeNyDjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh Armjynfolvlxktm; NAdwdoQe,fcsJYqefYusif
a&;pdwf"mwfEdk;Mum;wuf<uum vQdKY0SufawmfvSefa&;twGuf BudKwifjyifqifMuavatmif npOf
Aefaumufa&'D,Akd rmydik ;f tpDtpOfrS tqufrjywftoHviT chf yhJ gonf/
]Armajray:rS NAdwdoQe,fcJsUrsm;udkarmif;ESifwdkufxkwf&ef ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfBuD;
vmawmhrnf}
]rMumrD Armhvw G v
f yfa&;wyfrawmfBuD;u acwfrv D ufeuftjynft h pHEk iS chf sw
D ufvmygawmhrnf}
]ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfBuD; atmifjrefpGmzJGUpnf;vdkufNyD}
]ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfBuD; pwifcsDwufvmNyD? NAdwdoQwe,fcsJYwdkYtm; tjyKwfwdkufxkwf
acsrIef;ypfawmhrnf . . .}
]ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfBuD; ArmEdkifiHe,fedrdwftwGif;odkYa&muf&SdvmNyD . . .}
]NAdwdoQe,fcsJYwyfrsm;tm; tNyD;tydkifokwfoifacsrIef;ypf&ef ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfBuD;udk
]Adkvfrdk;BudK;}udk,fwdkifOD;pD;uGyfuJí csDwufvmaeNyD . . .}
]xD;&dk;udk rdk;BudK;ypfawmhrnf . . .}
]Adkvfrdk;BudK;wJh a[h}
þodkYvQif Aefaumufa&'D,dk Armydkif;tpDtpOfrS avoHjyif;jyif; tm;rmefwif;wif;ESifh npOf
BuHK;0g;um toHvTifhaMujimay;&m Armjynfolvlxku txl;yif pdwf"mwfwuf<utm;&Muoavmuf
&efukefNrdKY&Sd NAdwdoQbk&ifcH\ &kyfao;tpdk;&zJGUonf tvkdvkdwkefvIyfajcmufjcm;vmawmhonf/
tpOftvmADZt& twdwfwabmif ,HkMunfol Armwdkif;&if;om;trsm;pkonf ]pMumodkuf}
oDcsif;udk owd&um Aefaumufa&'D,dkrS ]Adkvfrdk;BudK;}vmawmhrnf[k aMunmjcif;udk tvGef tm;wuf
0rf;ajrmufaeMuonf/
]Akdvfrdk;BudK;qdkwm b,folygvdrfh}
]tif'ckd sKd if;em; (,ck AD,uferf)odYk wdr;f a&SmifomG ;cJo h l jrifueG ;f jrif;ckew
f u kd rf if;om;BuD;\ tquf
tEG,fxJrS ol&Jaumif;rif;nDrif;om;wpfOD;ayavm}
]yxrHbdk;bdk;atmifu,fq,fNyD; xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufxm;cJhaom pMumrif;uav;yJavm}
]rnfodkYyifjzpfap Adkvfrdk;BudK;ESifh ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfu Armajray:rS NAdwdoQ e,fcsJYwyf
rsm;tm; wdkufcdkufacsrIef;ypfawmhrSm aocsmaeNyD}
þodYkvQif 1942-ck? ESpq f ef;tcsed rf pS í Armjynfow l Ykdonf tvGepf w d "f mwfwuf<uaecJyh gonf/
]Adv
k rf ;kd BudK;}qdo
k nfrmS pifppftm;jzifh Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESi&hf aJ bmfo;kH usyd w f Ykdukd ppfynmavhusihf
oifMum;ay;cJah om ]rDemrDuu D ef}tzJYG \acgif;aqmif *syefAv kd rf LS ;BuD; ]qlZul ;D }jzpfaMumif;udk rnfou l rS
rodcJhMuacs/ &JabmfoHk;udsyfwdkYuvnf; &Sif;vif;rjybJaecJhMuonf/
,if;tpDtpOf\ &vm'fuawmh Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;(Adv k af wZ)wdYk \ bDtikd af twyf jynfwiG ;f odYk
0ifa&mufrdonfESifh atmufArmEdkifiHrS usef;rmoefpGrf;ol vli,frsm; tvHk;t&if;ESifh wyfrawmfodkY
0ifa&muftrIxrf;um qufvufcsDwufcJhMujcif;yifjzpfonf/
&efukefNrdKYodkYumuG,f&ef wm0efuscJhaom NAdwdoQtrSwf(17)wyfrBuD;(17 DIVISION)onf
vnf; pdwf"mwfysufjym;um upOfhuvsm;qkwfcGmajy;oGm;&awmhonf/
&efuek Nf rdKYukd 1942-ckEpS f rwfv(8)&ufaeYwiG f atmifjrifpmG odr;f ydu k Nf yD;csed w
f iG f Armhvw
G v
f yfa&;
wyfrawmf(bDtdkifat)\ ppfonftiftm;onf oHk;aomif;ausmf&SdaeNyDjzpfonf/
ÄÄÄ
]Adkvfrdk;BudK;}ac: AdkvfrSL;BuD;qlZluD;onf [kdifeefuRef;wGif ppfynmavhusifhoifMum;cJhol &Jabmf
oHk;usdyf0if Armvli,frsm;tm; oHa,mZOfjzpfvmrdavonf/ txl;ojzifh xdkvli,frsm;\acgif;aqmif
]AdkvfawZ}trnfcH]atmifqef;}tm; ydkípdwf0ifpm;rdojzifh *&kpdkufavhvmtuJcwfMunfhcJhonf/
atmifqef; odkYr[kwf AdkvfawZ\ udk,fusifhw&m;ESifh&dk;om;ajzmifhrwfrIudkawmh ppfoifwef;
rpwifrD wdu k sKd NrdKYwiG &f pdS Ofuyif avhvmod&cdS NhJ yD;jzpfonf/ ,if;aemuf [dik ef efuRe;f ü ppfoifwef;ay;&if;
tm;vyfcsed rf sm;ü ESpaf ,mufcsi;f pum;ajymqdak qG;aEG;jcif;tm;jzifh atmifqef;\pdw"f mwf? tawG;tac:?
&nfrSef;csufjyif;xefrIponfwdkYudk ydkrdkjynfhpHkpGmod&SdcJh&onf/
]Adv
k rf ;kd BudK;}ac: Adv k rf LS ;BuD;(aemufyikd ;f ]Adv
k cf sKy}f )qlZu
l ;D onf ruG,v f eG rf D 1959-ck 'DZifbmvu
*syefjynf&Sd ol\ Zmwd&yfajr ][mrmrwfql}NrdKYuav;ü ol tvGefcifrifoabmusoHa,mZOfjzpfcJhol
]AdkvfawZ}ac: atmifqef;ESifhywfoufí
]atmifqef;um; txl; &k;d om; ajzmifrh wfwnfMunfow l pfO;D jzpfonf/ ppfacgif;aqmif taejzifh
vnf; ol&owåd&SdNyD; ppfrIa&;&muRrf;usifonf/ olonf rsdK;cspfpdwftvGefjyif;xefwuf<uoljzpf&m
,if;rsKd ;csppf wd Ef iS w hf uG ol\ &d;k om;ajzmifrh wfrw I YkdaMumifh uREykf w f Ykdtm;vH;k u *syefjynfwiG v f nf;aumif;?
wyfESifhArmjynfodkYcsDwufcJhpOfuvnf;aumif;? atmifqef;tm; txl;av;pm;rdcJhMu&onf}[k yGifhvif;
pGmxkwfazmfcsD;usL;cJhzl;onf/
pwdik o f pfr*¾Zif;(arv-1995)
ÄÄÄ
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ udk,fwdkifa&; tw¬Kyw¬dtusOf;
1946-ckESpfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ppfNyD;acwfwyfrawmfudk OD;pD;uGyfuJ&ef r[mrdwf

wyfaygif;pkaoemywdcsKyf a&wyfAv kd cf sKyfBuD; ]armifb h ufwif}\urf;vSr;f csufukd vufrcHbJ wdik ;f jynf
vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;&&Sd&efudkom t"duOD;pm;ay;awmhrnf[k qHk;jzwfvdkufonf/
wpfenf;tm;jzifh olonf Edik if aH &;udk tcsdejf ynfv h yk &f ef qH;k jzwfvu kd jf cif;yifjzpfonf/ xdYk aMumifh
olonf zufqpfqefYusifa&;? jynfolYvGwfvyfa&; (z-q-y-v)tzJGUcsKyf\OuúXtjzpf tcsdefjynfh
wm0ef,cl o hJ nf/
wpfzufwiG rf l NAdwo d Qbk&ifcH qma':refprpfonf ol\tvdak wmf&d qmay:xGe;f ]&kyaf o;}tpd;k &
tzJUG ESihf wdik ;f jynfut
kd yk cf sKyf&ef BudK;pm;aecJyh gonf/ odYkaomf jynfov l x
l uk bk&ifcEH iS q hf may:xGe;f tpd;k &
udkvHk;0 vufrcH tm;ray;bJ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom ]zqyv}trsdK;om;wyfaygif;pkBuD;
udo k m wpfceJ uftm;ay;axmufcaH ecJo h nf/ txl;ojzifh 1946-ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dv(20)&ufaeYuusif;ycJh
aom a&Tw*d t kH v,fypö,H ]zqyv}jynfv;kH uRwn f vD mcHBuD;tNyD;wGif wdik ;f &if;om;jynfow l pf&yfv;kH u
AdkvfcsKyftm; axmufcHtm;ay;rItwdkif;twmonf qxufxrf;ydk;wdk;wufvmcJhygonf/
xl;jcm;csufum; omrefjynfolrsm;omru tpdk;&trIxrf;(0efxrf;)rsm;uyg AdkvfcsKyftm;
wpfcJeufaxmufcHtm;ay;vmMu&m NAdwdoQbk&ifcHBuD;rSm tusyf&dkufaeawmhonf/
,if;tajctaewGif Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf tBuHwpfc&k vmonf/ ol\tBuHu ArmEdik if o H nf
jAdwo d Qe,fcsUJ vufatmufuReo f abmufb0rSvw G af jrmufNyD; vH;k 0vGwv f yfaom tcsKyftjcmtmPmydik f
EdkifiHjzpfcsdefwefygNyD[k urÇmuodatmif a<u;aMumfwifjyvdkjcif;yifjzpfygonf/
urÇmuodap&efrS ArmEdik if o H nf vGwv f yfa&;ESihf xdu
k w
f efaeNyDjzpfaMumif;? t*Fvyd b f momjzifh
a&;om;a<u;aMumfrS jzpfayonf/
þwGif AdkvfcsKyfonf oludk,fwdkif t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh a&;om;cJhaomrdefYcGef;rsm;? pmwrf;rsm;udk
pkaygif;í pmtkyfxkwfa0&ef tBuH&vmygonf/
xdktcsdefu ola&G;cs,fxm;aom pmrlrsm;rSm-
À a&Twd*Hktv,fypö,HnDvmcH obmywdrdefYcGef; (1946)/
À ]zqyv} tzGJUcsKyf A[dkOD;pD;tzGJU oHk;vywfñSdEdIif; tpnf;ta0;rS obmywdrdefYcGef;ESpfck/
À rlvu *syefEiS hf yl;aygif;cJNh yD;umrS bmhaMumifh 1945-ckEpS w f iG f *syefukd jyefvnfawmfveS &f aMumif;
&Sif;vif;wifjyonfh ]zufqpfawmfvSefa&; ppfwrf;-1945} wdkYyifjzpfonf/
txufwYkd rmS Adv k cf sKyfu,kd w
f ikd f t*Fvyd bf momjzifh a&;om;cJNh yD; t*Fvyd pf m ta&;tom;? toH;k
tEIef; a0g[m&<u,f0yHk? 0guswnfaqmufyHkwdkYutp EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;yif csD;usL;Mu&avmufatmif
tvGeaf umif;vSygonf/
xdkYaMumifhyif AdkvfcsKyfonf ordkif;\ awmif;qdkcsuft& ArmhvGwfvyfa&; &csdefwefaeygNyD[k
urÇmudk wdkifwnf&efqHk;jzwfvsuf txufazmfjyyg ol\vuf&m t*Fvdyfbmom pmrlrsm;udk pmtkyf
xkwfa0&ef tBuH&rdjcif;yif jzpfonf/
pmtkyf\trnfudkvnf; AdkvfcsKyfudk,fwdkif a&G;cs,fcJhonfum; BURMA'S CHALLENGE
]]bm;rm;csJvif;}}[k toHxGufNyD; t"dyÜg,fuawmh ]]ArmEdkifiH\ pdefac:csuf}}[lí jzpfygonf/
wpfenf;tm;jzifh 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD; NyD;qHk;csdefwGif ArmEdkifiHonf bmaMumifh vGwfvyfa&;r&
xdkufygoenf;[k urÇmodkYpdefac:vdkufjcif;yif jzpfygownf;/
,if;udpö uRefawmfESifh wdkifyifaqG;aEG;csdefwGif uRefawmfu
]]Adv
k cf sKyfa&G;xm;wJh pmrlawGuawmh ajymp&mr&Syd gbl;? tvGeaf umif;vSygw,f/ 'gayr,fh tJ'D
pmpkudk a&;ol&JY udk,fa&;tw¬KywdåtusOf;udkyg xnfhoGif;azmfjyoifhw,fvdkY xifygw,f}}[k wifjy&m
AdkvfcsKyfonf acwårQ pOf;pm;NyD;aemuf vufcHoabmwl[efjzifh acgif;ndwfvdkufygonf/
]]aumif;NyDav? rif;ajymovdk ud, k af &;tw¬KywÜ tdå usO;f xnfzh Ykd igoabmwlw,f/ tydt k vdrk ygbJ
vdk&if;avmufudk tusOf;csHK;NyD; igudk,fwdkifa&;ay;r,f/ ightaMumif;iga&;wmudkawmh vlod&SifMum;
raMunmeJYaygh/ rif;uyJ pma&;q&mwpfa,muftaeeJYa&;w,fvdkY xifcsifxifMuygap}}
þodkY ajymNyD;aemuf AdkvfcsKyfonf csufcsif;yif ol\udk,fa&;tw¬KyÜwådtusOf;udk t*Fvdyfvdk
rlMurf;a&;om;&m uRefawmfu t*FvdyfvufESdyfpufjzifh tacsm&dkufay;&ygonf/
xdkYaMumifh 1946-ckESpfu Armhtvif;owif;pmwdkufwGif &dkufEdSyfcJhaom t*Fvdyfbmompmtkyf
BURMA'S CHALLENGE\ xdyfqHk;pmrsufESmü LIFE SKETCH OF THE AUTHOR ]pma&;ol\
tw¬KyÜwådtusOf;}[k t*FvdyfvdkazmfjycsufrSm AdkvfcsKyfudk,fwdkif(tjcm;vlwpfa,mufua&;enf;[ef
t*Fvdyfo'´gtm;jzifh THIRD PERSONjzifh)a&;om;cJhaomvuf&mjzpfygonf/
,aeY rsuaf rSmufacwf rsKd ;qufopfvil ,frsm;onf vGwv f yfa&;&NyD;rS arG;zGm;vmolrsm;jzpfMu&m
olwYkd taejzifh ]vGwv f yfa&;Adou k m}ESi]hf jynfaxmifpAk o d u k mausmf}Advk cf sKyfatmifqef;taMumif; avhvm
Edkif&eftwGuf AdkvfcsKyfrl&if; t*Fvdyfbmomvuf&mudk Armjyefazmfjyvdkufygownf;/
ÄÄÄ
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;jzpfvmrnfh (i,ftrnf ]armifxdefvif;})udk rauG;wdkif; ewfarmufNrdKYü
trdeYfawmf& a&SUaeOD;zm-a':pkwYkdrS 1915-ckEpS ?f azazmf0g&D13&uf paeaeYwiG af rG;zGm;cJyh gonf/ rsKd ;&d;k tm;
jzifh aus;vufa'oae aMu;&wwfrdbrsm;rSaygufzGm;cJhNyD; bdk;pOfabmifquftm;jzifhvnf; ZmwdaoG;
Zmwdrmefwuf<uaomrsdK;cspfpdwf&Sdolrsm;rS qif;oufvmcJholjzpfonf/
a&S;OD;pGm ewfarmifNrdKY Armausmif;wGif ynmoifMum;NyD; qufvufí a&eHacsmif;NrdKY ]ae&Sife,f}
ac: trsdK;om;ausmif;odYk ajymif;a&TUynmqnf;yl;cJ&h m ][du k pf ul;}ac: q,fwef;atmifNyD;aemuf &efuek f
wuúodkvfodkYoGm;í txufwef;ynm&yfrsm;qnf;yl;cJhonf/
wuúodkvfwGif bDat(0dZÆm)bJGUudk tvG,fwulyif qGwfcl;atmifjrifcJhonf/ bDatatmif&mü
bmom&yftwJGtm;jzifh t*Fvdyfpmay? rsufarSmufacwfordkif;ESifh EdkifiHa&;odyÜHynmbmomwJGudk,lí
atmifjrifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
wuúov kd b f UGJ &NyD;aemuf bDt,fvaf c: Oya'bJUG ,l&ef acwåqufwufcyhJ gao;onf/ rlvuyif
ÓPfynmxufjrwfojl zpfí ynm&nfcRefqrk sm;? paumvm;&Sp(f ynmoifq)k rsm;&&Scd &hJ m t*Fvyd t f pd;k &
vufxufwGif txl;wdk;wufBuD;yGm;Edkifrnfh tvm;tvmrsm;pGmaumif;oljzpfygaomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;udk
tvGe0f goemyg pdw0f ifpm;jcif;ESihf Edik if t H 0Se;f xl;cReaf usmMf um;aom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif jzpfvmjcif;
wdkYu ol\ udk,fa&;udk,fwmtusdK;pD;yGm;wdk;wufatmifjrifrIudk t[kefYtwm;jzpfapcJhygonf/
(rSwcf suf/ /ol\ i,femrnf odYk r[kwf Zmwmemrnfu paeom;jzpfí armifxed v f if;[k ay;cJh
aomfvnf; ol\ tpfudkvwf udkatmifoef;trnfESifh um&efvdkufatmif ]atmifqef;}[k ajymif;cJh&mrS
aeYeHrudkufaom ]atmifqef;}[líom awmufavQmuftwnfjzpfcJhygonf/
jrefrmjyefol)
wuúov dk af usmif;om;b0wGif udak tmifqef;onf ausmif;om;xk\ tcGit hf a&;ESihf &ydik cf iG rhf sm;
&&Sda&;twGuf tvGefjyif;xefwuf<upGmta&;qdkcJhojzifh ESpfBudrfwdkifwdkif wuúodkvftmPmydkifwdkYu
olYtm; ausmif;rS xkwfy,fypf&ef Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif;cHcJh&\/ xdkYjyif wuúodkvfü oHk;ESpfwdwd ynmquf
oifch iG hf ydwyf ifonfh trdeYf wpf&yfxw k jf yefc&hJ m ,if;trdeYf onfyifvQif 1936-ckEpS w f uúov kd of ydwEf iS hf
wuG wpfEikd if v H ;kH ul;pufysUH yGm;cJah om ausmif;om;oydwrf sm;jzpfay:&jcif;\ t"dutaMumif;&if;wpf&yf
jzpfcyhJ gonf/
,if;wuúov kd o f ydwt f a&;awmfyakH Mumifh udak tmifqef;tzdYk qufvufynmoifMum;&mü tcsed f
wpfESpfwdwd tv[óukefqHk;cJh&ygonf/
&efukefwuúokdvfwGif&SdpOf udkatmifqef;onf ausmif;om;tzJGUtpnf;rsm;ü tvGefwuf<upGm
yg0ifvIyf&Sm;cJhygonf/ txl;tm;jzifh wuúokdvfor*¾\tmabmfr*¾Zif;t,f'Dwmtjzpfvnf;aumif;?
&efukefwuúokdvfor*¾\ 'kwd,OuúXtjzpfvnf;aumif; wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhygonf/
xkYd jyif olonf ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾(A.B.S.U)udk pwifzUGJ pnfwnfaxmif
oljzpfonfomru(aemufyikd ;f A-u-o [kac:Muaom)ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;or*¾\ yxrqH;k
OuúXtjzpfvnf; wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhygonf/
udkatmifqef;onf wuúodkvfausmif;om;b0uyifBuD;av;aomwm0efrsm;xrf;aqmifcJh&yg
onf/ Oyrm-
1938-ck ESpfqef;u &efukefwuúodkvftufOya'(UNIVERSITY OF RANFOON ACT)
jyifqifa&;aumfrwD (AMENDMENT COMMITTEE)wpf&yfukd tpd;k &uzJUG pnf;cJ&h m udak tmifqef;onf
,if;aumfrwDü wuúov dk af usmif;om;u ud, k pf m;vS,tf jzpfyg0if&ef a&G;cs,w f m0efay;jcif;cH&ygonf/
,if;aumfrwD\ aqmif&u G rf aI Mumifh txdu k t f avsmufw;kd wufaom ]wuúov kd Of ya'}wpf&yfjzpfay:vm
NyD; (xdkacwf) Oya'jyKvTwfawmfutwnfjyKay;cJhygonf/
udkatmifqef;onf pmay0goemygolwpfOD;jzpfonfhtavsmuf t*Fvdyf-jrefrmESpfbmomjzifh
aqmif;yg;rsm;udk pme,fZif;rsm;wGifa&;om;cJhygonf/ xdkYjyif ppfBudKacwfu wpfckwnf;aom Arm
ydik tf *Fvyd o f wif;pm ]e,l;bm;rm;}(NEW BURMA)\ t,f'w D mtzJUG 0ifwpfO;D tjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmif
cJyh gonf/
1938-ckEpS f atmufwb kd mvwGif udak tmifqef;onf wufvufp bDt,fvf Oya'bJYGoifwef;udk
qufvufrwufawmhbJ vH;k 0xGuv f ukd Nf yD; jrefrmhvw G vf yfa&;twGuf tcsed jf ynfEh ikd if aH &;vky&f ef qH;k jzwf
vsuf xdktcsdefu twuf<uqHk; trsdK;om;pdwf"mwfjyif;xefqHk;EdkifiHa&;ygwDjzpfaom ]wdkYArmtpnf;
t&Hk;} (ocifygwD)odkY0ifvdkufygonf/
,if;odYk ygwD0ifvu kd cf sed rf pS í ocifatmifqef;onf wdYk Armtpnf;t&H;k \ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;
rSL;wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhav&m 1940jynfhESpf Mo*kwfvtxdyifjzpfonf/ xdktcsdefwGif tpdk;&u olYtm;
zrf;qD;&ef 0&rf;xkwjf cif;cH&ygonf/ odYkaom Armhvw G v f yfa&;twGuf qufvufwu kd yf 0GJ ifEikd &f ef tzrf;
rcHbJ udk,fa,mifazsmufum ]ajrvQdK;}oGm;cJhavonf/
1939ckESpfuvnf; wdkYArmtpnf;t&Hk;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;tjzpf ocifatmifqef;tm; acwåzrf;
qD;cJzh ;l ao;onf/ xdpk Ofu tpd;k &aMunmcsuw f iG f ]ocifatmifqef;onf tpd;k &tm;tMurf;zuf awmfveS f
&efBuHpnfol}[lí azmfjycJhonf/
ocifatmifqef;onf ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m awmifolv,form;tpnf;t&Hk;\ tvkyftrIaqmif
wpfOD;tjzpfvnf; wm0ef,lcJhao;onf/ xdkYjyif 1939-40ckESpftwGif;u ArmhvGwfvyfa&;r&&atmif
pkaygif;wdkufyJG0if&ef pdwftm;xufoefol tiftm;pkrsm;? ygwDrsm;pkpnf;vsuf FREEDOM BLOCac:
]ArmhxGuf&yf*dkPfBuD;}udk a'gufwmbarmfESifhtwl yl;aygi;zJGUpnf;wnfaxmifcJhygonf/
ocifatmifqef;onf ]Armhxu G &f yf*P kd Bf uD;}\taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf; wm0efxrf;
aqmifcJhonfrSm t*Fvdyftpdk;&u olUtm;zrf;&ef 0&rf;xkwfí udk,fa,mifazsmuf ]ajrvQdK;}oGm;cJhonfh
tcsdet f xdyifjzpfonf/
1940jynfEh pS f rwfvwGif ocifatmifqef;onf tdE, ´d uGe*f &ufygwD\zdwMf um;csut f & wdYkArm
tpnf;t&Hk;(ocif) udk,fpm;vS,ftzJGUwpfzJGUudkacgif;aqmifvsuf tdEd́,jynf ]&rf;vm;}NrdKYüusif;yaom
tdE, ´d Edik if v H ;kH qdik &f m uGe*f &ufnv D mcHoYkdomG ;a&muf&if; a'oEÅ&A[kow k tvdYkimS Ak'*¨ g,m? Am&mPoD?
tvm[mbwf? tm*&m? a'vD? yuf&S0g? cdkifbmawmifMum;a'o? vm[dk? trfr&pfqm? tmruf'buf?
bHkab? umvuwåwm;paomNrdKYrsm;odkY avhvma&;c&D;oGm;a&mufcJhygao;onf/
ArmEdkifiHodkYjyefvmNyD;aemuf ocifatmifqef;onf &efukefwuúodkvftkyfcsKyfa&;tzJGUwGif
wuúov kd o f r*¾\ud, k pf m;vS,t f zJUG 0iftjzpf acwåwm0efxrf;aqmifcyhJ gao;onf/ wpfcsed w f nf;rSmyif
olonfe,fcsUJ qefYusiaf &;? urÇmppfqefYusiaf &;vIaH qmfrrI sm;udk txl;jyif;xefwuf <upGmjyKvyk cf yhJ gonf/
xdt k awmtwGi;f olYtm;zrf;qD;&ef t*Fvyd t f pd;k &tm;0&rf;xkwv f u
kd &f m ocifatmifqef;onf
tzrf;rcHbJ ]ajrvQdK;}oGm;vdkufonf/
udk,fa,mifazsmuf ]ajrvQdK;}ygaomfvnf; e,fcsJYtpkd;&ykvdyfESifhpHkaxmufwdkY\ tEÅ&m,futNrJ
&Sdojzifh ocifatmifqef;onf jynfwGif;wGifMum&SnfraeawmhbJ w&kwfjynf ]trdGKif}NrdKYodkY vQdKY0SufpGm
xGucf mG oGm;ygonf/ trdKG ifNrdKY&dS Edik if jH cm;om;rsm;aexdik &f m&yfuu G (f International Settlement)wGif
ESpv f cefYaexdik Nf yD; Armhvw G v f yfa&;wdu k yf t GJ wGuf Edik if jH cm;tultnDrsm;&SmazGaecJo h nf/ xdt k awmtwGi;f
Armjynf&dS ol\&Jabmf&b J ufrsm;u *syefppfbufEiS v hf QKd Y0u
S t
f quftoG,&f &Scd o hJ jzifh rsm;rMumrD *syefwYkd
u trdGKifNrdKYodkY vma&mufí ocifatmifqef;tm; *syefjynfwdkusdKNrdKUodkYac:aqmifoGm;ygonf/
olonf wdkusdKNrdKYwGif oHk;vceYfaeNyD;aemuf 1941-ckESpfqef;wGif ArmEdkifiHodkYvQdKY0SufpGmjyef0if
vmcJhygonf/ &nf&G,fcsufum; *syefwdkYua&;qJGay;aom pDrHcsufudk ArmEdkifiHrS EdkifiHa&;&Jabmfrsm;xH
wifjyaqG;aEG;&efyifjzpfonf/ ocifatmifqef;onf &efukefwGifMumMumraebJ ppfynmvQdKY0SufpGm
avhusifhoifMum;rnfh Armvli,fwpfpktm; wdwfwqdwfac:,lí wdkusdKNrdKYodkY jyefvnfxGufcGmoGm;jyef
ygonf/ ,if;odYk ppfynmvQdKU0Supf mG avhusifo h ifMum;NyD;aemuf xkv d il ,frsm;uyif acgif;aqmifí Arm
jynf&SdNAdwdoQwdkYtm; awmfvSefwdkufcdkuf&efjzpfavonf/
ÄÄÄ
ppfynmvQKd Y0u S pf mG avhusio hf ifMum;NyD;aemuf ocifatmifqef;onf 1941-ckEpS f 'DZifbmvwGif
xdkif;EdkifiH AefaumufNrdKUodkY vmNyD; *syefppfbuf\ tultnDjzifh ]bDtdkifat}ac: ArmhvGwfvyfa&;
wyfrawmfudk zGJYpnf;wnfaxmifcJhygonf/
xdYkaemuf olu, kd w f ikd f Adv
k cf sKytf jzpf Armhvw G v f yfa&; wyfrawmfuOkd ;D pD;uGyu f u
J m *syefppfaMumif;
rsm;ESifhtwl ArmEdkifiHtwGif;odkY 1942-ckESpfqef;wGif csDwuf0ifa&mufí NAdwdoQwyfrsm;tm; wdkufcdkuf
cJyh gonf/
Advk cf sKyfEiS whf uG ol\&Jabmfrsm;(&Jabmfo;kH usyd )f onf *syefrmS &Spd Ofuyif *syefwYkdEiS hf oabmxm;
uGJvGJrIrsm;&SdcJh&m ArmEdkifiHwGif;odkY *syefwyfrsm;ESifhtwl csDwuf0ifa&mufvmcsdefwGif *syefqefYusifa&;
pdwf"mwfrsm; ydkíyif jyif;xefvmcJhygonf/
Advk cf sKyfonf ArmjynfwiG ;f odYk r0ifa&mufru D ESihf &efuek Nf rdKUudk *syefwYkd u odr;f ydu k v f ukd cf sdewf iG f
*syefqefYusifa&; vIyf&Sm;rIjzpfajrmuf&ef BudK;pm;cJhygao;onf/ odkYaomftaMumif;aMumif;aMumifh
ratmifjrifcyhJ gacs/
Armhvw G v f yfa&; wyfrawmftwGi;f *syefqefYusiaf &;pdw"f mwfawG ude;f atmif;wnf&cdS jhJ cif;udu k m;
trsm;jynfow l Ykd uyifo&d adS ecJyh gonf/
]bDtdkifat} wyfrawmfom;rsm;\ *syefqefYusifa&;pdwf"gwfESifh ]bDtdkifat}qefYusifrkef;wD;ol
ArmEdkifiHa&;orm; tcsdKUu tcGifhaumif;,lNyD; *syefbk&ifhwyfrawmftm; aoG;xdk;rI? r[kwfrrSefvkyfBuH
rIwYkdaMumifh Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmf(bDtikd af t)udk *syefwYkduzsuo f rd ;f vdu
k Nf yD; ppfonftiftm;vnf;
avQmhcsvsuf bD'Dat ac: ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfudk jyifqifzJGUpnf;vdkufygonf/
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;udv k nf; ]ume,f}(Adv k rf LS ;BuD;)&mxl;tqifjh zifo h m ArmhumuG,af &;wyfrawmf
udkOD;pD;uGyfuJapcJhygonf/
1943-ck rwfvwGif Adv k rf LS ;BuD;atmifqef;? a'gufwmbarmfEiS hf tjcm;yk*Kd¾ vfEpS Of ;D wdYk tm; *syef
tpdk;&uzdwfac:í wdkusdKNrdKUodkYoGm;a&mufcJhygonf/ wdkusdKNrdKYwGif AdkvfrSL;BuD;atmifqef;tm; ar*sm
*sife&,f(AdkvfcsKyf)&mxl;tqifhodkY wdk;jr§ifhcefYxm;vdkufygonf/ wdkusdKNrdKYawmfwGif&SdpOf *syef{u&mZfESifh
awGUqHkcGifh&NyD; ]wufae}*kPfxl;wHqdyf(Third Class Order of the Rising Sun)bJGUcsD;jr§ifhjcif;
cHc&hJ ygonf/
wdkusdKNrdKYrS &efukefNrdKYodkYjyefvmNyD;aemuf olYtm; *kPfjyKonfhtcrf;tem;wpf&yfwGif AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;u ArmEdkifHtm; *syefwdkYu ay;vwHåU ]vGwfvyfa&;}onf wu,fhvGwfvyfa&;tppfr[kwf
aMumif;udk oG,f0kdufíajymMum;cJhygonf/
xdktcsdefuzJGUpnf;vdkufaom ArmhvGwfvyfa&;jyifqifrIaumfr&SifwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm;
tzJUG 0ifwpfO;D tjzpfceYx f m;cJyh gonf/ xdYkaemuf *syefwYkdu Armhvw G v f yfa&;aMunmvdu k cf sed wf iG f Adv
k cf sKyf
atmifqef;onf umuG,fa&;0efBuD;jzpfvmygonf/
Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;tm; *syefacwf vGwv f yfa&;ESpyf wfvnfaeYwiG f *syeftpd;k &u(First Class
Order of Sacred Treasure)ac: bJYG x;l *kPx f ;l wpfck xyfrcH s;D jr§ijhf yefygonf/ odYk&mwGif vGwv f yfa&;
ESpfywfvnftcrf;tem;wpfckwGif AdkvfcsKyfonf ,ck&&SdaomvGwfvyfa&;onf ]twkta,mif}om
jzpfaMumif; *syefqefYusifa&;rdefYcGef;wpf&yf bGif;bGif;BuD;ajymMum;vdkufojzifh ,if;rdefYcGef;onf wdkusdK
NrdKY xdyfwef;tpdk;&&yfuGufwdkifatmifyif *,uf&dkufoGm;cJhaMumif; owif;rsm;ay:xGufvmcJhygonf/
ÄÄÄ
Advk cf sKyfatmifqef;onf 1943-ckEpS rf pS í *syefqefYusiaf &;vIy&f mS ;rIjzpfajrmufatmif BudK;pm;cJ&h m
1944-ckESpf Mo*kwfvwGif ]zufqpfwdkufzsufa&; jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzJGUcsKyf}udk vQdKY0SufpGmzJGYpnf;Edkif
cJyh gonf/ Akv d cf sKyftaejzifh 1943-ckEpS u f ek yf ikd ;f avmufwiG f r[mrdww f yfaygif;pkXmecsKyfEiS hf vQdKY0u S pf mG
qufo, G rf Nd yD;aemuf 1945-ckEpS f rwfv 27&ufaeYwiG f zufqpf*syefwyfrsm;tm; twdtvif;wdu k cf u kd f
onfh zufqpfawmfvSefa&;BuD;udk OD;aqmifcJhygonf/
1945-ckEpS f pufwifbmvwGif Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; trSL;jyKaom Armud, k pf m;vS,(f 10)OD;wdYktm;
ta&SUawmiftm&S r[mrdww f yfaygif;pkXmecsKyfwnf&&dS m oD[Vkd (f oD&v d uFm)Edik if H uEéND rdKYoYkd zdwaf c:jcif;
cHcJh&ygonf/ &nf&G,fcsufuawmh *syefudkawmfvSefcJhaom rsdK;cspfArmhwyfrawmf(PBF)ESifh NAdwdoQwdkY
OD;pD;aom ArmEdik if pH pfwyf(BURMA ARMY)ESihf yl;aygif;jyifqifzUGJ pnf;a&;twGuf aqG;aEG;&efjzpfygonf/
NAdwo d Qa&wyfAv kd cf sKyBf uD;(r[mrdww f yfaygif;pk aoemywdcsKy)f avmh'af rmifb h ufwif u Adv k cf sKyf
atmifqef;tm; ]b&Da*;'D;,m *sife&,f}ac: Adv k rf LS ;csKyf&mxl;jzifh ppfNyD;acwf wyfrawmfukd OD;pD;uGyu f J
&ef urf;vSrf;ygaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyfu vufrcHbJ ol\vufaxmufwpfOD; (Adkvfvufsm)tm; a&G;cs,f
axmufcHay;vdkufonf/ oludk,fwdkifurl wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf qufvufBudK;yrf;vIyf&Sm;&ef
wyfrSxGufvdkufonf/
1945-ckESpf? Mo*kwfvwGif AdkvfcsKyfonf zufqpfqefYusifa&; jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzJGUcsKyf\
OuúXjzpfvmNyD; 1946-ckEpS f Zefe0g&DvwGiu f si;f yaom jynfv;kH uRwn f vD mcHBuD;(a&Tw*d n kH v
D mcH)üvnf;
Edik if t
H ESt
H jym;rS vlxu k , kd pf m;vS,w f pfaxmifo h ;kH &mausmw f Ykdu xyfrí H zqyvtzJUG csKyOf uúXtjzpf xyfrH
twnfjyKa&G;cs,fwifajr§mufcJhMuonf/
1945ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif NAdwdoQbk&ifcHu ol\ trIaqmifaumifpD(0efBuD;tzJGY)wGif
yg0if&ef yk*dK¾ vf(11)OD;trnfwifoGif;&efurf;vSrf;cJhaomfvnf; bk&ifcHuowfrSwfaom pnf;urf;csuf
rsm;udkrauseyfojzifh AdkvfcsKyfonf vufoifhrcHcJhacs/
okUd &mwGif Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; OuúXjzpfaom zqyvtzJUG csKyftm; jynfow l pf&yfv;kH u wpfceJ uf
axmufct H m;ay;aeMuojzift h *Fvef&dS NAdwo d Qtpd;k &ud, k wf ikd u
f ygvDrefvw T af wmfwiG f zqyvtzJUG csKyf
tm; vlx\ k t<uGi;f rJah xmufcrH u I kd twdtvif;0efc&H onfjh yif Armjynfb&k ifc\ H trIaqmifaumifpw D iG ;f
odYk zqyvtzJUG csKyftaejzif0h ifa&mufvmyg&ef tjrJwap]wHcg;zGix hf m;vsuf}yif&ydS gaMumif; aMunmcJ&h
ygownf;/ /
pwdkifopfr*¾Zif;(Zefe0g&Dv-1996)
ÄÄÄ
uRefawmfrarhEdkifaom q,fhudk;Zlvdkif
]]aysmufaomol &SmvQifawGU
aoaomol MumvQifarh}}
þum; ArmvlrsdK;wdkYajymaeus qdk&dk;pum;yifjzpfonf/
a,bk,stm;jzifh rSefuefaom qdk&dk;pum;vnf;jzpfyg\/
txl;ojzifh tcsdefumvMumjrifhvmaomf aoaomoltm;wjznf;jznf;arhavsmhum aemufqHk;
vHk;vHk;owdr&awmhaom tajctaejzpfvmwwfonf/
þodkYvQif a,bk,stm;jzifhrSefuefaom qdk&dk;pum;ESifhywfoufí cRif;csufawmh&Sdaeygonf/
,if;cRif;csufum; vGefcJhaom(48)ESpf 1947-ckESpf? Zlvdkifv(19)&uf paeaeYu jzpfyGm;cJhaom
Armhordik ;f wGif tvGetf &kyqf ;kd tusn;f wefNyD; rnfoYkdrS azsmufzsuyf pfí r&Edik o f nfth pGe;f txif;? trnf;
uGufBuD; (odkYr[kwf) EdkifiHawmfvkyfBuHrIBuD; jzpf&mrS trsdK;om;acgif;aqmifBuD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh
wuG taygif;ygtmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm; twHk;t½kH;ESifh a&wdrfepf usqHk;cJhjcif;onf tcsdefumv
rnfrQyifMumjrifhapumrl arhaysmufír&Edkifonfh cRif;csufjzpfonf[k qdkcsifygownf;/
txl;ojzifh (19-7-47)aeYu jzpf&yfEiS w hf uG ,if;jzpf&yfrwdik rf D wpfvtwGi;f ;u jzpf&yfrsm;udk
teD;uyfo&d cdS &hJ ol uReaf wmftzdYk rarhEikd ½f rHk u jyif;pGm emusn;f aMuuGjJ cif;? ,lBuHKr&jzpfjcif;? ajzrq,fEikd f
atmif ylaqG;0rf;enf;jcif; paom pdwfvIyf&Sm;rI'Pfudk ESpfpOf Zlvdkifv eD;uyfvmwdkif; tvl;tvJcHpm;
&wwfygonf/
bmaMumifh þodkYqdk&aMumif;udkvnf; ,ck qufvufazmfjyvwåHUaom taMumif;jycsufrsm;u
tajzay;Edkifvdrfhrnf xifygonf/
ÄÄÄ
1947-ckEpS ?f Zlvikd v f qef;wGif ]bDtakd t} ac: NAdwo d Qppfwyfyifr vufeufc, J rf; odak vSmifa&;wyf
rS b&if;*ef;? awmfr*D ef;? pwif;*ef;paom armif;jyefvufeufrsm;ESiw hf uG cJ,rf;usnq f eftajrmuftjrm;
udk ypön;f xkwf yHpk w H rk sm;jzifh romrmolwpfpu k xkw, f o l mG ;aMumif;udk Special Branch ac: &JwyfzUJG
XmecsKy\ f ]owif;wyfzUJG }u owif;&ojzifh jynfxaJ &;0efBuD;rSwpfqifh tpd;k &tzGUJ xH owif;ydYk tpD&ifccH hJ
ygonf/
xdt k csed uf jynfxaJ &;0efBuD; OD;ausmNf idr;f onf Edik if jH cm;c&D;xGuaf eí v,f,mpdu k yf sKd ;a&;0efBuD;
aysmfbG,fOD;jru acwåjynfxJa&;0efBuD;tjzpf wm0ef,laeygonf/
azmfjyyg vufeufcJ,rf;rsm; vdrfvnfxkwfoGm;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí tpdk;&tzGJUu vdktyfovdk
aqmif&Guf&ef acwåjynfxJa&;0efBuD;tm; wm0efay;vdkufygonf/
0efBuD;OD;jrvnf; jynfxaJ &;0efBuD;Xmeu wdu k ½f ukd u f yG u
f aJ om (aemufyikd ;f jynfaxmifpk ppf&w J yf
UMP jzpfvmonf/) aomif;usef;rI ESdrfeif;a&;wyfrS wyfpdwfwpfpdwfudk vufeyfcJ,rf;tjynfhtpHk
(armif;jyefaoewfrsm;tygt0if)ESihf Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;\½k;H cef; jyifbufwiG f vHNk cHKa&;wm0efrsm;csxm;
vdkufonf/
Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;\ oabmxm;udk odxm;ol 0efBuD;OD;jronf vufeufuikd w f yfpw d f vHNk cHKa&;
tapmifch sxm;jcif;udk Adv k cf sKyftm; vH;k 0todray;cJah cs/ xdYk jyif uRefawmfuv kd nf; ESpaf ,mufcsif;awGUí
½k;H cef;jyifbufü vHNk cHKa&;wyfpw d cf sxm;aMumif;udk Adv k cf sKyftm;rajym&ef arwåm&yfccH yhJ gonf/ uReaf wmf
vnf; tvdkufodpGmESifhyif OD;jrtm; uwday;NyD; AdkvfcsKyftm; rajymbJ aevdkufygonf/
odYk&mwGif uHq;kd csiaf wmh wpfaeY Adv k cf sKyfEiS u
hf Reaf wmfwYkd ½k;H bufvmNyD; Adv k af tmifausmv f rf;buf
wHcg;aygufrS ½kH;cef;odkYt0ifwGif rvSrf;rurf;&Sd b@ma&;0efBuD;XmebufodkY csdK;auGUonfhaxmifhem;ü
armif;jyefaoewfudkif &JabmfoHk;av;OD;udk AdkvfcsKyfuvSrf;jrifoGm;ygonf/
csufcsif; bmrSrajymbJ Adv k cf sKyfonf ½k;H cef;wGi;f odYk a&mufawmhrS uRefawmftm; ESpaf ,mufcsif;
ac:ar;ygonf/
]]a[haumif? igh½kH;cef;a&SUu vufeufudkif &JabmfawGu bmvkyfwmvJ}}
]]jynfxJa&;0efBuD;u vdktyfw,fxifvdkY vHkNcHKa&;tapmifhcsxm;wmyg}}
uRefawmfu &Sif;jyonfudk AdkvfcsKyfonf oabmus[efrwlyg/
]]rvdyk gbl;uGm/ ighukd b,fou l rSvnf; vkyBf uHrmS r[kwyf gbl;/ iguvnf; rpd;k &dryf gbl;/ igh½;Hk cef;
a&SUrSm vufeufuikd &f aJ bmfawG csxm;wmudk igrjrifcsifb;l / 'Dawmh rif;ud, k w f ikd f ckcsufcsif; jynfxaJ &;
0efBuD;OD;jrqD oGm;NyD; igu ñTeMf um;w,fvYkd ajym/ igh½;Hk cef;a&SUu vufeufuikd f &JabmfawGudk csufcsif;
jyef½kyfcdkif;vdkuf/ uJ... rif; tckyJ oGm;ajymayawmh}}
Advk cf sKyfu wdusjywfom;pGmajymojzifh uReaf wmfvnf;jynfxaJ &;0efBuD;XmeodYk tjrefomG ;a&muf
í 0efBuD; aysmfbG,fOD;jrtm; AdkvfcsKyfu trdefYay;vdkufyHkudk ajymjyvdkufygonf/
0efBuD;OD;jronf tvGefpdwfraumif;jzpfoGm;yHk&ygonf/
]]cufawmhwmyJuGm? igwkdYu vHkNcHKa&;twGuf vdktyfw,fxifvdkY vufeufudkifwyfpdwfcsxm;
wmudk Adv k cf sKyfu jrifomG ;wmqd;k wmyJ/ 'gayr,fh b,fwwfEikd yf ghrvJ? olYtrdeYf uv kd nf; wdYk uremcHvYkd
rjzpfbl;? igawmh pdwfraumif;ygbl;uGm}}
þodYk NiD;jiL;&if;ESiyhf if 0efBuD;OD;jronf oufqikd &f modYk w,fvzD ek ;f qufí Adv k cf sKyf½;Hk cef;ta&SUrS
vufeufudkif vHkNcHKa&;wyfpdwfudk csufcsif; ½kyfodrf;&ef trdefYay;vdkuf&ygawmhonf/
ÄÄÄ
xdak eY naebuf ½k;H rStrd o f Ykd tjyefwiG f Adv k cf sKyfonf pum;rsm;rsm;rajymbJ wpfpw kH pfcuk kd pOf;pm;
ae[efjzifh Nidrfae&if;rS ½kwfw&uf aumufcgiifcg uRefawmfhtm; ar;cGef;xkwfygonf/
]]a[h wdkYtdrfrSmaewJh&JabmfawGrSm vufeuf&Sdovm;}}
]]r&Syd gbl;/ Adv k cf sKyf olwYkdu jynfoYl&aJ bmfawGqakd wmh w&m;0if vufeufuikd w f yfzUJG 0if r[kww f hJ
twGuf vufeufr&SdMuygbl;}}
uReaf wmfu trSet f wdik ;f ajymvdu k yf gonf/ onfawmhrS Adv k cf sKyfonf ol\pdwx f J jzpfay:cHpm;rd
yHkudk ajymygonf/
]]igud, k w f ikd u f awmh ao&rSmvnf; raMumufb;l / b,fou l rSvnf; ighukd vkyBf uHr,frxifb;l /
'gayr,fu h mG tdrrf mS &Sw d u hJ av;awG twGuaf wmh igpd;k &dro f vdjk zpfrwd ,f/ 'Dawmh vdv k rkd ,fr,fayghumG /
oufqikd &f mudk 'DaeYyJ rif;ud, k w
f ikd o f mG ;NyD; igucdik ;f w,fvYkdajym/ oifah wmfr,fh vufeuf enf;enf;yg;yg;
xkwf,lNyD; tdrfu &JabmfawGudk ay;xm;vdkuf 'gyJ}}
þodYktrdeYfay;ojzifh uReaf wmfvnf; tdrjf yefa&mufaomtcg oufqikd &f mESihf qufo, G f tpDtpOf
vkyNf yD; awmfr*D ef;wpfvuf? pwif;*ef;wpfvuf? ajcmufv;kH jyL;ESpv f ufwYkdukd usnqf rH sm;ESiw hf uG xkw, f l
um wm0gvdef;vrf; AdkvfcsKyftdrfwGif aeaom &Jabmfrsm;tm; ay;xm;vdkufygonf/
ÄÄÄ
EdkifiHawmfvkyfBuHrIBuD; jzpfyGm;cJhonfrSm 1947-ckESpf? Zlvdkifv(19)&uf paeaeYjzpfygonf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; OD;aqmifaom tpdk;&tzGJY0if0efBuD;rsm;(uufbdeuf) tpnf;ta0;usif;y
aecdkuf rormol vlowform;tzGJUu 0ifa&mufvkyfBuH ypfcwfjcif; jzpfonf/
trSeaf wmh ,if;0efBuD;tpnf;ta0;onf Zlvikd (f 19)&uf paeaeYwiG f usi;f y&ef r[kwyf /J ]]Zlvikd f
(16)&uf Ak'¨[l;aeY}} wGifvkyf&rnfjzpfonf/
þae&mwGif tpd;k &tzGYJ0if 0efBuD;rsm; tpnf;ta0;taMumif; tenf;i,f &Si;f jy&efvakd yvdrrhf nf/
1946-ck? pufwifbmv (26)&ufaeYu Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;tpd;k &tzGYJtmPmudk vufc&H ,lNyD;csed f
rSpí 0efBuD;tzGJYtpnf;ta0;udk tywfpOf paeaeY eHeuf(10)em&D usif;yaeMujzpfonf/ xdktcsdefu
*VKefOD;apmonf bk&ifcHu wdkuf½dkufcefYtyfxm;aom 0efBuD;wpfOD;jzpfae&m olonfvnf; tywfpOf
paeaeYwdkif;usif;yaom 0efBuD;tzGJYtpnf;ta0;odkY wuf&onf/ odkY&mwGif 1947-ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv
(27) &ufaeYwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh NAdwdoQtpdk;&wdkY oabmwlcsKyfqdkaom ]]atmifqef;tufwvD
pmcsKy}f }udk *VKeOf ;D apmESihf ocifApdew f Ykd oabmrwlbJ uefYuu G Mf uojzifh Armjynf jyefa&mufvmaomtcg
OD;apmESifh ocifApdefwdkYonf tpdk;&tzGJU0if 0efBuD;tjzpfrS EIwfxGufoGm;Mu&onf/
xdYkaMumifh olwYkdEpS Of ;D onf aemufyikd ;f Adv k cf sKyOf ;D aqmifaom tpd;k &tzJUG tpnf;ta0;rsm;odYk rwuf
Mu&awmhacs/
NAdwed Ef ikd if rH S jyefvmNyD;aemuf Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf tywfpOf 0efBuD;tzJUG (uufbed wf)tpnf;
ta0;udk paeaeYrvkyfawmhbJ Ak'¨[l;aeYusif;y&ef ajymif;a&TUowfrSwfvdkufonf/
,if;taMumif;udk *VKefOD;apmurod/ 0efBuD;tzJGUtpnf;ta0;onf paeaeY(10)em&Dusif;yNrJ
usif;yaeonf[k xifrSwfaeonf/
1947-ckESpf Zlvdkifv\ wwd,ajrmuftpnf;ta0;udk Zlvdkifv(16)&uf Ak'¨[l;aeYwGif usif;y
&efowfrSwfxm;NyD;jzpf&Hkru tpnf;ta0;zdwfpmrsm;udk 0efBuD;toD;oD;xHjzefYa0xm;NyD;jzpfonf/
odkYaomf Zlvdkif(16)&uf Ak'¨[l;aeYwGif wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf\ qyfaumfrwDwpfckjzpfaom
zJGUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'a&;qJGa&;aumfrwDtpnf;ta0;usif;y&ef BudKwifowfrSwfxm;NyD;jzpfae
onf/ tpnf;ta0;ESpcf w k u kd af eaMumif;udk uRefawmfu Adv k cf sKyfxo H wif;ydYk wifjyaomtcg Adv k cf sKyfu
]]vTwfawmfaumfrwDtpnf;ta0;u ta&;BuD;w,f vlBuD;awGvnf;ygaew,f/ 'gaMumifh tJ'D
tpnf;ta0;ud'k w D ikd ;f yJxm;? uwfbed uftpnf;ta0;udak wmh paeaeYajymif;vkyv f u
kd ?f 0efBuD;awGqv D nf;
zdwfpmopf&dkufNyD;ay;vdkuf}}
[ktrdeYf ay;vdu k &f m ]]rarhEikd af om Zlvu kd f 19 &ufaeY}}wGit f pd;k &tzJUG tpnf;ta0;usif;yjzpfomG ;
um EdkifiHawmfvkyfBuHrIBuD;vnf; jzpfyGm;cJh&ygawmhonf/
ÄÄÄ
þonfwYkd um; 1947-ckEpS f Zlvu kd vf qef;u trSew f u,fjzpfcahJ omjzpf&yfrsm;jzpf&m aeUv,f
ydkif; jyefvnfoHk;oyfMunfhaomtcg tvGef0rf;enf;,lBuHK;r&jzpfp&maumif;avmufatmifuHMur®m\
vSnfhpm;rI odkYr[kwf tvSnfhtajymif;rsm;udk awGU&ygonf/
yxrtcsut f aejzifh tu,fíom Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u ol\&H;k cef;a&SUrS vufeufuikd v f NkH cHKa&;
wyfpdwfudk &kyfodrf;&ef trdefYray;cJhvQif/
Zlvikd f 19 &ufaeYusawmh vlowform;tzJUG Adv k cf sKyfwYkdtm;vkyBf uH&efvmaomtcg vHNk cHKa&;wyf
pdwfESifhwdkufyJGjzpf&Hkom&Sdrnf/ vkyfBuHrIBuD;awmhrjzpfEdkif/
wdkufyJGjzpfvQifvnf; vHkNcHKa&;wyfpdwfu vltiftm;? vufeuftiftm;ydkaumif;ojzifh vlowf
orm;tzJGUtm; wpfa,mufrusefokwfoifajcrIef;ypfEdkifrnfrSm aocsmonf/
ÄÄÄ
tu,fíom wdik ;f jynfjyKvTwaf wmf zJUG pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'a&;qJaG &;aumfrwDu Zlvikd (f 16)&ufaeY
wGif tpnf;ta0;usif;y&efcsde;f rxm;cJv h Qif 0efBuD;tzJUG (uufbed uf)tpnf;ta0;udk cgwdik ;f tywfpOf
usif;yaeus Ak'¨[l;aeY (Zlvdkif 16)wGif usif;yjzpfrnf/ Ak'¨[l;aeYwdkif;usif;yaom 0efBuD;tzJGU tpnf;
ta0;taMumif; rodol *VKefOD;apmonf ol\ vlowform;tzJGUtm; Zlvdkifv 19 &uf paeaeYwGif
vTwfrnfjzpfonf/ odkYjzpfvQif 0efBuD;tpnf;ta0;r&Sdí vkyfBuHrIBuD;jzpfyGm;rnfr[kwfacs/
ÄÄÄ
tu,fíom vlowform;tzJUG onf Adv k cf sKyftm; twGi;f 0ef&;kH wGirf vkyBf uHbJ Adv k cf sKyf\aetdrf
(A[ef;wm0gvdrf; ,ck AdkvfcsKyfjywdkufwnf&Sd&m)wGif vma&mufvkyfBuHygu olwdkYonf AdkvfcsKyf&Sd&m
tdrt f ay:xyfoYkdyif wufEikd rf nfr[kw/f Adv k cf sKy\ f trdeYfjzifh uReaf wmfu, kd w
f ikd f vufeufwyfqifay;xm;
aom tdrf&Sd &Jabmfrsm;ESifh &ifqdkifwdkufyGJjzpfrnf/ ,if;odkY wdkufyGJjzpfvQif tdrfrS jynfoYl&Jabmfrsm;onf
bD'aD t wyfrawmfEiS hf zufppfawmfveS af &; wyfom;&Jabmfrsm;jzpfí vufeufuikd w f ,G rf I uRr;f usio f nfh
jyif wdu k yf t
JG awGYtBuHKvnf; &Sad omaMumifh vlowftzGUJ tm; tvG,w f ulyif wGe;f vSew f ukd cf u
kd yf pfEikd rf nf
jzpfonf/
odYk&mwGif vlowftzGYJonf Adv k cf sKyftrd o f YkdrvmbJ vufeufuikd f tapmifrh &Sad om twGi;f 0ef½;Hk odYk
oGm;a&mufvkyfBuHcJhonf/
xdkYaMumifhvnf; vkyfBuHrIBuD; jzpfajrmufcJh&onf/
Adv
k cf sKyfcrsm zcifwYkd \ BuD;rm;aom arwåmt[keaf Mumifh vlrr,f&ifaoG;i,frsm;twGuf pd;k &drf
ruif;jzpfum ]]vdkvdkr,fr,fayghuGm}}qdkNyD; uRefawmfhtm; tdrfrS&Jabmfrsm;tm; vufeufwyfqifcdkif;cJh
onf/ olYudk,foltwGufawmh vHk;0rpdk;&drfbJ ]]igu ao&rSmvnf;raMumufbl;/ b,folrSvnf; ighudk
vkyBf uHrmS r[kwyf gbl;}}[k ajymcJ&h mS onf/ odYkaomf wu,fusawmh olxifovdrk jzpfc/hJ olcspjf rwfE;kd aom
&ifaoG;i,frsm; bmrSrjzpfbJ olu, kd w
f ikd o
f m (19.7.1947)aeYu r&IrvS ]]a&wdref pf}}usq;kH cJ&h &Smonf/
uHw&m;u AdkvfcsKyfESifhwuG uRefawmfwdkY EdkifiHom;tm;vHk;udk 'Pfcwfvdkufovdk ysuf&,fjyK
vSnfhpm;vdkufjcif;ayvm;/
Ak'¨&Sifawmfbk&m;\ tqHk;trt& uH? uH\tusdK;udk,HkMunf&rnf[k nTefjyxm;ygonf/ xdkY
aMumifh rnfodkYrS rarhEdkifaom Zlvdkif 19 &uf paeaeYu jzpf&yftaMumif; jyefajymowd&rdwdkif;
]]owå0grSeforQ uHpDrH zefwD;&mom vdkufem emcHaeMu&onfygoum;}}
[laom t*Fkwå&edu,f tbdPSokwfawmfvm w&m;awmfoabmtwdkif; qifjcifESvHk;oGif;í
oHa0*ÓPfyGm;rsm;Mu&efom &Sdygawmhownf;/
pwdkifopfr*¾Zif;(Zlvdkifv 1995)
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh rpöwmae&l;
]]ae&l;}}qdkonfrSm vGwfvyfaom tdEd́,EdkifiHBuD;\ yxrqHk;0efBuD;csKyf ]]*s0g[mvfvm-ae&l;}}

JAWAHALALNEHRUyifjzpfygonf/
tdE, ´d jynfBuD; NAdwo d Qe,fcsJUvufatmifrS vGwv f yfa&;twGuf txl;cJ,Of;yifyrf;pGm BudK;pm;cJh
&onf/ ordkif;wpfavQmuf uG,fvGefol acgif;aqmifBuD; r[wår*ED́ESifhwef;wl xif&Sm;ausmfMum;cJhol
urÇmod EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifBuD;vnf;jzpfonf/
tdE,´d vGwv f yfa&;ordik ;f aMumif;ajymvQif *EDB´ uD;ESiahf e&l;wdYkrygvQif rjzpf/ olwUkd ESpOf ;D ESihf tdE,
´d
vGwfvyfa&;cJGjcm;r&atmifyifta&;ygvSaom yk*Kd¾ vfBuD;ESpfOD;yifwnf;/
olwYkdEpS Of ;D udk Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;onf ausmif;om; udak tmifqef;b0uyif txl;av;pm;MunfnKd
cJo
h nf/ olwYkd\Edik if aH &;vIy&f mS ;rIrsm;udvk nf; rjywfavhvmojzifh ]]yPÖp-f ae&l;}}ac: ]]yPÖp*f s0g[mvmvf
ae&k;}}\ t*Fvyd t f a&;tom;udk tvGeo f abmusojzifh wuúov dk af usmif;om;acgif;aqmif udak tmifqef;
onf rpöwmae&l;a&;onfph mtkyrf sm;udk pdwyf g0ifpm;pGmjzifh avhvmzwf&cI o hJ nf/ t*Fvyd pf mta&;tom;
tvGefaumif;ovdk ae&l;a&;aom pmtkyfrsm;wGif ol\aeaeawG;ac:ajrmfjrifrI 'óetjrifrsm;vnf;
yg&Sdav&m udkatmifqef;onf zwfNyD;om; pmtkyfrsm;udk xyfrHzwf&Ií ydkifEdkifausnufatmif avhvm
cJyh gonf/
þodkYvQif tdEd´,acgif;aqmifBuD;ae&l;\ pmtkyfrsm;udk *&kpdkufavhvmzwf&Ijcif;tavhonf
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udak tmifqef;tzdYk Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmf Adv k cf sKyfawZ? xdrk w S qifh Armh
umuG,af &;wyfrawmf(bD'aD t)\ aoemywD Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;jzpfvmcsdew f iG vf nf; qufvufwnf
&SdcJhNyD; tm;vyfcsdef&wdkif; rpöwmae&l;\ t*Fvdyfbmompmtkyfrsm;udk zwf&IavhvmwwfaMumif;udk
uRefawmf owdjyKrdcJhygonf/
1944-ckESpfu uRefawmfonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ ppf0efBuD;&Hk;wGif trIxrfaepOf wpfaeY
Adv
k cf sKyfu uRefawfmt h m;ac:NyD; udpw ö pfcck ikd ;f &m ol&;kH cef;wGi;f okYd 0ifomG ;csdef zufvufp pmtkyw f pftyk f
pm;yJGay:csxm;onfudk jrifrdygonf/
uRefawmfvnf; AdkvfcsKyfzwfaewm bmpmtkyfygvdrfh[k odvdkojzifh trSwfrJhvSnfhMunhfvdkuf&m
tdE, ´d acgif;aqmifBuD;ae&l; NAdwo d Qe,fcsYJ tpk;d & tusO;f axmifxw J iG f csKyfaESmifcaH e&pOf jyifopf&dS ol\
wpfOD;wnf;aomorD; ]]tif'D&m}}(aemufydkif; 0efBuD;csKyfjzpfvmNyD; vkyfBuHcH&í uG,fvGefoGm;&Smol
]]tif'&D m*ED́}})xHoYkd axmiftwGi;f rS vSr;f a&;cJo h nfh pmrsm;udk pkaygif;yHEk ydS x f m;aom ]]orD; tif'&D modUk }}
trnf&Sd pmtkyfjzpfaeaMumif;awGU&ygonf/
,if;pmtkyfudk AdkvfcsKyfonf ESpfacgufxufrenf; zwfNyD;aMumif; uRefawmfodxm;NyD;jzpfonf/
,ckvnf; wpfacgufxyfNyD;zwfaejcif;rSm ae&k;t*Fvyd pf m ta&;tom;udk txl;oabmusíjzpf&rnf[k
pdwfxJrS aumufcsufcsdrdygonf/
ÄÄÄ
trSet f m;jzifh Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf tdE, ´d acgif;aqmifBuD;]]ae&l;}}wdYk awGUqHo k u d Rr;f cifrif&if;ES;D
cJhonfrSm 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;rjzpfrDuyifjzpfygonf/
1936-ckEpS f wuúov kd of ydwaf rSmufta&;awmfyBkH uD;jzpfay:vmaom &vm'fwpfcu k m; ,cifu
r&Sad o;aom ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;or*¾toif;BuD; pwiftaumiftxnfay:vmcJjh cif;yifjzpf
onf/ ,if;ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;omor*¾toif;BuD;\ OuúXtjzpf wuúov kd o f r*¾rS trIaqmif
(tdk;a0r*¾Zif;wm0efcHt,f'Dwma[mif;)udkatmifqef;a&G;cs,fwifajr§mufjcif;cH&ygonf/
ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ jynfvHk;uRwfausmif;om; nDvmcHBuD;udk 1937-
ckESpfu rEÅav;NrdKYwGif usif;ycJhygonf/
,if;nDvmcH rusif;yrDu OuúXudkatmifqef;onf rdrdwdkYArmausmif;om;rsm;\ wuf<urIESifh
&nfreS ;f csu?f arQmaf c:csurf sm;udk Edik if jH cm;odYkwikd af tmif us,jf yefYpmG od&adS p&ef &nf&, G v f suf yxrtqifh
taejzifh rEÅav;ausmif;om;nDvmcHoYkd emrnfausmt f Ed ,
d´ acgif;aqmifBuD; rpöwm ]]ae½l;}} tm;zdwMf um;
&ef pdwful;&vmrdygonf/ vlcsif;vnf; roduRrf;ao;/ qufoG,frIvnf; tvsOf; r&Sdvifhupm;
udkatmifqef;onf olYudk,fol ,HkMunfrItjynfh&Sdol wpfa,muftjzpf rpöwmae½l;tm; rEÅav;
ausmif;om;nDvmcHodkY <ua&mufcsD;jr§ifhyg&ef pmvSrf;a&;NyD; zdwfMum;cJhygonf/
tdE,d´ acgif;aqmifBuD; rpöwmae½l;onf]]atmifqef;}}qdo k l Armausmif;om;acgif;aqmiftaMumif;
1936-ckEpS f &efuek w f uúov kd f oydwu f mvtwGi;f u owif;pmrsm;rSwpfqifh pwifo&d &dS mrS pdw0f ifpm;
cJhrdygonf/ tvGefxufjrufwuf<uaom vli,fwpfOD;jzpfí tvm;tvm&Sdaom acgif;aqmifavmif;
wpfOD; ayavm[kvnf; odvdk&mrS teD;uyfavhvmcsifpdwf jzpfay:vmNyD;? rEÅav;ausmif;om;nDvmcH
wufa&muf&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufygonf/
ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ OuúX udkatmifqef;\ zdwfMum;csufudk tdE´d,
acgif;aqmifBuD; rpöwmae½l;vufoifhcHNyD; rEÅav;ausmif;om;nDvmcHodkY oludk,fwdkif vmwufrnfh
taMumif; owif;Mum;&aomtcg &efuek Nf rdKU? NAdwo d Q bk&ifcEH iS w
hf uG tpd;k &tzJYG 0efBuD;rsm;onf txl;
tHth m;oifo h mG ;Muawmhonf/ odYk&mwGif tHt h m;oif½h rHk v
S í JG bmrQ rwwfEikd af cs/ tdE, d´ ESihf ArmESpEf ikd if vH ;kH
onf NAdwdoQ tifyg,mtwGif;rS EdkifiHrsm;omjzpfí wpfEdkifiHrS wpfEdkifiHodkY ]]ywfpfykwf}} ac: EdkifiHul;
vufrw S rf vdb k J vGwv f yfpmG oGm;vmEdik cf iG &hf adS omaMumifh tpd;k &taejzifh rpöwmae½l; rEÅav; ausmif;om;
nDvmcHoYkd vma&mufrnft h a&;udk ydwyf if[efYwm;jcif;vnf; rjyKEdik b f J tomMunfah evdu k &f awmhonf/
odYk EiS yhf if rEÅav;NrdKYü usif;yaom ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;or*¾nv D mcHoYkd emrnfausmf
tdE´d,acgif;aqmifBuD; rpöwmae½l;onf acsmarmpGm wufa&mufEdkifcJhygonf/
ÄÄÄ
ppfBudKacwfu &efuek w f uúov kd o
f r*¾ tpnf;ta0;rsm; usi;f y&mwGif (t*Fvyd b f momudk ½k;H oH;k
bmomtjzpf owfrw S jf yXmef;xm;aom acwfjzpfí) tpnf;ta0;rsm;;udk t*Fvyd v f kd ajymqdu k si;f yMu&yg
onf/ rEÅav;NrdKYwGif usif;yonfhausmif;om;nDvmcHwGifrl OuúX udkatmifqef;taejzifh obmywd
rdeYfceG ;f udk Armvdak jymrnfq&kd if ajymEdik af omfvnf; urÇmausmf tdE, d´ acgif;aqmifBuD; rpöwmae½l;ud, k w f ikd f
wufa&mufonft h jyif ol\ vIy&f mS ;rIreS o f rQ tNrJ owif;vdu k , f al eMuaom ]]½du k w f m}} ]]atyD}} paom
EdkifiHjcm;aMu;eef;owif;Xmersm;rS owif;axmufrsm;vnf; vma&mufowif;,lrnf jzpfaomaMumifh
OuúX udkatmifqef;onf ol\ obmywd rdefYcGef;udk t*Fvdyfvdkyif ajym&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufonf/
(rSwcf suf/ /AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ rdefYcGef;ESifhywfoufí pdwf0ifpm;zG,ftcsufwpfckrSm
ta&;BuD; rdefYcGef; (Oyrm-1946-ck? a&Twd*Hk tv,fypö,H jynfvHk;uRwf nDvmcH obmywdrdefYcGef;?
zqyv tzGJYcsKyfOD;pD; nDvmcHrsm;rS OuúXrdefYcGef;) rsm;udk oludk,fwdkif pdwfwdkif;us t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh
a&;om;xm;NyD; wu,ft h pnf;ta0;udak wmh a&;NyD;om; t*Fvyd v f kd rdeYfceG ;f rl&if;udu k ikd í f Armvdk vufwef;
ajymoGm;avh&Sdjcif;yif jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh ol\ rdefYcGef;rsm;teuf emrnftBuD;qHk; 1946-ck a&Twd*Hk
nDvmcH obmywd rdefYcGef;rl&if;onf t*Fvdyfbmomjzifhom &Sdaejcif;jzpfygonf/ pma&;ol)
rEÅav;ausmif;om;nDvmcHwiG f OuúX udak tmifqef;\ obmywd rdeYfceG ;f udk BudKwifa&;xm;onfh
rl&if;twkid ;f t*Fvyd v f ykd if wdu
k ½f u kd af jymvdu k of jzifh tdE, d´ acgif;aqmifBuD; ae½l;ESiw hf uG owif;axmuf
rsm;vnf; aumif;pGmem;vnf oabmaygufoGm;cJhygonf/
xdYkaMumifv h nf; OuúX udak tmifqef;onf ol\ obmywdred YfceG ;f wGif ausmif;om;a&;&m udprö sm;
omru jynfwiG ;f jynfy Edik if aH &;tajctae? Edik if w H um a&;&mtay: oH;k oyfcsu?f Armvli,ftrsm;pk\
oabmxm;ESifh arQmfac:csuf ponfwdkYudkyg jynfhpHkatmifxnfhoGif;ajymoGm;cJhygonf/
,if;rdeYfceG ;f udk rpöwmae½l;onf txl; *½kpu kd ef m;axmif&mrS ]]atmifqef;}} trnf&dS vli,fwpfO;D
taMumif; aumif;pGm oabmaygufomG ;awmhonf/ vl\ t&nftaoG;udv k nf; tuJjzwfEikd cf yhJ gonf/
0rf;enf;zG,af umif;onfum; txufazmfjyyg rEÅav;ausmif;om;nDvmcHrOS uúXudak tmifqef;\
obmywd rdeYfceG ;f udk ,aeY rnfoYkdrS &Smr&Edik af wmhjcif;yifjzpfygonf/ xdt k csed u f awmh &efuek Nf rdKY a&ausmf
&yfrS xkwaf 0onfAh rmydik f ]]e,l;bm;rm;}} t*Fvyd o f wif;pmwGif tjynft h pHk xnfo h iG ;f azmfjycJyh gaomfvnf;
ppfNyD;acwf (1947) aemufydkif;usawmh ]]e,l;bm;rm;}}owif;pm zdkifwGJa[mif;rsm;yif &SmrawGYygacs/
ÄÄÄ
udak tmifqef;onf rEÅav;ausmif;om;nDvmcHukd rpöwmae½l;vdk urÇmausmyf *k Kd¾ vBf uD; wufa&muf
&ef zdwMf um;jcif;udk vufoifch v H udk í f twdik ;f txuftvGef 0rf;ajrmuf*P k ,f rl od nfEiS t hf rQ ArmEdik if \ H
a&SUtem*wf tvm;tvmtwGuf tvGefaumif;vmNyD[k ol\pdwfxJrS aumufcsufcsvdkufrdonf/
xdkYaMumifh ausmif;om;nDvmcH usif;yaeí tvGeftvkyfrsm;aeonfhMum;rS &oavmuf tcsdef,lum
rpöwmae½l;ESifh &if;ESD;yGifhvif;pGm pum;ajymqdkaqG;aEG;cJhygonf/
rpöwmae½l;uvnf; ]]atmifqef;}} qdkoltm; teD;uyfavhvmtuJcwf&if; touft&G,fESifh
rvdu k af tmif Edik if aH &;tajrmftjrif&o dS w l pfO;D ygwum;[k oH;k oyfrad vonf/ þodYk vQif rpöwmae½l;u
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;tay: 1937-ckEpS u f yifo;kH oyfcahJ Mumif;udk 1947-ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dvqef;u Adv k cf sKyfEiS hf
uRefawmfwdkY vef'efodkYtoGm; tdE´d,jynfodkY acwå0ifí rpöwmae½l;ESifh awGUqHktBuHÓPfawmif;cJhpOf
wpfaeY ol\orD;]]tif'D&m*E´D}} udk,fwdkif uRefawmftm; ajymjyzl;ygonf/
Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;tay: rpöwmae½l;u oH;k oyf rSwcf sucf s&mwGif t*Fvyd b f momjzifh ajymcJo h nfh
pum;twdtusuawmh-
]]Aung San's intelligence and political insight are unusual for his age! }}
[líyif jzpfonf/ t"dygÜ ,fuawmh ]]atmifqef;\ todÓPfEiS hf Edik if aH &;tajrmftjrif BuD;rm;rI
onf ol\ touft&G,fESifh rvdkufatmifyif xl;cRefxufjrufonf}} [líyifwnf;/
ÄÄÄ
tdE, d´ acgif;aqmifBuD; rpöwmae½l;onf rEÅav;ausmif;om;nDvmcHoYkdvma&mufNyD; jyefomG ;aom
tcg Armausmif;om;acgif;aqmif ]]atmifqef;}} qdkoltm; owd&aecJhygonf/
xdkYaMumifh 1940 jynfhESpfqef;u tdEd́,jynf ]]&rf;vm;}} NrdKYü usif;yaom tdEd́,EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m
uGef*&uf (CONGRESS)ygwD nDvmcHBuD;odkY udkatmifqef;tm; zdwfMum;&ef pdwful;&rdavonf/
odYk aomf xdt k csed u
f ukad tmifqef;rSm ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifr[kwaf wmh/ Edik if aH &;udt k csed jf ynhf
vkyf&efqHk;jzwfvsuf wdkYArmtpnf;t&Hk;odkY0ifa&mufum taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ]]ocifatmifqef;}}
jzpfaeayNyD/
,if;tcsuu f kd rpöwmae&l;uodxm;NyD;jzpfaomfvnf; olEiS o hf u d Rr;f cifrifaeNyDjzpfol Armvli,f
acgif;aqmif atmifqef;tm; rjzpfraezdwfMum;vdkojzifh taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ocifatmifqef;ESifh
wuG wdYkArmtpnf;t&H;k rS ud, k pf m;vS,t f zJUG wpfzUGJ ]]&rf;vm;uGe*f &ufnv D mcH}}odYk avhvmol(OBSERVER)
tjzpfwufa&muf&ef zdwfMum;vdkufavonf/
tdE, ´d Edik if rH S ]]uGe*f &uf}} CONGRESSygwDonf tiftm;tBuD;qH;k ygwDjzpfNyD;? *ED´ ae&l;paom
xl;cRefxufjrufaom xdyo f ;D acgif;aqmifrsm;\OD;aqmifuyG u f rJ jI zifh urÇmausmfatmifyif xif&mS ;onhf
Edik if aH &;ygwDBuD;wpfcyk ifjzpfonf/ ,if;uGe*f &ufygwDnv D mcHqv kd Qifvnf; Edik if w H umtqifrh D tvGef
pnf;urf;pepfuspGmusif;yavh &SdaomaMumifh ]]ocifatmifqef;}}onf ]]&rf;vm;}}uGef*&ufnDvmcHodkY
wufa&mufavhvm&ef zdwfMum;pmvufcH&&Sdaomtcg txl;yif0rf;ajrmuftm;wufoGm;rdawmhonf/
tm;wuf&jcif;taMumif;wpfcu k oltvGepf w d 0f ifpm;NyD; twk,v l akd om vkyef nf;vky[ f efpnf;urf;pepf
rsm;udk ]]&rf;vm;}}uGe*f &ufnv D mcHoYkdwufa&mufavhvmcGi&hf &Sad omaMumifyh ifwnf;/ odYkEiS yhf if taxGaxG
twGif;a&;rSL; ocifatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom wdkYArmtpnf;t&Hk;rS vli,fudk,fpm;vS,ftzJGUonf
1940jynfhESpfu tdEd´,jynf ]]&rf;vm;}}uGef*&ufnDvmcHBuD;odkY oGm;a&mufavhvmcJhMuygonf/
uGef*&ufygwD xdyfoD;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfol rpöwmae&l;onf ocifatmifqef;wdkYtzJGU vm
a&mufonfukd txl;0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omvsuf vdu I v f yJS sLiSmpGm c&D;OD;BudKjyKum tzufzufrS {nf0h wfaus
>yefpGm{nfhcHjyKpkEdkifatmifvnf; oludk,fwdkif nTefMum;pDpOfay;cJhygonf/
nDvmcHtNyD;wGif ocifatmifqef;wdYktzJUG tjcm;rnfonfah e&ma'orsm;odYkomG ;a&mufavhvmvdk
ygao;oenf;[k rpöwmae&l;uar;&m ocifatmifqef;onf ol\pdwx f BJ udKwifjyifqifxm;onft h wdik ;f /
]]taemufajrmufe,fjcm;a'ojynfe,fzufoYkd cPoGm;a&mufavhvmcsiyf gw,f}}[k oGuv f ufpmG
jyefajzvdkufonf/
(rSwfcsuf/ /taemufajrmufe,fjcm;a'ojynfe,fqdkonfrSm aemufydkif; ygupöwefEdkifiH\
jynfe,fwpfckjzpfvmaom tmz*efe,fpyf&Sd (NORTH WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE)jynfe,f
yifjzpfonf/ pma&;ol)
rpöwmae&l;uvnf; csufcsif;yifvdkufavsmvsuf tpDtpOfrsm;vkyfay;av&m ocifatmifqef;
wdYk tzJYG onf olwYkd txl;pdw0f ifpm;aerdaom ]]taemufajrmufe,fjcm;a'ojynfe,f}}odYk vufawGUoGm;
a&mufavhvmcGi&hf cJMh uygonf/
ocifatmifqef;wdkY pdwf0ifpm;aerdonfqdkjcif;rSm taMumif;&Sdygonf/ xdkacwfu tdEd´,EdkifiH
taemufajrmufe,fjcm;a'ojynfe,fwiG f NAdwo d Qe,fcsJ YqefYusifa&;pdw"f gwftxl;jyif;xefol Edik if aH &;
acgif;aqmifwpfOD;&Sdonf/ ,if;acgif;aqmifonf jAdwdoQqefYusifa&;pdwf"gwftxl;jyif;xefwuf<u
aomaMumifh ]]e,fpyfa'o*ED´BuD;}}[kausmfMum;aeonf/ urÇmausmf r[wår*ED´BuD;uJhokdY jAdwdoQ
qefYusifa&;pdwf"mwfjyif;xefoljzpfí ]]e,fpyf*ED´BuD;}}[k wifpm;ac:a0:Mujcif;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif
xdkyk*¾dKvfBuD;onf r[wår*EDÉSifhrwlonfhtcsuf&Sdonf/ ,if;um; tdEd´,jynfBuD;vGwfvyfa&;&&ef
NAdwdoQe,fcsJYwdkYtm; vufeufpJGudkifwdkufcdkufrSjzpfrnf[k e,fpyf*ED´BuD;u ,HkMunfjcif;yifjzpfonf/
olonf taemufajrmufe,fjcm;a'o&Sd jynfov l x k tk m; NAdwo d QwYkdxrH S vGwv f yfa&;wdu k ,
f &l ef aoG;xd;k
vSKYaH qmfay;aeygonf/ ,if;tcsuu f kd ocifatmifqef;onnf txl;pdw0f ifpm;ygonf/ olwYkdArmvli,f
Edik if aH &;orm;rsm;uvnf; NAdwo d Qe,fcsUJ xHrS Armhvw G v f yfa&;udk wdu k ,f &l ef qH;k jzwfxm;NyD;jzpfí tdE, ´d
jynfrS e,fpyf*EDB´ uD;ESiahf wGUqHak qG;aEG;vdo k jzifh &rf;vm;uGe*f &ufnv D mcHtNyD;wGif rpöwmae&l;\ tul
tnDjzifh taemufajrmufe,fjcm;a'ojynfe,fodkY a&mufatmifoGm;cJhMujcif;jzpfonf/
ocifatmifqef;onf ol&nf&, G of nft h wdik ;f yif taemufajrmufa'ojynfe,fwiG f e,fpyf*EDB´ uD;
ESihf awGUqHak qG;aEG;cGi&hf cJyh gonf/ odYkaomf xkt d csed uf NAdwo d Qtpd;k &&JaxmufvrS ;f a&;(pDtidk 'f )D rodatmif
txl;vQKd Y0u S x f m;&ef ta&;BuD;ojzifh ocifatmifqef;ESihf e,fpyf*EDB´ uD;wdYk awGUqHak qG;aEG;jcif;udk vlo&d iS f
Mum;owif;rsm;xkwfjyefausnmjcif;rjyKbJ tomvQdKY0Sufxm;vdkufMuygonf/
rnfoYkdyifjzpfap NAdwo d Qtpd;k &tm; vufeufpu GJ ikd w
f u kd cf u kd &f eftwGuf acwfrAD rmppfwyfzUGJ pnf;&ef
BuHpnfaeol ocifatmifqef;tzdYk tdE, ´d Edik if H taemufajrmufe,fjcm;a'ojynfe,foYkd oGm;a&muf avhvm
jcif;onftusdK;&SdcJhygonf/
tdE, ´d jynf &rf;vm;uGe*f &ufnv D mcHrS jyefvmNyD; rsm;rMumrDyif ocifatmifqef;tm;zrf;qD;&ef
NAdwo d Qtpd;k &u 0&rf;xkwjf yefcahJ v&m &efuek Nf rdKY&dS wdYkArmtpnf;t&H;k ESihf xGu&f yf*P kd ;f acgif;aqmifrsm;u
ocifatmifqef;tm; ArmEdkifiHwGifMum&Snfqufaejcif;iSm roifhawmh[kqHk;jzwfvsuf ocifvSNrdKif
(Adv k &f efatmif)ESit hf wl w&kwjf ynf ]]trdKG if}}NrdKYoYkd ]][vD}}oabFmjzifh vQKd Y0u S pf mG xGuo f mG ;apcJMh uygonf/
ÄÄÄ
Armhvw G vf yfa&;udpaö qG;aEG;nSEd iId ;f &eftwGuf NAdwo d Qtpd;k &u Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmif
aom Armud, k pf m;vS,t f zJUG wpfzYGJ ukd NAdwed Ef ikd if H vef'efNrdKYoYkd vma&mufyg&ef zdwMf um;cJ&h m 1947-ckEpS f
Zefe0g&Dv(10)&ufaeYxuf aemufrusbJ ta&mufvmyg[kvnf;zdwfMum;pmwGif azmfjyyg&Sdygonf/
Adv
k cf sKyfonf NAdwed Ef ikd if oH Ykd wu kd &f ukd rf oGm;csifao;bJ tdE, d́ jynfoYkd acwå0ifí acgif;aqmifBuD;
rpöwmae½l;ESiahf wGYqakH qG;aEG;&if; tBuHÓPfrsm; awmif;vdo k jzifh ocifjrtrSL;jyKaom useu f , kd pf m;vS,f
tzGUJ 0ifrsm;tm; aemufig;&ufMumrS av,mOfEiS hf u&mcsNd rdKYoYkdvu kd v f m&ef ñTeMf um;um oluawmh 1947-
ckESpf? Zefe0g&D(2)&ufaeYwGif &efukefrS e,l;a'vDNrdKYodkY BudKwifxGufcGmcJhygonf/
e,l;a'vDNrdKY rpöwmae½l;\ aetdrrf mS yif uReaf wmfwYkdukd wnf;cdak pNyD; rpöwmae½l;onf Adv k cf sKyf
atmifqef;tm; txl;&if;ES;D yGiv hf if;pGm pum;ajymqdak qG;aEG;&if; NAdwo d Qtpd;k &tzGYJEiS hf awGYqakH qG;aEG;&mwGif
toHk;jyK&rnfh enf;y&d,m,frsm;udkyg tao;pdwftBuHay;cJhygonf/
uReaf wmf avhvmtuJcwf Munf&h oavmuf tdE, d´ acgif;aqmifBuD; rpöwmae½l;onf ArmjynfrS
]]atmifqef;}}trnf&Sd vli,facgif;aqmif\ t&nftaoG; xufjrufrIudk oabmusrd&mrS tem*wf
twGuf tm;udk;csifonfhoabmvnf; &Sd[efwlygonf/
xdt k csdeu f ta&SUawmiftm&SEikd if H trsm;pkrmS e,fcsJYvufatmufcH udv k ekd rD sm;jzpfaeonf/ ,if;
udv k ekd D Edik if rH sm;onf vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf txl;BudK;yrf;vsuf&MdS uonf/ odYk &mwGif rpöwmae½l;onf
xdkEdkifiHrsm;rS acgif;aqmifydkif;udk tm;r&rdacs/ AD,uferfrSvGwfajrmufacgif;aqmif ]][dkcsDrif;}} qdkvQif
touft&G,t f m;jzifh tdrk if;&ifah &mfaeNyDjzpfonf/ tif'ekd ;D &Sm;rS ]]a'gufwm&Sm;&D;rm;}} qdv k Qiv f nf; touf
BuD;½krH u use;f rma&;tajctaeuygraumif;ojzifh rpöwmae½l;u tm;r&jzpfaerdonf/ ta&SUawmiftm&S
wGif use;f rmEkysKd NyD; xufjrufwuf<uaom acgif;aqmif[í l ArmEdik if rH S ]]atmifqef;}} wpfa,mufuo kd m
rpöwmae½l;taejzifh jrifrdawmhonf/ rsufpdusaerdonf/
xdkYaMumifhyifvQif 1947-ckESpf? Zlvdkifv (19) &ufaeYu ArmEdkifiH vkyfBuHrIBuD;taMumif;udk
]]½du
k w f m}} aMu;eef;owif;XmerSwpfqifh tdE, d́ jynf e,l;a'vDNrdKYoYkd aeYjcif;yif a&muf&o dS mG ;aomtcg
acgif;aqmifBuD;rpöwmae½l;u ]]atmifqef;usqHk;wm[m ArmEdkifiHtwGufr[kwf/ tm&SEdkifiHtm;vHk;
twGuf tvGex f ;l cRex
f ufjrufwhJ acgif;aqmifaumif;wpfO;D qH;k ½I;H jcif;jzpfw,f}} [k ESajrmwo,lBuHK;r&
jzpfvsuf rsuf&nfpufvufjzifh rSwfcsufcscJhjcif;yif jzpfygownf;/
pwdkifopfr*¾Zif;? ZGefv? 1995/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ pmayvuf&mrsm;
]]igvJ rif;wdkYvdk pma&;q&m jzpfcsifw,fuGm}}

þodYkvQif Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf olYEv S ;kH om;twGi;f ude;f atmif;wnf&adS eaom awmifw h csuf
qEúdk uRefawmfhtm; zGifhajymcJhonfrSm ESpfBudrfwdkifwdkif jzpfygonf/
yxrtBudrfu 1945-ck? 'DZifbmv/
1946-ck? Zefe0g&DvwGif usif;yvwåHYaom a&Twd*Hktv,fypö,H jynfvHk;uRwfnDvmcHBuD;wGif
olajym&rnfo h bmywd rdeYf ceG ;f &SnBf uD;udk Adv k cf sKyfu, kd w f ikd f t*Fvyd b
f momjzifh BudK;pm;a&;om;aecsdeu f
jzpfygonf/
wpfaeYwiG f Advk cf sKyfonf rdeYfceG ;f a&;om;jcif;udk acwå&yfem;í vufzuf&nfaomuf&if; rEÅav;rS
vlxOk ;D vSEiS hf a':trmwdYk xkwaf 0aom ]]vlx}k } *sme,frS uReaf wmf0h w¬Kwkd wpfy'k u f zkd wfrNd yD; tm;usr[
d ef
jzifh pma&;q&mjzpfcsifaMumif;udk zGifhajymvdkufjcif;yifjzpfygonf/
aemufwpfBudrf tvm;wl ol ajymcJhonfrSm 1947-ckESpf {NyDv ujzpfygonf/
ArmhvGwfvyfa&; tBudKumvü yxrtBudrf wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf a&G;aumufyGJBuD;twGuf
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf Edik if t H ESt
H jym;odYk c&D;vSnv hf nfí pnf;½k;H a[majym&if; {NyDvqef;aomf ol\
ZeD; om;orD;rsm;ESifhtwl arNrdKY(jyifOD;vGif) odkY a&mufaecdkuf acwåtyef;ajz tem;,laecJhygonf/
cgwdik ;f qdvk Qif vkyif ef;wm0efjzifh c&D;xGu&f mwGif ol\ rdom;pkukd ac:avhr&Sad omfvnf; ,ckwpfBudrw f iG f
rl tjyefc&D;udk rauG;? awmifwGif;BuD;? atmifvH? jynfNrdKYrSwpfqifh &efukefodkYqif;&efjzpf&m AdkvfcsKyfu
rawGY&wmMumNyDjzpfaom rdcifBuD;a':pktm; ewfarmufNrdKYoYkd 0ifuefYawmh&if; cspZf eD; a':cifMunfEiS w hf uG
rdcifBuD;a':pk\ ajr;rsm;udkyg jyvdkaomaMumifh &efukefrStxGuf ac:vmcJhjcif; jzpfygonf/
wpfnaewGif arNrdKY&dS wnf;ck&d mtdr0f if;twGi;f jrufcif;jyifwiG f ol\uav;rsm; aqmhupm;aeyHu k kd
MunfhNyD; MunfEl;yDwdjzpfae&mrS wpfpHkwpfckudk pOf;pm;rd[efjzifh uRefawmftm; &ifzGifhovdkajymygonf/
]]a[haumif? igawmh vGwv f yfa&;&NyD;&if Edik if aH &;utem;,lr,f pdwu f ;l w,f/ wdik ;f jynftyk cf sKyf
a&;wm0efudkawmh igwdkY&JY vkyfazmfudkifzuf vlaumif;awGvTJay;NyD; iguawmh tem;,l&if; pma&;q&m
vkycf siw f ,f/ rif;uvJ pma&;q&mjzpfayNyDqakd wmh ightzdYk tazmfv&J wmaygh/ igwdYkq&mwynfEh pS af ,muf
pma&;pm;&if jzpfEikd yf gvdrrhf ,fumG / wdYkEpS af ,mufpvH;k Armvdak &m? t*Fvyd v f ykd g pmawGa&;Mur,f/ 'grSvJ
ighro d m;pktwGuaf vmufr,f/ wu,fyguGm igu wuúov kd af usmif;om;b0xJu pma&;q&mjzpfcsiw f hJ
qE´&cdS w hJ ,f}}
þodkYvQif AdkvfcsKyfonf ol\ &ifxJ&Sdonfhtwdkif; yGifhvif;pGmzGifhajymcJhygonf/
odYk&mwGif aemufo;kH vrQtMum &efuek Nf rdKYtwGi;f 0ef½;Hk tpnf;ta0;cef;rü romrmol vl,w k rf m
wdYk\ vkyBf uHrjI zifh r½IrvS ]]a&wdref pf}} usq;kH &awmhrnf[al om uHMur®m\tvSnt hf ajymif;udk Adv k cf sKyuf
odroGm;&SmonfrSm trSefaMuuGJ&ifeifhzG,f aumif;vSygonf/
ÄÄÄ
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf olEpS Bf udrw f ikd w
f ikd f zGiahf jymcJo h vdk pma&;q&mjzpfcsio f nfqo kd nft h wdik ;f
wu,fvnf; pma&;q&mjzpfEikd af omt&nftcsi;f tjynft h 0&Sad Mumif;udk uReaf wmft h aejzifh apmapmydik ;f
uyif BudKwifod&SdaecJhygonf/
wuúov kd o
f r*¾acgif;aqmiftjzpfrS EIwx f u G í f tcsed jf ynhEf ikd if aH &;vky&f ef wdYk Armtpnf;t½k;H \
taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL; ]]ocifatmifqef;}} b0uwnf;u olonf pma&;q&mjzpfaeNyD[q k Ekd ikd yf gonf/
olYtm; Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmf\ aoemywd Adv k af wZ odYkr[kwf Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;jzpfvmrS
pwifou d Rr;f cJo
h rl sm;qdv k Qif ppfBudKacwf (1941-ckEpS rf wdik rf )D ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udak tmifqef;ESihf
wdkYArmtpnf;t½kH;\ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ]]ocifatmifqef;}}b0u pmayta&;tom;uRrf;usifrI
ESifh pmaypGrf;&nftaMumif;odrnfr[kwfygacs/
txl;ojzifh AdkvfcsKyfESifhywfoufí atmufygtcsufrsm;udk od&SdcJhol enf;yg;Muygonf/
ÄÄÄ
olonf yifudk,fobm0p&dkuftm;jzifh pdwf"mwfcdkifrmjyif;xefoljzpfonfhtavQmuf wdkYArm
tpnf;t&H;k BuD;\ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf tcsed jf ynfEh ikd if aH &;vky&f efq;kH jzwfvu kd cf sed rf pS í ewfarmuf
NrdKY&dS rdcifxrH S aiGaMu;axmufyrhH t I ultnDr,lbJ rdru d , kd wf ikd f &efuek Nf rdKYwiG jf zpfovd&k yfwnfaexdik &f if;
Edik if aH &;vkycf yhJ gonf/
odYkaomf a&ausmv f rf;&Sd wdYkArmtpnf;t&H;k rSmyifaexdik Nf yD; NcdK;NcHacRwmoH;k pJ&G eftwGuf vdt k yfaom
aiGudkrl olonfpma&;jcif;ynmjzifhBudK;pm;&SmazGcJhygonf/
&efuek t f a&SUydik ;f armif*rkd m&Dvrf;(,ck Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;vrf;) a&ausm&f dS Armydik w f pfcw k nf;aom
]]e,l;bm;rm;}}(t*Fvdyf)owif;pmwGif t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh EdkifiHa&;aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;jcif;/
xkdacwfu emrnfausmfMum;qHk;r*¾Zif;jzpfaom ]]'*kefr*¾Zif;}}wGif Armbmomjzifh aqmif;yg;
rsm;a&;om;jcif;/
Armhtvif;aeYpOfowif;pmBuD;twGuf (emrnfrazmfb)J t,f'w D mtmabmf odYkr[kwf ]]acgif;BuD;}}
rsm;a&;om;cJhjcif;ponfjzifh EdkifiHa&;wm0efawG rsm;jym;onfhMum;rSyif BudK;pm;ípmayrsm;a&;om;cJh
ygonf/
owif;pmacgif;BuD;ydik ;f wpfy'k v f Qif Armhtvif;owif;pmwdu k t f yk f OD;wif u pmrlc wpfq,fusyf
ay;cJyh gonf/
'*kerf *¾Zif; wm0efct H ,f'wD m OD;cspfped (f a&Tnmarmif)qdv k Qifvnf; 1936ckEpS f wuúov dk of ydwf
twGif;uyif udkatmifqef;tm; av;pm;MunfndKcJhojzifh pmrlc '*kefr*¾Zif;rS aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fvQif
pmrlc aiGo;kH q,fay;cJyh gonf/ tjcm;pma&;q&mrsm; pmrlc q,fig;usyf ESpq f ,fceYo f m&&Scd sed üf pma&;
q&mocifatmifqef;&cJhaom pmrlc aiGoHk;q,frSm xdkacwfu tawmfrsm;onfqdkEdkifygonf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wGif pma&;q&mjzpfEdkifaom t&nftcsif;&Sdonfudk apmapmuyif uRefawmf
od&cdS ahJ Mumif; txufwiG af zmfjycJo h nht f wdik ;f ol\ pma&;om;rIt&nftaoG;udk cefYreS ;f tuJcwfEikd &f ef
atmufyg ol\ ppfBudKacwfpmayvuf&mtcsKd Yukd taxmuftxm;tjzpf aumufEw I wf ifjyvdu k &f ygonf/
ÄÄÄ
wuúokdvfor*¾a<u;aMumfoH ]]tdk;a0}}r*¾Zif;wm0efcHudkatmifqef;onf ol\,HkMunfcsufESifh
tawG;tac:udk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;cJhzl;ygonf/
]]ightm; zHk;vTrf;xm;aom vuG,foef;acgif,H? ,if;arSmufrdkuf twGif;rSaeí
tEdik rf cH t&H;I ray;vkad om ighpw d u f zkd efqif;ay;ol ewf? odMum; wdYk tm; igonf aus;Zl;
pum;qdyk g\/
avm"Hw&m;\ vufcyk w f iG ;f odYk b,fvykd if usa&mufapumrl igum;rwkev f yI ?f
ridka<u;? uHw&m;\ &dkufykwfjcif;'PfcsufaMumifh ig\ OD;acgif;onf aoG;oHwdkUjzifh
&J&JeDae\/ odkYaomf nTwfum;? rnTwf/
avmb? a'gowdYk \BuD;pk;d &mXme\ tjcm;rJüh um; aojcif;w&m;onf aMumuf
rufzG,f&m iHhvifhae\/ odkYyifrl ightm;rwkefrvIyfonfudkom awGY&thH/ aemifudkvnf;
b,fawmhrS raMumufonfudk awGY&aytHh/
ok*wdomG ;&m? wHcg;0onf rnfrQyif usO;f ajrmif;onfjzpfap? ,rrif;\ acG;a&
y&ydu k üf ig\tjypfwYkd ukd rnfrQyifa&;rSwx f m;onfjzpfap? igum; *½krjyK/ igomvQif
uH\ t&Sifocifjzpfí igomvQif pdwf\ tBuD;tuJjzpfawmh\/
ÄÄÄ
1940 jynfEh pS ?f azazmf0g&Dvxkwf '*kerf *¾Zif;wGif ]]ocifatmifqef;}} uavmiftrnfjzifh a&;om;
cJah om ]]Edik if aH &;trsdK;rsdK;}} aqmif;yg;rS atmufyg aumufEw I cf sufrsm;onfvnf; pdw0f ifpm;zG,af umif;
onfESifhtrQ AdkvfcsKyf\ pmaya&;om;zGJUqdkyHk? a&;enf;a&;[efwdkYudk avhvmtuJcwfEdkifygonf/
þaqmif;yg;a&;&mwGif Edik if aH &;qdak om pum;udk a&S;OD;pGmoH;k oyf&efvo kd nf/ ]]wdik ;f a&;jynfa&;
aygufEiS ahf Mu;}} ]]MuufOta&mifwrd af wmifozG,f rifa&;cs,f}} ponfjzifh a&S;Armpmrsm;wGizf wf&rSw&f
yg\/ ,if;pum;rsm;onf aumif;vnf;aumif;\/ qd;k vnf;qd;k \/ aumif;yHu k m; Edik if aH &;\ cufceJ ufeJ
aomt"dymÜ ,f us,0f ef;aomt"dymÜ ,f? odraf rGYaom t"dymÜ ,fwYkduakd qmif\/ qd;k yHu k m; Mum;&olrsm;tm;
vrf;p&SmraawGYapbJ? qdik ;f 0dik ;f wGiw f ;D vdu k w f ikd ;f jrnfonfh pnfuo hJ Ykd ynm&SBd uD;ozG,f vlrsm;txifBuD;
atmif ajymatmif? ajymvdkY&onfh pum;vnf;jzpf\/
xdYk aMumifh uRefawmfwYkd tzdYk rmS Edik if aH &;qdo k nfh t"dymÜ ,f tus,ft0ef; twdik ;f txGmudk pOf;pm;
rd\/
]]Armjynf\ EdkifiHa&;ordkif;udk jyefajymif;íMunfhvQif EdkifiHa&;qdkonfrSm b,fvdk[mrsdK;yg[k
wyfwyftyftyf r&So d nfukd awGY&\/ Armrsm;tzdYk [kr½® ;l ? tif'yD if;'if?h bk0H g'? qif;&Jom;0g'? 0HomEk
ponfjzifh rD;cdk;rqHk;rdk;rqHk; jzpfaecJhonf/
t*Fvyd v f kd ]]ay:vpfwpf}} POLITICS qdak ompum;onf t*Fvyd pf um;r[kw/f ]]ay:vpfwpf}}
[lonf acgrwdik ;f ac: *&dwEf ikd if rH S pwifay:aygufvm\/ acgrbmomjzifh ]]ay:vpfwpf}} qdak ompum;rS
qif;oufvm\/ t"dymÜ ,fum; vltrsm; pkaygif;tkycf sKyfr[ I íl jzpfonf/ xdYk aMumifh Edik if aH &;;udk qd&k , S f
qdkif;,ifhpf SOCIAL SCIENCE ac: aygif;oif;qufqHrI odyÜHynm[k ,lq&rnfjzpf\/
]]txufwiG f wifjycJah om Edik if aH &;\oabmudk tus,#f u D mzGi&hf vQif ukeEf ikd zf ,
G &f mr&S/d odYkaomf
ydkrdkoabmaygufapjcif;iSm xyfrHo&kyfaqmifjy&OD;tHh/ EdkifiHa&;onf vlrIa&;udpö tm;vHk;yifjzpf\/
]]aemufwpfenf;um; vlom;wdkYonf vl½dkif;b0rS vl,Ofacwfa&mufvmonfhtcg ]]EdkifiHa&;}}
ay:vmonf[kqdkMu\/
]]uRefawmf\ t,ltqwGifrl EdkifiHa&;udk odyÜHynmt& xifjrifokH;oyfrSom rSefuefonf[k
xifryd g\}}
ÄÄÄ
txufyg aumufEIwfcsufrsm;udk avhvmMunfhjcif;tm;jzifh xdkacwf (1940) u EdkifiHa&; odyÜH
ynm (POLITICAL SCIENCE)taMumif; a&;om;Ekdifol tvGef&Sm;aecsdefwGif ocifatmifqef;\
a&;om;csurf sm;t& olonf Edik if aH &;odyt HÜ aMumif; ydik Ef ikd pf mG avhvmxm;aMumif; odomxif&mS ;ygonf/
ÄÄÄ
wpfzef AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ pmaya&;om;rI ]][ef}} aemufwpfrsdK;udk wifjyvdkygao;onf/
1943-ckEpS f Mo*kwv f wGif *syefwYkdu ArmEdik if t H m; vGwv f yfa&; (twk) ay;cJah omtcg Adv k cf sKyf
atmifqef;onf Armhwyfrawmf\ aoemywd&mxl;tjyif t"dywd a'gufwmbarmf\ tpd;k &zGYJwiG v f nf;
]]ppf0efBuD;}} &mxl;yg &cJyh gonf/ xdt k cg ol\ ppf0efBuD;½k;H udk &efuek Nf rdKU OD;0dpm&vrf;\ ta&SYbufjcrf;
(aemufydkif; 0dZ,½kyf&Sif½kHwnf&mrS ajrmufzuf,Gef;,Gef;wGif xm;&SdcJhygonf/)
AdkvfcsKyfudk,fwdkifu ]]ppf0efBuD;}} tjzpf aeYpOf½kH;wufNyD; wyfrawmf wpfckvHk;udkpDrHcefYcGJ uGyfuJ
cJyh gonf/ topfzUJG pnf;vdu k af om ppf0efBuD;½k;H tajcusvmaomtcg tcsed t f enf;i,f&ojzihf Adv k cf sKyf
onf ol apmapmuyif a&;om;&ef &nf&G,fxm;cJhaom pma&;jcif;tvkyfudk pwifvkyfcJhygonf/
ola&;onfhpmuawmh t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh AUTO BIOGRAPHY ac: udk,fa&;tw¬KyÜwådyif
jzpfonf/
odkY&mwGif AdkvfcsKyfonf ol tvGefpdwf0ifpm;pGmjzifh a&;aeaom udk,fa&;tw¬KyÜwådudk NyD;atmif
tqHk;rowfEdkifcJh&Smyg/ 1944 wGif zufqpfawmfvSefrI ta&;awmfyHktwGuf vQdKY0Suf jyifqifrIrsm;jzifh
tvGet f vkyrf sm;vmaomaMumifh Adv k cf sKy\
f a&;vufp ud, k af &;tw¬Kyw Ü udå kd wpfyikd ;f wpfpESiyhf if &yfxm;cJ&h
onfrSm 1947ckESpf oluG,fvGefoGm;csdeftxdyifjzpfygonf/
,if; AdkvfcsKyf\ udk,fa&;tw¬KyÜwådrS atmufygaumufEIwfcsufrsm;udk avhvmMunfhMuygpdkY/
]]uRefawmfonf vl½dkif;b0u vmavovm; rod/ ,aeYtxd vl½dkif;oabmrsdK; aecsifonfh
pdwfxm;rsm; &Sdaeonf/ &Hzef&Hcg vl,Ofaus; qdkolrsm;ESifh tom;ruscJh/ rsufpdaemuf jrifjyif;uyf
vmonf/ xdktcg igonf vl½dkif;[k ZmwdpGJ jzpfcsifonfhpdwf ay:vmwwfonf/ vl½dkif;um; Murf;\/
cufxef\/ odkYaomf jzLajzmifh\/ wnfMunf\/ vGwfvyf\/ usef;rm\/ oefpGrf;\/ uRefawmf\
pdw0f ,f tifrwef pdak jyvwfqwfaomb0[k ,lqrdonf/ Armjynf&dS vltm;vH;k vl½ikd ;f b0odYk a&mufcsif
a&mufomG ;ygap/ vGwv f yfcsr;f ompGmacgif;axmifaeEdik rf nfqv kd Qif rvGwv
f yfaom vl,Ofaus;b0xuf
uRefawmf tqwpf&mjrwfEdk;onf/
]]uReaf wmf pdr;f vef;pdak jyus,jf yefYaom vGijf yif½ikd ;f wGif vufyef;aygufcwfí vGwv f w
G v
f yfvyf
jrL;wl;atmf[pfaevdkonf}}
txufyg aumufEw I cf suuf Mkd unfjh cif;tm;jzifh Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;\ Armpum;ajy a&;om;[ef
udk ay:vGifxif&Sm;onf[k qdk&ygrnf/ 0guswnfaqmufyHku wdkwdkwkwfwkwfESifh vdk&if;udk xdxdrdrd
a&;zGJYxm;onf/ oHk;onfha0g[m& pum;vHk;rsm;uvnf; wdusjywfom;onf/ [efaqmifrIuif;aom
ol\ yifu, kd o f bm0p½du k u
f ykd g ay:vGiaf ponft h jyif ol\ESv;kH om;twGi;f ude;f atmif;wnf&adS eaom
jzpfay:cHpm;csufudkyg yGifhvif;pGm azmfxkwfa&;zGJUxm;onf[k qdkEdkifygonf/
ÄÄÄ
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ pmayta&;tom;taMumif; ajym&vQif ol\ t*Fvdyfpm a&;om;rI

uRr;f usiyf u kH ykd g azmfxw k w f ifjy&rnf/ 1965-ckEpS u f uReaf wmfonf vkyo f m;(t*Fvyd )f owif;pmtwGuf
]]wyfrawmfaeY}} aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fudk t*Fvdyfbmomjzihf a&;om;cJhzl;ygonf/
,if;aqmif;yg;ü uReaf wmfonf 1945-ckEpS ?f Mo*kwv f u Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ud, k w f ikd f a&;om;
zwfMum;cJah om ]]zufqpfawmfveS af &;ppfwrf;}} t*Fvyd b f momrl&if;rS aumufEw I cf sut f csKd Yukd ud;k um;cJh
ygonf/
,if;aqmif;yg;udk owif;pmwGirf xnfrh D wpf&ufu vkyo f m;(t*Fvyd pf m) owif;pmt,f'w D mcsKyf
OD;cifarmifvwf (a':cifrsdK;cspf\ cifyGef;)u uRefawmfhudk w,fvDzkef;qufar;ygonf/
]]udak e0if;? cifAsm;aqmif;yg;u aumif;ygw,f/ uReaf wmfwYkd oH;k rSmyg/ 'gxuf tJ'h aD qmif;yg;rSm
cifAsm;aumufEIwfudk;um;xm;wJh AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JY t*Fvdyfvdk ]]zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ppfwrf;}}udk
AdkvfcsKyfudk,fwdkifa&;cJhwmvm;? 'grSr[kwf wpfa,mufa,mufursm; a&;ay;wmvm;}}
]]AdkvfcsKyfudk,fwdkifa&;wmyg? tJ'gawmh uRefawmfaumif;aumif;odygw,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJ q&m
cifarmifvwf}}
]]bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh t*Fvdyfpm ta&;tom; aumif;vGef;vdkYygyJ/ a0g[m& <u,fyHk? 0gus
wnfaqmufy?Hk pum;vH;k awGo;kH xm;yHu k Adv k cf sKyv
f kd Armpm OD;pm;ay;oifwhJ a&eHacsmif; ae&Sief ,fausmif;
uxGuv f molwpfO;D &JY vuf&meJY vH;k 0rwlb;l Asm/ &Si;f &Si;f ajym&&if c&pf,mef omoemjyKausmif;(,l½ydk D
,rfausmif;)xGuaf wGxufawmif omaevdYk tHMh op&maumif;vdYkyg/ wu,fygAsm/ Adv k cf sKyfvkd t*Fvyd pf m
a&;om;rI ydkifEdkifuRrf;usifolrsdK;[m tvGef&Sm;ygw,f/ uJ-'gygyJ}}
ÄÄÄ
þodkYvQif oludk,fwkdifu r[m0dZÆm(t*Fvdyf)bJGY& t*Fvdyfpmjy q&mBuD;wpfOD;vkyfcJhol
OD;cifarmifvwfu, kd w
f ikd f zGi[
hf cs;D usL;cJ&h avmufatmif Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;\ t*Fvyd pf muRr;f usirf o I nf
tHhMozG,f&m aumif;vSygonf/
xdYkaMumifh ]]vGwv f yfa&;&NyD;&if igawmh Edik if aH &;u tem;,lNyD; pma&;q&mvkyrf ,f pdwu f ;l w,f}}
[k 1947-ckEpS f {NyDvu jyifO;D vGif (arNrdKY)wGif ajymcJo h l Adv
k cf sKyfonf wu,fyif pma&;q&m (t*Fvyd -f
ArmESpfbmom) uRrf;usifolwpfOD; jzpfEdkifonfrSm vHk;0 ,HkrSm;zG,f r&SdygaMumif; wifjyvdkuf&ygonf/
pwdkifopfr*¾Zif;? Mo*kwfv-1995
tpfru vdrfajymwmudk; qdkwJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
1942-ckESpfu ArmEdkifiHrS NAdwdoQwyfrsm; qkwfcGmoGm;MuNyD;aemuf 1943-ckESpfukefESifh 1944-

ESpq f ef;rSpí tdE, d́ e,fpyfrw S pfqifh ArmEdik if t H m; jyefvnford ;f ,l&ef wefjyefx;kd ppfqif&mwGif t"du
wm0ef,l&aom NAdwdoQtrSwf(14)wyfrawmf\ aoemywd AdkvfcsKyfBuD; (aemufydkif;]]zD;vfrm&S,f}} ac:
AdkvfcsKyfrSL;jzpfvmol) qm0DvsHqvif; (Sir Willliam Slim)onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; vHk;0
txifrBuD;½kHru AdkvfcsKyf\ ArmhwyfrawmfwpfckvHk;udk txifao;cJhol jzpfygonf/
þonfrmS vnf; taMumif;&Syd gonf/ 'kw, d urÇmppftwGi;f u ]]wyfzYJG 136}}(FORCE 136)ac:
NAwd od QppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;tzGYu J Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;\ wyfrawmftaMumif; vQKd Y0u S of wif;ydYk tpD&ifcH &mwGi-f
]]atmifqef;\ wyfrS vltrsm;pkonf ynmt&nftcsi;f r&So d rl sm;? tvkyv f ufrhJ vlayvlawrsm;?
tqift h wef;r&So d rl sm;om jzpfonf/ t&m&Sq d o
kd rl sm; ud,
k w
f ikd u
f ynmwwfrsm; r[kw?f wyfypkH u H vnf;
pnf;urf;pepf r&Sdojzifh pdwfrcs&}}
ponfjzifh r[kwrf rSef jzpfuwwfqef; owif;rsm;om ydYkcahJ v&m Adv k cf sKyfBuD; ]]qvif;}} taejzifh
ArmhwyfrawmfEiS w hf uG Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;udk txifrBuD;cJjh cif;jzpfonf/ olonf ppfrjzpfru D ArmEdik if aH &;
tajctaeESifh 1936-ckESpf wuúodkvfoydwfrSwpfqifh arG;zGm;ay:aygufvmol ]]atmifqef;}} trnf&Sd
vli,facgif;aqmif\xl;cRex f ufjrufrt I aMumif;rsm;udk avhvmcJo h vl nf;r[kwaf Mumif; ]]wyfzYJG 136}}\
r[kwfrrSef axmufvSrf;a&;owif;rsm;udkom tajcjyKvsuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; txifao;cJhjcif;
jzpfavonf/
xdYk jyif Armhwyfrawmf aoemywd Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf ta&SYawmiftm&S r[mrdww f yfaygif;pk
aoemywdcsKyf a&wyfAdkvfcsKyfBuD; ]]armifhbufwif}}\ XmecsKyfwdkY vQdKY0SuftquftoG,f&&SdaMumif;
udkvnf; apmapmydkif;u AdkvfcsKyfBuD; ]]qvif;}} onf rodcJhacs/
odkY&mwGif olYtxufrS tBuD;tuJwyfaygif;pk aoemywdcsKyfBuD;u 1945 ckESpfwGif-
ArmjynfwGif;rS atmifqef;ESifh awGYqHkaqG;aEG;yg/ atmifqef;ESifh ol\wyfrsm; ulnDyl;aygif;rI
&rSomvQif *syefwyfrsm;udk xda&mufpmG wdu k Ef ikd rf nf}} [k ñTeMf um;vdu k o f jzifh Adv
k cf sKyfBuD; ]]qvif;}}onf
pdwrf yghwygjzifh 1945-ckEpS f arvqef;wGif ol\ NAdwo d Q trSwf (14) wyfrawmfXmecsKyf&&dS m rdwv D¬ mNrdKY
ü vufcHawGYqHkcJhygonf/
ÄÄÄ
,if;odYk vlcsi;f awGYqkH pum;ajymNyD;csed rf pS í NAdwo d QAv kd cf sKyfBuD; ]]qvif;}}\ Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;
tay: xifjrifcsufoabmw&m; tBuD;tus,f ajymif;oGm;cJhygonf/
Adv
k cf sKyfonf Armhwyfrawmf\ ar*sm*sife&,fv(f Adv k cf sKyf) ,leaD zmif;0wfpt kH jynft h pHk 0wfqif
oGm;&m *syefb&k ifw h yfrawmfrS Adv k cf sKyfwpfO;D ESihf wlaeojzifh a&S;acwf ]]q&mrl½ikd ;f }} ac: *syefo&l aJ umif;
wdYk \ aqmif"m;wpfvufuykd g cg;wGicf sw d q f v JG suf wnfNidraf om £ajEÉiS hf NAdwo d QppfXmecsKyftwGi;f odYk
avQmuf0ifomG ;yHu k jkd rifvQif tcsKd Yt*Fvyd t f &m&Srd sm;u ½kww f &uf tHt h m;oifo h mG ;Muawmhonf/ odYk aomf
csucf si;f yif Advk cf sKyfu Adv k cf sKyfBuD; ]]qvif;}}tm; t*Fvyd b f mom uRr;f usi&f nfreG pf mG jzifh EIwq f ufpum;
ajymí NAdwo d Q Adv
k cf sKyfBuD;uvnf; NyHK;&Tipf mG jyefvnfpum;ajymMuawmhrS tm;vH;k aeomxdik o f m &So d mG ;
Muygawmhonf/
NAdwdoQtrSwf (14) wyfrawmfaoemywd AdkvfcsKyfBuD; ]]qvif;}}onf ]]atmifqef;}} qdkoltm;
jrifjrifcsi;f yif wyfrLS ;aumif;wpfO;D [k tuJcwfro d nft h jyif t*Fvyd pf um;udk txl;uRr;f usipf mG ajymEdik yf ?kH
Edik if w
H uma&;&m? urÇmph pfrufa&;&m tajctaeponfwYkdukd Edik if aH &;odyyHÜ nmqdik &f m a0g[m& <u,f0pGm
jzifh aqG;aEG;ajymqdkEdkifyHkwdkYaMumifh apmapmu olYxHa&mufvmonfh ]]axmufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJY 136}}\
owif;ydkY tpD&ifcHcsufrsm; vHk;0 r[kwfrrSefaMumif; csufcsif;oabmaygufoGm;rdavonf/
xdkYaMumifh ppfNyD;acwf AdkvfcsKyfBuD;]]qvif;}} udk,fwdkifa&;om;cJhaom ]]t½HI;rStEdkifodkY}} FROM
DEFEAT TO VICTORY ac: pmtkyfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;taMumif; twdtvif; csD;usL;a&;om;
cJyh gonf/
,if;pmtkyw f iG f ola&;cJah om Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;taMumif;rsm;rSm tawmfyifpv kH ifygonf/ odYkaomf
þaqmif;yg;wGif uRefawmfwifjyvdkonfh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;taMumif;ESifh wdkuf½dkufoufqdkifonfh
aumufEIwfcsuftcsdKYudkom a&G;cs,fwifjy&ef &nf&G,fygonf/
uRefawmfwifjyvdo k nfh t"dutcsufrmS rauG;wdik ;f ? ewfarmufNrdKYrS a&SYaeOD;zm? a':pkwYkd \om;
(paeom;jzpfí i,frnf armifxed v f if;jzpfaomfvnf;) ol\ tpfuv kd wf udak tmifoef; trnfEiS u hf m&H
nDap&ef ]]atmifqef;}} [k emrnfajymif;cJhol (aemufydkif; ArmhvGwfvyfa&; Adokum Armhwyfrawmf\
zcif vlxkacgif;aqmif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;jzpfvmol)\ pdwfaepdwfxm;ADZESifh yifudk,fobm0 p½dkuf
taMumif; jzpfygonf/
,if;taMumif; ay:vGiaf p&ef NAdwo d QAv kd cf sKyfBuD; ]]qm0DvQq H vif;}} \ a&;om;csuu f kd uReaf wmf
u taxmuftxm;tjzpfudk;um;vdkygonf/
]]atmifqef;ESiyhf wfoufí uREyfk t f aejzifh olYtm;txl;av;pm; txifBuD;rdaom t&nftcsi;f um;
ol\ ½dk;om;wnfMunfajzmifhrwfrIyif jzpfonf/ olonf pum;udk ayghayghqq rajym? tvG,fwul
uwday;wwfolvnf; r[kwf/ odkYaomfwpfpHkwpfck vkyfygrnf[k uwday;NyD;vQifrl rnfodkYyifjzpfap
uwdwnfpGm wu,fvkyfrnfhvlpm;rsdK;jzpfaMumif;? uREkfyf ,HkMunfrdonf/
xdYk aMumifh uREyfk pf w d x f üJ atmifqef;ESihf tvkyv f yk v f Qif {uefrck s tvkyjf zpfrnf[k qH;k jzwfvu kd f
rdawmhonf/
þodkYvQif NAdwdoQ AdkvfcsKyfBuD; ]]qm0DvQHqvif;}} onfol\pmtkyfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
taMumif; wdusyGifhvif;pGm a&;om;cJhygonf/
txufyg aumufEIwfcsufrS AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ ]]½dk;om;wnfMunf ajzmifhrwfrI}} qdkonfrSm
t*Fvdyf a0g[m& HONESTY udk uRefawmfu teD;uyfqHk; bmomjyef azmfjyvdkufjcif; jzpfygonf/
uReaf wmfwYdkavhvmtuJcwfí od&x dS m;aom Adv k cf sKyf\ yifu, kd o f bm0p½du k Ef iS v
hf nf; udu k n f [D yfrad e
ojzifh ,if;odkY bmomjyefvdkufjcif;jzpfygonf/
atmufwiG f qufvufazmfjyvwåaH omjzpf&yfqv kd Qif 1945 ckEpS u f NAdwo d QAv kd cf sKyBf uD; ]]qvif;}}\
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;tay:tuJjzwfo;kH oyfcsufEiS hf xyfwu l o hJ Ykd jzpfaejcif;rSm tHMh ozG,&f myifaumif;aeyg
awmhonf/
ÄÄÄ
]]vlrSm ta&;BuD;qHk; udk,fusifhw&m;&,f? trSefw&m;udk jrwfEdk;rI&,f 'gyJjzpfw,f}}
þodYkvQif Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;onf wzGzG ajymavh&o dS nf/ ol\ rdom;pkEiS w hf uG wynf&h aJ bmfrsm;
tm; xyfwvJvJ rarmwrf;? ryrf;wrf;ajymavh&Sdygonf/
ppfBudKacwf wuúodkvfor*¾wGif wuf<upGm yg0ifvIyf&Sm;cJhaom uRefawmfwdkYvdk ausmif;om;
a[mif;awGudkawmh ol\0goemtwdkif; Character and Love of Truth [k t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh
ajymavh&o dS nf/ þonfrmS olonf t*Fvyd b f momudk txl;uRr;f usiaf tmif BudK;pm;avhvmxm;oljzpfí
tcGifh&wdkif; t*Fvdyfpum;vHk;a0g[m&rsm; oHk;wwfjcif;yifjzpfonf/
txl;ojzifh oltvGefwefzdk;xm;aom ]]trSefw&m; jrwfEdk;rI}} (Love of Truth)udk xyfqifh
&Sif;jyonfhtaejzifh trSefw&m;udk tcsdefra&G;ajym0Hh&ef? ajym0hHwJhowåd&Sd&r,f/ owåd&SdatmifvJ BudK;pm;
avhusif&h r,f}}
[k uRefawmfhtm; wpfcgu ajzcJhzl;ygonf/
olu, kd w
f ikd u
f vnf; oloeG o f ifq;kH ronft h wdik ;f vufawGYusifo h ;kH cJyh gonf/ ]]rkom;ryg vuFm
racsm}} [laom Armpum;&S&d m tajctaet& vdt k yfvQif cRi;f csuo f abm rkom;pum;ajymoifah jym&rnf
[k t"dyÜm,f&Sdaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;uawmh xdkpum;udk vufcH,HkMunf[ef r&Sdyg/ olonf
vdrn f majymjcif;udk rBudKuo f vdk olu, kd wf ikd vf nf; vdraf jymavhr&Sd trSeu f o
kd m bGi;f bGi;f ajymwwfonf/
þtcsufudk olESifh awGYqHkoduRrf;cJhol EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;yif owdjyKrdMuygonf/
þum; ol\ arG;&mygADZ odYkr[kwf yifu, kd f obm0p½du k [f qk &kd ygrnf/ ,if;tcsu\ f taxmuf
txm;tjzpf atmufygjzpf&yfudk ZmwfaMumif;jyef wifjyvdkygonf/
ÄÄÄ
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;jzpfvmrnfh paeom; i,frnf ]]armifxdefvif;}} av;ESpfom;t&G,fu jzpfyg
onf/
rdcifa':pk (tarpk) onf pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef; uRrf;usifNyD; ta&mif;t0,f aumif;pGmvkyu f ikd w
f wf
oljzpfonf/ qefpyg; a&mif;0,fjcif;vnf; vkyfonf/ pyg;ay;enf;jzifh aiGvnf;acs;onf/ tdrfwGif
pyg;rsm;0,favSmifxm;NyD; aus;vufawm&Gmrsm;rS vlrsm;tm;wqifah &mif;onfh tvkyv f nf; vkyo f nf/
wpfaeYoü awmrSpyg;0,folrsm; a&mufvmNyD; aps;pum;ajymaeMupOf av;ESpfom;t&G,f
armifxdefvif;ac: ]]atmifqef;}} uav;onf avSum; tqif;twufae&mwGif aqmhupm;aeonf/
pyg;0,folrsm;u aps;qpfMu&m rdcifBuD;a':pku-
]]udik ;f -rif;wdYk 'gavmufvckd siaf erS iguyJ avQmah y;vdu k rf ,f/ 'Dpyg;udk ig0,fwek ;f u ajcmufq,f
aps;eJY 0,fxm;&w,f/ 'gayr,fh rif;wdYk ukd ig;q,faps;eJYay;vdu k yf gr,f}h } [kajymav&m xdpk um;udMk um;
vdkufol atmifqef;(xdefvif;) uav;u-
]][m tpfruvJ r[kww f majyma&mhr,f/ 'Dpyg;udk tpfru ig;q,faps;eJY0,fxm;wm uReaf wmf
odw,f/ [kwfwmajymrS Opömaygr,f? vdrfajymwm raumif;bl;}}
[k cyfwnfwnf 0ifajymvdkufojzifh tm;vHk;u 0dkif;&,farmMuavonf/
{nfo h nfrsm; jyefomG ;aomtcg rdcifBuD;u om;i,fut kd eD;odYkac:,lí aygifwiG ;f aMum qGv J rd &f if;
]]{nfo h nfawGeYJ pum;ajymaewke;f vlBuD;awGajymwJh pum;Mum;rSm rif;u bmjzpfvYkd0ifajym&wm
vJ/ aemifukd 'Dv0kd ifrajymeJY}} [kq;kH r&m xdev f if; ac: atmifqef;uav;onf tvGeef musifaomfvnf;
ridb k -J
]]tpfru vdraf jymwmud;k }} [k uav;t&G,Ef iS hf rvdu k af tmif ol\ ,HMk unfcsut f wdik ;f jyefajym
cJyh gonf/
(rSwcf suf/ /ArmEdik if H aus;vufa'otcsKd YwiG f rdcifukd ]]tar}} [k rac:bJ ]]tpfr}} (tar)[k
ac:avh&&dS m Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;wdYk ro d m;pkwiG vf nf; rdcifBuD;a':pktm; om;orD;rsm;u ]]tpfr}} [kac:cJh
Muygonf/ pma&;ol)
txufwiG f azmfjycJo h nfth wdik ;f rdcifBuD;tm; ]]tpfru vdraf jymwmud;k }} [k ajymcJo h l av;ESpo f m;
armifxed v f if;ac: atmifqef;uav;onf t&G,af &mufBuD;jyif;vmí Ekid if ahH cgif;aqmifBuD; jzpfvmonfh
wdkifatmif uav;b0u tawG;tac:ESifh ,HkMunfcsuf ajymif;vJroGm;aMumif;udk olausmif;om;
acgif;aqmifjzpfvmrS awGYqHkoduRrf;cJh&ol uRefawmfwdkYtzdkY tHhMordMuygonf/
wpfqufwnf;rSmyif olwpfzGzG ajymavh&Sdaom ]]vlrSmta&;BuD;qHk;u udk,fusifhw&m;eJY trSef
w&m;udk jrwfE;kd rIyJ jzpfw,f}} [laompum;onf Adv k cf sKyu
f av;b0rSpí&So d nfh tawG;tac:ESihf ,HMk unf
csufwYkd u cdik rf mjyif;xefpmG yJw h if½u kd cf wfcsufyif jzpfonf[v k nf; oH;k oyfaumufcsufcsrdygownf;/
pwdik o
f pfr*¾Zif;
um;ysufíajcvsifavQmufcJhaom AdkvfcsKyf
wpfcgu txuftnma'o NrdKY&SpfNrdKYrS pmqdkawmfaeYtxdrf;trSwf pmaya[majymyJGzdwfMum;

ojzifh oGm;a&mufa[majymcJhzl;ygonf/ xdktcsdefu pmqdkv&moDjzpfaomfvnf; ArmhvGwfvyfa&;
ESpfywfvnftcrf;tem;aeY tBudKumvvnf;jzpfaeaomaMumifh NrdKYcHpmayorm;rsm;u uRefawmftm;
vli,frsm;A[kow k twGuf ]]vGwv f yfa&;BudK;yrf;rIEiS hf Akv
d cf sKyfatmifqef;}}[laom acgif;pOfjzifh a[majym
yg&ef arwåm&yfcHcsufMu&m uRefawmfvnf; rjiif;ombJ olwdkYawmif;qdkonfhtwdkif; ]]vGwfvyfa&;
Adokum AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;}}acgif;pOfjzifh a[majymcJhygonf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rIumvtwGif; vIyf&Sm;pGrf;aqmifrIrsm;taMumif;
uReaf wmfu a[majymoGm;&if; Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf Edik if aH &;t&Ied t f 0gudk ckw;kH vkyíf tcGiahf t&;r,l
wwfyHkudk om"ursm;jzifhajymcJhygonf/ wpfae&mwGif uRefawmfu]]AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m tpdk;&tzJGU
(0efBuD;tzJGU) acgifaqmifjzpf&Hkru 0efBuD;csKyf? EdkifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;? umuG,fa&;0efBuD;wm0efawGudkyg
xrf;aqmifaeayr,fh olYqrD mS armfawmfum;wpfp;D wnf;yJ&cdS yhJ gw,f/ tJ'u D m;wpfp;D ysuw f t
hJ cgqdk ajcvsif
avQmufoGm;cJhw,f}}[k ajymcJhygonf/
,if;taMumif;ESiyhf wfoufí a[majymyJt G NyD;wGif vli,fpmayorm;tcsKd Yu]]q&mu Adv k cf sKyfrmS
&SdwJh wpfpD;wnf;aomarmfawmfum;ysufvQif ajcvsifavQmufoGm;w,fqdkwm t"dyÜg,fav;eufatmif
OyrmtjzpfajymcJw h mr[kwv
f m;/ wu,fawmh Adv k cf sKyf[m um;ysuv f Ykd ajcvsiaf vQmufomG ;cJwh ,fqw kd m
trSefr[kwfbl; r[kwfvm; q&m}}[kar;ygonf/
þwGif uReaf wmfu acgif;cgjyNyD; ]]Oyrmtjzpf wifpm;ajymwmr[kwb f ;l As? trSew f u,fjzpf&yf
udak jymwmyg}}[k tpcsDum a[majymyJpG ifjrifah y:wke;f urajymcJah om wu,fjh zpf&yfrsm;udk vli,fpmay
0goem&Sifrsm;tm; ajymjycJh&m olwdkYtm;vHk; r,HkMunfEdkifavmufatmif tHhMoaeMuygawmhonf/
txufygjzpf&yfrS ESpfy&dapä'MumjrifhNyDjzpfí ,aeYrsdK;qufopfvli,frsm; A[kokw&ap&ef þ
aqmif;yg;jzifh jyefvnfa&;om;wifjyvdkuf&ygonf/
ÄÄÄ
twdwfudk ZmwfaMumif;jyefaomf 1946-ckESpf? pufwifbm 26 &uf Mumoyaw;aeYrS jyefvnf
pwif&rnfjzpfygonf/
xdkaeYonf ArmhvGwfvyfa&;ordkif;rS ta&;ygaomrSwfwdkifwpfckvnf;jzpfygonf/ taMumif;rl
um; vef'efNrdKY&Sd NAdwdoQtpdk;&\nTefMum;csuft& &efukefrS t*Fvdyfbk&ifcHu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm;
tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPm vTJajymif;ay;tyfcJhaomaeYjzpfaomaMumifhyifwnf;/
wpfenf;tm;jzifh (26.9.1946)aeYonf Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; tkycf sKyfa&;tmPm&&Su d m 0efBuD;tzJUG
(uwfbdeuf)acgif;aqmif jzpfvmonfhaeYjzpfygonf/
xdkaeYeHeuf &efukefNrdKY tvHkvrf;&Sd t*Fvdyfbk&ifcHtdrfawmf (,ckjynfholYvTwfawmf)odkYoGm;í
Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;onf tpd;k &tzJUG acgif;aqmifwm0efukd vufrw S af &;xd;k &,lNyD;aemuf A[ef; wm0gvde;f
vrf;&Sd ol\aetdrf(,ck AdkvfcsKyfjywdkuf)odkYjyefa&mufa&mufcsif; uRefawmfhtm;ac:í ta&;BuD;pum;
ajymcJyh gonf/
]]a[haumif 'DaeYpNyD; ig[m tpdk;&tzJGU(uwfbdeuf)acgif;aqmifjzpfvmNyD; rif;uvnf; igh&JY
yDat(tyg;awmfNrJ)tjzpf wpf&ufESpf&uftwGif; w&m;0ifjyefwrf;xGufvmvdrfhr,f? 'Dawmh igwdkYrSm
taqmifa,mif tcGit hf a&;awG&vmvdrrhf ,f? tmPm&vmw,fq&kd ifyJ igwdYkukd csO;f uyftultnDawmif
wmawGvmvdrrhf ,f? igh&UJ aqGrsKd ;awG? ighred ;f rbufutrsKd ;awG? NyD;awmh rif;eJYywfoufwhJ taygif;toif;
awGtm;vH;k b,foYlurkd S rw&m;tcGit hf a&;ray;&bl;? olwYkdtultnDawmif;wmudv k yk rf ay;&bl;? rif;wdYk
igwdkYuvnf; b,folYqDurS bmtultnDrS r,l&bl;? tcGifhta&;r,l&bl;}}
þodYkvQif Adv k cf sKyfonf uReaf wmftm; wdusjywfom;pGmajymcJ&h m wpfenf;tm;jzifh ol\ oabm
xm; qEÉSifh vrf;nTefcsufay;vdkufjcif;yifjzpfonf[kqdk&ygrnf/
]]b,foYl qu D rS bmtultnDrS r,l&bl;? tcGit hf a&;r,l&bl;}}[laom Akv d cf sKyfpum;\ tqH;k
owfyu kH kd uReaf wmf ,aeYxd rarhEikd yf g/ rarhEikd af tmifvnf; Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;onf olYtrdeYfay; nTeMf um;
ovdk oludk,fwdkifvnf; vdkufemusifhoHk;cJhaMumif; udk,fawGUjzpf&yfwpfck BuHKawGUcJh&ygonf/
ÄÄÄ
,if;odkY BuHKawGUcJh&yHku þodkYygwnf;/ xdktcsdefu ]]bk&ifcH\trIaqmifaumifpD}}[kac:aom
tpdk;&tzJGU\acgif;aqmif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; 0efBuD;tjzpfpD;cJhaom armfawmf,mOfrSm t*Fvefjynfvkyf
]]0lpvD}}trsdK;tpm; teufa&mif pvGef;um;trSwf tmat^2874jzpfygonf/
Advk cf sKyf\tdrwf iG f xdu
k m;wpfp;D rSví
GJ tjcm;armfawmfum;r&Scd yhJ g/ Adv k cf sKyfrmS tpk;d &tzJUG wm0ef
tjyif EdkifiHa&;tzJGUtpnf;(zqyvtzJGUcsKyf)\ OuúXtjzpfvnf; tvkyftvGefrsm;av&m olvIyf&Sm;
oGm;vm&mü txufazmfjyyg armfawmfum;ESiyhf if oGm;vm&aomaMumifh Adv k cf sKyfuawmf a':cifMunfEiS hf
om;orD;rsm;taejzifh armfawmfum;pD;cGihf odyrf &Mu&Smygacs/ &Hzef&cH g ½H;k ydw&f ufwe*FaEGaeYnaebufwiG f
AdkvfcsKyfu ZeD;ESifhuav;rsm;yg ac:NyD; uefawmfBuD;wpfywf um;avQmufpD;onfhtcgavmufwGifom
pD;cGi&hf Muygonf/
]]AdkvfBuD;? um;bmjzpfw,frodbl;/ pufEId;vdkYr&bl;/ uRefawmfvnf; wwfoavmuf rSwfo
avmuf trsdK;rsdK; BudK;pm;jyifMunfhwmyJ/ b,fvdkrS EdI;vdkYr& jzpfaew,f}}
]]a[-[kwfvm;/ rif; aoaocsmcsm vkyfMunfhNyD;NyDvm;}}
uReaf wmfu þodYkjyefar;vdu k jf cif;rSm &Jabmfausmpf ed o f nf um;armif;wwf½rkH u pufjyifynmyg
toifhtwifhwwfxm;oljzpfí ar;vdkufjcif;jzpfygonf/
]][kwfuJh uRefawmf tpGrf;ukef BudK;pm;MunfhNyD;ygNyD? vHk;0pufEdI;vdkYr&ygbl;}}
&Jabmfausmfped u f jyefajymcsdew f iG f uRefawmfonf vufywfem&Dukd Munfv h u kd &f m eHeuf 9 em&DcJG
ausmfaeNyDjzpfaMumif; awGY&ojzifh rsufvHk;jyL;oGm;rdygonf/ xdkaeYeHeuf 10 em&DwGif twGif;0ef½Hk;ü
Adv
k cf sKyfu 0efBuD;tzGYJ ta&;ay: tpnf;ta0;ac:xm;ojzifh uRefawmfwYkd ½k;H odYk 10 em&Dta&mufomG ;&ef
ta&;BuD;aomaMumifh pdk;&drfoGm;jcif;jzpfygonf/
xdak Mumifh uReaf wmfvnf;csucf si;f yif Adv k cf sKyftm; tusKd ;taMumif;owif;ydYkrS jzpfacsawmhrnf[k
qHk;jzwfvsuf AdkvfcsKyf&Sd&m tdrfatmufxyf{nfhcef;odkY cyfokwfokwfoGm;vdkufygonf/
Adv k cf sKyfonf uRefawmfu h jkd rifvQif olYtm;½k;H oGm;&efvmac:NyD[k ,lq[efjzifh ]]bmvJa[h-igwdYk
oGm;Muawmhrvm;}} [k ar;&if;? xdkif&mrS xvdkufygonf/
'DawmhrS uRefawmfvnf;armfawmfum; tajctaeudk ajymjyvdkuf&ygonf/
]]Adv k cf sKyf ½k;H oGm;vdYkrjzpfao;bl;/ 'DaeY armfawmfum;ysuaf ew,f? &Jabmfausmpf ed f trsKd ;rsKd ; BudK;pm;
NyD;Ed;I Munfw h myJ/ 'gayr,fh b,fvrkd pS ufE;Id vdYkr&Edik b f ;l ? uReaf wmfwYkdum;awGjyKjyifzYkdwm0ef,w l u
hJ ek ;f vrf;
ydkYaqmifa&;Xme 0yfa&SmhudkydkYNyD; jyifrSjzpfr,f}}
]][kwfvm;? um;u vHk;0 armif;vdkYr&bl;vm;uG}}
]][kwfuJh? vHk;0pufEdI;vdkY r&bl; jzpfaew,f? ½kH;rSmvnf; AdkvfcsKyfac:xm;wJh tpnf;ta0;u
10 em&DpzdYk&w dS ,f? tck 9 em&DcaJG usmaf eNyD/ 'ghaMumifh uReaf wmfwYkd½;Hk udk tcsed rf o D mG ;Edik af tmif wpfa,muf
a,mufqu D armfawmfum;wpfp;D zke;f qufawmif;vdu k rf ,f}} ajymajymqdq
k kd uRefawmfonf tdraf y:xyf
wufonfhavSum;&if;&Sd w,fvDzkef;qDudk avQmufoGm;pOf AdkvfcsKyfu vSrf;ac:vdkufygonf/
]]a[haumif rif;u w,fvDzkef;qufNyD; armfawmfum; awmif;rvdkY r[kwfvm;}}
AdkvfcsKyf\ avoHu wif;rmaeojzifh uRefawmfvnf; qufravQmufawmhbJ AdkvfcsKyf&Sd&modkY
jyefvn S v hf mcJyh gonf/
]][kwfuJh? 'grS uRefawmfwdkY ½kH;udk jrefjrefoGm;EdkifrSm r[kwfvm;}}
uRefawmfu trSeftwdkif; jyefajymvdkuf&m AdkvfcsKyfonf ydkíavoHjyif;pGmjzifh uRefawmfhtm;
tjypfwifygavawmhonf/
]]rif;[m awmfawmfnHhao;wmyJ/ w,fvDzkef;qufNyD; armfawmfum;awmif;zdkY wpfckwnf;yJ rif;
awG;rdwmudk;/ rif;wdkY igwdkYtaeeJY tckaetcg armfawmfum; vSrf;awmif;vdkuf&if wpfpD;r[kwfbl;
q,fpD;vnf; &Edkifw,f/ tJ'g qufpyfNyD; pOf;pm;MunfhrSaygh/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&SifawG[m igwdkYudk
armfawmfum;ay; ulnw D mudk taMumif;jyKNyD; olwYkdu igwdYkqu D rw&m;tcGit hf a&;awG awmif;vmrSmudk
awmh rif; rawG;rdbl; r[kwfvm;/ rif;udk igtapmBuD;uwnf;u BudKajymcJhw,f r[kwfvm;/ rif;wdkY
igwdYktaeESihf b,foYlqu D rS bmtultnDrS r,l&bl;/ tck rif;u armfawmfum;vSr;f awmif;wm[mvnf;
tcGifhta&;,lwmyJ/ 'gaMumifh rif; apmapmu pdwful;ovdk w,fvDzkef;qufNyD; armfawmfum;rawmif;
&bl;}}
]]'gjzifh uRefawmfwdkY bmvkyf&rvJ AdkvfcsKyf}}
]]bmrS vkyrf aeeJY? igwdYk um;ysufaew,f r[kwv f m;/ 'Dawmh rif;eJYig &H;k udvk rf;avQmufomG ;Mu
r,f? &Hk;a&mufrS o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;Xmeudk zkef;qufNyD; igwdkYum;udk pufjyiform;awGvmqJG,loGm;NyD;
jyifay;zdkYajymaygh? uJ ajymaeMumw,fuGm oGm;MupdkY}}
ajymajymqdq k kd Adv
k cf sKyfonf pdwjf refoyl yD D oluikd af eus rd;k umtusu Ð kd vufarmif;wGiaf cgufwif
vsuf tdraf &SUavSum;rS qif;avQmufomG ;ygawmhonf/ uReaf wmfvnf; rnfoYkdrS rwwfEikd b f J ol\aemuf
rS cyfokwfokwfajy;vdkufoGm;&ygonf/
oltpdk;&tzJGUtmPm,lonhfaeYuajymcJhaom ]] b,folYqDurS bmtultnDrS r,l&bl;? tcGifh
ta&;r,l&bl;}}[laom pum;twdkif; AdkvfcsKyfonf t,lonf;pGmudk,fwdkifvdkufemusifhoHk;aeygonf
ygwum;[kom pdwfxJrS qifjcifoHk;oyfrdygonf/
odYkEiS yhf if uReaf wmfEiS hf Adv
k cf sKyfwYkdq&mwynfEh pS Of ;D onf wm0gvde;f vrf;rSxu G í
f ewfarmufvrf;?
A[ef;vrf;twdik ;f avQmufNyD; A[ef;t0dik ;f udjk zwfausmu f m wd&pämef&akH b;&Sd yvufazmif;odYkyifa&mufomG ;
Muygonf/
AkdvfcsKyfu a&SUu ajcvSrf;oGufpGmESifhavQmufNyD; uRefawmfu aemufrSvdkufoGm;&m atmfpwif
trsKd ;tpm; armfawmfum;i,fwpfp;D uReaf wmft h eD;wif xd;k qduk v
f mojzifh uReaf wmfvnf; tHt h m;oifph mG
vSrf;Munhfrdygonf/
xdkum;uav;udkarmif;vmolu jrefrmh&kyf&Sifudk pwifwDxGifol ]]&kyf&SifzcifBuD;}}vef'eftwf
OD;tke;f armifjzpfaeygonf/ xdt k csed u f olonf A[ef;0uFmvrf;wGif acwåaexdik Nf yD; ql;avbk&m;vrf;&Sd
ol\ vef'eftwf"mwfyHkwdkufESifh &kyf&SifukrÜPD&Sd&modkY udk,fwdkifum;armif;oGm;jcif;jzpf[efwlygonf/
uRefawmfonf ausmif;om;b0u &ky&f iS 0f goemygojzifh &ky&f iS pf wl', D rkd sm;odYk &Hzef&cH goGm;a&muf avh
vm&if; OD;tkef;armifESifhoduRrf;aeygonf/
]]a[h armif&if cPvmygOD;uG,fh}}
OD;tkef;armifu um;&yfNyD; vSrf;ac:ojzifh uRefawmfvnf; olac:&modkYcsOf;uyfoGm;ygonf/
AdkvfcsKyfuawmh vHk;0vSnfhrMunhfbJqufavQmufoGm;aeygonf/
]]aeprf;ygOD;? armif&ifwdkYq&mwynfh b,fvdkjzpfvmwmvJ? vrf;ray:ajcvQifavQmuf&ovm;
armfawmfum;aumuG,fh}}
OD;tkef;armifuar;ojzifh uRefawmfuvnf;-
]]AdkvfcsKyf&JYum;ysufaevdkY pufEId;r&wmeJY tdrfrSmyJxm;ypfcJh&ygw,f}}[kjyefajymvdkufygonf/
]]jzpfrSjzpf&av armif&if&,f? um;ysufae&ifvnf; wpfa,mufa,mufqDu um;wpfpD; cP
awmif;NyD;pD;oGm;a&maygh? armif&ifhq&m AdkvfcsKyfvdkyk*Kd¾ vfu vrf;ab;yvufazmif;rSm ajcvsifavQmuf
ae&wm roifhavsmfygbl;}}
]]uReaf wmfvnf; OD;av;ajymovdyk J armfawmfum;wpfp;D zke;f qufawmif;rvdYkb?J 'gayr,fh Adv k cf sKyf
pD;zdkY armfawmfum;ulnD&wmudk taMumif;jyKNyD;aemufydkif;us&if rw&m;tcGifhta&;awGawmif;vmvdrfh
r,f? pD;yGm;a&;orm;awG[m tJ'v D v kd yk w
f wfw,fqNkd yD; twGi;f 0ef&;kH a&mufatmif ajcvsiaf vQmufMur,f
vdkYajymygw,f}}
uRefawmfu &Sif;jyonfudk vef'eftwf OD;tkef;armifonf em;vnfoabmayguf[efjzifhNyHK;NyD;
acgif;ndwfvdkufygonf/
]]at;yg? AdkvfcsKyfajymwmudk OD;vnf; oabmaygufygw,f/ udkif;-armif&ihfq&mqD cyfjrefjref
ajy;vdkufNyD;ajymprf;yg? vef'eftwfOD;tkef;armifu NrdKYxJu tvkyfwdkufoGm;&if; vrf;BuHKvdkY AdkvfcsKyf
udk twGi;f 0ef&;kH ydYkay;yg&apvdYk? usKyfu &ky&f iS o f rm;rdYk pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;&Siaf wG ukeo f nfawGvkd bmtcGihf
ta&;rSrawmif;ygbl;? AdkvfcsKyfvdk EdkifiHhacgif;aqmifwpfOD;u vrf;ray: ajcvsifavQmufaewmvnf;
Munfhraumif;ygbl;? 'gaMumifh usKyf um;uav;eJY AdkvfcsKyfudk &Hk;ta&mufydkYay;yg&apvdkY oGm;ajymprf;
yguG,}f }
OD;tkef;armif\ pum;tqHk;wGif uRefawmfvnf; uysmu,m AkdvfcsKyfqDodkY ajy;vdkufNyD; ol\
vufarmif;wpfzufudk tomqJGvkdufygonf/
]]a[haumif? bmvkyfwmvJuG}}
AdkvfcsKyfu pdwfwdk[efjzifh aigufojzifh uRefawmf OD;tkef;armif\ armawmfum;&yfae&modkY
nTefjy&if;&Sif;jyvdkuf&ygonf/
]]AkdvfcsKyf-[kdum;ay:u yk*d¾KvfBuD;udk odw,fr[kwfvm;? q&m 'D;'kwfOD;bcsdK&JYrdwfaqGBuD;
vef'eftwfOD;tkef;armifyg? olu ql;avbk&m;vrf;u olY&JYtvkyfwdkufoGm;&if; vrf;BuHKvdkY AdkvfcsKyf
udk twGi;f 0ef&;kH ydYk ay;yg&apvdYk ajymygw,f? NyD;awmh ol[m &ky&f iS o f rm;rdYk pD;yGm;a&;orm; ukeo f nfBuD;
awGvkd bmtcGit hf a&;rSrawmif;ygbl;vdYk vnf;ajymygw,f? aemufwpfcu k ppfBudKacwfu Adv k cf sKyfwYkd &YJ
wdYkArmtpnf;t&H;k udk vQKd U0Suu f n
l aD xmufychH w
hJ hJ yk*Kd¾ vw
f pfO;D vnf;jzpfygw,f? olu um;&yfNyD;ac:wmudk
jiif;&if tm;emp&maumif;ygw,f AdkvfcsKyf}}
uRefawmf\ pum;tqHk;wGif AdkvfcsKyfonf vef'eftwfOD;tkef;armifbufokdY vSnfhMunhfvdkuf
ygonf/
OD;tke;f armifonf q&mOD;bcsKd ESihf cifrif&if;ES;D aom rdwaf qGjzpfonft h jyif OD;bcsKd uJo
h Ykdyif qHyif
&Snf aoQmifxHk;ESifh wbufacgif;aygif; aygif;xm;ojzifh jrefrmvlBuD;wpfOD;yDopGm cefYnm;um Oy"d&kyf
tvGefaumif;olvnf;jzpfygonf/
AdkvfcsKyfonf OD;tkef;armifudkMunfhNyD; tm;emoGm;[efjzifh Budrf;armif;qlyljcif;rjyKbJ atmfpwif
um;av;&yfxm;&modkYavQmufoGm;um OD;tkef;armiftm; NyHK;íEIwfqufygonf/
odYkEiS yhf if q&mwynfEh pS Of ;D onf vef'eftwfO;D tke;f armif\ um;BuHKpD;í twGi;f 0ef&;kH odYk vdu k yf g
oGm;cJyh gonf/
Adv
k cf sKyfonf OD;tke;f armiftm; rsdK;cspfy*k K¾d vfBuD;wpfO;D tjzpfav;pm;íwpfaMumif;? 0doravmb
om;pD;yGm;a&;orm;r[kwo f jzifh tcGithf a&;rawmif;yg[kqjkd cif;udk ,HMk unfíwpfaMumif; um;BuHKvdu k f
pD;cJhjcif;yifjzpfygownf;
pwdkifopfr*¾Zif; -atmufwdkbmv
ÄÄÄ
umuG,fa&;0efBuD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
1946-ckEpS ?f pufwifbmv 26 &ufaeYu Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;onf NAdwo d Qb&k ifcH qm-[lAuf&efphf
SIR HUBERT RANCExHrS EdkifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmudk vufcH,lcJh&mwGif ol\ &mxl;\ w&m;0if
trnfu bk&ifcH\ trIaqmifaumifpD 'kwd,OuúX[líjzpfaomfvnf; pifppftm;jzifh AkdvfcsKyfonf
tpdk;&tzJGU(uufbdeuf)tBuD;tuJjzpfvsuf 0efBuD;csKyftmPmudk&&Sdxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/
xdrk Qruao; Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf 0efBuD;csKyfwm0eftjyif Edik if jH cm;a&;0efBuD;ESihf umuG,af
&0efBuD;wm0efrsm;udkyg wpfNydKifeufwnf; yl;wJGudkifwG,fcJh&ygonf/
pifppftm;jzifh Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;taejzifh umuG,af &;0efBuD;wm0efxrf;aqmif&onfrmS xdt k csed f
u(1946) yxrqH;k tBudrrf [kw[ f qk Ekd ikd yf gonf/ 'kw, d urÇmppftwGi;f 1943-ck Mo*kwv f 1 &ufaeY
u *syeftpd;k &u ArmEdik if tH m; vGwv f yfa&;(twk)ay;vdu k pf Ofu Edik if t
H BuD;tuJ (xkpd Ofutac: t"dywd)
a'gufwmbarmf\ tpd;k &tzJUG wGif Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;onfvnf; 0efBuD;wpfO;D jzpfum ppf0efBuD; (WAR
MINISTER)jzpfcy hJ gonf/ pifppf ,if;&mxl; ppf0efBuD;qdo k nfrmS umuG,af &;0efBuD;yif jzpfygonf/
wpfenf;tm;jzifh ppftwGif;(*syefacwf)u AdkvfcsKyfonf ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf aoemywdESifh
ppf0efBuD;(odkYr[kwf)umuG,fa&;0efBuD;wm0efudk yl;wJGudkifwG,fcJhygonf/
xdtk csed u
f ppf0efBuD;&H;k udk &efuek Nf rdKY OD;0dpm&vrf; ta&SUbufjcrf;(0dZ, &ky&f iS &f w kH nf&mrS ajrmuf
buf,eG ;f ,Ge;f wGi)f &H;k pdu k u f m Adv k cf sKyfonf wpfEikd if v
H ;kH &Sd wyfrawmfwyf&if;wyfzUGJ tm;vH;k udk OD;pD;uGyf
uJcyhJ gonf/
ÄÄÄ
1945ckESpf zufqpfawmfvSefa&;tNyD; 'kwd,urÇmppfNyD;ump AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm;Brigadier
Generalac: Akv d rf LS ;csKyf&mxl;tqifjh zifh topfjyefvnfzUGJ pnf;vwåUH aom Armhwyfrawmf bmrm;tmrDukd
OD;pD;uGyfuJyg&ef ta&SUawmiftm&Sd r[mrdwfwyfaygif;pk(S.E.A.C.)aoemywdcsKyf a&wyfAdkvfcsKyfBuD;
avmh'af rmifb h ufwef(Loed Louis Mountbatten)ud, k w f ikd f pmjzifah &;om;urf;vSr;f cJyh gonf/ odYk &m
wGif Adv k cf sKyu f vufrcHbJ ,Ofaus;&nfreG pf mG pmjyefíjiif;cJyh gonf/ olYtaejzifh wyfrawmfukd OD;pD;uGyu f J
zdkYxuf *syefajy;NyD; t*Fvdyftpkd;&jyef0ifvmí rlvtwdkif; uRefb0jyefa&mufaeaom ArmEdkifiHtm;
vH;k 0vGwv f yfa&;&&S&d efuo kd m OD;pm;ay;vkyo f ifo
h nf[k tcdik t f rmqH;k jzwfvsuf z-q-y-v trsKd ;om;
wyfOD;BuD;\OuúXtjzpf wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;tiftm;udk t"duvufeuftjzpftoHk;jyKum
wdu k yf 0GJ ifcjhJ cif;jzpfygonf/
ppfNyD;acwf topfjyefvnfzJGUpnf;aomwyfrawmfudkrl ol,HkMunfpdwfcstm;udk;aom &JabmfoHk;
usdyf0if Adkvfvusfm? AdkvfawZ? Adkvfae0if;? AdkvfausmfaZmwdkYOD;aqmifí qufvufzJGUpnf;&ef NAdwdoQ
ppftmPmydik rf sm;ESin hf EdS iId ;f pDpOfcyhJ gonf/
ÄÄÄ
þodYkvQif ppfbufrS Edik if aH &;ppfrsuEf mS bufoYkda&muf&cdS o Jh l Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;onf tcdu k t
f wefY
tm;jzifh wyfESifhuif;uGmovdkjzpfcJhvifhupm; (26.9.1946)aeYu tpdk;&tzJGYtmPmudk vufcH&,lcsdefü
umumuG,fa&;0efBuD;jzpfvmcsdefrSpí vufeufudkifwyftm;vHk;\tBuD;tuJjzpfvmcJh&jyefygonf/
ppfBuD;rjzpfrDu &JabmfoHk;usdyfjzpfvmrnfh Armvli,frsm;ESifhtwl [dkifeefuRef;wGif ppfynm
vQdKY0SufavhvmoifMum;csdefrSpí wyfrawmftay: tvGefoHa,mZOfBuD;vSol AdkvfcsKyfonf uHMur®m
tvSnfhtajymif;t& 1946ckESpfwGif umuG,fa&;0efBud;jzpfvmjyefaomtcg olcspfaomwyfrawmfESifh
jyefvnfeD;pyfxdawGU&jcif;udk 0rf;ajrmufauseyfrd[efwlygonf/
xdUk aMumifyh if ol &mxl;vufcNH yD; rMumrD umuG,af &;0efBuD;taejzifh Edik if t H ESt H jym;&Sd wyfrawmf
wyf&if;wyfzrGJ sm;odYk vSnv hf nfppfaq;cJyH gonf/ xkt d cdseu f tdik *f s(D I.G.)ac: Armhwyfrawmfppfaq;a&;
csKyf&mxl;&,lol NAdwo d QAdv k cf sKyf aomrwfp(f Maj-Gen Thomas)ESit hf wl arNrdKY&dS avhusifah &;XmecsKyf
bD-tm&f-pD(BURMA REGIMENTAL CENTRE)odkYvnf;aumif;? rdwD¬vmNrdKY&Sd tajrmufwyf&if;odkY
vnf;aumif;? Armhaoewfuikd w f yf&if;(bmrm;&dik zf ,f)rsm;&S&d m ysO;f rem;? oefvsiNf rdKYrsm;odYkvnf;aumif;
oGm;í udk,fwdkifteD;uyfavhvmppfaq;NyD; vdktyfonfwdkYudk tBuHay;cJhonf/
]]wdkif;jynfvHk;0vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;&ifawmh igwdkYwyfrawmfudk xl;xl;jcm;jcm;tqifhjrifhjrifh pHjy
wyfrawmfjzpfvmatmif igwdkYuBudK;pm;wnfaqmuf&r,fuG}}
þodkYvnf; AdkvfcsKyfonf rdw¬DvmrS &efukefodkYtjyefav,mOfay:wGifajymcJhygonf/
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;udpaö qG;aEG;&ef NAdwdoQtpkd;&\ zdwfMum;csuft& AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; acgif;
aqmifaom Armudk,fpm;vS,ftzJGUwpfzJGUonf 1947ckESpf Zefe0g&Dvqef;u NAdwdefEdkifiH vef'efNrdKUodkY
oGm;a&mufcJhygonf/
tpDtpOfum; AdkvfcsKyfwdkYtzJGUonf eef;&if;0ef(0efBuD;csKyf)rpöwmtufwvDacgif;aqmifaom
NAdwo d Qtpd;k &ud, k pf m;vS,t f zJUG ESihf Armhvw
G vf yfa&;udpu ö kd vef'ef taustvnfaqG;aEG;nSEd iId ;f &efyif
jzpfonf/
ÄÄÄ
Advk cf sKyaf tmifqef;onf vef'efoYkd toGm;wGif NAdwo d Qtpd;k &ESiahf qG;aEG;&mü taxmuftuljzpfap
&eftwGuf olEiS fh ppfBudKacwfuyif oduRr;f &if;ES;D cJo h l tdE, d´ acgif;aqmifBuD; rpöwmae½l;xHrS tBuHÓPf
rsm;awmif;&ef tjcm;ud, k pf m;vS,t f zGYJ 0ifrsm;xufapmí 1947 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv 2 &ufaeYwiG f &efuek rf S
xGucf mG cJyh gonf/
tdE, d´ jynf e,l;a'vDNrdKYoYkd Adv k cf sKyfa&mufomG ;csed w f iG f INDIAN SCIENCE CONGRESSac:
tdE, d´ odyyHÜ nmuGe*f &ufnv D mcH usi;f ycsed Ef iS hf BuKBH udKuaf eojzifh 3-1-47 aeYwiG f tdE, d´ acgif;aqmifBuD;
rpöwmae½l;ESifhtwl ,if; uGef*&uf nDvmcHBuD;odkY wufa&mufcJhygonf/
xdkYjyif EdkifiHwumrS nDvmcH udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; tdE´d,tpdk;&u e,l;a'vDNrdKY&Sd emrnfBuD;
tify;D &D;,Jv[ f wkd ,fwiG f *kPjf yKnpmpm;yGJ wnfcif;&modYk Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;udyk g zdwMf um;ojzifh rpöwm
ae½l;ESit hf wl wufa&mufcyhJ gonf/ ,if; npmpm;yGBJ uD;odYk wufa&mufvmolrsm;teuf tdE, d´ vufeuf
udik f wyfaygif;pkaoemywdcsKyf NAdwo d Qvrl sKd ; Adv
k cf sKyfBuD; ]]avmh'af tmfcsiv f uf}} ESihf rdwq f ufay;onfukd
AdkvfcsKyfonf txl;yif pdwf0ifpm;rdygonf/
xdyk *k Kd¾ vfBuD;rSm 'kw, d urÇmppf rjzpfrED iS hf ppftwGi;f u tvGex f if&mS ;aom NAdwo d Q Adv k cf sKyfBuD;
wpfOD;jzpfav&m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf umuG,fa&;0efBuD;tjzpf vnf;aumif;? Armhwyfrawmf\
aoemywdtjzpfvnf;aumif;? ppfwyfzYJG pnf;yH?k pDrt H yk cf sKyfy?kH BuD;BuyfuyG u f yJ w kH Ykd ukd tvGepf w d 0f ifpm;ol
jzpfí AdkvfcsKyfBuD; ]]avmh'fatmfcsifvuf}} ESifh xdknu &if;ESD;yGifhvif;pGm aqG;aEG;cGifh&ojzifh olodvdkorQ
pHkprf;ar;jref;&m NAdwdoQ AdkvfcsKyfBuD;uvnf; pdwf&Snfvuf&Snf ajzMum;cJhygonf/
xdYkjyif Zefe0g&Dv 4 &ufaeY eHeufyikd ;f wGif Adv k cf sKyfonf tdE, d´ Edik if oH Ykd A[dpk pfO;D pD;csKyf (GHQ)odYk
oGm;a&mufavhvmMunfh½Iygonf/
tdE, d´ tifyikd ,f mwpfcv k ;kH \ vufeufuikd f wyftm;vH;k udk BudK;udik u f yG u f t J yk cf sKyf&aom XmecsKyf
jzpfí XmecGJaygif;rsm;pGmjzifh tvGefBuD;us,faom ppf½kH;BuD;yifwnf;/
Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf ,if;ppfXmecsKyfBuD;\ zGYJ pnf;yHrk sm;udk txl;pdwyf g0ifpm;pGm tao;pdwf
avhvmMunfh½IcJhygonf/
]]igwdYk wdik ;f jynf vGwv f yfa&; &NyD;awmhvnf; vwfwavmrSmawmh wyfzYJG pnf;yHu k kd 'Dvykd pkH rH sdK;yJ
zGJYpnf;xm;&OD;rSmuG}}
þodYkvnf; ppfXmecsKyrf S uReaf wmfwYkd wnf;cd&k m rpöwmae½l;\ aetdro f Ykd tjyefvrf;wGif Adv k cf sKyf
u rSwfcsufcscJhygonf/
ÄÄÄ
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf NAdwdoQtpdk;&ESifh aqG;aEG;ta&;qdk&mwGif taxmuftuljzpfaprnfh
tBuHÓPfrsm;udk tdE, d´ acgif;aqmifBuD; rpöwmae½l;xHr&S &SNd yD;aemuf Adv k cf sKyfonf BudKwifppD Ofxm;onfh
twdkif; 7-1-47 aeYwGif e,l;a'vDrS um&mcsdNrdKY(,ck ygupöwefEdkifiHqdyfurf;NrdKY) odkY av,mOfjzifh
xGucf mG cJyh gonf/ u&mcsNd rdKYwiG f ygupöwefEikd if zH cifBuD;[k wifpm;ac:jcif;cH&olrw G pf vif acgif;aqmifBuD;
rpöwm*sifem;ESifh &if;EDS;pGm awGYqHkaqG;aEG;cJhygonf/
xdak eY naebufrmS yif &efuek rf S xGucf mG vmaom ocifjrtrSL;jyKonfh bdvyfomG ; Armud, k pf m;
vS,ftzGJY0ifrsm; um&mcsdNrdKYodkY a&muf&SdvmMuygonf/
xdkYaMumifh aemufwpfaeY (1947-ck? Zefe0g&Dv? 8 &ufaeY)nwGif AdkvfcsKyfacgif;aqmifaom
Armudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJYonf um&mcsdNrdKYrS vef'efodkY av,mOfjzifh c&D;qufMuygonf/
BudKwifa&;qGx J m;aom c&D;pOft& Adv k cf sKyw
f Ykd\ av,mOfonf tD&wfEikd if H ]]b*¾'uf}} NrdKYawmfteD;
]][D;Am;eD;,m;}} avqdyo f Ykd acwåqif;oufí av,mOfpufrsm;udk ajrjyiftif*sief , D mrsm;u ppfaq;jcif;?
avmifpmqDjznfhjcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyfNyD; ajrxJyifv,fuGif; aAmfvfwmodkY ysHoef;&efacwå&yfem;Murnf
jzpfygonf/
]][D;Am;rD;,m;}} avqdyfrSmyif AdkvfcsKyfwdkYtzGJYonf ]]b&dwfzwfpf}} ac: eHeufpmtjzpf aygifrkefY?
vufzuf&nf? aumfzrD sm;pm;aomufMu&NyD; eHeufapmapm a'ocsed f ig;em&DccJG efYwiG f c&D;qufxu G Mf u&m
ajrxJyifv,fjyifBuD;ay:rSjzwfí ysHoef;oGm;&NyD; ]]*&if;epf}} (NAdwdoQpHawmfcsdef) rGef;wnfh 12 em&DwGif
]]aAmfvfwm}}uRef;odkY acsmarmpGm qdkufa&mufygonf/
aAmfvw f muRe;f um; NAdwo d QwYkdtwGuf ppfa&;r[mAsL[mt& tvGet f a&;ygaom ae&mwpfcjk zpfí
Royal Navy ac: bk&ifha&wyfrawmf\ tajcpdkufpcef;jyKvkyfum NAdwdoQbk&ifcHwpfOD;u tkyfcsKyf
vsuf&ydS gonf/
bk&ifcrH mS rpöwma'gufuvyfqo kd jl zpfNyD; Armud, k pf m;vS,t f zGYJacgif;aqmif Advk cf sKyaf tmifqef;ESihf
vma&mufawGYqEkH w I q f ufygonf/ Adv k cf sKyfuvnf; ppftwGi;f u ta&SUawmiftm&S r[mrdww f yfaygif;pk
armifAh ufwifEiS hf oduRrf;cJyh u kH kd ajymjy&if; pum;vufqu kH s&mrS aAmfvw f muRef;&Sd NAdwo d Qa&wyfrawmf
tajcpdkufpcef;taMumif; AdkvfcsKyfodvdkaom tcsuftvufrsm; ar;jref;cGifh&cJhygonf/
xdkaeYu aAmfvfwmuRef;rSmyif aeYvnfpm pm;Mu&NyD;aemuf rGef;vGJ 2 em&DcefYwGif av,mOfjzifh
NAdwed Ef ikd if o
H Ykd wdu
k ½f u
kd cf &D;quf yso H ef;oGm;&m 1947 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv 9 &ufaeY nud;k em&Dco GJ momwGif
vef'efavqdyfodkY acsmarmpGma&muf&SdoGm;Muygonf/
vef'efNrdKYwiG f Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf Armud, k pf m;vS,t f zGYJ EiS hf eef;&if;0ef (0efBuD;csKyf) rpöwm
tufwvDacgif;aqmifaom NAdwdoQtpdk;& udk,fpm;vS,frsm; w&m;0if aqG;aEG;yGJodkY (urÇmausmfvdyfpm
wpfcjk zpfaom) vef'efNrdKY? trSw-f 10? a'gif;eif;vrf; (10, Downing Street)&Sd 0efBuD;csKyf aetdrw f iG f
1947-ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 13 &uf? wevFmaeYwGif pwifcJhygonf/
,if;aqG;aEG;yGo J nf Zefe0g&Dv 26 &ufaeYwiG f NyD;qH;k í 1947 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv 27 &ufaeYwiG f
ESpfbufoabmwlpmcsKyfudk atmifjrifpGm vufrSwfa&;xdk;EdkifcJhygonf/
xdkpmcsKyfum; ArmhvGwfvyfa&;ordkif;wGif ta&;ygvSaomrSwfwdkifwpfck[k qdk&rnfh 1947-
ckESpf atmifqef;tufwvDpmcsKyfyif jzpfygownf;/
ÄÄÄ
1947 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv 13 &ufaeYrS pwifcahJ om ñSEd iId ;f aqG;aEG;yGo J nf Zefe0g&Dv 26 &ufaeYrS
NyD;qH;k cJo
h nf rSeaf omfvnf; aeYpOf&ufquf tpnf;ta0;rsm; awmufavQmufr&Scd yhJ g/ Mum;&uftcsKd YwiG f
ESpbf ufpvH;k rSu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;tcsi;f csi;f ñSEd iId ;f wdik yf if&eftwGuf tpnf;ta0;acwå&yfem;jcif;&Syd gonf/
,if;em;&ufrsm;wGif wpfcgwpf&H tcsed t f m;vyfonfukd toH;k csonft h aejzifh Adv k cf sKyfonf umuG,af &;
0efBuD;yDyD avhvmvdkaom ae&mrsm;odkY oGm;a&mufavhvmcJhygonf/
ÄÄÄ
tdr&f iS Nf Adwo d Qtpd;k &uvnf; ArmtzGYJacgif;aqmif Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;tm; avhvmtuJcwfMunfh
NyD; av;pm;yH&k ygonf/ xdYkaMumifv h nf; Adv k cf sKyfu ArmEdik if H umuG,af &;0efBuD;taejzifh avhvmvdak om
ae&mXmersm;udk tqifajypGm avhvmEdkifatmif ulnDpDpOfay;ygonf/
1947 ck? Zefe0g&Dv 21 &ufaeYwGif aqG;aEG;yGJr&SdbJ tm;vyfojzifh AdkvfcsKyfonf vef'efNrdKYrS
rdik f 90 cefY uGma0;aom ]]yufqif[rf}} t&yf&dS NAdwo d Q tifyikd ,
f mvH;k qdik &f m A[dak vaMumif; twwfoif
ausmif;odkY oGm;a&mufavhvmcJhygonf/
ausmif;tkyf (wyfrLS ;BuD;)\ ajymjycsuft& xdak usmif;onf NAdwo d Qtifyikd ,
f mtwGi;f rS Edik if rH sm;
("eo[m,EdkifiHrsm;) rS avwyft&m&Sdrsm;tm; tqifhjrifhavaMumif; ynmrsm; oifMum;ydkYcsay;onfh
tBuD;qHk; oifwef;ausmif;jzpfaMumif; od&ygonf/
xdak eYu R.A.F bk&ifah vwyfrawmfrS vufa&G;pifavol&rJ sm;u ]]rDwaD ,mf}} trnf&dS aemufq;kH
]]*suf}} wdkufav,mOfopfrsm;jzifh wpfem&DvQif rdkif 600 EIef;ysHoef;&if; twdrf;ta&Smif? ½kwfw&uf
tjrifyh sw H ufjcif;? wpfzef tedrrhf sm;odYk qif;ysjH cif;paom ppfa&;vIy&f mS ;rIrsm;udk uRr;f usipf mG vkyjf yonfukd
AdkvfcsKyfonf txl;pdwf0ifpm;pGm avhvmMunfh½Iygonf/
]]tif;-igwdYk wdik ;f jynfvw G vf yfa&;&NyD;wJt h cg igwdYk&YJ avwyfrawmfrmS vnf; 'Dvkd aemufq;kH ay:
acwfrD*sufav,mOfawG &Sdvm&rSmayghuGm}}
þodkYvQif AdkvfcsKyfu uRefawmfhtm; cyfwdk;wdk;ajymygonf/
ppfoBl uD;aumif; wpfO;D taejzifh Adv k cf sKyfonf 'kw, d urÇmppfBuD;twGi;f u ppfrsuEf mS t&yf&yfrS
tajctaeudk rsufjcnfrjywf avhvmtuJcwfcJh&m r[mrdwfEdkifiHrsm;u emZDESifh zufqpf&efolrsm;tm;
wdu k cf u
kd af csreI ;f Edik cf &hJ mwGif r[mrdww f YkdbufrS avwyftm; txl;awmifw h if; tm;aumif;jcif;u t"du
taMumif;&if;wpf&yfjzpfaMumif; avhvmoHk;oyfrdcJhNyD;jzpfonf/
xdYkaMumifv h nf; t*FvefEikd if &H dS NAdwo d Q A[dak vaMumif; twwfoifausmif;BuD;udk pdw0f ifpm;cJjh cif;
jzpfygonf/
,if;odkY pdwf0ifpm;rdaMumif;udkvnf; 31-1-47 aeYu bk&ifhavwyfrawmf\ OD;pD;csKyf
avm'fwuf'gESihf awGYq&kH mwGif Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;u yGiv hf if;pGm ajymygonf/ bk&ifah vwyfrawmfO;D pD;csKyf
avmh'fwuf'g (Lord Teddar)\ w&m;0if&mxl; tac:ta0:rSm Marshal of the R.A.F [lí
jzpfNyD; tpdk;&tzGJY (uufbdeuf) 0if 0efBuD;tqifh&SdaMumif; od&ygonf/
xdkyk*¾dKvfuvnf; AdkvfcsKyf pdwf0ifpm;aMumif;udk od&í 0rf;ajrmufygaMumif;? vGwfvyfaom
ArmEdik if \ H avwyfrawmfzYJG pnf;wnfaxmif&mwGiv f nf; twwfEikd q f ;kH ulnrD nf[k jyefvnfajymMum;
cJyh gonf/
1947 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv 27 &ufaeYwiG f atmifqef;tufwvDpmcsKyf vufrw S af &;xd;k &ef owfrw

S f
xm;aomfvnf; eHeufyikd ;f wGif rpöwmtufwvDEiS hf NAdwo d Q0efBuD; tcsdKYrmS txl;ta&;BuD;aom tpnf;
ta0;wpfck &Sdaejyefojzifh rGef;vGJ oHk;em&DrS vufrSwfxdk;Mu&ef owfrSwfvdkufygonf/
xdYk aMumifh Armud,k pf m;vS,t
f zGYJ 0ifrsm; eHeufyikd ;f wGif tm;vyfaeMu&m Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf
oltxl;pdwf0ifpm;aom NAdwdoQppfOD;pD;wuúodkvf (STAFF COLLEGE)ESifh urÇmausmfemrnfBuD;
qif;[wf (SANDHURST) ppfwuúodkvfrsm;odkY oGm;a&mufavhvm&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufonf/
NAdwo d Qtpd;k &uvnf; csufcsif;yif Adv k cf sKyfomG ;Munfv h akd omae&mrsm;odYk oGm;a&mufavhvm&ef
tvsiftjref pDpOfay;ojzifh AdkvfcsKyfonf txl;pdwfyg0ifpm;pGm avhvmMunfh½IcJhonf/
vef'efNrdKYraS rmfawmf,mOfjzifh wpfem&DomomoGm;½kEH iS hf ]]uifbmvD}} t&yf&dS STAFF COLLEGE
ppfOD;pD; wuúodkvfodkY a&mufoGm;Muygonf/
(rSwcf suf/ /,ck &Sr;f jynfawmifyikd ;f Axl;wyfNrdKY&dS Armhwyfrawmf ]]ppfO;D pD;wuúov kd }f }onf
NAdwo k cf sKyfatmifqef; avhvmcJah om STAFF COLLEGE yHpk o
d QEdik if üH Adv H abmrsdK; zefw;D xm;jcif;yif
jzpfygonf/ pma&;ol)
ppfO;D pD;wuúov kd af usmif;tkyBf uD; Akvd cf sKyf[m;vf (Majgen Hull) qdo k u l , kd w
f ikd f c&D;OD;BudKjyKí
ausmif;twGi;f vdu k vf jH youm tao;pdwf &Si;f jyonfukd Adv k cf sKyfonf pdwyf g0ifpm;pGm avhvmrSwo f m;
ygonf/
xkrd w S pfqifh Adv k cf sKyfonf urÇmausmf ]]qif;[wf}}(SANDHURST)ppfwuúov kd o f Ykdvnf; oGm;
a&mufNyD; twefMumMum avhvmMunfh½IcJhygonf/
(rSwcf suf/ /,aeY ygwDp'kH rD u kd a&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG aumfr&Sit f zJYG0if Advk cf sKyaf pmMum'd;k
(tNidrf;pm;)onf txufyg azmfjyyg ]]qif;[wf}} ppfwuúodkvfausmif;qif;t&m&SdwpfOD;jzpfcJhygonf/
pma&;ol)
þodYkvQif Adv k cf sKyfonf umuG,af &;0efBuD;taejzifh pHpk v Hk ifvifavhvmMunfch jhJ cif;rSm vGwv f yf
a&;&NyD;aemuf tem*wf ArmhwyfrawmfBuD;udk urÇmhtqifhrD vufeufudkifwyfzJGUBuD;jzpfatmif zefwD;
wnfaqmuf&ef&nf&G,fcsufjzifh avhvmcJhjcif;jzpfygonf/
odYk&mwGif uHMur®mu olYtm; xdt k cGit hf a&;udrk ay;/ vGwv f yfa&; &vkqJ vrf;ckvwfwiG f usq;kH
oGm;&jcif;rSm 0rf;enf;aMuuJGzG,f&maumif;vSygonf/
odYkjzpfvifu h pm; ESpo f rd phf &mwpfcu k awmh ,aeYvw G vf yfaom ArmEdik if \H wyfrawmfwiG f Adv k cf sKyf
vdkvm;cJhaom ppfOD;pD;wuúodkvf? jyifOD;vGifrS D.S.A.ppfwuúodkvf? EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;wuúodkvf
(NATIONAL DEFENCE COLLEGE)ponfwYkdjzifh cefUnm;xnf0gpGm jynfph akH ejcif;yif jzpfygownf;/
pwdkifopfr*¾Zif;(Edk0ifbmv?1995)
twdwfrSt&dyfrsm;
]]a[haumif-igod&oavmuf rif;[m i,fi,fu t*Fvyd pf mudo k mOD;pm;ay;oifwhJ ]]uufovpf}}

(A&if*sD)omoemjyKausmif;rSmaeNyD; tJ'Dausmif;uyJ q,fwef;atmifcJhvdkY Armpmaumif;aumif; roif
cJh&bl;qdk/ NyD;awmh wuúodkvfa&mufawmhvnf; rif;u bDat t*Fvdyfpm *kPfxl;wef;wufcJhw,f
r[kwfvm;/ 'geJYrsm; rif;u b,fvdkvkyfNyD; Armpma&;q&mjzpfvmwmvJuG}}
þodYk ar;vdu k o
f u
l m; Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;jzpfygonf/ Adv
k cf sKyfbmaMumifah r;onfuv kd nf; uRef
awmfodaeygonf/ ar;csdefu AdkvfcsKyf\vufwGif 'D;'kwf*sme,fwpfapmifudkudkifxm;onfudkjrifí
od&jcif;jzpfygonf/
'D;'kwf*sme,fqdkaomfvnf; ,cifppfBudKacwfuvdk yHkrSef*sme,fqdkufBuD;rsdK;r[kwf/ ]]ca&mif;
&SpfcsdK;}}ac: r*¾Zif;qdkufomom cyfi,fi,fjzpfaeygonf/ 1945-ckESpf zufqpfawmfvSefa&;NyD;ump
puúL&Sm;yg;aeqJacwfjzpfí q&mOD;bcsKd onf &efuek Nf rdKYoYkd e,frjS yefa&mufa&mufcsi;f Edik if aH &;tajctae
taMumif;? ol\tmabmfux kd w
k af zmfa&;om;vdok jzifh puúLaygcsed t
f xd rapmifb h J jzpfovdk *sme,fqu kd f
ao;ao;yifxw k cf yhJ gonf/ xdt k csed u
f acwfa[mif;u ]]rIaH &T&nf. . .cdik rf mvmESi;f qD}}paom ]]a&TEiS ;f qD}}
oDcsif;qdkí tvGefemrnfBuD;cJhaom tqdkawmf r{rd uG,fvGefumpjzpf&m r{rdonf umvay:oDcsif;
omru BudK;bJGU? ywfysdK;? ,dk;',m;paom aomwvuFm&ajrmuf jrefrmoDcsif;BuD;rsm;udkvnf; ydkifEdkif
pGmoDqEkd ikd o
f jl zpfaomaMumifh q&mOD;bcsdKonf ]yef;a[0ef}? ]yef;NrdKifv,f},d;k ',m;oDcsif;BuD;rsm; r{rd
qdkí "mwfjym;oGif;cJhonfudktxl;oabmuscJhonf/ xdkYaMumifh q&mcsdKu uRefawmhftm; tqkdawmf
r{rdtaMumif; aqmif;yg;wpfy'k af &;cdik ;f ojzifh 'D;'kw*f sme,fwiG f ygvmaom uRefawmf\ ]r{rd}aqmif;
yg;udk Adv k cf sKyu f zwfNyD; uReaf wmht f m; Armpmaumif;aumif;roifcb hJ J bmhaMumifph ma&;q&mjzpfvmwmvJ
[kar;vdkufjcif;jzpfygonf/
]]rSeyf gw,f Adv k cf sKyf? uReaf wmf Armpmaumif;aumif;roifc&hJ ygbl;? uReaf wmfaecJw h hJ omoemjyK
ausmif;qdkwmu t*Fvdyfpmudkom OD;pm;ay;oifwJhtjyif olwdkY&JY ]uufovpf}bmom oifcef;pmudkyg
pmar;yJGppfNyD; yx0D? orkdif;? ocsFmpwJh wpfjcm;bmomawGu ausmif;om;awG&&SdwJhtrSwfeJYaygif;NyD;rS
twef;xJrS yxr? 'kwd,? wwd, tqifhowfrSwf&mrSm a&mNyD;owfrSwfw,f/ uRefawmfuvnf;
,HMk unfvYkdr[kwb f J tqifah umif;aumif;&csiw f meJY olwYkdbmomudyk g pmusu0f ifajzcJw h ,f/ 'gaMumifh
uRefawmfwdkYausmif;u rsufESmjzLppfppft*Fvdyft&m&SdBuD;awG&JYom;orD;awGudk uRefawmfuEdkifcJhw,f}}
]]uufovpfbmom0if c&pf,mefwpfa,mufrjzpfcJhwmuawmh uRefawmfh&JYrdcifBuD;aus;Zl;yg/
rdcifBuD;u uRefawmf av;ESpo f m;avmufuwnf;u Ak'b ¨ momtajccHw&m;awGoifay;cJw h ,f/ r*Fv
okw?f arwåmokwaf wGtvGw&f atmifusufcikd ;f w,f/ NyD;awmh rdcifBuD;u ausmif;uefb&k m;oGm;wJt h cg
w&m;yJGawGoGm;wJhtcg uRefawmfhudk ac:oGm;avh&Sdw,f/ 'gaMumifh uRefawmf[m bmoma&;udkif;&Idif;
&rSe;f odvmcJw h m uHaumif;wmyJ/ t*Fvyd pf mudv k nf; wpfzufu 0goemygNyD; t*Fvyd v f rl sKd ; t&m&Sad wG
&JYom;awGukd t*Fvyd pf mrS uReaf wmftNrJEikd af tmifBudK;pm;cJw h ,f/ wpfzufuvnf; rdcifBuD;&JY oGio f ifq;kH r
rIaMumifh Zdew¬yumoeDusrf;vdk pmtkyfrsdK;awGzwfcGifh&&mu Armpum;ajyta&;tom;udk pdwf0ifpm;
&Hrk u ud, k wf ikd af &;wwfcsiv f mw,f/ 'gaMumifh [kad cwfu pma&;q&mBuD;rsm;jzpfwhJ yDr;kd eif;? a&TOa'gif;?
r[maqG? '*keaf &TrQm;? '*keef wf&iS ?f q&maZ,s? vufwyD @dwOD;armifBuD;wdYk &YJ pmawGukd txl;BudK;pm;
zwfcJhw,f/ pma&;om;yHkavhvmcJhw,f/ aemufawmh udk,fwdkifavhusifha&;om;&mu 0w¬Kwdkwpfyk'fp?
ESpyf 'k pf r*¾Zif;awGxyJ gvm&mu tm;wufNyD; qufa&;cJw h mygyJ/ wu,fawmh ausmif;rSm aumif;aumif;
roifc&hJ wmeJYrqdik b f ;l xifw,f/ uRefawmfuvnf; Akv d cf sKyfukd jyefar;Edik w f mbJ/ Adv
k cf sKyfu uRefawmfh
vdk ]],leD,Hukwf}}vdkYac:wJh (European Code)c&pf,mefomoemjyKausmif;rsdK;raecJh&bJ a&eHacsmif;
ae&Sief ,f(trdsK;om;)ausmif;u q,fwef;atmifcw hJ ,fr[kwv f m;/ ae&Sief ,fausmif;awGqw kd mu Arm
pmudo k mOD;pm;ay;oifwmyJ/ 'gayr,fh tckq&kd if Adv k cf sKyf[m t*Fvyd b f momeJY pum;ajyta&;tom;rSm
omoemjyKausmif;xGufawGxufomatmif tvGeftqifhtwef;jrifhjrifha&;Edkifwm bmhaMumifhvJ}}
uRefawmfu jyefar;vdkufvQif AdkvfcsKyfonfNyHK;í jyefajzygonf/
]]'gawmh igvnf; rif;vdkyJ t*Fvdyfpmukd txl;0goemygvdkYavhvmcJhw,f/ t*FvdyfpmudkuRrf;
usicf siw f ,f/ ausmif;om;b0uwnf;u wpfaeYus&if igwdYk[m t*Fvyd ef ,fcsJ Uorm;qDu vGwv f yfa&;
jyef&atmifvyk &f r,fqw kd m pdwx f jJ zpfay:vm&mu e,fcsUJ orm;&JYbmompum;eJY pmayudk a&a&vnfvnf
wwfajrmufuRrf;usifzdkYvdktyfw,fvdkY ,lqcJhrdw,f/ wpfckawmh&Sdw,f/ rif;wdkYvdkawmh t*FvdyfpmBuD;
ayBuD;(Literature)udrk avhvmcJb h ;l / &Sw
d pf yD;,m;? 'pfuif;? &S,v f w
D Ykd&UJ *EÅ0ifajrmufpmayvuf&mawG
ravhvmcJhbl;/ avhvmzdkUvnf;tcsdefr&cJhbl;/ igt"duxm;avhvmcJhwmuawmh t*Fvdyfvdk pum;ajy
ta&;tom;uRr;f usiEf ikd ef if;zdYky?J 'grS igwdYkvw G v f yfa&;twGuf ta&;qd&k mrSmtaxmuftuljzpfvrd rhf ,f
vkYd ig,HMk unfcw hJ ,f/ NyD;awmh igu t*Fvyd pf mawGtrsm;BuD;zwfw,f/ txl;ojzifh tdE, ´d acgif;aqmif
BuD; rpöwmae&l;&JY t*Fvdyfpmta&;tom;udkoabmusvdkY olYvuf&mrSeforQ ig tukefzwfcJhw,f/
a&;om;yHkvnf; twkcdk;w,f/ olu rlvwef;ausmif;om;b0uwnf;u t*FvefrSmausmif;aecJhawmh
t*Fvdyfbmomudk t*FvefEdkifiHom; t*FvdyfvlrdsK;tawmfrsm;rsm;xufawmif ydkawmfao;w,f/ bmyJ
jzpfjzpf rif;u t*Fvyd -f Arm ESpb f momvH;k a&;zdYk 0goemygNyD; wu,fvnf;a&;aewmudak wmh ig oabm
usw,f/ *sme,fausmf OD;cspfarmifuvnf; ]rif; Armpm ta&;aumif;w,f}vdYk ighukd wpfcgajymzl;w,f}}
]][kwfuJh AdkvfcsKyf? uRefawmfwpfoufvHk;pma&;oGm;r,fvdkY qHk;jzwfxm;ygw,f/ AdkvfcsKyfwdkY?
uRefawmfwdkY[m ArmhvGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI ordkif;a&pD;aMumif;xJ arsmygvmovdk awmifavQmufygcJh
awmh w&m;oabmt& uRefawmfwYkd r&Sad wmhwahJ emufyikd ;f Armvli,fawG ordik ;f okawoe ynm&Siaf wG
utp ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;yg uRefawmfwdkYacwfu b,fvdk&kef;uefvIyf&Sm;cJhMuw,fqdkwmudk
avhvmEdkifatmif pmaya&;om;NyD;rSwfwrf;wifxm;cJhoifhw,fvdkY xifygw,f}}
þrQESifhyif q&mwynfhESpfOD; pum;jywfoGm;MuNyD/ AdkvfcsKyfvnf; olzwfvufp 'D;'kwf*sme,f
udk qufzwfaevdkufygonf/
1965-ckESpf rwfv 27-&ufaeYwGif usa&mufaom tBudrfESpfq,fajrmuf wyfrawmfaeY(awmf
vSeaf &;aeY)xkwf vkyo f m;jynfoYl aeYpOf(t*Fvyd pf m)owif;pmtwGuf uRefawmfonf zufqpfawmfveS f
a&;taMumif; aqmif;yg;wpfyk'f t*Fvdyfbmomjzifha&;ay;cJhygonf/
xdktcsdefu ]t*Fvdyfvkyfom;}t,f'DwmcsKyfrSm q&mrBuD;a':cifrsdK;cspf\ cifyGef; q&m
OD;cifarmifvwfjzpfygonf/
uReaf wmf\ awmfveS af &;aeYaqmif;ygwGif Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef;taejzifh *syefwYkdxrH S ppfynmoif,l
um *syefppfwyfEiS yhf w l íGJ NAdwo d QwdYk tm; Armjynfrw S u kd x f wk cf NhJ yD;rS zufqpfawmfveS af &;umv (1945
ckEpS )f usawmh bmhaMumifNh Adwo d Qwyfrsm;ESijhf yefaygif;um *syefujkd yefíawmfveS w f ukd cf u
kd &f onfukd NAdwod Q
tygt0if r[mrdwfwyfrsm;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;aMu;eef;owif;Xmersm;odapvdkí EdkifiHa&;taMumif;tcsuf
pHkvifpGmjzifh t*Fvdyfbmompmwrf;wpfapmifa&;om;jyKpkcJh&m uRefawmf ,ifpmwrf;rS pmydk'fwpfydk'fudk
xkwfEIwfudk;um;cJhygonf/
t,f'DwmcsKyf OD;cifarmifvwfonf xdkESpf rwfv 26-&ufaeYu aqmif;yg;pmrludkzwfMunfhNyD;
uRefawmfhxH w,fvDzkef;qufygonf/
]]udak e0if; cifAsm;aqmif;yg;xJrmS ud;k um;azmfjyxm;wJh Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;&JY t*Fvyd o f mbmpm
wrf;udk oludk,fwdkifyJa&;wmvm;? wpfjcm;olwpfa,mufa,mufursm;a&;ay;wmrsm;vm;}}
]]AkdvfcsKyfudk,fwdkifa&;wmyg? bmjzpfvdkYvJ OD;cifarmifvwf}}
]]bmrSrjzpfygbl;? a&;om;xm;yHk t*Fvyd pf mta&;tom;aumif;vGe;f vdYk yg? a0g[m&toH;k tEIe;f
aumif;ovdk tD'D,HawGoHk;xm;yHk(IDIOMATIC ENGLISH)uvnf; tHhMop&maumif;avmufatmif
tqifjh rihaf evdYk? uReaf wmfawmif Adv k cf sKyfvuf&m[kwyf ghrvm;qdNk yD; oHo,jzpfrw d ,f/ tck udak e0if;u
olu, kd w
f ikd af &;om;wmygvdYk twnfjyKajymjyawmh Adv k cf sKyf&YJ t*Fvyd pf mta&;tom;aumif;yHu k kd txl;yJ
csD;usL;rdw,f? *kPfvJ,lrdw,fAsm}}
þodYk ajymcJoh l q&mOD;cifarmifvwfonf olu, kd w f t*Fvyd pf m r[m0dZmÆ M.A. bJUG &&Sx
f ikd u d m;
NyD; t*Fvdyfq&mvnf;vkyfcJhzl;oljzpfí olvdk yk*d¾Kvfu vIdufvJpGm csDK;usL;vdkufojzifh uRefawmfhtzdkY
uG,fvGefol usqHk; udk,fhq&morm;twGuf twdkif;rod*kPf,lrdygonf/
(rSwcf suf?tqdyk guRefawmf\ t*Fvyd b f mom ]zufqpfawmfveS af &;}aqmif;yg;onf 27-3-65
aeYxkwf vkyfom;jynfolY aeYpOf (t*Fvdyf) owif;pmwGif yg&SdcJhygonf/)
þonfwYkdum; Adv k cf sKyfEiS hf uReaf wmfwYkd twlavQmufc&hJ aom vGwv f yfa&;BudK;yrf;rI c&D;&SnBf uD;
wnf;[laom twdwfrS t&dyftcsdKYyif jzpfygownf;/
pwdkifopfr*¾Zif; ('DZifbm? 1994)
ESpf(50)u e,fcsJUwdkY\ ]]0SufzJ}}
,ckEpS f 1997 azazmf0g&Dv 12-&ufaeYwiG f usa&mufonfh ]]jynfaxmifpak eY}} onfum; cgwdik ;f vdk
omref jynfaxmifpkaeYr[kwf/ ESpf(50)jynfhajrmufaom ]]a&T&wk jynfaxmifpk}} aeYjzpfí xl;jcm;aom
jynfaxmifpkaeYBuD;jzpfayonf/
pifppftm;jzifh 1947-ckEpS ?f azazmf0g&Dv 12-&ufaeYu &Sr;f jynfe,fawmifyikd ;f ? yifvNkH rdKYuav;wGif
csKyq
f ckd ahJ om yifvpkH mcsKyo
f nf 27-1-47aeYu vef'efNrdKYwiG f csKyq f ckd ahJ om ]]atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKy}f }
t& csKyfqckd o hJ nfjzpf&m ,if;pmcsKyf csKyfqt kd qhH q
J J 27-1-47 aeYu vef'efNrdKYwiG f &Sad eol uReaf wmftzdYk
twdwfrSt&dyfrsm;udk jyefvnfowdr&bJ raeEdkifatmifyif pdwfxJ cHpm;rdygonf/
txl;ojzifh ,ckESpf ]]a&T&wkjynfaxmifpkaeY}} usa&mufcgeD; tcgor,wGif ESpfaygif;(50)u
e,fcsJUwdkY\ ]]0SufzJ}} wpfcsyftaMumif;udkvnf; jyefvnfpOf;pm;rdygonf/
trSefawmh ]]0SufzJ}} qdkonfrSm acwfAef;pum; a0g[m&udk oHk;vdkufjcif;yifjzpf&m wu,fawmh
vGecf ahJ om ESp(f 50)u e,fcsUJ orm;wdYk ÓPfeÓ D Pfeufrsm;cJyh ?kH r&d;k om;yHu k kd jyefajymif;í rsuaf rSmufacwf
vli,frsm;tm; rD;armif;xdk;jyvdkojzifh ]]0SufzJ}} [kwifpm;a&;om;vdkufjcif;yifjzpfygonf/
ÄÄÄ
atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKy\ f tyd'k f 3(8)? tyd'k cf (JG c)wGif ]]awmifwef;a'o jynfe,frsm;twGuf
oufqikd &f m wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;acgif;aqmifrsm;ud, k wf ikd u
f rdrw d Ykdonf ArmjynfrESihf twl vGwv f yfa&;udk
&,lNyD; jynfaxmifpyk pkH jH zifh vGwv f yfaom jynfaxmifpo k r®wEdik if t H jzpf aevdyk gonf[k tcdik t f rmpmcsKyf
wpfckvufrSwfa&;xdk; csKyfqdkay;&rnf}} [lí xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;ygonf/
þum; ESpf(50)u e,fcsJUwdkY\ ]]0SufzJ}}yif jzpfygonf/
]]atmifqef;-tufwvD pmcsKy}f } udk 27-1-47 aeYu vufrw S af &;xd;k csKyqf Nkd yD;csed w
f iG f &Sr;f jynfe,f
awmifydkif;? yifvHkNrdKYwGif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pk acgif;aqmifrsm;\ pnf;a0;yGJ odkYr[kwf yifvHknDvmcHudk
usif;y&ef ArmEdkifiH&Sd NAdwdoQvlrsdK; awmifwef;a'otkyfcsKyfa&;XmerS t&m&Sdrsm; pDpOfowfrSwfNyD;jzpf
aeonf/
e,fcsJUwdkY\ tpDtpOfum; rdrdwdkYtpGrf;ukef pnf;½Hk;aoG;cGJxm;onfh wdkif;&if;om; vlrsdK;pk
acgif;aqmifrsm;onf 12-2-47 aeYu yifvHkpmcsKyfudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;Murnfr[kwf/ xdkYaMumifh 27-
1-47 aeY pmcsKyft& awmifwef;a'ojynfe,frsm;udk ArmjynfrESifh wpfjydKifwnf; vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef
vdkrnf r[kwfawmh/ xdkYaMumifh txufyg pmydk'fudk ]]atmifqef;-tufwvD pmcsKyf}} wGif ]]0SufzJ}}tjzpf
wrifwum xnfhoGif;xm;jcif; jzpfayonf/
e,fcsJUwdkYu ydkifvSNyD[k wxpfcs ,lqvsuf ]]0SufzJ}} vkyfcJhjcif;rSmvnf; taMumif;&Sdygonf/
e,fcsJUwdkY\ ]]0SufzJ}} ZmwfaMumif;jyeftcef;u þodkYygwnf;/
ÄÄÄ
1946 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv 20-&ufaeYu a&Tw*d t kH v,fypö,üH usi;f ycJah om jynfv;kH uRwn f v D mcH
BuD;onfum; Armhvw G v
f yfa&;ordik ;f wGif rBuHKpzl; xl;jcm;pGm pnfum;vSaom nDvmcHBuD;jzpfcahJ Mumif;udk
rDvdkufol vlBuD;ydkif;uawmh rSwfrdMuygvdrfhrnf/
]]vSnf;aeavSatmif; jrif;aZmif;rusef jynfolwpf&yfvHk; wpfcJeuf wufa&muftm;ay;aom
vlxkpnf;a0;yGJBuD;}} [lívnf;aumif;? ]]MuufysHrus pnf;um;vSaom EdkifiHa&; nDvmcHBuD;}} [lí
vnf;aumif; owif;pmrsm;u tBuD;tus,f azmfjycJhMuygonf/
]]MuufysHrus pnf;um;jcif;}} [laom a0g[m&udk uRefawmfwYkd Mum;zl;½ko H m Mum;zl;NyD; vufawGY
rjrifbl;cJh&m 20-1-46 aeYu a&Twd*Hk tv,fypö,HnDvmcH y&dowfMum;odkY rsufpdvnfvrf;rSmNyD;
Muufwpfaumif a&mufvm&mrS y&dowfrsm;vGe;f vSojzifh xdMk uufcrsm ajrjyifoYkd qif;oufí r&Edik af tmif
'kua© &mufae&Smawmhonf/ aemufrS tjrifrawmfol vli,fwpfO;D u Muufut kd omzrf;,lNyD; vl&iS ;f aom
wpfae&modkYoGm;a&mufvTwfay;vdkuf&aom[l\/
,if;jzpf&yfESifh ywfoufí q&mOD;bcsdK (tmZmenf0efBuD;)u-
]]q&mwdkYudk,fwdkif wpfoufwmrSm MuufysHrus pnfum;w,fqdkwm Mum;omMum;zl;w,f?
vufawGUtaeeJYawmh tckrSyJ BuHKzl;awmhw,fuG,f}} [k aemufydkif;ajymjyzl;ygonf/
ÄÄÄ
azmfjyyg 1946-ckESpf a&Twd*Hktv,fypö,H jynfvHk;uRwfnDvmcHBuD;\ xl;uJpGmatmifjrifrIudk
MunfNh yD; xdt k csed u
f NAdwod Qb&k ifcH qma':refprpfonf jynfow l pf&yfv;kH u zqyvtzJUG csKyaf cgif;aqmif
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; wpfcJeufaxmufcHtm;ay;rItwdkif;twmyrmPudk rsuf0g;xifxifodjrif&mrS
rdrdwdkY NAdwdoQuvnf; wefjyefpnf;&Hk;rIvkyf&ef txl;vdktyfaeNyD[kqHk;jzwfvdkufawmhonf/
a&Tw*d n
kH v D mcHtNyD; Adv
k cf sKyfonf 1946-ckEpS f rwfvwGif &cdik jf ynfe,foYkd pnf;&H;k a&;c&D;xGu&f ef
tpDtpOf qJGxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ ocifjr? [oFmOD;jr? OD;atmifZHa0? ocif0wif paom zqyvXmecsKyf
acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhtwl &cdkifjynfodkY a&Tawmifwpfzufurf; yef;awmif;NrdKYrSwqifh awmifukwf? oHwJG?
ppfawG? NrdKYa[mif;? ajrmif;aAG? ausmufawmf ponfwdkYudk c&D;jyif;ESifh pnf;&Hk;a&;xGuf&ef a'ocH &cdkif
acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhnSdEdIif;pDpOfNyD;aeNyDjzpfonf/
,if;tpDtpOfudk bk&ifcH qma':refprpfonf olwdkY\ txl;owif;wyfzJGUaxmufvSrf;a&;Xme
rSwqifh od&onfwiG f csucf si;f yif ol\ wefjyefpnf;&H;k a&;vkyif ef;taumiftxnfazmf&ef pDpOfavonf/
tpDtpOfum; NAdwdoQtkyfpdk;rIudk vdkvm;aom &Srf;apmfbGm;tcsdKY? ucsif'l;0g;tcsdKUpaom awGa0
aeonfh vlrsdK;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;tm; zdwfac:í &Srf;jynfawmifydkif; ]]yifvHk}}NrdKYuav;wGif tpnf;ta0;
wpf&yfusif;yrnf/ ,if;tpnf;ta0;ü ]]awmifwef;a'opnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;tzJGU(United Hill
Peoples Organization)zJGUpnf;wnfaxmifrnf/ ,if;tzJGUtpnf;wGif OuúXu NAdwdoQbk&ifcH?
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;u *VKefOD;apmvkyfrnf/ bk&ifcHrif;BuD;udk,fwdkif tpnf;ta0;wufrnf/
(þonfum; yxr yifvHknDvmcHyifjzpfonf/)
tpnf;ta0;usif;y&ef&ufukd 1946-ck rwfv 1-&ufaeY[k owfrw S v f u kd jf cif;uawmh Adv k cf sKyf
wdYk &cdik cf &D;pOfEiS w hf u kd af eí rnfoYkdrQrwufEikd [ f vk nf; wGux f m;NyD;jzpfonf/ odYkaomf teD;uyfrS 0wfaus
0wfuek f zqyvtzJUG csKyt f m; zdwMf um;aomtcg Adv k cf sKyu
f olu, kd w f ikd rf wufEikd v f ifuh pm; 'kw, d OuúX
OD;Ek acgif;aqmifvsuf 0efBuD;a[mif; OD;b*srf;? oHtrwfBuD;a[mif; OD;azcifwdkYudk tzGJUcsKyfudk,fpm;
wm0efay;vTwfvdkufonf/
þwGif e,fcsYJ q&mBuD;bk&ifcq H ma':refprpfonf tusy&f u kd of mG ;awmhonf/ zqyv ud, k pf m;
vS,ftzJGUygvmojzifh ol\ rlvtBuHysufacsNyDwum;[k pdwfysufvsuf &kwfw&wfaeraumif;jzpfí
yifvHktpnf;ta0;rwufEdkifaMumif;om taMumif;Mum;vdkufawmhonf/
odYkaomf(F.A.A.)ac: NAdwo d Qawmifwef;a'otkycf sKyfa&;XmerS rsuEf mS jzLt&m&Srd sm;onf bk&ifcH
rif;BuD;nTefMum;xm;onfhtwdkif; vlrsdK;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;tm; tpGrf;ukefpnf;vsuf ArmjynfrESifhtwl
vGwfvyfa&;&,lvdkygonf[k pmcsKyfvufrSwfrxkd;Mu&ef aoG;cJGcJhMuygonf/
Advk cf sKyfwYkd NAdwed Ef ikd if aH &mufaecsdew
f iG f tmPm&ygwDonf rpöwmtufwvD\ avbmygwDjzpf
aomfvnf; ppftwGif; emrnfausmf 0ifpwefcsmcsD\ ]]uGefqmaA;wpf}}ygwDuvnf; vef'efwGif MoZm
t&Sdeft0g&Sdao;onf/ xdkYaMumifh 27-1-1947aeYu csKyfqdkcJhaom ]]atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyf}}wGif
tydk'f 3(*)? tydk'fcJG(c)udk jzpfonfhenf;jzifh BuHzefxnfhoGif;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/
þonfyifvQif ESpf(50)u e,fcsJUwdkY\ ]]0SufzJ}}jzpfawmhonf/
ÄÄÄ
]]atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyf}}udk 1947-ck Zefe0g&Dv 27-&ufaeY rGe;f vJG 3em&D rdepf 50wdwd
wGif urÇmausmv f yd pf mwpfcjk zpfaom vef'efNrdKY? trSw(f 10)? a'gif;eif;vrf;&Sd NAdwo d Q0efBuD;csKyf\ w&m;
0iftdrfü vufrSwfa&;xdk;csKyfqdkMu&ef ESpfOD;ESpfzuf nSdEdIif;owfrSwfNyD;jzpfaeygonf/
wnf;cdk&m a':csufpwm[kdw,frS rxGufcGmrD pmcsKyfygtcsuftvufrsm;udk tNyD;owfppfaq;
avhvmonfhtaejzifh xyfrHzwf&IMupOf tydk'f 3(*)? tydk'fcJG(c)udk 0efBuD; ocifjrESifh tBuHay;yk*d¾Kvf
OD;ausmfNidrf;wdkYu b0ifrus[efjzifh wD;wdk;aqG;aEG;aeMu&m AkdvfcsKyfu owdjyKrdojzifh ocifjrtm;
vSrf;í
]]q&m . . . 'gtwGuf bmrS rpd;k &dryf geJY? 'g[m olwYkd u uRefawmhu f pkd ed af c:vdu k w
f myJ? uRefawmf
uvnf; pdwaf c:csuu f vkd ufcNH yD; Armjynfjyefa&mufawmh uReaf wmf&h YJpnf;&H;k a&;tiftm;udk aumif;aumif;
BuD;jyygr,f}}
[k olYudk,fol ,HkMunfrItjynfht0&Sd[efjzifh ajymvdkufygonf/
þenf;tm;jzifh 27-1-1947 aeY rGef;vJG 3em&D? rdepf 50wdwdwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
ordkif;0if ]]atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyf}}udk &J0HhpGm vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhygonf/
ÄÄÄ
Adv
k cf sKyfacgif;aqmifaom bdvyfomG Armud, k pf m;vS,t f zJUG &efuek Nf rdKUodYk jyefa&mufonfah eYum;
1947-ck azazmf0g&Dv 2-&ufaeYjzpfygonf/
e,fcsYJ wYkdu BudKwifowfrw S x
f m;onfh yifvn kH v D mcHBuD;usi;f y&efaeY&ufu 1947-ckEpS f azazmf
0g&Dv 12&ufaeYjzpfaeonf/ odkYjzpfí AdkvfcsKyfcrsm NAdwdefEdkifiHwGif wpfvvHk;vHk;tvGef tvkyfrsm;NyD;
yifyef;cJv h ifu h pm; &efuek jf yefa&mufaomtcg &ufowåywfcefY tyef;ajztem;,l&efyif pdwrf ul;Edik b f J
vJcsm;NrdKYe,f&Sd yifvHkNrdKYqDodkY okwfajcwifoGm;a&mufcJh&&Smygonf/ xkdYaMumifh vef'efrS azazmf0g&Dv
2-&ufaeYu jyefa&mufol AdkvfcsKyfonf azazmf0g&D 8-&ufaeYwGif yifvHkodkYa&mufaeawmhonf/
tajctaeuvnf; e,fcJsYwdkY BudKwifajcxdk;aoG;cJGxm;onfhtwdkif; pdk;&drfzG,f&mhjzpfae\/ &Srf
apmfbGm;tcsdKY? ucsif'l;0g;tcsdKUwdkYqdkvQif yifvHkpmcsKyfvufrSwfxkd;oifh? rxdk;oifh awGa0aeMuonf/
wpfenf;tm;jzifh orkdif;0if ]]yifvHkpmcsKyf}}jzpfajrmuf&efrS 11-2-1947 aeY eHeuftxd raocsmao;[k
qdEk ikd yf gonf/
þwGif Adv k cf sKyf\ acgif;aqmifru I ,kd MkH unfNyD; ]]jynfaxmifppk w d "f gwf}}tjynft h 0&So
d l ucsiuf , kd f
pm;vS,f qrm;'l;0g;qif0g;aemif? 'l;0g;aZmf&pf? &Sr;f jynfe,fu, kd pf m;vS,f awmifyikd ;f apmfbmG ;BuD; pyfceG f
yef;qdik ?f rdik ;f yGeaf pmfbmG ;BuD;pyfpxH eG ;f ? anmifa&TapmfbmG ;BuD;pyfa&Tou kd ?f csi;f ud,
k pf m;vS,f OD;0rfuakd [m?
&Srf;jynfvlxkudk,fpm;vS,f OD;wifat;ESifhOD;xGef;jrifh ponfhyk*dK¾ vfrsm;onf awGa0aeolrsm;tm; tpGrf;
ukepf nf;&H;k vsuf 11-2-1947 aeY naeydik ;f wGif tpnf;ta0;wpf&yfac:,lvu kd Mf uonf/ ,if;tpnf;
ta0;wGif AdkvfcsKyfudk,fwdkifu ]]vGwfvyfa&;ESifhtcsKyftcsmtmPma&&SnfwnfhwhHcdkifNrJ&ef wpfckwnf;
aomenf;vrf;rSm ]]jynfaxmifp}k }yHpk jH zifv h wG v f yfa&;&,l&efomjzpfaMumif;}}taMumif;tusKd ;tcsut f vuf
cdkufrmpGmjzifh a[majym&m apmapmydkif;u awGa0aeol tygt0ifwufa&mufoltm;vHk;u AdkvfcsKyftm;
wpfcJeuf axmufcHvdkufMuygonf/ xdkYaMumifh yifvHkpmcsKyfatmifjrif&ef 11-1-1947 naeusrSyif
aocsmawmhonf[k rSwfwrf;wif&ygrnf/
ÄÄÄ
jrefrmhordik ;f wGif rSww f rfwif&rnfh 1947ckEpS ?f azazmf0g&Dv 12-&ufaeY eHeuf 10em&Dww d wd iG f
txl;pDraH qmufvyk x f m;aom r@yfBuD;twGi;f rS pm;yJaG y:&Sd ]]yifvpkH mcsKyBf uD;}}udk atmufygyk*K¾d vrf sm;onf
wpfa,mufNyD;wpfa,mufvsifjrefoGufvufpGm vufrSwfa&;xdk;vdkufMuygawmhonf/
1/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; (Armjynfracgif;aqmif)
2/ pyfcGefyefqdkif; (awmifydkif;apmfbGm;)
3/ pyfa&Todkuf (anmifa&TapmfbGm;)
4/ pyf[kefz (ajrmufydkif;odEDéapmfbGm;)
5/ pyfeef; (vJcsm;apmfbGm;)
6/ pyfxGef;at; (omrcrf;apmfbGm;)
7/ OD;cGefyef; (vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f? ajrmufydkif;odEéDS)
8/ OD;wifat; (vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f? awmifBuD;)
9/ OD;Mumyk (vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f? oDayg)
10/ pyf,pfz (vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f? oDayg)
11/ qrm;'l0gqif0g;aemif (ucsifudk,fpm;vS,f? jrpfBuD;em;)
12/ 'l0gaZmf&pf (ucsifudk,fpm;vS,f? jrpfBuD;em;)
13/ OD;cGefxD; (vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f? yifvHk)
14/ OD;xGef;jrifh (vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f? armufr,f)
15/ OD;cGefapm (vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f? yif;w,)
16/ OD;jzL (usdKif;wHk apmfbGm;udk,fpm;vS,f)
17/ OD;'def&wef (ucsifudk,fpm;vS,f? jrpfBuD;em;)
18/ 'l0gaZmfvGef; (ucsifudk,fpm;vS,f? Aef;armf)
19/ OD;vbef*a&mif; (ucsifudk,fpm;vS,f? Aef;armf)
20/ OD;vSLrIef (csif;udk,fpm;vS,f? zvef;)
21/ OD;aomifZmckwf (csif;udk,fpm;vS,f? wD;wdef)
22/ OD;0rfudka[m (csif;udk,fpm;vS,f? [m;cg;)
þodYkvQif vGecf ahJ om ESp(f 50)u e,fcsYJwYkd\ 0Suzf u
J kd NzdKzsuv
f suf Edik if aH wmf\tem*wftwGuf
tajrmftjrifBuD;pGmjzifh jynfaxmifpkBuD;jzpfajrmufvmatmif vufawGUzefwD;cJhol wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pk
acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; ,ckuo hJ Ykd ESp(f 50)jynfh a&T&wktcgor,wGif vIu d v
f pSJ mG *kPjf yKvdu
k &f ygownf;/
wuúokdvfae0if;

PyiHtaunSu Bithukar

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

PyiHtaunSu Bithukar

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

jynfaxmifpkAdokum AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; wuúokdvfae0if;

1995ckESpf Zlvdkifvu ]]EG,feD}}r*¾Zif;wGif uRefawmfvpOfa&;cJhaom aqmif;yg;rsm;pkaygif;&ef

tck'Dpmtkyf(pdf)udk (61)ESpfjynfh tmZmenfaeYtxdrf;trSwftjzpf

trsdK;om;acgif;aqmifBuD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ pnf;&Hka&;pGrf;&nf

ArmhvGwfvyfa&;ordkif;udk rSwfwrf;wifa&;om;onf&Sdaomf 1947-ckESpfqef;u AdkvfcsKyf

ArmhvGwfvyfa&;ordkif;wGif tvGefta&;ygaom tcef;u@ü armfuGef;wifxm;&rnfh ]1300-

1945-ckESpf Mokwfvqef;ujzpfygonf/ syefwGif [D&dk;&SD;rm;ESifh emgqmDNrdKYrsm;ay:odkY

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ udk,fwdkifa&; tw¬Kyw¬dtusOf;

1946-ckESpfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ppfNyD;acwfwyfrawmfudk OD;pD;uGyfuJ&ef r[mrdwf

]]ae&l;}}qdkonfrSm vGwfvyfaom tdEd́,EdkifiHBuD;\ yxrqHk;0efBuD;csKyf ]]*s0g[mvfvm-ae&l;}}

]]igvJ rif;wdkYvdk pma&;q&m jzpfcsifw,fuGm}}

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ pmayta&;tom;taMumif; ajym&vQif ol\ t*Fvdyfpm a&;om;rI

tpfru vdrfajymwmudk; qdkwJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;

1942-ckESpfu ArmEdkifiHrS NAdwdoQwyfrsm; qkwfcGmoGm;MuNyD;aemuf 1943-ckESpfukefESifh 1944-

wpfcgu txuftnma'o NrdKY&SpfNrdKYrS pmqdkawmfaeYtxdrf;trSwf pmaya[majymyJGzdwfMum;

1947 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv 27 &ufaeYwiG f atmifqef;tufwvDpmcsKyf vufrw S af &;xd;k &ef owfrw

]]a[haumif-igod&oavmuf rif;[m i,fi,fu t*Fvyd pf mudo k mOD;pm;ay;oifwhJ ]]uufovpf}}

ESpf(50)u e,fcsJUwdkY\ ]]0SufzJ}}

You might also like