IT SECURITY text message by someone posing as a
legitimate institution to lure individuals into
CYBER THREATS
- Malicious, deliberate attack and
unauthorized access on a system or a
network
Examples of Cyber Threats
A. Virus
- A program stored on a computer floppy
disk, hard drive, or CD, that can cause
unexpected and often undesirable effects,
such as destroying or corrupting data
- Often originates from the internet
- According to the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST), the first
computer virus, a boot sector virus called
“Brain”, was developed in 1986
B. Worm
- A type of malware that copies itself
repeatedly into a computers’ memory or
onto a disk drive
- A worm can replicate itself without human
interaction
- Worms can modify or delete files and can
even inject additional malwares
- This deplete system resources by
overloading a shared network
C. Trojan Horse
- Named after the Greek Methodology
- It is a program that pretends to be a useful
program, usually free, such as a game or
screen saver, but carries viruses, or
destructive instructions, that perpetrate
mischief without your knowledge
- Some of the most common purpose of
trojan horse include gaining backdoor
access to corporate systems, spying on
users’ online activity, or stealing sensitive
data
D. Denial-of-service Attack
- It consists of making repeated request of a
computer system or network, thereby
overloading it, and denying legitimated
users access to it
- If the assault comes from a number of
computers, it is called “distributed denial-of-
service” or DDoS attack
- Accomplished by flooding the targeted host
or network with traffic until the target
cannot respond or simply crashes,
preventing access for legitimate users
E. Phishing
- Phishing is a cybercrime in which a target or
targets are contacted by email, telephone, or
providing sensitive data
- The information is then used to access
important and can result in identity theft and
financial loss
F. Middle in the Middle Attack
- A man in the middle (MITM) attack is a
general term for when a perpetrato
positions himself in a conversation between
a user and an application—either to
eavesdrop or to impersonate one of the
parties, making it appear as if a normal
exchange of information is underway
- The ultimate objective of MITM is to steal
personal information that could be used for
many purpose
Common Myths in IT Security
1. Any computer error message indicates virus
infection
2. Email attachment from known senders are
safe
3. Antivirus programs will stop all threats
CYBER ATTACKERS
Hackers
- A computer enthusiast who:
o Enjoy learning programming
languages and computer systems
o Gain unauthorized access to
computers or networks, often just
for the challenge of it
A. Thrill-seeker Hackers
B. White-hat Hackers
Crackers
- People who break into computers for
malicious purposes
A. Script Kiddies
B. Hacktivists
C. Black-hat hackers
D. Cyberterrorists
SAFEGUARDS
Antivirus Software
- Antivirus software scan a computer’s hard
disk, CDs, and main memory to detect
viruses and, sometimes, to destroy them
Firewall
- A firewall is a system of hardware and/or
software that protects a computer or a
network form intruders
- It monitors and filters incoming and
outgoing network traffic based on an
organizations’ previously established
security policies
 - It serves as a barrier that sits between a
private internal network and the public
Internet
Password
- A password is a string of characters used to
verify the identity of a user during the
authentication process
Basic Rules in Creating Passwords:
o Don’t share password with anyone
o Don’t use passwords that are easy to
guess
o Use long passwords
o Use different passwords for multiple
sites
o Change passwords often
Biometric Authentication
- Authenticate a person’s identity by
comparing his or her physical or behavioral
characteristics with digital code stored in a
computer system
- Examples are hang-geometry systems,
fingerprint scanners, iris-recognition
systems, face-recognition systems, voice-
recognition systems
Encryption
- Process of altering readable data into
unreadable form to prevent unauthorized
access
A. Private Key
o Same secret key is used by both
sender and receiver to encrypt and
decrypt a message
B. Public Key
o Two keys are used—a public key
which is used to encrypt the
message and a private key which
only the receiver knows, and which
required to decrypt the message
THE CHALLENGES IN THE DIGITAL AGE
TRUTH ISSUES
Fake news
- The news articles are intentionally or
verifiably false
Misinformation
- Incorrect or misleading data or information
presented as fact; no intent to harm or
deceive
Disinformation
- Deliberately deceptive; has the purpose to
harm other people; has the intent to harm or
deceive
A. Manipulation of Sound
o Manipulated audio has been one of
the main bases for scams that have
ruined other people’s lives and
livelihood
o Examples of audio manipulation:
 Altering the speaker’s gender
 Adjusting the timing
 Modifying the background
o How to spot edited sounds?
 Listen to other parts of the
audio track
 Note the timing
 Look for odd pitch or whine
B. Manipulation of photo
o Modern technology allowed photo
manipulation to be more common
and easier to accomplish even by
beginners
o In artistic media, manipulation of
photo is acceptable
o However, if images are meant to
depict reality, photo manipulation is
not acceptable
o How to spot edited photos?
 Look out for the details
 Check for signs of pixilation
or imperfect coloring
 Observe the shadows
C. Manipulation of Video
a. Cheapfakes
o Altered using classical video editing
applications
b. Deepfakes
o Altered using artificial intelligence
and machine learning
Categories of Manipulated Videos
A. Missing Context
a. Misrepresentation
o Pertains to the manipulation using
incorrect framing of a video that
misleads the viewer
b. Isolation
o Pertains to the manipulation by
sharing a brief clip from a longer
video, creating a false narrative
B. Deceptive Edit
a. Omission
o Editing out large portions of a video
b. Splicing
o Editing together different videos to
fundamentally change a story
C. Malicious Transformation
a. Doctoring
o Changing the speed of the video,
changing the voice
b. Fabrication
 o Uses artificial intelligence in order to
fake images
SECURITY ISSUES
ERRORS AND ACCIDENTS
A. Human Errors
o Humans fail to assess their own
information needs
o Human emotions may affect one’s
performance
o Humans act on their perceptions
which are often too slow to keep up
with the device
B. Procedural Errors
o Pertain to the failure of failures to
follow required procedure in a
certain series or steps or
methodologies
o Some spectacular computer failures
have occurred because someone did
not follow procedures
C. Software Errors
o Also known as “software glitches” or
“software bugs”
o Can cause a software not to work
properly
o Can be minimized through
continuous improvement of the
software (i.e. version update)
D. Electromechanical Problems
o Mechanical systems, such as
printers, and electrical systems, such
as circuit boards, do not always
work
o Two examples included electrical
problems and machine breakdowns
o Computer applications, drivers,
operating systems
C. Theft of Online Music and Videos
o Torrent, illegal streaming, piracy
D. Theft of Time and Service
E. Theft of Information
MICROSOFT EXCEL
 We use VLOOKUP when we need to find
things in a table or row
 Ctrl + up arrow key = to go to the top of a
table
 Ctrl + left/right arrow key = to go the
left/right side of a table which has a content
 1 (true) = approximate match
 0 (false) = exact match
 Use dollar sign to lock in a data (highlight
the data and press F4)
 Shift + enter = highlight the whole row
(according to sir pero nung sinubukan ko
space dapat instead of enter)
 Ctrl + enter = to highlight whole column
(same situation din ng nasa taas)
 Ctrl + Shift + plus button = to add a whole
row/column above/ side the highlighted
row/colum
 Opposite of VLOOKUP is HLOOKUP
 Concatenate = combine or joins texts which
are found in different cells
 Instead of dragging down to copy, hover
your mouse in the lower right corner of the
cell until it becomes the thin plus sign and
double left click
 Ctrl + PgUp/PgDn = to navigate from one
sheet to another

NATURAL HAZARDS
- Some disasters do not merely lead to
temporary system downtime; they can
wreck the entire system
- Without power and communications
connections, cellphones, automated teller
machines, credit card verifiers, and bank
computers are useless

COMPUTER CRIMES
- An illegal act perpetrated against computer
or telecommunications
- Use of computer or telecommunications to
accomplish an illegal act
Types of Computer Crimes
A. Theft of Hardware
o Computers, computer parts,
computer accessories
B. Theft of Software