STUDY OF MOLAR REFRACTION AND

POLARIZABILITY CONSTANT OF SCHIFF

BASES IN DIFFERENT PERCENTAGE OF
BINARY MIXTURE OF DIOXANE-WATER
AT 304K
A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO
SANT GADGE BABA UNIVERSITY , AMRAVATI

FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN
CHEMISTRY
UNDER THE FACULTY OF SCIENCE
BY
SHRADDHA S. DHOTE
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
DR. M.M. MAHAJAN
ASST. PROFFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
BRIJLAL BIYANI SCIENCE COLLEGE, AMRAVATI
 2021-2022

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project entitled “study of

Molar Refraction and polarizability constant of Schiff
bases in different percentage of binary mixture of
dioxane-water At 304k”being submitted for the award
of degree of Master of science in chemistry to Sant
Gadge baba Amravati University, Amravati . It has been
carried out by me at department of chemistry, Brijlal
Biyani Science college, Amravati under the supervision
of Dr.M.M. Mahajan Asst. Professor, Department of
Chemistry. The work is original and has not been
submitted earlier in part or full any other university/
institution for any diploma or degree.

Place : Amravati. Shraddha s. Dhote

Date : / /
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work presented in this project
entitled “study of Molar Refraction and polarizability
constant of Schiff Bases in different percentage of
binary mixture of dioxane-water at 304K” is the
bonafide research work carried out by Miss shraddha
s .Dhote at Brijlal biyani science college, Amravati. This
work has not been submitted earlier elsewhere for any
diploma or degree.

(Dr. P.B. Raghuwanshi) ( Dr.M.M.Mahajan)

(H.O.D)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Each step in learning process of life is an opportunity
which adds to our persona. A research project is
usually never a one man show but it is very much the
product of collective efforts. Behind every successful
work there is some sort of impetus provided by
someone.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my
guide, Dr. M.M.Mahajan, Asst. Professor, Department
of chemistry, Brijlal Biyani Science College, Amravati ,
For her blessing, patient motivation and optimistic
approch, I could achieve the aim of present task.
It is indeed very important to mention the co-
operation rendered by the non-teaching staff for their
round the clock help during the laboratory
equipments.
I also thank to all my classmate for constant
encouragement and help throughout the project work.
Lastly, acknowledge everyone who helped me directly
or indirectly to complete my work.
 CONTENT
CHAPTER 1: Introduction
1. Refractive index
2. General introduction of Schiff Bases
CHAPTER 2:
1. LITERATURE REVIEW
 Historical Development of Refractrometric Studies
 Previous Experimental Investigation
2. AIM OF PRESENT STUDY
CHAPTER 3: PRINCIPLE OF REFRACTOMETRY
CHAPTER 4: EXPERIMENTAL AND INSTRUMENTAL
CHAPTER 5: RESULT AND DISCUSSION

REFERENCES
CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION
 CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION

The speed of light in a medium depends on the properties of

the medium. In electromagnetic waves, the speed is dependent
on the optical of density the medium. Optical density is the
tendency of the atoms in a material to restore the absorbed
electromagnetic energy. The more optically dense material is,
the slower the speed of light. One such indicator of the optical
density of a medium is the refractive index.

Refractive Index Formula

The refractive index is dimensionless. It is a number that
indicates the number of times slower than a light wave would
be in the material than it is in a vacuum. The refractive index,
represented by symbol n, is the velocity of light in vacuum
divided by the velocity of light in a medium. The formula of the
refractive index is as follows:

n=c/v
Where,
 n is the refractive index
 c is the velocity of light in a vacuum ( 3 × 108 m/s)
 v is the velocity of light in a substance
The vacuum has a refractive index of 1. The refractive index of
other materials can be calculated from the above equation.
Higher the refractive index, the higher the optical density and
slower is the speed of light.
Refractive index of substance = speed of light in vacuum
Speed of light in substance
The studies of refractive indices are being increasingly used as tools
for investigation of the physical properties of pure components and
the nature of intermolecular interaction between the liquid mixture
constituents. Refractive index measurements of binary liquid
mixtures are essential for determination of composition of binary
mixtures usually for non-ideal mixtures where experimental
measurements are performed directly over the entire range of
composition. a few ternary, mixtures have also been studied
employing refractive index measurements. The review of literature
on acoustical studies of solution reveals that refractive indices
measurements are also used to estimate the different elastic
properties of the molecule from which the type of molecular
interactions can be very well understood. Pandey et a have made
refractive indices measurements in liquid mixtures and have
suggested that such studies are very much helpful for understanding
of the molecular interactions in the components of the mixture. In
addition to binary liquid mixture afew ternary, havealso been
studiesemploying refractiveindex measurements.
1. The refractive index is an important additive property of
molecular structure of liquid. For pure hydrocarbon, one can
get an idea of aromatic content of liquid using refractive index.
When a beam of light passes from less dense to denser medium
it is refracted toward normal to form angle of refraction and it
 depends on the temperature and wave length of light oflight.
The extent of refraction and it depends on
1. The relative concentration of atom or molecule
2. The stucture of atom or molecule. So refractive index gives
idea about geometry and structure arragement of atom in
molecule. However , there are are times when the
experimental values are not available, and it is desirable to
estimate the refractive index of binary or multi-component
liquids from the pure components by mixing rules. The most
commenly used mixing rules are Lorentz – Lorentz equation,
Weiner relation, Heller’s and Gladstone-dalee quations. These
mixing rules apply the concept of excess molar properties, a
measure of thermodynamic interaction changes with physical
forces in polar molecules. wasreported by vural et al

Instrumental method of chemical analysis was studies by

satinder Ahuja et al. The result obtained during this
investigation directly through light on the dipole association of
ligand, intermolecular attraction between solute and solvent,
dielectric constant of medium, polarizability and mutual
compensation of dipoles. These interaction have been studied
in aqueous and non- aquous solutions by many researches.
This project has been aimed at the study of molar refraction
polarizability constant of Schiff bases in binary mixture at
different concentration.
General Introduction of Schiff bases
A Schiff bases is a nitrogen analog of an aldehyde or ketone in which
the C = O group is replaced by C =N-R group. It is usually formed by
condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with primary amine
according to the following scheme:

The reaction of aldehydes and ketones with ammonia or 1º-amines forms

imine derivatives, also known as Schiff bases (compounds having a C=N
function). Water is eliminated in the reaction, which is acid-catalyzed and
reversible in the same sense as acetal formation. The pH for reactions which
form imine compounds must be carefully controlled. The rate at which these
imine compounds are formed is generally greatest near a pH of 5, and drops
at higher and lower pH's. At high pH there will not be enough acid to
protonate the OH in the intermediate to allow for removal as H 2O. At low pH
most of the amine reactant will be tied up as its ammonium conjugate acid
and will become non-nucleophilic.

The formation of a Schiff base from an aldehyde or ketones is a

reversible reaction and generally takes place under acid and base
catalysis, or upon heating given by S.P.Kolapkar et al