wewvuvrveoeddod OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH & INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE, Code N8-SF3E5 we To protect employees against health hazard in their work environment > To faciitate placement & ensure the suitability of individual according to their physical capacities, mental abilities in work that they can perform ee > To assure adequate medical care 8 rehabiltation ofthe occupationally injured SAE BENEFITS WEN, > Good employees heath gained by controling hazards inthe work environment > Reduction in discomfort & disebilties makes increased production. > Product & equipment with built in protection against health problems. > Toxicity data INDUSTRIAL HEALTH PROGRAMME COMPONENTS OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE The employees who are required to work in industries are to be protected &lkept in a healthy state, because the state of health of the worker can influence his ability to work safply and efficiently. A Sate op comnplele. phyytlcalonevdat betel well-beig, wth meal doe shatnee of eligenre 2 abealth by vole Her fat science and Art devot purratrty BGI ae re Has been defined as “ recognition: évéluation and control of 7 those environmental factors or stressés, arising in or from the work place, which may cause ns of the community”, ‘alleINDUSTRIAL HYGIENE aa ry BS Tat) Industrial Hygiene » has been defined as “that science and art devoted to the anticipation, recognition, ‘evaluation and control of those environmental factors or stresses, arising in or from the work place, which ‘may cause sickness, impaired health or significant discomfort and inefficiency among workers or among the citizens of the community’. Three key concepts are vital to any effective industrial hygiene oroaramme - — a Recounition ~ This requires knoweedge of stresses arising out of work operation and processes, The recognition of potential hazards involves knowledge ofthe processes & work operations and studying effect. Evaluation — judgment or decision usualy involving past experience and measurement of magnitude of stress colleen tae trane ace rate Eveluaing the occupational environment requies knowledge concerning the Etiology the study of causes _2f diseases ~ the cause or origin ofthe disease) of cccupational diseases, the effect of exposure, samoling procedure, resold mit values, & environmental standards. Control - of excessive stress by isolation, substitution, } change of process, wet methods, local exhaust 4 oe _ Sa ‘Operations Process Type Contaminant Type | Contaminant Control Measures. = oe > Examples” Hot Operation | Welding = Gases, Dusts, Fumes, | Chromates, Zino, | Lécal exhaust ————= | Soldering = a CO, Lead Vinyl | ventilation, PPE Melting aye oe Chloride etc, Mouicing Buming Chemical Reaction Liquid Operation | Painting —— Vapour, gases Benzene, Ventiaion, Tec | ————PDegreasing 2 fs Trchlorethyiene, | exaust venaton, Spraying Hydochloric Acid, Cleaning Hydrogen sulphide, | Sudber system Pickling xi ‘Sulpherdioxide etc. | * Plating AX Chemical Reaction — 6 etece 8 O8erene Solid Operation | Pouring Dusts Cement, Quartz, [Local exhaust c > Mixing = fibrous glass ventilation, PPE Separation - wel methods *o | | Extraction af | Crushing > | Loading i | 4, Bagging l= GENERAL CONTROL METHODS : General methods for Controlling environmental factors or stresses include the following 41, Substitution of a less hazardous material for one which is harmful to health ~ y Fat uot} Replacement of white lead in paint pigments by zin, barium, 7° ''°") int prarments by zinc, barlum. Use of phosphorus sequesulide esol of white phosphorus in mateh-making._ * Short blasting instead of sand biasing. © ett) C 2.Change or steralon ofa process lo miniise workeremmesute— TGS") EVE iy + Brush eeinting or cpring instead of spray panting * A welding to replace riveting. “uct 4 «Automatic electrostatic paint spraying ted of manual compressed ar paint spraying ea = fen een oteey 7 ath > 3. solation or enclosuré of a process or work operation to reduce the number of employees exposed — es a «Physical bartier— acoustic panels, to minimize noise transmission. 9 ———— GD] gash The hazardous jb canbe isolated from he rest of werk operations ard ths finale exposure, 2°". Enclose & exhaust all operations. ‘© Automated plating tanks, paint ¢ o a Im, a —— 4, Wet methods to reduce generating of dust= ‘© Wetting of the floor before sweeping Lert BL ipping operations, and similar processes can be located in separate wm, + Weting of dusts. ea 0) ‘* Water under high pressure for cleaning castings in place of sand blasting. 5. Local exhaust ventilation at the point of generation or dispersion of contaminants ee pe 5. Dilution ventilation to provide a safe, healthful atmosphere (General ventilation) - 7FsesTeGeneral ventilation systems add or remove ait ftom work areas to keep the concentration of an ai contaminant below hazardous level. This system uses natural convection through open doors, ‘windows, roof ventilators and chimneys, ot it movement produced by fans or Blowers. Exhaust fans mounted in roofs, walls, or windows, constitute general ventiation. ~ ai 1 Personal protective devices (PPE) — 8. Good House-keeping 3. Administrative exposure contos ncuting adjusting work schedules or rotating job > assignments s0 no employee receives an overexposure a. 10, Special control methods for specifi hazards, such as shielding, monitoring devices, and continuous ‘sampling with preset alarms, —> 11. Medical contrals to detect evidence of absorption of toxic materials. 12. Training & Education TYPICAL INDUSTRIAL. OPERATIONS AND THEIR ASSOCIATED HEALTH HAZARDS Process or Operations Hazards [Control measures] 1 _| Abrasive blasting Gust (ilaton “skin Local exnaut vention. contact hazards) Personal protection |(—_ equiomentidevices (PPE) 7] Bagging “& handing of ary [Dust “(nhalaton & skin | Local exhaust vention. _ materials contact hazards) ~~” | Blower to exhaust dust. ee = iar Personal protection eequipmentidevices (PPE) Vapours, heat Local exhaust ventilation. Hood with blower to ‘exhaust vapours. PPE 4 [Gas mace or oven Resting | Vapour, heat noise | Local exhaust vefafon, | ee ee Tama Hood with blower to exhaust vapours. PPE. 5 | Crushing & grinding ‘Air bome dust, noise, | Local exhaust vendlation. ——o ergonomic hazards PPE. Correct posture. a Tena Sr _9-9_9-@_9 9-9., | & © © 5 © 9 ee¢oecoeavdley S2oeodg © sesesusegegooodoevednd L ‘ANTIDOTE [NTL NITRITE, BYDROXO COBALAMIN ANTIDOTES T POISONING CYANIDE ‘ATROPINE ORGANOPHOSPHATES Respiratory System, Eyes, Skin. DINERCAPROL ARSENIC, MERCURY, COPPER, COBALT, LEAD METHYLENE BLUE METHEMOGLOBINAEMIA, CARBON MONOXIDE, NITRITES, NB, Target or. jan. Toxic Chemical Target Organ 1 | Reet Annydride Respiratory System, Byes, Skin 2 [Ammonia Respiratory System, Eyes 3_| Aniline Blood, Cardio-vascular system, Liver, Kidney 4 | Asbestos =a Lung 3 | Benzene Blood, Central nervous system, Bone marow, Respiratory System, a Eyes, Skin = Bromine = Central nervous system, Respiratory System, Byes 7 [Cyenides as ON Carto-vascular system, Ler, Keney, Central nerous system, @ | Cotton dust (raw) Respiratory System, Cafdio-vascular system, S| Chromic acid = Blood, Respiratory System, Liver, Kidney, Eyes 10 | Chlorine tt | Carbon monoxide z Respiratory System Cardio-vascular system, Liver, Blood, Central nervous system 12__| Hydrogen chloride Respiratory System, Skin, Eyes 13___| Hydrogen sulphide iz Respiratory System, Eyes 14 [ Lead (inorganic fumes, dusts) Gastrointestinal tract, Kidney, 8lood, Central nervous system 15 | Mercury Central nervous system, Respiratory System. Kidney, Eyes, Skin 46 | Methanol (Methyl Alcohol) = Gastroinlestinal tract, Central nervous system, Eyes, Skin. ] 17 | Nite Acid = Eyes, Skin, teeth, Respiratory System — 18 | Phenol Kidney, Kidney, SkinPinnewarEEMCRON we 8k SS cwoereom cee romnonot ‘one sannane ' wae - | sexsi moe carga TaaE" ToL sous scorn (ransoonreo W ooo alt eoeo e eeoooaonoeceo> Do o z=wvrrwvwvsveeeeed & ag == * Medical surveillance of personal health, * Communication with workers and implementation of engineering protective measures o ensure health and safety in workplace, Hi : ‘ OBJECTIVE OF AIR MONITORING — Depending upon the specific objective of survey, itis desirable to undertake personal monitoring in which a sampling device is worn by the person and is Kept neat breath zone, Area monitoring for process contra! might be done by @ series of short term measurements or by continuous monitoring. The emphasis should be given in selecting the proper lacatons, where mast of he workers are exposed for a maximum duration luring the working hous For personal monitoring the time of sampling should formally be for a full s shift. Usually, the determination of contaminants in workplace / ambient air requires a sampling technique/s that lasts for 4-8 hours. Itis also desirable to monitor the effects of temperature, humidity and sampling fiow rates during the monitoring. The objective of ar polation monitoring ae as given below. * To measure the polution level, and to identity whether there isa need for Personal or Occupational or Community air Pollution monitoring ore * Identify specific poluton sources ‘+ Improve process and implementation of control measure to reduce the emissions of source. + To sure the compliance with relevant statutory requirements MONITORING TECHNIQUES a) Absorption Sampling~ 4. Sampling into Containers In this technique, contaminated air samples are collected in a container made of stainless steel, glass or Plastic. The air coniaining polutants is passed through the container at a flow rate of 0.1 to 0.2 Bimin They are light weight, durable and almost insensitive to many gases such as chlorine, ozone, nitrogen and sulphur dioxide and ammonia. This allows the storage of sample for 10-14 days without significant change in the initial composition of samples. Some ime sampler is filed with the help of nipple device and sample is directly introduced into the - ees analytical instrument for analysis,2 Sampling by Solvent Scrubbing. Absorption of toxic contaminants by solvent is often usedin air sampling. The advantage in the possibilty of simultaneous concentration of wide range of substances with high selectivity of the determination, In this method sample is collected by passing the polluted air through a glass vessel filed with suitable organi or inorganic solvent depending upon the sample compositon. The most effective method of scrubbing the contaminants from air is by the use of an absorber with a porous plate, which enhances the absorption of contaminants owing to the large surface area available. While selecting the solvent and a flow rate, one should remember thatthe use of yolatle organic solvent, a flow rate above 1Umin leads to considerable loss of solvent and ‘sample due to evaporation. Due to which error to the extent of 50% or more might observed in the quantitative determination of pollutants. The extent of absorption depends upon the nature and concentration of contaminants, flow rate, ambient temperature and the property of absorbent. 3. Sampling by Derivatization Derivatization of 2 sample is to convert the pollutants of interest into a form convenient for a chromatographic analysis. 4, Headspace Monitoring In this method, several iters of air is passed through the absorber containing a suitable solvent fil the saturation occurs and the gas phase above the absorbent is sampled and analyzed usually by using GC technique. janis 5, Sampling by Cryogenic Concentration : The method of cryogenic concentration involves freezing of the toxic species fromthe polluted air at 2 temperature significanty lower an the boiling point of the sample. This is carried out by pumping the Polluted air through a cooled trap or condenser with a large surface area. Metal capillaries or steel / glass tubes packed with a inert material such as glass wool, Copper shot, glass beads etc, are used to increase the cooling surface area LIMITATION OF SAMPLING a) @ee@eoenoaeveeoeeedoe+ Limited range of concentration of sample in the atmosphere and requires @ very good type of detection system. The risk of ehemisorptions of the compound of interest on the wall of container or sytinge. * Occurrence of chemical reaction inthe container during sample storage especially for reactive gases. + Only gaseous samples can be monitored and analyzed with highly selective detector. + Loss of concentration cue to dilution of pe during sampling + Involves repeated concentration steps before actual analysis, * Cregerieconcanraton is associated wih the prob of accumulation of age quanty of water vapcurin the trap there by decreasing gorlion efciency * Displacement of sample due to high humidity in the atmosphere Adsorption Sampling, — In the technique, a sampling tube filed with an adsorbent is connected with battery operated portable pump and desited volume of air sample is collected. A large volume of air is passed through the atforbent bed for a specified period and afsorbed contaminants are then recovered by ¢ extracting with suitable solvent or by thermal desorption. And the extracted sample is quantitatively determined with help of suitable analytical technique. Adlsorbent or porous polymer used for sampling the contaminants must fulfil the following conditions ‘They must be inert fo semple component. They must efficiently trap small concentration of desired contaminants. * Their capacity to hold the contaminants must be sufficiently high . ‘+ They must not react with the contaminants while sample is stored or during the transportation of same tothe laboratory © They should selectively allsorb the contaminants in the presence of other contaminants. * They should not give rise to spurious contaminants by reacting with pollutants during the course sampling and sample storage. . They should be able to desorbs the pollutants easily for quantitative analysis, +The atsorbent should be reusable with ease of conditioning :20 ling Procedure for Industrial H Chemical Hazards Gases & Vapours _—Field Indicator Tubes yielding direct readings Collected in containers or absorbed on charcoal for laboratory evaluation Fumes & Mists Absorbed & measured in the field ‘Absorbed & evaluated in the laboratory Collected on filter media & analysed in the laboratory __Dusis Collected by a personal air sampler, fractionated into respirable size by a cyclone ‘separator and the fractions weighed to determine the concentration. Collected on an open-faced filter & weighed Collected in an appropriate manner & counted. Physical hazards ~ + Pressure may be measured barometrcally.. ‘+ Temperature may be measured by thermometer, thermocouple, or radiometer. Determination of heat stress. Seer eee ey 7 ‘« Ionizing radiation may be measured by survey meter, personal dosimeter, or film badge techniques. + Anumiver of drect reading meters are available for nor-onising radiation. + Noise level measured with sound level meter or octave band analysers. Vibration may be determined with additional sound level equipment. Air Sampling Equipment + Evacuated Container (260 -1000 ml capacity): Heavy wall glass container (aris evacuated & sealed). + Displacement (gas or liquid) Collector: 250-300 mil glass tubes «Flexible plastic bags: Air is filed by suction pump or hand pump. «Dragger Tubes: Colour changed is compare with standard colour stains. * Continuous Air Sampling Equipments: Battery operated pump, Rota meter, fier holder, trapping media. ‘© Suction Device Pump: Manually operated piston pump Aspirator bottles Personal sampling pumps High volume air sampling pump Trapping Device: «Filter paper + Impinger Tubes & gas bubbler eseoaenedoea cnry~wyrr7"rveueoegcgeced Helonek « 2926 : 21 52OCN. SW mm: © Adsorbent tubes Callbration of air sampling equipment: * Soap Bubble Meter. — © Wet Testmeter __ * Rotameter Instruments: © Colorimeter © Spectrophotometer * Gas chromatograph WORK PLACE MONITORING Sampling of the airborne contaminants: To’ have representative samples the following basic question must be answered: Where to sample location Howlong to sample - duration How many sample - number When to sample + covering typical operations 1. Samples are usually collected in the following areas: a) Atthe breathing zone of the worker; ) Inthe general atmosphere ofthe room: and ¢) Aten operation itself 'f the purpose ‘is to calculate the average weighted dally exposure the samples are collected at the breathing zone and in the general room air, When the purpose is to define potential hazard. Check Compliance with regulations or obtain data for central purpose may be collected in the vicinity of the ‘operation it set, = The factors which determine the duration of sampling or the volume of the air o be sampled areas fllows 2). Sensitivity ofthe analytical procedure ) The threshold limit value (TLV) of the particular contaminant 6}. The expected air concentration2 Another considerable necessity in determining the duration of the sampling is that it should usually represent a complete cycle of operations. This is useful in determining the operator's weighted exposure. Another technique is to sample on a regular schedule e.g. so many minutes every hour. This procedure usually requires collection of more number of samples the cyclic sampling procedure and is more or less substituting statistical approach for observation 2. The number of samples to be collected depends on the purpose of sampling, The efficiency of the control measures method is in operation and the other while its switched off. On the other hand large number of samples may be necessary to accurately define average daily exposure for a worker engaged in the particular operation. The concentration of the ai-borne contaminant is also a factor to determine the number of samples needed. A few samples may be sufficient of the concentration if definitely high butifit is near TLV, a minimum of 3 to 5 samples may be necessary to indicate exposure for a certain task of cycle of operation, Sampling instruments: The basic requirements of any air sampling instruments are: a) Source of suction, which may be an electrically or hand operated pump, an aspirator or-squeeze bulb ) Collecting medium - it should be able to efficiently retain the contaminants to be sampled by absorption, an aspirator a mechanical retention and control. ¢) Flow meter to indicate and control the rate of suction of air to calculate the amount of air sampled. The flow meter attached to instrument must be calibrated with wet or dry gas meter. ‘Sampling and analysis of Gases and Vapours: Sampling method: 1. Use 2 gas collector, such as an evacuated flask. The collector is resealed immediately to prevent loss before the sample is analyzed, 2. Passing a known volume of gas of air through an absorbing medium to remove the desired contaminants from the sampled atmosphere. The absorbing medium chooses according to its efficiency for a particular contaminant. Gas collector sample may be used to determine composition of the almosphere to a specified time However the later device i.e. passing air through an absorbing medium should be adopted for collecting continuous samples of a non — uniform atmosphere so that the average compositio during a period of time can be estimated eee eseoonveccewvywervrepegeeod Sampling for the particulates: The particulates are classified according to their physical sate i.e. liquid and solid, Liuid particles are usualy classified as mists but if the qtsize is smaller they are termed as fog, Solid are categorized as dust, fumes and smckes. Dusts are formed through some mechanical process such as crushing, ailing and grinding. Fumesereformed by combustion sublimation or condensation processes and term is generally applied to metal oxides of zinc magnesium iron lead and others. Smokems in generated as result of combustion of organic material. Analytical method used for the determination 6&8: The analytical method used to determine the concentration of the desired contaminants can be divide into two main classes ~ chemical and physical methods Chemical Methods: Colorimetric: The principe of this method is the development of the colour by a reagent which is indicative of the concentration of the substance to be analyzed. Examples of these methods are determination of zinc, lead, mercury, ee. by dthiazone extraction Jon Exchange: By this technique it is possible to separate elements from one and another. Mercury in urine, fluorine in urine and fluoride semple can be separated for further analysis, Gravimetric Method: This method depends on the formation of a precipitation or @ residue which can be weighed. Example is analysis of dust samples for free silica, Volumetric Method: By the use of standard solution for titration. Examples are acid gases which are titrated with a basic reagent. Physical Methods: The physical methods widely used for the determination of the various contaminants are emission spectroscopy, (xtteesd sl iba - ited semcimsccpy. infrared and ultra - violet spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, paleography, x- ray diffraction, gas, chromatograph and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Direct reading instruments for determining concentration of airborne contaminants: Colorimetric indicators: The principle of these indicators has been described earlier under colorimetric, method. The three types of colorimetric indicators are being used: 41, Glass indicator tutes containing solid chemicels 2. Chemically treated fiter paper 3, Liquid reagent. 1G24 Direct physical method for analysis: Number of direct reading instuments have been developed by varicus manufacturing organizations based on the physical method for analysis. The various physical method applied have already been briefed earlier. ‘The factors taken into consideration for selecting particular instruments are simplicity, specificity, stability and accuracy. GICAL MONITORING One of the most useful means of assessing occupational exposure to a harmful material is the analysis of biological samples obtained from the exposed workers. This analysis may provide an indication of the body burden ofthe substance (deposition of harmful material in any one of the organs), the amount circulating in blood, or the amount being excreted. In many cases, biologic monitoring has great advantages over air sampling; “substances being absorbed through the skin and gastrointestinal tract are accounted for. Examples of analyses which can be performed on bioloaical sampl 1. Analysis for the unchanged substance (e.g. lead, arsenic, mercury) in body fluid & tissue. (Blood examination). 2. Analysis for a metabolite of the substance in body fluid or tissue (e.g. pherel in wile resulting from exposure to benzene) Many harmful substances can be stored (deposited) for ong periods of time in various parts (organs) of the body. In toxicity studies the orgarrthat suffers the most severe damage appears to store most of the toxic, material is called the target or critical organ. : Many materials including organic compounds undergo detoxification in the body. The body converts it to something else that usually reduces its abilty to cause injury. Occasionally, the conversion enhances the toxicity. The conversion products may appear in the urine or blood as metabolites. The level of metabolites of toxic agents in the urine indicates that exposure has occurred. =)0 o a o . » > d PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT RE) [ RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE Devices Air purifying devices ] Ar supplied devices Seltcontained a T = = breathing apparatus Airlihe respirator Mechanical exygen eylinder fier respirator Constant fow pressuredemand Flow Chemical caridge demand tow Respirator seltgeneratng Type Mechanical bhemical demand ype Filter respirator Pressure Demand TypeA 26 Sa NON ~ RESPIRATORY PPE 1. Head Protection: Helmets (Head sizes - 520mm to 640mm) IS - 2925 > Force of impact of falling objects, electric shock and burns, hair entanglement........... Helmets (reinforced plastics) > Impact hazard is represented by stationary objecs.......... BUMP caps. It comes with head wear only or with face shield, attachment or with earmuff attachment, visor bracket, lamp bracket, fiberglass welder shield, Acrylic / polycarbonate visor, Material - glass fiber, reinforces plastic 2, Eyes: > Face shield, panorama goggles, Safety spectacles (toughened glass), Welders goggles (eyecup type With tinted lenses or tinted plate lenses) > Eye goggles should have cups large enough to protect the eye sockets > Lenses must not have distortion or prism effect. Eye Protection For Welding.......... Welding processes emits visible and infrared radiation. Heavy gas welding and cutting operations, and arc cutting / welding exceeding 30amp, present problems in control of ultraviolet. Shade of lenses: Shades No. 1.5’ No. 3.0 - Glare from, snow, ice and reflecting suffaces, reflected radiation. Shades No. 4 - For greater radiation intensity 3. Face Face shield - separate or attached to helmets comes with welders tinted lenses (plate) Use against fying particles & splashes Dust masks - fitter upto 0.4 microns Disposable dusts mask impregnated with some chemicals - IS 9473-1980 4. Hands: d > Hand selves ~ supported, non ~ supported, surgical, PVC, rubber, asbestos, cotton, latex. Aco i iy fe eegonseovesceonvenoado00oensg> Gauntlets - Gloves for hot and sharp metals - High tensile strength thermal conductivity flame retardate cotton or leather gloves friction and dusts ‘synthetic rubber gloves ‘acid, alkali Neoprene — dipped cotton liquid Iritents Reflective aluminized clothing radiant heat Air= cooled jackets/suits. high temp Lead - bearing material ‘nizing radiation 5. legs: > Safety shoes — leather, Rubber, asbestos (Hoc special) IS - 1122 6 ~ 1986 leather (molded). Nitrite rubber sole. Steel to@br reinforced plastics, hard rubber) > Specification — light we > Legging ight weight, artistic directly injection molded PVC sole vaccines nitrite rubber sole, 6. Body: cs > Overalls — PVC, Asbestos (Adjsupplied hoc), Aluminized (10908). leather (fo heat uv, IR rays, hot metals) 7. Fall protection: > Safety belfwith ful supported body hamess, > Crawling boards. 1 > Flame retardant 1S~ 11871 In place of asbestos fabric, fabric avalale in Denim/DriCanvas fabri is used and also Fire-tard welding blankets is the altemative for asbestos, > Protective Creams And Lotions...... ‘lp minimize skin contact with irritant chemicals, harmful agents. — » Fall protection... + Safety belts, life lines, crawling board iCUe HEARING PROTECTIVE DEVICES (Cup ~ or dome ~ shaped ~ fit over the entire extemal ear) Enclosure Helmet ~ type hearing protection (entirely envelopes the head, helmet wom by an astronaut) AURAL INSERT PROTECTROS Inserts or ear plugs (rubber, plastics, fine glass end wax — impregnated cotton) SUPERAURAL PROTECTIORS Sealing the external opening of the ear canal (Sof, rubber like material) CIRCUMAURAL PROTECTORS - Earmufis HEAT STRESS Loose - fiting clothing, Mechanically cooled suits (extreme heat exposure)” RESPIRATORY PPE Gas & Vapour Contaminants: Inett......displacing air and producing oxygen deficiency Helium, neon, argon. Acidic.....cortosive to tissues Hydrogen chloride, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulde. Alkalin......corrosive to tissues Ammonia, amines. Orgenic..... Acute and chronic effects Compounds of carbon Orgenomatalic..... Same as organic * Compounds in which metals are chemically bonded to organic groups... Ethy! Silicate, Particulate Contaminants: dust, spray, fume, mist, fog and smoke 28 ©8820 0.0.0 > e oe @eeoeosneoo ol 9) ww B Selection of the proper type of respirator is based on: a) Nature of hazardous operation (Nitration, sand blasting, furnace) ») Type of respiratory hazard (as above) ) Location ofthe hazardous area (open space, confined space) 4) Period of ime for which respiratory protection must be provided (fr escape for atending leakage, for working in that environment) 8) Activities of workers (operating staf line supervisor) 4} Function and physical characteristics of respirators (types of respirator) Classes of Respiratory Protective Devices Air purifying devices The air purifying device cleanses the contaminated aim, Chemicals can be used to remove specific gases and vapours and mechanical fiters can remove particulate matter ad Its use restricted to atm. Which contain sufficient oxygen to support life % Atm, Should contain no more than 2.% cone. Of toxic gases and vapours by volume, ‘Types of gas masks Various gas masks with canisters are used for respiratory protection. ++ Mrimum senice requirements at an average breathing rate of 25 lt per min. in conc. Of 2% for most gases and ‘vapours or 3 % for ammonia Saeed Acid gases... 15 min, Org. vap....25 min, Ammonia... 15 min, CO~30 min Canister Replacement ‘After used for emergency Window indicators show colour changes Leakage is detected by smel, taste or throat iitation High resistance to breathing develops 7 Carister shel lfe is exceeded Uncomfortable heat in the inhaled air Aleeling of nausea, dizziness, or il bing Colours used for gas mask canister ook ot FEE FY ‘Atm. Contaminants Col Acid gases white. Hydrocyanic acid white with green stripe, CCorine gas white with yellow stripe, ‘Organic vapours black. ‘Ammonia gas green, Carbon monoxide biue. Air suppl Air supplied devices deliver breathing air through a supply hose connected to. the wearer's face piece These devices should be used only in atm, Not IDLH. —y 1 Airline Respirators oiecirey % Are avilable with or without auxliay ingress or egress eylinders. % Respirator without egress cylinders, they should be used only in atm, Not harmful to life or health, or wearer can escape without respirator. + The airline resp. is connected to a compressed air by a hose, % The resp are equipped with half masks, full face pieces and helmets or hoods. Constant flow ; +* Has a regulated amount of air fed to the face piece, that provided by an air compressor. The max. hose length is 300 feet (91.6m) % The max permissible inlet pressure is 125 psig lag y* @ 199 #O oO” © OO 1O+Q?2 0 @©Senee © G8 £10 ©e sevevpeeseod * Constant — flow units must deliver at least 4 cim (115 lis /min) measured at face piece. When helmets or hoods are used, the flow rate must be at least Gcfm (17Olits/ min) Demand Flow + Deliver air fiow only during inhalation. (for high pressure comp. eit cylinders) % Suitable pressure regulator's req, Pressure Demand Flow + For those conditions where the possible inward leakage is unacceptable + It provides a positive pressure during both inhalation and exhalation and must be deliver a flow of at least 4 cfm (116 its / min) (with intemally lubricated piston-type compressors, overheating may produce CO; therefore eithér @ constant - monitoring analyzer or a heat rise alarm should be installed). 2, Self contained breathing apparatus: + Provides complete respiratory protection against toxic gases and an oxygen deficiency. + The wearer is breathing with a system that admits @Butside air, + The oxygen or air supply of the apparatus itself takes care of respiratory requirements Oxygen cylinder rebreathing type ‘ % Automatically compensates for the breathing demand of the user & The unit has a small cylinder of compressed oxygen, reducing and regulating valves, a breathing bag, face piece, and a chemical container to remove carbon dioxide from the exhaled breath. Self— generating type % Ithas a chemical canister that evolves oxygen and removes the exhaled carbon dioxide Iteliminates high - pressure cylinders. Demand type Consist of high ~ pressure air cylinder, a demand regulator, a face piece and tube assembly with an exhalation valve. : © Inuuse, the wearer opens the cylinder valves after putting on the face piece and inhales air at breathing pressure, + The exhaled air passes through a valve in the face piece to the face piece to the atm. ‘+ The air flow is on inhalation demand Pressure - demand apparatus Works same principle as the pressure - demand air line respirators Asic 32 + Itis used where the toxicity is such that the potential face piece leakage of demand apparatus is not tolerable, sam-ATEE, / EAP) * thas self - actuating warning device that activate at 20 to 25 % ofthe full cylinder pressure to alert the wearer. Maintenance of PPE Before each use, helmets should be inspected for cracks, even hairline cracks, signs of impact or rough treatment, and wear the might reduce the degree of safety originally provided. Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet rays (sunight) and chemicals can shorten the life expectancy of thermoplasts helmets. Helmets that exhibit chalking, cracking, or less surtace gloss should be discarded. Atleast every 30 days, protective heimels (in parlculer ther swear bands and cradles) should be washed in warm, soapy water or a suitable detergent solution recommended by the manufacture and then rinsed _ a Before reissuing used helmets to other employees, the helmets should be scrubbed and disinfected. Solutions and powders are available which combine both cleaning and disinfecting. Helmets should be thoroughly rinsed with clean water and then dried. Keep the wash solution and rinse water temperature at approximately 140 F (60C). Do not use steam, except on aluminum helmets. In areas where goggles or other types of eye protection are use extensively, goggles - cleaning stations can be conveniently located. Defogging materials and wiping tissues can be provided there along with a receptacle for discarding then. Various defogging materials available. Before a selection is made, test to determine the most effective type for a specific application. The air ~ purifying elements (chemical cartridges or fiers) should not be cleaned or exposed fo excess moisture including high humidity. Discard the elements if there is any question about ther, Supervisors should be responsible for making daily inspection, particularly of functional parts such as exhalation valves and fiter elements. They should see that the edges of the valves are not curled and that valves seats are smooth and clean, Inhalation and exhalation valves should be replaced periodically In addition to the daily check, respirators should be inspected weekly by trained persons. During the weekly inspection, rubber parts should be stretched slightly for detection of fine cracks. The rubber should be worked occasionally to prevent setting (one of the causes of cracking), and the headband should be checked fo be sure that the wearer has not stretched itn an attempt to secure a snug fit or Ast po eft me Toe Put eee e a @ 8 e e e @ rnCleaning and sanitizing TI -HeZ] LOT) The actual cleaning may be done in a variety of ways ‘Te respiratory protection equipment should be cismanted and washed with detergent in warm water Using - a brush, thoroughly rinsed in clean water, and then an dried in a clean place Care should be taken to prevent damage from rough handling, This method is an accepted procedure for a small reSpirator program cor where each worker cleans his or her own respirator. ‘Ak standard domestic clothes washer may be used if a rack is installed to hold the face pieces in a fixed position. (fhe face pieces are placed loose in @ washer, the agitalor may damage them.) This method is especially useful in large programs where respirator usage is extensive tee, reinforced plastics and hard rubber are used for safety foes with the choke depending on the ~ protective level desired and the shoe design. The test requirements are identical for both women's and men’s shoes. Toe boxes used in shoes may be conductive, nonconductive, or spark resistant: For work under wet conditions, rubber boots or rubber shoes may be obtained with a steel oe box to protect against impact. Puncture — resistant soles are another optional feature. =) TESTING OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMETN EYE PROTECTORS (1S.5963 - 1980) 4, Non optical tests ~ stability at high temperature, Robustness: 22gms steel balls are impinged from 1.3 mtr length = Suitability for disinfection, corrosion and ultraviolet radiation. — Protection against gas and dust. = Flammability = Nac 2% — Chemical splesh test \Nax0Os ip paper is used to check the glass. i — Non-adherence of molten metal. = Resistance to high speed particle. 2, Optical tests ~ Refractive, Astiamatic and Prismatic: Lens Analyser, — Determination of Transmittance: Spectrophotometer. = Diffusion of light 2 = Colour chromaticity. = Quality of material and surface 45SAFETY HELMET (IS 2925 ~ 1984) 1. Shock Absorbance: 3ky load is dropped from 1.6 mt height. (impact meter) . Penetration test: Pointer of 0.5 kg weight having 38 % deg peoded angle is dropped from nat mtr r height. Heat and water resistance, 2. 3 4. Electrical resistance ‘ 5. Corrosion resistance. E FACE SHIELDS (IS 8521 - 1977 Impact Resistance. . Penetration test. 3. Flammability test: 1,250m wide and 13 cm long piece is cut and kept in flame for10 sec. the length should not reduce by 8 om. for welding soreen the length should not reduce by 7.5m. HOES 1 gre Test: A fx capsule of 13.6 mm size is kept atthe thumb side of shoe and a load of 26 ig fs dropped from 0,5.mtr height; the capsule shot should remain same. 2. Upper leather tensile test: 800 kg/ cm2. : 3. Sole: Oil resistance test ~ 2 to 3 mm thick sole sample piece is teken and smoothened by bufing. The eo piece is Kept in a solvent mixture (85/15 ~ Iso octane to toluene) for 24 hrs, Change in thickness” e should bein the range of -5 to + 15% ‘ Acid resistance test - sole ‘sample piece is kept for 72 hrs each in H2SOx 30% HCI on NaOH Y20H solution. ‘ Difference in change in weight is measured; which should be less than 2% Z e Eun suf Mst@) y™ryrwrwrv eu gu eooenecece EVALUATION OF INDUSTRIAL INJURIES Evaluation of injuries is done for the purpose of assessing the compensation to the effected worker. For this we have "Workmen's Compensation Act’. This Act is not interested merely in physical disability because compensation cannot be paid for any physicel disability unless there is loss of eaming capacity. The loss of ‘earning capacity is proportional to the loss of function of the affected part of the body. Industral injury means any organic injury of functional disturbances whether immediate or subsequent, or death, occurring suddenly in the course of the employment, imespective of the place or time where it occurs The consequences of any ofthe aforesaid injuries may be: > Temporary ineapacity— > Permanent partial incapat > Permanent total incapacity > Death Schedule & non-schedule injuries: q Estimation of disabilty in non-schedule injuries depends on loss of earning capacity which is proportional to loss of function. Function varies from part to part. Components of Function: 4. Motion 2. Strength 3, Co-ordination ‘The loss of each factor inthe shoulder is estimated. E.g 1. Motion 50% 2. Strength 33% 3. Coordination 30% ‘The disability for the elbow & wrist should be estimated on the same line. Total disability of arm radicle is equal to disebiltes of shoulder+Elbowt Wrist. Hand radical: Thumb finger apposition 40% of the value41 rt Finger palm grip 30% of hand Inter digital gp 30% of hand Loss of hand or thumb and four fingers of one hand 80% Disability of entire extremity is maximum disabilty ofthe two radicals} Disability of arm radical 50% Cisabilty of hand radical 30% Disability of entire extremity 50% ki remit 1. Motion 2. Strength 3. Weight bearing <4 Eachjoint are HipsKneevArke «90% Each ointis equal to 30%, Seine — Lumber region 50 to 100% Dorsal region 25 to 50% Cervical region 201030% Fracture Sto 10% oe Thorax — Fracture of one rib usually no disability. 3-4 ribs 5 to 10% Stemum 5 to 10% Head injuries Disability evaluation depends upon after effects. Eyes Loss of vision of one eye 0% Loss of vision of both eyes 100% — Fo eccce © Bb exeze |a2 om Total loss of hearing is 50% _ Loss of haring of one earis 15% voice 25 to 50%. ° OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH MANAGEMENT SERVICES © Occupational health management works for service, humanity. The goals & objectives of health ) Management are: -, > Care - preventive, curative, rehabilitative __ > Custody — short term, long term ° > Training > > Research yin industry, the worker is more important than the machine which he operates. To safeguard the health, > safety and welfare of the worker, factory laws have been enacted in every country. The Conventions and » Recommendations famed by the ILO provide guidelines to the member countries in the development of » legal provisions for protection of workers health. ‘These international instruments relate to the maiters such as: = Hours of work; 2 - Paid leave; pac eas © —- Guidelines on protection of health of workers, setting up of occupational health service, carrying of @ —_ heavyweight ets. @ ~ Aitpolutions, noise and vibration Healthy worker is an asset to the management as only a healthy worker can give his maximum output in terms of productivity. Itis stated that if a workers has to give his maximum; he should have: eo ~ Economic satisfaction of earning a livelihood. © ~ Social satisfaction of identifying himself as one in the group © — Individual satisfaction of doing a job well done. e Health ofthe worker is influenced by: = Occupational factors (working environment) eee eg@43 ~ Non = occupational factors (food, clothing, water, housing, cet habits, personal habit ike smoking, alcohol consumption etc.) The interaction ofthe worker wth his working environment may result in impairment of his health leading to ‘work related ilnesses also known as occupational disease, |Lheath wil have a bad influence on all the three factors mentioned above. Most management realize that health is an important factor, hence they see to it that they employ healthy workers, by subjecting the selected worker to pre - employment medical examinations and they are taken on job only when the are medically fit. Hence it is the duty of the management to see to it that fit worker does not suffer from any liness on account of his work. The provisions in the ‘The Factories Act” & “The Maharashtra Factories Rules" are o be complied with and also medical surveltance is to be (Cut of 29 sted in “The Third Schedule" 15 Notable Diseases are mentioned below). 1. Lead poisoning. - Te —o.\ 2. Phosphorous poisoning tiv os 3. Mercury poisoning ~ oo 4. Manganese poisoning — a 5. Arsenic poisoning 8. Benzene poisoning 7. Silicosis 8. Toxic anemia 9. Toxies jaundice due to poisonous substance 10. Byssionosis. 11, Asbestosis 12. Occupational or contact dermaitis caused by direct contact with chemicals and paints, These are of two types, that is, primary iritants and allergic sensitizers 13, Noise induced hearing loss (exposure to high noise levels) 14, Carton monoxide poisoning] 15, Occupational cancer. le ig IP, BN Oe ow & ee 6 3! ee 206;) > © e909 w™eseeeseegcoooeoscode da 44 — PHYSICAL HAZARDS Physical hazards include excessive levels of noise, vibration, radiation, and extremes of temperature and pressure. NOISE. defined as “unwanted sound! is a form of vibration that may be conducted through soil, quid or gases. Vibration is caused because of high intensive and low frequency sound level and resonance effect Sound levels are measured in decibel (dB). The audible range is between 16 and 20,000 Hertz (Hz), below ‘16 He. the sound is sub audible and above 20,000 He itis ultrasonic, Sound levels are measured by: ‘+ Weighted sound level meter. © Octave band analyser * Impulse meter ‘And to detect the hearing loss audiometric test programmes are arranged and the test is being carried out by a qualified & certified Octologist. Permissible Nois sures Duration per day (Hrs.) jejeje = ain! | 1 105 “30min 110 46min. 115 Sound levels in decibel : ' 20 whisper ~ HST nolf 48 average residence45 60 conversational speech 80 heavy traffic _ 90 “safe limit for sustained noise _ “440 punch press, pneumatic rock drill 140 jet engine The effects of noise on man include the following; — * Peychological effects - noise can startle, annoy and cisrupt concentration, sleep or relaxation, * Inference with communication by speech, and asa consequence interference with ob perfomance * Physiological eects - nose-induced loss of hearing or aural a pan when the exposure is severe. Ifa person exposed to high sound level, the effects may be short term or fong term, Acute (short term effect) — * Chronic (long term effect) — Results n rupture of ear-drum or tinnitus (inging in Nolse-induced hearing loss (occupational disease) if the ea) if exposed to sudden impact of high level exposed continuously to more than 90 de noise. noise level. : e149) “EP pect Possible causes and effects of noise and vibratior Posi es — Possible effects. —— Itregular motion of rotating parts Effects on personnel: _ Beating deterioration and misaigament. Fatigue. imegular or cycic maton: 7S. Inabilty to read. Loose or undersized mounting. Involuntary reaction. Pump or blower cavitation. Injury to hearing ability. tools Interference with communication Misalignment equipment in motion, Damage to equipment & Operational effects Lack ofuibration isolators. Metal fatigue. Alpni ionta oO : egiter seeing condition causes better discrimination. Concentration, alertness and less fatigue. Better _iscrimination causes less spoilage end quick faulty detection, POENe, ‘Area and Wark - Room Minimum intensity of illumination in lux |O-7] Bioek= yards, main entrance and ext roads, cat F jo walks of outdoor plants, coal unloading and storage (®) | areas ‘Passage — ways and corridors and stairways, warehouses, stock - rooms for large and bulky ! materials, platforms of outdoor plants, basements. Engine and boler rooms, passengers and freight (0 elevators, conveyers crating and boxing ep departments, store ~ rooms and stock ~ rooms for medium and fine materials, lockers rooms, tolet : and wash rooms. | 7 SHORT TERM EFFECTS ( ACUTE EFFECT) OF EXPOSURES oe Qudden exposure to high concentration of toxic chemical ~ immediate danger to life & health. e qSudden impact of high level noise - Results in rupture of ear-drum or tinnitus (ringing in the ear). « oyanosis ~ if person(s) exposed to Nitro or’ Amino compounds, the Hemoglobin may covert to Met: “hemoglobin, As the colour of Met-hemoglobin is blue, the symptoms are- blue coloration of nail, skin, and if She concentration of Metheregibin if i goes above ¢ 85 to 70% then it pose immediate danger to life & Qeatth. The reaction of Hb to MHD is reversible, if the exposed person is immediately taken to fresh air the Gilt again conver to Hb, The anti-dte for the MHD is Ascorbic acid (oral) or Methylene Blue (required 222) is injected. “KB wweevT eensONOAP © Explosion burs ~ affecting exposed areas. a J. 2 Steam bums ~ often superficial on exposed areas (serious if wth eye or respiratory contact) . Hot -water bums — leading to blistering depending on water temperature. 9 Molten-metal burns - often extremely deep wih metal incrusted in kin. . 9 Hot-solid bums ~ can be very deep. Flame bums ~ always deep, Electricity & radiant energy burns ~ always severe Nature emical burns = ‘Similar to those caused by heat. & » Sodium hydroxide cause not ony chemical bums but alo thermal bums because of heat that can be g “ overated when they react with moisture in the skin, Both bums destroy body tissue . eo * strong alkalis wi penetrate issue deeply, and strong acids will corrode tissue with a characteristic stain, ‘Many chemical solutions have an affinity for water - they withdraw water from body tissue and hence tissue _ destroyed. ) au s Severity of chemical burs depends upon the following factors: 0 Corrasiveness of the chemicals @ Concentration of chemicals a Temperature of the chemical or its solution a Duration of the contact . are Pa s Classification of burns (Degree of Severity); wv e First degree buns — e Redness and heat eccomperied by itching, buming and pein, Only the outer layer of the epidermis is g involved. ° _EDBs involve onl redness ofthe skin, which indicates amid intammaton, i The Severity is depends on 8 Intensity of the radiation, e Absorptvty of the skin, — e cH e @ @ @ |wwevueenond formed. Length of exposure, Second degree burns ~ Highly painful and involve deeper portions of the epidermis. Skin is fed with a moist surface and bisters are Third degree bums Very severe forms of injury, involving loss of skin end deeper tissue. They are not exceedingly painful at first because nerve endings are usually impaired or destroyed. Critical Burns: = SOBs exceeding 30% ofthe body surface. TOBs exceeding #0% of the body surface. DBs involing cftcal areas. Moderate Burns: - Superficial SOBs exceeding 15% | of the body surface, Deep $08s exceeding 15% t 30% ofthe body suave. TDBS of < 10%, excluding critical areas. Minor Burns: _- FOBs_ ‘SOBs - < 15% of the body surface. TDBs -< Phot oft he body sur surface, LONG TERM EFFECTS ( CHRONIC EFFECT) OF EXPOSURES System poisoning — (cready covered) Pheumoconiosis ~ (already covered)hase eet) 2 than clone - Bryer gly When a person is first exposed fo hazardous noise, the intial change usually observed is a loss of hearing in the higher frequency range, usually at about 4000Hz, After arrest period away from the noise, the eT Permanent damage from noise is generally classiied 2s nolse-induoed hearing loss. The long term cumulative eects of repeated and prolonged hazardous cise exposure result in permanent pathologic changes in the cochlea and irreversible threshold shift in the hearing acuity. This is referred fo as 5 nolse- induced hearing lass. Itis usually represented audiometrically by a notch at 4000Hz.__ hearing usually retums to its former k The effect of noise on hearing depends on the amount and characteristics of the noise as well as the Curation: of exposure. In some instances, employment for @ few hours or days in a noisy industal environment or exposure to a single sound of damaging intensity may sufice to produce a permanent. hearing-1oss. The major deterioration of hearing, however, occurs during the initial § to 10 years of employment i noisy-risk environment. Industrial Derm The cause of Occupational Dermatitis falls into two major classes ~ predisposing (indirect) cause & direct ‘cause. si Indirect Cause Indirect Cause is generally associated with race, age, sex, texture of the skin, perspiration, season, lack of cleanliness & allergy. Fee Racial yr} oe 1 Complexion, dark skin is not resistant to chemical constituents. Age Young workers develop occ. dermatitis easier than older workers. skin Dry skin cannot tolerate action of solvents. ° & 1B Qn. O @ lp © Se ©829;50, 08 2 20.wv Sex Women are more susceptible ‘Seasonal More common in warm weather. Alleray Slightest exposure to the allergens can produce reaction symptoms which frequently result in dermatitis. Cleanliness Lack of cleanliness both personal & environment is the cause of occupational dermatitis Direct causes Classified as mechanical, physical, chemical, poison of certain species of plants, biological Mechanical agents Injuries caused by mechanical friction that result in abrasion, bruises, wounds. Physical agents ‘Such as heat, cold & radiation can cause occupational dermatitis. Dish washer, laundry workers get such dermatitis, Chemical agents (organic & inorganic chemicals) Chemical agents may be divided into two groups: primary iritants & sensitizer. Primary irritants ~ These agents react on contact. The reaction alters the chemistry ofthe skin, ppt the protein ofthe cells. Primary initants are water soluble react with certain tissues within the skin, Water insoluble (solvents) reacts with the lipid (fatty) elements within the skin (About 80% ofall oce.dermatitis are caused by primary irritants) Chemical causing dermatitis Inorganic/organic acid and alkalis Metalic salts (chromates, chlorides) Organic solvents (chlorinated hydrocarbons, petroleum, alcohols)35 Dermatitis caused by a Primary Irritant is referred to as Contact Dermatitis. Skin irritation i confined to the area of direct contact, Contact Dermatitis is a occupational disease. Sensitizers Some chemicals, many plant substances, biological agents are classified as sensitizer. After repeated or extended exposure, some individuals will develop an allergic type of reaction termed as ~._ sensitization dermatitis (pimples or watery blis ss 7 Once a person has become sensitized to any material - only way to protect the person if sensitized, prevent future occurrence. Sensitzing agents - dyes and photo developers, Or both —organic solvents & epoxy resins Turpentine, chlorinated phenols, formaldehyde. The effects: Acne Loss of pigmentation Increased pigmentation Photosensitisation Plants - contact dermatitis, Direct contact with leaves, berries, juices, Inhalation of smoke from burning foliage Plant poisons Biological agents Bacterial, fungal, parasitic attack the skin & produce systemic disease. (Animal breaders, agriculture workers, bakers, hortculturist, laboratory technicians) ~ C1" occupATIONAICANCER Occupational cancer is a form of lay toxicity, USUaly Serious in clinical course and outcome, due to exposure to chemical & physical agents (cl route of exposure fo a carcinogenic agent i through inhalation, alteugh ingestion and skin contact can also be significant jnogens) inthe work place. In the work o @ eeoevea ooeosoeosdoedeoThe two situations which led to the discovery ofa carcinogenic risk are an unusual occurrence of a ra * tumor in @ working population or an excess of a common neoplasia in a specific industil process, “Causative agents ~ The number of agents proved to cause cancer in human is stil small, Many developed countrie have © Clssiied carcinogenic substances into different groups taking into consideration various criteria, and Prepared national list. In the USA the ACGIH has prepared a list of 12 confirmed human carcinogens and 43 suspected human carcinogens. Confirmed human carcinogens (sted few chemicals only) — Asbestos ~ Chromium compounds = Vinyl chloride Suspected human carcinogens > = Benzene - Carbon tetrachloride = Chloroform ae Formaldehyde > Control of occupational cancer _ © ~ Prohibit the presence of carcinogenic substances in ndustalprecesses © ~ Processes & transportation in closed system @~ Work place menitorng PPE 8 OCCUPATIONAL EYE DISEASES Hazards to the eye may be in the form of: © = Mechanical agents e- Physical agents — e a o . » » |B € 7 Foreign bodies of various types are very comion, But mor injuries lke lacerations, perforation, ruptures tort ile of best treatment _ (by specialists, Occupations like the foundry work, engineering trade, construction works and chemical industries are notorious for serious eye injuries, necessitating adequate control measures allimes A survey conducted by the Central Labour Insitute, Mumbai inthe Ports revealed thatthe incidence of Chronic conjunctivitis and eataracts, frequent of traumatic origin was higher inthe dock workers, The occupational eye diseases may occur due tothe direct effect of chemical or physical agents or from an indirect effect due to absorption of harmful agents into the body. @)_Intation due to hydrogen supplied gas and ultraviolet rays, ) Comeal edema and epithelial vacuoles eg, xlene. ¢) Cataract due to Dintrophenol 4) Optic atrophy due to lead, <<\ and bums are not infrequent and account for the loss of vision or the loss of eye ins A. CORNEAL‘AND CONJUNCTIVAL DISTURBANCES — Chemical bums: caustic alkaline end acids. Solvent splashes: most organic solvents, —_ ‘Surfactant and detergent injuries: liquid splashes or dusts. Portage rot 8. LENS, IRIS AND ANTERIOR CHAMBER DISTURBANCES ~ Cataracts from systemic chemicals -dinitrophenol, dinitrocresol. Lens deposits and disccloration ~ copper, iran, mercury, phenyl mercuric salts, siver,_ C. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMEFFECTS — Cortical bindness or hemianopsia - carbon monoxide, lead. @eeeoeoesdo© PRE-EMPLOYMENT, PERIODIC MEDICAL EXAMINATION The medical examination for new employees should include obtaining a thorough detailed history of __. previous occupational exposure to chemical and physical agents. The pre-employment (or pre placement) medical examination provides an opportunity to identify persons who are likely fo be hyper susceptible to > f {Ua eA ‘specific materials. > The physician should be aware of the job hazards, and restrict certain individuals form employment where © this seems to be desirable. The pre - employment examination also provides valuable baseline data which, ) together with the results of periodic examinations, allow the occupational physician to detect any eleterious effects of wok and to asses their severity. aren The periodic medical examination is a monitoring procedure supplementary to environmental monitoring. A arcup of workers with cnc or biological evidence of excessive exposure toa contaminant may be the first indication of a breakdown in industrial hygiene control measures. The periodic medical examination is also a means of detecting indvidval workers who are unduly susceptible to a toxic agent, This provides an opportunity fo recommend a change of job for that employee before the onset of serious or permanently disabling disease. Data form the periodic examination of person and their exposures enable dose response relationships tobe dedu ced. Routine periodic clrical examinations, such as porphyrin determinations and analysis of blood and urine © samples, are practical methods for checking employees exposed to harmful materials. ; O Me © with the determination of the health of the employees working therein and by examining the quality of the ‘work environment. The environment can be monitored by determining the level of toxic substance, so that efforts can be made to to keep the concentration ‘of such substance below permissible levels. However, it is nat he level of foie substance present in the werking environment which is f so much relevance es compared to how much has been absorbed and retzined by the worker. Owing to the Phencmenon of personal susceptibility and individual habits, assimilation and subsequent toxic manifestations vary widely from worker to worker performing simiar type of work. Therefor, itis necessary that each worker needs 1 -al Surveillance: whether the working environment is congenial to health or other wise can be known @ be medically monitored for assessing the state of his health AA worker before he is employed and placed in a paticular job should undergo @ thorough medical examination, along with necessary special investigations, and the records of such examinations be maintained properly. e™weevweopenodnsadaot 39 After his being employed in the industry, it is necessary that he should be re ~ examined periodically at {xed intervals, to detect eny departure frm his normal state of heath. Such routine heath exertions are at star fo for workers engaged in certain dangerous operations First ad has three main aims: kwon ae GERNRAL PRINCIPLSES FOR RENDERING FIRST AID Topreservelife To promote recovery To prevent worsening ofthe casualt'sconditon To arrange transportation to hospital, if necessary). First Adis based on Scientific medicine and surgery Itis skiled assistance, The general rules or principles for first aid are as follows: 1. 2. Reach the accident spot quickly. This will ill help to to save life. Be calm, methodical and quick. By doing so you can lessen the pain and the eects ofthe injuries which may save life. re |-cok forthe folowing: Is there failure of breathing? is there severe bleeding? Is the shock lignt or severe? a mas a)_Attend to these and then treat easly observable injuries. 0) Start artificial eee ‘# the casualty is not breathing. it must begin at once as every second gained is helpful, 6). Stop by pressing on the pressure point‘and press firmly on the bleeding area with @ pad, and keep UP Bressing onthe bleeing ea frat leas a few minutes (minimum 3 minut) by watch, Take help ifneeded rt d) Treat for shock. @) Avoid handling the casualty unnecessarily. ie ——__—_— it THe INDUSTRIAL INJURIES AND FIRST AID AT A GLANCE: Industrial injuries may be as follows: Burs due to chemicals or hot substances, cuts, wounds, shocks, seeding, unconsciousness, poisoning and casualty may elo heppen which shouldbe properly approached. Some typical injures and fst aid fr them are brefy descrived below to study them at a lence, 20.0.0 8 8 22 © 8 2.0. i.eo rPeseueuwveeeecdo Shock 4. Lay the patient on his back Stop bleeding if any. Relieve pain by supporting injured part Keep the patient comfortable, but not hot. Do not cause sweating, Fluids may be given in small amounts unless the patient is nauseated, unconscious, likely to be operated on, or has an abdominal wound. 5. 7 “WR FETT 6. Reassure and cheer up the patient. Wounds: _ Lae 1. Stop the bleeding by any one of the following methods: a) Direct pressure; ) Direct finger pressure into the wound in case of larger bleeding wounds, ) Tourniquet (seldom needed) use only as alast resort. 2. Avoid touching the wound with hends or unsterle material, 3. Clear the wound with running water and surrounding area with soap or spirt with clean gauze washing away from the wound. Apply ready - made adhesive gauze bandage or stetle gauze and roller bandage as needed, ; a +. Keep the patient quiet; raising the extremity. itis the bleeding part. Give no stimulants. _ <3 5. Never apply antiseptic ointment, ation or iodine or germicide to be wound, Abdominal Wounds: 1(2") pie 1. No time must be lost in sending the patient to the hospital, 2. Keep the patient fat, ae 3. Give nothing by mouth, i 4. Maintain warmth, a yt 6. 6. 7. . intestines otrude from the wound do rot attempt to touch or replace them, Apply sterile dressing and binder as for wounds, O°S'2 feat SF) . Proved careful, immediate transpor Eye - Wound: 1. Removal may be attempied if oeign body is not embedded, 2. Donot apply ollor ointment, \yr vim 3. If there is a foreign body embedded in the eye ~ ball, send the worker immediately to the doctor after applying pad and loose bandage. te transportation to the hospital,Chemical Burns of the Eye: 1. Immediate washing of the eye least for fifteen minutes is of great importance. 2. Apply sterile bandage and send the worker immediately tothe doctor. 3,, Neutralizing agent or ointment should not be used. Suffocation 1. Remove the patient form the source of danger. 2. Make a rapid examination to ensure that the air passages are free, and to clean them if necessary. 3, Restore natural breathing by artificial respiration, if breathing has ceased Electric Shock: 4. Rémove the patient from the source of danger. 2, Make a rapid examination to ensure that the air passages are free, and to clean them if necessary. 3, Resere natural beating by arial eparaton beating hegceasedy) 5,0] Insensibility: - . 1, Send for a doctor. Meanwhile do to the following: 2. Where the patient's face is pale, lay him flat and face downwards with his head turned to one said. If his face is fushed or blue, raise and support the head and shoulders Control any serious bleeding. oe Loosen any tight clothing and let him have plenty of ar. Do not give anything by mouth, es if doctor is not available send the casualty to hospital. Jackbone (spinal) fracture: Transport on a rigid frame. Ths frame may be improvised by using available boards or a door The right frame may be placed on a stretcher fr transportation. Ia fim frame cannot be improvised, transport patient on abdomen on stretcher made of canvas or Blanket. qt2 4, Tiineck fracture cases it is much better to get a doctor to the scene because danger to the life is great. Bruises: - @ -Aj 20rd tat) { aren 1. Cold applications at first 24 - 48 hours. 2. Later heat after 24 ~48 hours. SCRA wDoeEaeo Burns: 1. Actquickly 2. Put the affected par in cold water. eo eee eeoeooee ©3. Pour water on burns that cannot be raeeay (Co water relieves pain, reduces fluid 8 4. Cover with a steriized dressing, \ ELECTRICAL INJURIES; Causes of Electrical Injuries: If any part of the body comes in contact with alive wire which is exposed and Not covered by insulator, or with a cable or rail in which current is leaking, a person gents an electric shock | houses the blowing out of switches or fuses or faulty electrical connections can cause the blowing out of Switches or fuses or faulty electrical connection can cause such injury. The injury may be quite mild or so severe @s to cause immediate death Electrical shock is produced only when an electric current passes through the human body which is in contact with earth. It passes even mote quickiy if the partis wet. In wet conditions even lower voltage may be dangerous. A very strong current passing to earth through lower limbs may be less dangerous than a weaker current passing through the chest, especialy so when it enters through the hands and arms, ‘he effect of Blectic Shock: 1. There may be fatal paralysis of heart 2. There may be sudden stoppage of breathing due to paralysis of muscles used in breathing. 3. Heart may continue to beat, while breathing has stopped. n tis condition the face appear tive 4. There may be bums, either superficial or deep. They depend on the strength of the electric current ‘causing the injuries. : Est Aid: Inteligent and prompt action is required. If the first aider is not cautious, he may also receive severe electric shock or even dle along with the casualty 1. Ifthe casualty is stil in contact with the conductors, switch off the current. Ifthe switch is nat be found, remove the plug, or cut off the current , by breaking the wire, ensure that you stand on a dry piece of ‘wooden board. Do not use scissors or knife. When the current is of low voltage the first alder should Stand on an insulated material which is dry. (Insulating materials are rubber — soled shoes, wooden Planks or piles of newspaper). Rubber gloves, if available should be won. If not, dry coat, cap, or other clething may be used. Folded newspaper also gives protection. When the current is of a very high voltages, as in the case of over head (high tension} nes, there is greater danger. The casualty may not bein actual contact with the wire as the current can pass through the gap (causing an are) the fst alder is such crcumstances should keep as far away as possible from the electric wire. The casualty is to be Greqged out by means of a non - conducting material. A waking stick, dry bamboo pole wooden plank ‘ota dry rope is to be used.683 2. If the casualty is not breathing normally or heart has stopped beating, give artificial respiration and ° extemal cardiac massage for a long time. ue a . Treat for shack |. Treat for bums if any Transfer to a hospital or seek the help of a medical practioner. Whois nearest? Even when the casualty has recovered fairly well after first aid is given; he must be examined by a Lf specialist because electric injuries are liable to relapse. _ sn ) IFICIAL RESPIRATION f Treatment when notbreathing: = Loosen all clothing’ at waist, chest and neck. . Tit the head backwards, while supporting the back of neck wih your palm. This wil ifthe tongue to its normal position. Thus the air passage will be cleared and the casualty may begin to breathe after a gasp. 3. If breathing does not begin after the above-treatment, help movements of chest and lungs four or five oe times. This will be usually enough to start breathing. If breathing does not start even now, mouth - to — : mouth (- fo - nose) breathing should be begun. Mouth Mouth: . Place the casualty on his back. Hold his head tilted back. o Take a deep breath with mouth open widely. . Keep nostrils of casualty pinched. Cover the mouth ofthe casually with your mouth smugly. Watching the chest, blow into his lungs, until the chest bellows up. Withdraw your mouth. Note the chest falls back. (if is hygienic to cover the mouth of casualty with your handkerchief or some clean cioth) Repeat the above 15 to 20 times 2 minute. 7. tf casualty is young (baby or child), the operations are as above, but your open mouth should cover both the mouth and nose of the casualty and blow genty 8. Ifthe chest does not rise (as is 5 above) look for an obstruction. (a) turn the casualty to a side and thump his back. This will make the obstructing material come tothe front of throat. Open the mouth and remove it with your finger covered with a piece of the cloth. (b) if @ child, hold it up by the feet and thump the beck. 0 © eeeoeoae oe eooeood9. Use mouth ~ to ~ nose respiration. If mouth ~ to ~ mouth is net possible, but now the casualty's mouth should be closed by the First Aider's thumb. — 10. If heart is working continue arifcial respiration until normal breathing occurs. Send for Ambulance 11. Ifthe heart is not working. You will notice: (2) the face is blue or pale. (b) Pupils are dilated; (c) Heart beats and pulse at root of neck (carotid) are not to be felt. Then treat as Follows: 4) Place the casualty lat on his back on a hard surface (bench, table etc.) 5) Give a smart hit with the edge of your hand on the lower and left angle of the stemum. This usually stimulates the heart to work. ©) In case the heart does not work, persist the sticking for 10 - 15 seconds at the rate of one stroke a second. Feel forthe pulse atthe rute of neck all the time, Ifthe pulse becomes regular and continuous stop beating, al the while arifical respiration has to go on. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Fist Aid: The vietim must be immediately removed from the poisonous surraundings, better info the open air in warm weather. If his breathing is weak and shallow or arrested, artfcia respiration should be continued until adequate natural breathing or the true signs of biological death appear. Rubbing should be carried out and hot - water bottles applied to the leg. A bref whiff of ammonium hydroxide is beneficial A patient with sever carbon monoxide poisoning must be immediately hospitalized in order to prevent possible grave complications in the lungs and nervous system which may develop later Poisoning With Toxic Chemicals: In accidents connected with the inhalation of the toxic chemicals the victim must be immediately hoseitalzed. If possible, he should be given 6 - 8 drops of a 0.1 per cent _ atropine solution or 1 ~ 2 tablets of belladonna, When respiration is arrested, artificial respiration should be ‘artied out. When the poisoning is caused by toxins getting into the gastro intestinal tract, the stomach should be washed with water mixed with suspension of activated carbon. Saline purgatves should aso be prescribed, The toxic substance should be removed ffom the skin and mucous membrances wih running water, Poisoning With Acids And Alkalis: If the poisoning was caused by concentrated acids and the symptoms of esophageal or gastric perforation are absent the stomach should be lavaged through ‘a thick stomach {ube using for it 6 ~ 10 litres of warm water mixed with magnesium oxide (20 g per litre of liquid), or ime water. Sodium carbonate is contraindicated for a gastric lavage. “Minor lavage’, ie. drinking 4 - 5 glassas6 of water and then inducing voriting will not alleviate the patient's condition and sometimes may even promote absorption ofthe poison, When the poisoning is due to concentrated alkalis. The stomach should be immediately lavaged with 6 - 10 ites of tepid water ora 1 per cent ctic or acetic acid solution within four hours ofthe poisoning. When a siomach tube is unavailable and the patient grave condition (swelling of the larynx) prevents a stomach lavdge, muciegious soluions ae given 2 3 perent cite of ace acid sluon (1 tableSpoonul avery minutes) or lemon juice. Rinsing ‘of the mouth or administration of sodium hydrochloride solution is contraindicated. The patient should be immediately admitted to a medical institution where he will be given the necessary urgent medical help. 7 MM wv 1? we faq aford ERGONOMICS Ergonomics is the application of the human biological sciences (anatomy, physiology) in conjunction with the engineering sciences (mechanics, biomechanics) to achieve mutual adjustment of man & his work, It is a technique that brings together several disciplines to solve problems arising from work & working environment. f @ person is overloaded with work load human machine may breakdown and it causes temporary or permanent damage to health. Worker has a capacity and limitation to cary out physical work and human tolerance to siesses of physical envonment(heat, cold, noise, temp., pressure). Capacily or r oxygen to working muscle(aerobie power). Muscle needs energy for heavy work and this energy comes from Max oxygen upate(max Ver limitation is determined by capacity of respiratory & cardiovascular system of individual to del Metabolic Energy Costs(M) - Energy demand of a task in utilisation of one it. of oxygen that yields approx. 4.9 kcal Athletes at ‘Max. oxygen uptake capacity aoe 4-5 lit/min, Nen(20y. of age) - ; ‘Tanslation of oxygen consumption into max, aerobic heat production Athletes _ 1100 to 1900 kcal. Industial population 900 to 1000 kcal. eeeeaceeee eooooed> oe e e e e 8 D > ® . > Heaviest work that a young, ft male can $00 kcalhr. sustain Genera popiaion 400 to 425 kei MetaboicEreray Cost of several pica tes etvity scat, Resting 20.90 Resing-seated “6-100 Stencing at ease 100-110” rating 108 Dtvng 170 iahig 1922s Rock driling: 228-550 Mixing cement 2 Shoveting 238-525 Cirnbing stars 4075 FATIGUE: we + Decrease in physical performance or deierioration of mental & physical activities is effect of fatigue. The factors that produce fatigue are ; * Monotony werk _ : + Environmental factors such as poor illumination, bad climate, noise etc. '* Manual or mental work intensity. * Psychological factors such as responsibility, worry, conflict etc, * Iiiness, pain i © Ealing habits. If person exposed to continuous daily fatique gets clinical fatigue or chronic fatigue. ‘Chronic Fatique Clinical fatique Increased intabilty Headache Inerane éiess Aat-sdalbehavou Fei eating Tendeneydepreson Lossal appetite General weakness, Indigestion Disike to work Insomniaor Sensation of fatigue is painful when rest is not permitted. For heavy work there is a formula to estimate the percent time which should be alloted to rest. Mmax-M "—y x 100 Where Trset % rest time ‘Mmax: ‘upper limit of metabolic cost for sustain work M metabolic cost ofthe task Mrest ‘esting metabolism Biomechanics __ itis a study ofthe structure & function of the body in relation to man - machine system. Equipment & work place are so designed that there should be space for movement, proper approach and should have means of access. The body dimensions and static dimensions of machines/equipment should be properly matched, The mest parts which are most suspects able to be affected due to non or poor consideration of human factors in workplace are: — > Upper extremity (shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand and fingers) _ > Lower extremity (knee, ankle and foot) -* 85 7a) > Back - (spine and the muscles surrounding them) The disorder progresses slowly but a accumulative in nature and with time gap it manifest into a major medical problem. Disorders of the upper extremity due to improper work place or tools or work. methods Ergonomic Aspect of hand and wrist In every day use there are 3 basic types of work carried out by the hand > To grasp - cylindrically or spherically > To pinch ~by tip pressure, by pulp pressure or by lateral pressure > Tohook- Three main groups of muscie act on the fingers. They are long extensors; the intrinsicds and long flaxers. The range of movernent of proximal joints are 909 and at middle joints ofthe finger 100°. eece eeeeeeo00 eseoeoe0e oee=eseuvvTeeseeodeaed The average range of abducted thumb is 56°. Extension 71 flexion 73°, radial deviation 199 and ulner deviation 39° are the normal movements of the wrist joints. When these normal movements of the hand and wrist are strelched upon to perform certain jab ether by frequency, adverse effects manifest. The disorder collectively called in “cumulative Trauma Disorders* and includes: > Trigger finger — “at > Tennis elbow - > Raynaud's syndrome etc, Trigger Finger: It is a type of tenosynovitis and result in workers when any finger other than thumb is frequently flexed against resistance during the performance of ajob Tennis Elbow: This is also called epicondylitis. In this condition pain appears near the epicondy! on the ‘outer side and is due to the chronic inflammatory reaction of the tissue in the elbow region. In the industrial situations it follows the effort requiring palm upward, extension of the wrist with palm downward. It can be avoided by ensuring that the rotation axis of the tool or machine come inside with the rotation axis of the forearm, Raynaud's Syndrome: This defined as an épisode of constriction of the small blood vessels in the * periphery ofthe extremity resuling intermittent changes in colour ofthe skin such as pallor or cyanosis or both. This may be due to cold temperature, vibration, in the industrial situation. This leads to reduce an improper manipulative skil Disorders of the lower extremity due to work place on tools or wok methods The human foot has two major functions > In standing it must provide a suitable support for the body weight ie. balance and > In.waking it must in addition to support the body weight provide level by which the body is propelled. Ankle joint end knee joints are the important component for the overall functions of the inferior extremity Ergonomic Aspect of Foot:.Normel movements atthe anke joint are dora — flexion 450, inversion - 330, eversion - 18° while siting or performing any job this range of motion are tortured they result in disorders, lke foot strain, osteoarthritis hallelus, valgus, metatarsalgia, kohler's disease, chronic bursitis, etc. Due to the pain and difculty in negotating the functions of the foot the efciency ofthe workers reduces beside his physical problems Low Back Pain: Postural error, assumed in the course of some occupation leads to low back pain, These pains are because of the interference with the functions of normal muscles.69 When muscles go under postural stain, leading to spasm usually in the lumbo-sacral region or on the sacrollac region joint disorders of the part results. Any occupational requiring long work houts with improper posture should be avoided. Control Through Human Factors Engineering:.To prevent those disorders human factors engineering has to play @ great role. The discipline which comes to play their role in prevention of them is the biomechanics. Its principles in view of the applicability must be used while designing machines, work places and methods to be used by the employee to perform their task. The main biomechanies problems which can help in prevention of occupational health disorders are: Straight back rule = Bely buton ule = Swinging arm rule = Straight arm rule — Straight wrist rule abe, ~ Skin rule — Think first rule — No 'brain’ machine rule Straight Back Rule: All the forces which come down the ‘Spine compresses the inter-vertebral discs and as 2 result of continuous and repetitive squeezing they can rupture and bulge cut producing sévere pain. Most back injures are build over a long period of time by repetitive pounding of the discs, caused by improper methods. After sometime some minor lift can produce such rupture even lifting a small pin. Straight back Tule helps to design methods to minimize the forces on these discs. To avoid such forces, one should use Pelvic tilt by pulling the stomach muscles. The pelvic tilt can also be achieved by placing support under one leg. When bending cannot be eliminated through work place or methods designed, it could be done with Keeping cannot be eliminated through work place or methods designed, it could be done with keeping the back straight and bending the legs. Any bending without iting twisting, impacts and frequent change of position should be avoided by proper designing of the workplace and work methods. When seated a support for the back to keep the muscles away from getting fatigued should be used. ‘ Sely Button Rule: Loads that are held, led or carried should be kept near the belly button, The weight of 30 pound load next tothe belly button (about 8" away from spine) exerts 24"/ pounds @o¢ eoeceeccoooe eseeoeonv 0 ewvve 8©u0d whereas when weigh is moved out 12" ram the bellybutton it would be 20" ftom the spine andthe load on the spine will ow be 2007 pounds. Therefore the workplace and methods should be designed so that wok Tequiing the use of arms is close tothe bey buton, When the amis extended in performing a task the muscles ofthe am cannot wok to the best of thei capably Swinging AmMethods and work places should be designed to promote workers.to use natural movements and should not be forced to move lads wth hands or arms ina straight ine, Arnalural swing of arms take 39% less muscle'sran than moving the arm in a straight line. Positive steps Should be used o stop load movements rather than fo use muscle power Straight Wrist Rule-In jobs requiring repetitive pushing oF pull imb should be used instead of any of ‘he middle fingers jobs requiring grasping movement forthe hand should be designed in such a fashion, so that there is.no bending ofthe wrist whle performing the job. Continuous bending of wrist can lead to the Aserders Ike carpal tendon syndrome. Some tels such as hammers, pliers, have been designed with a suitable bend in ther handles so tha they can be used with wrist straight, Exe Rule: Workplace should be so designed thatthe worker can See al the things tobe seen ike gave, Contos and materials et, without excessive undue orhead movement. _ Skin Rule: According to this rule, the work area shouldbe fre from obstruction and there'should not be a Concentrated pressure on small skin areas, Wherever itis found thatthe workers used a tape or cloth over the par of the machine while operating, it means that this place of machine is huring him because of the accumulated pressure on a particular part of the skin. This needs immediate attention to be changed so that the works without any obstruction. The Think First Rule: Human tendency is to take a short cut or do something that is easy rather than sae, This should be avoided. Therefore, before doing, thinking must be applied so thatthe job becomes safe for the worker. No Brain Machine Rule: At the time of designing jab or machines it shoud be taken into consideration thet i the worker did not think when he performed the task could he get hurt? If answer is yet, necessary change in designing is indicated CHECK LISTS The folowing are two checklists which may assist you in applying Biomechanics to your tasks and machine design, You want a yes answer to each question,n TASK ELEMENT CHECKLIST 4. Isthe element necessary? 2. Are all movements, holds and delays necessary? 3. Is the back straight? 4, Is the back fee from twisting? 5. Are elbows by the side ofthe arms? 8, Are movements natural and balistic? 7. Are wrists straight? 8. Is Wok area free of obstructions? 9. Are slop switches, controls, lock outs, and guards convenient and adequate? 10. Is the weight lifted less than 32.2 - 1.2 x the number lifts per minutes and is the weight carried less than 32 Ibs? : : MACHINE DESIGN CHECKLIST — 1. Is equipment operated with back erect, no twisting, supported if seated, foot rest if ‘standing? 2. Ate control and materials near stomach and iMéequence of use? 3. Can operator's movements be ballistic? 4. Can equipment be operated with straight wrists? 5. Are readouts and gags simple, in sequence, and do not require head movements? 8. Are handles and surfaces nokappiying pressure on small skin areas? 7. Are slop and off switches where operator will be? 8. Are quards easy o remove and replace without tools? 9. Does equipment require minimum tools which are displayed in order to use? 10, Is there accumulation of material before, and after machine operation? Anthropometry ~ Literally meaning “the measure of man,” anthropometry is concerned with measurement of the human body, included in these measurements are body dimensions, range of motion of body members, and ~ muscle strength. For appcain to workspace and equipment design, state dimensions are grouped in three basic categories: mminimurn, maximum and adjustable dimensions. Oynamic dimensions, _on the other band, usually refer to reach capabites ofthe a arms and legs. eeocoeaeaeeoonoe ood=~ Minimum dimensions provided clearance forthe operators in the working space, or for ingress and egress. Jn setting minimum dimensions the designer needs to consider frst the percentage of workers who will be accommodated. Obviously, people vary widely In such static dimensions as height, weight, siting - helght, breadth at shoulders, at elbous, at butlocks, and thigh clearances to name @ few of the most important dimensions. Maximum dimensions assure that the smaller members of the population will in fact be-able to operate controls effectively. Such criteria as arm and leg reach, strength required, and the lke fall into this category of maximum dimensions. Adjustable dimensions permit the operator to adjust the environment best to confirm to his particular set of anthropometric dimensions. The six-way adjustable automobile seat is an example, Dynamic measurements determine location of controls, of tools, and of other items requiring operator manipulation. Movement of human body through a space requires larger-minimum clearance. A pilot being ejected from a cock-pit needs clearance for his parachute pack Body position strongly influences maximal voluntary contractions through interactions of several postural factors: — Lengths of muscle will determine the force which can be exerted = Abilty of biceps to exert an upward force at the hand is dependent on elbow angle = Body mass & size can influence body balance. Mi Wi fii indi au It is important to working population, to understand the capacities and limitations for manual material handling tasks so that job design does not require excessive physical effor. ‘Weight of lift - It was known that lifting ‘too much’ would cause back problems, hernias and other Lift between floor level & knuckle height between 60 and 90 pounds Shoulder height & arm reach +55 0 80 pounds Handtools a sie The use of certain designs of hand tools can produce both fatigue & soreness. In general, @ sound biomechanical analysis is prerequisite to the determination of the proper tool fer a particular task, et6 2. Protein: During digestion, the protein content of food gets broken down tothe basic units of amino acid, When these amino acids reach the issue site they re ~ synthesized to form the appropriate tissue proteins. In this process of breakdown and re — synthesis there is a certain amount of loss and this is to be made Up in the form of maintenance protein (intake). A maintenance protein requirement ofan adult has been Putat 1 gm, Perklogram of body weight per day. This much wil be already avaiable in our normal cet ven ithe diet is not adequate in calories. 3. Water: The fluid loss in the form of sweat in ‘our environments can be as high as 4 litres during the shift (Table = 2). If iter is drunk only to satiate the sensation of thirst, there can still be body dehydration. Under such dehydrated condition, the feling of comfort and through that, the work output wil be reduced. Hence voluntary unlimited water intake should be encouraged by providing cooled water when found necessary, : - 4. Salty Since our diet is already rich in salt, there is not necessity f for this additional salt consumption (Table 5). This additional slat intake instead of being helpful will cause water the bed in the form of 3 Sat} ‘increased urine excretion, 5. Subsidized meal during shift-Oietay survey among textile workers has shown that because of the largeness of the family size, the per head calories and nutrient availablity becomes less. Naturaly, if the worker is per force made to consume a subsidized calorie rich meal during shift, this will help in reducing the calorie imbalance in him. (Aerobic work capacity - method of determination is covered under practical).16 - INUSTRIAL VENTILATION OBJECTIVE: The functions which ventilation has to perform can be classification as: > Tomaintain te oxygen content of hear and to prevent COs concantaton fom sng > Toprevent objectionable body odours: > Toprevent harmful concentration of aerosols, and —_ > Tomaintsin reasonable conditons of comfort for operations ‘The chief need for ventiation is to maintain the body heat belance and to Provide reasonable conditions of Comfort. The heat balance of the body can be expressed by the equation; ME+R#C+8 Where M = Rate of metabolism E = Rate of heat loss by evaporation C= Rate of heat loss by convection, and $= Rate of heat storage in body. > The standard rate of metabolism for: ‘sedentary adults is about 100 keal/ hr. while for adults ‘occupied in very heavy work, itis much 775 to 1000 kcal hr, : > Ventilation should aim a: © > Keeping the air temperature of the werk room low enough to enable body heat to be dissipated by © convection » Preventing excessive humidity so as to assist body heat loss of evaporation, and » ™ Regulating the rate of air moverent so that loss of body head by conventions is facilitated ‘From the foregoing discussions, itis evident that ventlation has to perform three functions ~ firstly to supaly © ssuffcient quantty of fesh ai, secondly to distribute the ale satisfactorily throughout the workroom and thirdly, to maintain reasonable conditions of comfort for he operators dB Z7"wZTwww7en These functions are interrelated and are to be considered in the design of factory buildings from the point of view of ventilation. the amount of ventilation required is often governed chiefly by physical consideration for controling air temperature air distribution and air velocity and depend generally on the following factors: Size (including height) and type of room or building and its usage. Duration and type of occupants and their activities. Heat gain from sun, hot manufacturing process, machinery and occupants. Temperature corditions desired inside the building in relation to outside conditions prevailing and The operation of the ventilation system. vvvvyv Ventilation systems are divisible into two main groups () natural ventilation and (i) mechanical ventilation, Many times mechanical ventiation is employed to augment the ventilation obtained by natural means. NATURAL VENTILATION Principle: Forces which operate to induce natural ventilation in buildings are due to () pressure exerted by the outside wind, ie. wind action and (i) the temperature difference of the air within and without building i.e. the thermal need causing chimney effect. The force exerted by wind strikes a building; ‘positive pressure" is created on the leeward side, ie. atthe lee of the building, atthe sides and over the roof immediately behind the windward wall. If adequate openings, suitable placed in relation to these pressure areas, are available, it should be possible to combine the effects of the varying wind pressures and move air rapidly through and within the building, At or near the windows, rate of air movements induced owing to the pressure difference will be high, but at the centre the air movement will be considerably diminished. Its, therefore important that such areas of low air movement should be eliminated by increasing the preparation of effective ventilating openings in the wall and roof and by suitable orientation of the building in relation to the prevailing winds. Thermal head sets up the usual convection currents with the movement of warm air upwards to leave ‘openings in or near the roof, and be replaced to’cool air entering at a lower level Cross ventilation: In factory buildings where the widths are not large, good cross ventilation can usually be obtained by the provision of large and suitably placed windows or combination of windows and wall ventilators forthe inflow and outflow of air. Since the prime consideration designing building from point of view of ventilation is to provide reasonable conditions of thermal comfort air movement will have to be ee ecoeedocdcoeeoo ryewrzwvrvee9o w Suficienly high during summer months to bring down the effective temperature of the factory environments. Considering the psychological principles involved in man’s reaction to hot weather, its felt {hat ar movements of 45 to 60 meters (160 to 260 ft) per minute should be aimed at to imrove comfort Atea of openings: the method of calculation of ventilating area based on number of occupants does not have sound basis forthe fllowing reasons, As pointed out earier, the main consideration in provcing ventilation in and industrial building is to maintain conditions inside the works rooms which assist the ‘maintenance of thermal equilibrium of the body and also afford reasonable comfort to workers. The heat load from persons within the room is generally very small considering the heat gains from other sources Such as sun, hot manufacturing processes, machinery and light and therefore, its not sound fo base the ‘ale of ventiations on the number of occupants. Its dificult fo evolve a common standsid which wil be pplcable to all case. For factories where there is no excessive heat gain either due to manufacturing are Of 15% Is arid regions and 25% in humid regions. it is also a good working rule that about half the ventlating area should be between floor level and a height of 2.25 meters (7' — 6) from the floor and so arranged that there will be passage of zir across all parts of the building, The rest of the ventiating openings may be providing under the caves or atthe glazing of the root, Rooted ventilation: Cross ventilation by provision of windows and wall ventilators is suitable conly for arrow factory bulds or work places. In large buldings roofed ventilation would be required. The most common means adopted for effecting ventilation through ventlating areas in the roof is by natural ventlaton induced by thermal head causing chimney effect. However, the chimney effect is counteracted when the wind blew straight against these roof openings. Such interference can be prevented by suitable altering the design of the ventilating openings in the case of pitched roof and saw tooth roofed buildings. In the case of monitor roofed buildings, the ventiators in the glazing should be openings and closing lype so thatthe ventilators onthe windward Side can be kept closed to prevent crect craughis of ai interfering wth upward fow of ait. Wind action in any dections does not cause interference with chimney effect but supplements ventilation by creating suction through wind jump. Cowl type root ventilators: Natural extraction of air form buildings can be obtained by the provisions of Cowl type roof ventilators also, The performance of the roof cowls depends on the difference between the ‘emperature ofthe external and internal ai, on the height ofthis ventilation above alt intaké, on the velocity~ of the external wing and on the cross ~ sectional area of the ventilators. An example of modem roof cow! is the Robertson Ventilators shown in figure given in the next page. As wil be noted the circular wind band around the ventilator causes @ wing jump resulting in an upward draught of air from inside the building which supplements the ventilation due to chimney effect depending on the height of the ventilator above the intake openings in the side walls. Capacity of this ventilator for a 60 cm (24 in.) diameter cow! in relation to temperature difference, height of ventilator above intake and wind velocity is given by the equation: Q=A(3.3 N §.9H (t1 - to) + 0.0035V) Where Qis expressed in cu. Meters /min, a is the cross ~ sectional area of the ventilator is sq. meters, H is the height of the ventilator above the inlets in meters, t1 and to are the internal and outside temperatures in ©C and v is the wind velocity in kilometers nour. Another type of cow! ventilator is the rotating cow! ventilator shown in figure below which is intended to produce the same effect. The type illustrates is carefully balanced and provide with a large reservoir for lubricant so that it does not gent jammed or seized and needs attention only at long intervals. Mechanical ventilation: Ventilation by natural means is not always practicable in which case ventilation by mechanical means is resorted to workrooms or work places where ventilating openings cannot be provided due to their situation with respect to surrounding buildings or due to the process carried on in them and large buildings where natural means fails to provide the necessary ventilation, are examples where mechanical ventilation would be necessary. Mechanical ventilation is brought about by either one or both of the following two methods: > ventilation through windows or other openings owing to the suction created by the exhaust air, and > Positive ventilation by means of a fan or blower. Exhaust ventilation: Ventilation by this system can be effected in the case of narrow rooms by providing ‘exhaust fans at suitable intervals in one side wall and adequate inlet openings in the opposite wall. Care should be taken to see that adequate inlet openings are provided so as to minimize draughts caused by high inlet velocties, and to avoid drop in eficiency of the system. The total inlet area should be least three times the total disc area of the fan. The exhaust fans should be provided with wind shields on the outside of the wall so that wind pressure may not decrease their efficiency. They should at the same time, not restrict from discharge of air. eed eceseoecoeecooodde wee evrveeead Effective protection from wind can be given by having the fans to discharge water protection at the top. Exhaust ventilation can be provided in larger workrooms by having a fan of adequate capatily extracting ait from the interior of the rooms by means of suitably placed ducting. Exhaust ventilation is often used In ‘combination with natural ventilation so as to effectively ventilate work rooms where natural means alone will not be sufficient to provide adequate ventilation in all portions of the rooms. Plenum ventilation: Compared with extraction system, plenum ventilation affords more complete control of atmospheric conditions inside the factory. Plenum system is useful where extraction system cannot be readily applied as in very large departments of work rooms. In this system of ventlation, air is forced into the building by means of centrifugal or other type of pressure fan and is distributed through suitable placed ducts, This system has various advantages. The supply air can be conditioned, if desired, before it is passed into the plenum chamber and ducts. The slight positive pressure set up with the building prevents inward leakage of warm or cold outside air. The volume of air movement that can be set up by- plenum ventilation is many times more than what is possible by exhausting, Also better diluton of contamination ‘and lower operation exposure can be achieved with a well designed supply system than with exhaust, since the supply can be directed to the important sources of contamination and gocd circulation is effected without accessory equipment. The velocities depend upon the nature of the installation and the extent of quietness required. The air inlets should be designed and the discharge velocity should be such as to cause eddy currents and to remove “dead spaces’. The air velocities should not be excessive to the extent of interfering with the manufacturing process or of causing unpleasantness but there should be currents of sufficient strength and variability so as to provide a pleasant environment Combined plenum and extraction system: Better control of ventilation is obtained by this system of ventilation, in wider buildings, by supplying appropriate quantities of air and at suitable velocities at the required areas by plenum ducts and extracting the air into return ducts and sometimes re-circulating this air after properly mixing it with cooled fresh air, completely satisfactory ventilation can be obtained. In a combined supply and exhaust system it is preferable to provide slighty excess of exhaust, if there are adjoining occupied spaces and slight excess of supply, if there are no such spaces. Mechanical roof ventilation: Powerful mechenical roof ventlators of unit type are increasingly being used for augmenting natural ventilation in building with lerge widths or where the heat load is very heavy.81 When these are provided, itis important that the openings within their area of influence should be closed to avoid short circulating exhaust fans exercise very litle influence beyond a velocity control of about 416mimin.(5Oft./On.) whichis just a short instance from the fan. ‘Ths amount of air required: 2) Based on Heat Air Gain: The amount of ventilation required can be calculated on the basis of total heat gains from sun, not manufacturing processes, machinery and occupants within the buildings, determining in advance the temperature rise which would be acceptable. The volume of air required in removal of sensible heat gain (in kcl. Per hour) can be calculated from the formula Kealhr. x 0877 ‘ Temperature rise in Where Qs the volume of air in cubic meters/ min. (or where Q is the volume of air in cu. ft/ min). Q b) Base on contaminants: Though general ventlation is not appropriate methods in dealing with toxic chemical contaminants arising out of processes, this type of ventilation (dilute ventilation) is used generally to control contaminants such as the vapours from less toxic solvents. The amount of Ventilation requited for dilution can be determined if the amount of the contaminant escaping into the environment per hour and its toxicity is known. Local exhaust ventilation: Another method of removing the heat from the source is providing ventilated enclosures such as canopy or exhaust hoods by which natural convection column of heated air rises from a hot process environment. This will minimize the temperature rse in the space around the hot process. Local Relief: In certain situations when a general reduction of heat exposure throughout the plant is not feasible and at the above methods such as exhaust ventilation and radiation shielding have not brought down the thermal environment to a tolerable degree, relief may be provided locally i.e. at the work places by surrounding the exposed workers with an acceptable thermal environment by providing positive ventilation, The following three methods may be employed depending on the work situations: a) Providing a complete enclosure around the worker with a separate ventilation in order to maintain cooler working conditions. This may be in- the form of air ~ conditioned control room, small shelter booth, or ventilated crane cab. we e e @ e e o e J @