:

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY BELGAUM-590018

A INTERNSHIP REPORT
ON
“DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM AND IOT”
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree in
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN ELECTRONICS &
COMMUNICATION
Submitted by
MANJUNATH N USN: 1BH18EC011

Under the guidance of

Mrs. NANDINI M
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

BANGALORE TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institute) Kodathi, off
sarjapur road-560035
:

BANGALORE TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

Department of Electronics & Communication
Engineering
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institute)
Kodathi, off sarjapur road-560035

CERTIFICATE
This is to certifiy that the e Internship report entitled “DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF
EMBEDDED SYSTEM AND IOT” submitted by MANJUNATH N [1BH18EC011], the
bonafide student of BANGALORE TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, BANGALORE in
partial fulfillment for the award of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN ELECTRONICS
AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING of VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, BELGAUM during the year 2021-22. Thus, it is certified that all
corrections/suggestion indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the report. The
internship report has been approved, as it satisfies the academic requirement in the respect of
project report prescribed for the said degree.

Mrs. DEEPA T Mrs. NANDINI M

H.O.D Asst. Professor
Department of ECE Department of ECE

External Viva

Name of the Examiners Signature with date

1………………...... …………………

2………………….. ………………....
:
:

BANGALORE TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institute)
Kodathi , off Sarjapur road-560035

DECLARATION

I, MANJUNATH N (1BH18EC001) student of 8t h semester B.E, in

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING, BANGALORE
TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, BANGALORE, hereby declare that the training
report “DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM AND IOT”
has been independently carried out by me and submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree in Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics
and Communication Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Belagavi during the academic year 2021-22.

I declare that, to the best of my knowledge and believe the work reported here does not
form or part of any other dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was
conferred on an early occasion of this by any other students.

PLACE: BENGALURU
DATE:

MANJUNATH N 1BH18EC011 ………………

CHAPTER 1
:

INTERNSHIP
An internship is a period of work experience offered by an organization for a limited period of time.
Once confined to medical graduates, the term is now used for a wide range of placements in
businesses, non-profit organizations and government agencies. They are typically undertaken by
students and graduates looking to gain relevant skills and experience in a particular field. Employers
benefit from these placements because they often recruit employees from their best interns, who have
known capabilities, thus saving time and money in the long run. Internships are usually arranged by
third-party organizations which recruit interns on behalf of industry groups. Rules vary from country
to country about when interns should be regarded as employees. The system can be open to
exploitation by unscrupulous employers.

Typically, an internship consists of an exchange of services for experience between the intern and the
organization. Internships are used to determine if the intern still has an interest in that field after the
real-life experience. In addition, an internship can be used to create a professional network that can
assist with letters of recommendation or lead to future employment opportunities. The benefit of
bringing an intern into full-time employment is that they are already familiar with the company, their
position, and they typically need little to no training. Internships provide current college students the
ability to participate in a field of their choice to receive hands on learning about a particular future
career, preparing them for full-time work following graduation.

Internships for professional careers are similar in some ways, but not as rigorous as apprenticeships
for professions, trade, and vocational jobs. The lack of standardization and oversight leaves the term
"internship" open to broad interpretation. Interns may be high school students, college and university
students, or post-graduate adults. These positions may be paid or unpaid and are temporary.
:

CHAPTER 2
ABOUT COMPANY
Airobosost products and service is an Indian based engineering and Electronics Company
headquartered in Bangalore, Karnataka, India. It is both product and service oriented software
company having its products in wireless communication Technology and provides quality service to
its valuable clients in its domain.

2.1 HISTROY
The company was legally registered in the year 2013, but it made its humble beginning in the year
2012 with a team of six members. In the beginning the team started designing some protocols for
wireless communication with a range up to 4 to 5 km line of sight. The company handled various
projects and successfully completed them satisfying the client requirement. After the successful
completion of the project and achieving customer satisfaction the number of clients increased who
sincerely served with respect and faith.

That is how the company started generating the revenue. Even though the team members were
experts in embedded electronics, Java, Dot net and android, the company simultaneously established
itself to develop websites and few latest apps based on the client requirement. The company was later
registered on 24th December 2013 and established a well-equipped office space with good R&D unit
and supporting infrastructure. It started recruiting people with great skills and expertise for different
domains of company and started working with new hopes and enthusiasm. Presently the company
have around 25 employees including all the departments like Embedded, Java, Dot net, android,
Testing, PCB design, IOT and so on. The company is working with many Industrial projects in
different domains and working for its own products.

2.2 company stratergy

 Purpose: To be a leader in the software Industry by providing enhanced services,
relationship and profitability.
 Vision: To provide quality services that exceeds the expectations of our esteemed
customers.
 Mission: To build long term relationships with our customers and clients and provide
exceptional customer services by pursuing business through innovation and advanced
technology.
 Core values:
 To incorporate good business practices in order to achieve customer satisfaction and
treating the customers with respect and faith.
 To grow through creativity, invention and innovation.
 To integrate honesty, integrity and business ethics into all aspects of the business
functioning.
:

Goals:
 To improve, grow and become more efficient in the field electronics engineering and
software development and develop a strong base of key clients.
 To understand customer requirements and fulfill the
 Increase the assets and investments of the organization to support the development of
services and expansion of the organization.
 To increase the productivity and improve the customer service satisfaction.
 To do Innovations in Embedded Electronics and provide quality services to deliver a
range of products.

2.3 COMPANY SERVICES

Airobosost products and servicehave its own services such as,

 Embedded Applications development

 Web design and development
 IT Service
 Server Maintenance
 Project Management
 Company Products
:

CHAPTER 3
INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Embedded system is a combination of hardware & software which is designed to perform one or
more specific set of functions. In an embedded system, there is only one application software that is
typically burned into ROM.

An embedded system is a controller with a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical
system, often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device often
including hardware and mechanical parts. Embedded systems control many devices in common use
today. Ninety-eight percent of all microprocessors manufactured are used in embedded systems.

Modern embedded systems are often based on microcontrollers (i.e. microprocessors with integrated
memory and peripheral interfaces), but ordinary microprocessors (using external chips for memory
and peripheral interface circuits) are also common, especially in more complex systems. In either
case, the processor(s) used may be types ranging from general purpose to those specialized in certain
class of computations, or even custom designed for the application at hand. A common standard class
of dedicated processors is the digital signal processor (DSP).

Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it to reduce
the size and cost of the product and increase the reliability and performance. Some embedded
systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale.

3.1 Features of Embedded System

 Embedded systems are small size, low power consumption, rugged operating ranges & low
per unit cost.
 Embedded systems are based on microcontroller i.e CPUs with integrated memory or
peripheral interfaces.
 Wide variety of operating systems and processors are used in embedded systems.
 They are small in size.
 They are highly reliable.
 The power consumption is very low.
:

Fig. 3.1: Embedded System

An embedded system is a controller with a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical
system as shown in the Fig.3.1. Embedded system Hardware components are as follows.

 Power supply
 Processor
 Memory
 Timers/Counters
 Communication ports
 Assembler
 Application specific circuits
 Reset & oscillator circuits
 Input devices interfacing / Driver circuits
 Output devices interfacing / Driver circuits
 Interrupt controller

An embedded system is a system that has software embedded in computer hardware. It makes a
system dedicated to a specific part of an application or product of a larger system. Depending on
the application, embedded system may be programmable or non-programmable. Examples of
embedded systems include various products such as washing machine, microwave ovens,
cameras, printers and automobiles. They use microprocessors and microcontrollers as well as
specially designed processors such as digital signal processors (DSP).
:

Fig. 3.2: Components of Embedded System

3.2 APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Embedded systems find wide applications in day to day situations and in real time applications
few of them have been listed below.

3.2.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR DETECTING RASH DRIVING ON HIGHWAYS

The main intention of this project is to design a highway speed-checker device that identifies rash
driving on highways and alarms the traffic authorities if the speed checker finds any vehicle
violating the set speed limits on highways.

3.2.2 APPLICATION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR STREET LIGHT CONTROL

The main intention of this project is to detect the movement of vehicles on highways and to
switch on street lights ahead of it, and then to switch off the street lights as the vehicle go past the
street lights to conserve energy. In this project, a PIC microcontroller is programmed by using
embedded C or assembly language.

3.2.3 EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTROL SYSTEM

The main goal of this project is to design a density based traffic signal system. At every junction,
the signal timing changes automatically according to the traffic density at every junction. Traffic
jam is a major problem in many cities across the world and gives regular nightmares to the
commuters and travelers.
:

3.2.4 APPLICATION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR VEHICLE TRACKING

The main purpose of this project is to find the exact location of a vehicle by using a GPS modem
and in order to reduce vehicle thefts. The GSM modem sends an SMS to a predefined mobile
which stores the data in it. An LCD display is used to display the location information in terms of
latitude and longitude values. The microcontroller (AT89C52) is preprogrammed with the Kiel
software and therefore, continuously checks the GPS modem.

3.2.5 APPLICATION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEM

The main purpose of this project is to design a home automation system with the Android
application based remote control. Remote operation is performed by Android OS based smart-
phone or Tablet etc., upon a Graphical User Interface based touch screen operation. In order to
achieve this, Android application act as a transmitter that sends on/off commands to the receiver
wherein loads are connected.

3.2.6 EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR AUTO INTENSITY CONTROL

This project is designed to auto intensity control of LED based street lights by using solar power
from the photovoltaic panels. The awareness for solar energy is increasing, and many institutions
and peoples are opting solar energy. In this project, Photovoltaic panels are used for charging
batteries by converting the sun energy into electrical energy. A solar charge controller circuit is
used to control the charging.
:

Chapter 4
INTRODUCTION TO IOT (Internet of Things)
The internet of Things (IOT) is the network of physical objects or “things” embedded with
electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity, which enables these object to collect and
exchange data. IOT has many applications in agriculture, smart cities, smart home, healthcare,
business sectors, Traffic monitoring, transport and logistics etc. This is growing mega trend that
will influence everything from businesses to our daily personal lives.

This project is designed to auto intensity control of LED based street lights by using solar power
from the photovoltaic panels. The awareness for solar energy is increasing, and many institutions
and peoples are opting solar energy. In this project, Photovoltaic panels are used for charging
batteries by converting the sun energy into electrical energy. A solar charge controller circuit is
used to control the charging.

fi g.4.1: Internet of Things

The internet of things, or IOT, is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital
machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability
to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction
as shown in the above Fig4.1.
:

The definition of the Internet of things has evolved due to the convergence of multiple technologies,
real-time analytics, machine learning, commodity sensors, and embedded systems. Traditional fields
of embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, control systems, automation (including home and
building automation), and others all contribute to enabling the Internet of things. In the consumer
market, IoT technology is most synonymous with products pertaining to the concept of the "smart
home", covering devices and appliances (such as lighting fixtures, thermostats, home security
systems and cameras, and other home appliances) that support one or more common ecosystems, and
can be controlled via devices associated with that ecosystem, such as smart phones and smart
speakers.
3.4 APPLICATIONS OF IOT
Internet of Things (IOT) has introduced wide spectrum of applications. Few of the applications have been
discussed in following sections.
3.4.1 CONSUMER APPLICATIONS
A growing portion of IOT devices are created for consumer use, including connected vehicles, home
automation, wearable technology (as part of Internet of Wearable Things (IOWT), connected health, and
appliances with remote monitoring capabilities. a. Smart home IOT devices are a part of the larger concept of
home automation, which can include lighting, heating and air conditioning, media and security systems. Long-
term benefits could include energy savings by automatically ensuring lights and electronics are turned off. A
smart home or automated home could be based on a platform or hubs that control smart devices and
appliances. For instance, using Apple's Home Kit, manufacturers can have their home products and
accessories controlled by an application in IOS devices such as the iphone and the Apple Watch. This could be
a dedicated app or IOS native applications such as Siri. This can be demonstrated in the case of Lenovo's
Smart Home Essentials, which is a line of smart home devices that are controlled through Apple's Home app
or Siri without the need for a Wi-Fi bridge. There are also dedicated smart home hubs that are offered as
standalone platforms to connect different smart home products and these include the Amazon Echo, Google
Home, Apple's Home Pod, and Samsung's Smart Things Hub. In addition to the commercial systems, there are
many non-proprietary, open source ecosystems; including Home Assistant, OpenHAB and Domoticz. b. Elder
care One key application of a smart home is to provide assistance for those with disabilities and elderly
individuals. These home systems use assistive technology to accommodate an owner's specific disabilities.
Voice control can assist users with sight and mobility limitations while alert systems can be connected directly
to cochlear.
:

HOME AUTOMATION USING RASPBERRY PI

Block Diagram:

Fig. HOME AUTOMATION USING RASPBERRY PI

Functional description:

Fig. Raspberry Pi
:

Raspberry Pi is a series of small single-board computers (SBCs) developed in the United

Kingdom by the Raspberry Pi Foundation in association with Broadcom. The Raspberry Pi project
originally leaned towards the promotion of teaching basic computer science in schools and in
developing countries. The original model became more popular than anticipated, selling outside its
target market for uses such as robotics. It is widely used in many areas, such as for weather
monitoring, because of its low cost, modularity, and open design. It is typically used by computer and
electronic hobbyists, due to its adoption of HDMI and USB devices.

After the release of the second board type, the Raspberry Pi Foundation set up a new entity,
named Raspberry Pi Trading, and installed Eben Upton as CEO, with the responsibility of developing
technology. The Foundation was rededicated as an educational charity for promoting the teaching of
basic computer science in schools and developing countries.

The Raspberry Pi is one of the best-selling British computers. As of May 2021, more than
forty million boards have been sold. Most Pis are made in a Sony factory in Pencoed, Wales, while
others are made in China and Japan.

Fig. L293D Motor Driver

SunFounder L293D is a monolithic integrated, high voltage, high current, 4-channel driver.
Basically, this means using this chip you can use DC motors and power supplies of up to 16 Volts,
that's some pretty big motors and the chip can supply a maximum current of 600mA per channel, the
L293D chip is also what's known as a type of H-Bridge. The H-Bridge is typically an electrical
circuit that enables a voltage to be applied across a load in either direction to an output, e.g., motor

The L293D is quadruple high-current half-H drivers. It is designed to provide bidirectional

drive currents of up to 600-mA at voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. Both devices are designed to drive
inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, dc and bipolar stepping motors, as well as other high-
:

current/high-voltage loads in positive-supply applications. All inputs are TTL compatible. Each
output is a complete totem-pole drive circuit, with a Darlington transistor sink and a pseudo-
Darlington source.
Drivers are enabled in pairs, with drivers 1 and 2 enabled by 1,2EN and drivers 3 and 4
enabled by 3,4EN. When an enable input is high, the associated drivers are enabled, and their outputs
are active and in phase with their inputs. When the enable input is low, those drivers are disabled,
and their outputs are off and in the high-impedance state. With the proper data inputs, each pair of
drivers forms a full-H (or bridge) reversible drive suitable for solenoid or motor applications.

Fig. IR sensor

An infrared (IR) sensor is an electronic device that measures and detects infrared radiation
in its surrounding environment. Infrared radiation was accidentally discovered by an astronomer
named William Herchel in 1800. While measuring the temperature of each color of light (separated
by a prism), he noticed that the temperature just beyond the red light was highest. IR is invisible to
the human eye, as its wavelength is longer than that of visible light (though it is still on the same
electromagnetic spectrum). Anything that emits heat (everything that has a temperature above
around five degrees Kelvin) gives off infrared radiation.

There are two types of infrared sensors: active and passive. Active infrared sensors both emit
and detect infrared radiation. Active IR sensors have two parts: a light emitting diode (LED) and a
receiver. When an object comes close to the sensor, the infrared light from the LED reflects off of the
object and is detected by the receiver. Active IR sensors act as proximity sensors, and they are
commonly used in obstacle detection systems (such as in robots)
:

Fig.LDR

A photoresistor (also known as a light-dependent resistor, LDR, or photo-conductive cell)

is a passive component that decreases resistance with respect to receiving luminosity (light) on the
component's sensitive surface. The resistance of a photoresistor decreases with increase in incident l
intensity; in other words, it exhibits photoconductivity. A photoresistor can be applied in light-
sensitive detector circuits and light-activated and dark-activated switching circuits acting as a
resistance semiconductor.
In the dark, a photoresistor can have a resistance as high as several megaohms (MΩ), while in
the light, a photoresistor can have a resistance as low as a few hundred ohms. If incident light on a
photoresistor exceeds a certain frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound
electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free electrons (and their
hole partners) conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance. The resistance range and sensitivity of
a photoresistor can substantially differ among dissimilar devices. Moreover, unique photoresistors
may react substantially differently to photons within certain wavelength bands.
A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. An intrinsic semiconductor has its
own charge carriers and is not an efficient semiconductor, for example, silicon. In intrinsic devices,
the only available electrons are in the valence band, and hence the photon must have enough energy
to excite the electron across the entire bandgap. Extrinsic devices have impurities, also called
dopants, added whose ground state energy is closer to the conduction band; since the electrons do not
have as far to jump, lower energy photons (that is, longer wavelengths and lower frequencies) are
sufficient to trigger the device. If a sample of silicon has some of its atoms replaced by phosphorus
atoms (impurities), there will be extra electrons available for conduction.
:

Fig. LCD

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated

optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals combined with polarizers.
Liquid crystals do not emit light directly, instead using a backlight or reflector to produce images in
color or monochrome. LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose
computer display) or fixed images with low information content, which can be displayed or hidden.
For instance: preset words, digits, and seven-segment displays, as in a digital clock, are all good
examples of devices with these displays. They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary
image are made from a matrix of small pixels, while other displays have larger elements.
LCDs can either be normally on (positive) or off (negative), depending on the polarizer
arrangement. For example, a character positive LCD with a backlight will have black lettering on a
background that is the color of the backlight, and a character negative LCD will have a black
background with the letters being of the same color as the backlight. Optical filters are added to white
on blue LCDs to give them their characteristic appearance.

Project implementation:
:

Two bulbs and 3 motors are used in this system instead of connecting home appliances.
Light1,light2, Fan1&Fan2(motor)and Door lock(motor) are among the appliances that can be used in
thissystem. Home automation system is used for controlling and monitoring the home appliances. It
canbe performed several ways. In this system,concept of IoT is used in order to control the devices
remotely from anywhere. Raspberry Pi is used as the board controller to connect the appliances
viainput and output port. Web interface (on Mobile phones,laptop,etc.) and Raspberry Pi are
connectedthrough internet. All the devices are connected with Raspberry Pi. The voltage of home
appliances is230V but the Raspberry Pi voltage is 5V. So in this system,relay circuit is used to cover
the highvoltage to low voltage, low voltage to high voltage which is also act as a switch. In this
system, weare using two blbs, f ew dc motors as home appliances. Here two way relay are used in
order toconnect bulbs.
For the program to execute and work automatically according to the embedded program we
shouldkeep the Rpi online i.e it should be connected to the wifi. In order to access the web interface
fromanywhere we need to provide IP address in the URL to open the webpage. It will establish
theconnection between the smart phone and the Raspberry Pi board thus to the devices connected to
theRPi. On the webpage, we are having ON, OFF and regulation buttons for the connected devices.
Byusing these buttons we can able to control the home appliances which we connected with
RaspberryPi.
Apart from manual regulation of the connected device, they have embedded code in the pi for
automatic regulation depending upon the weather condition(Temperature and humidity) which
isprovided by the DHT11 sensor.
The door locking mechanism works on manual authentication of the entity entering the house,i.e If
any object or person comes near the IR sensor(placed on door) it will automatically click picture
ofthe entity which will then be displayed on the webpage. After authentication the door lock will be
unlocked using the “open” button provided for the door. If required, the door can be once again
locked remotely via the interface.
:

DROWZINESS DETECTION SYSTEM(D-EYE)

BLOCK DIAGRAM:
:

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION:
WEBCAM:

A webcam is a video camera that feeds or streams an image or video in real time to or through a
computer network, such as the Internet. Webcams are typically small cameras that sit on a desk,
attach to a user's monitor, or are built into the hardware. Webcams can be used during a video chat
session involving two or more people, with conversations that include live audio and video.

Webcam software enables users to record a video or stream the video on the Internet. As video
streaming over the Internet requires much bandwidth, such streams usually use compressed formats.
The maximum resolution of a webcam is also lower than most handheld video cameras, as higher
resolutions would be reduced during transmission. The lower resolution enables webcams to be
relatively inexpensive compared to most video cameras, but the effect is adequate for video chat
sessions.
:

ULTRASONIC SENSOR:

An transmitter (which emits the sound using piezoelectric crystals) and the receiver (which
encounters the sound after it has travelled to and from the target).ultrasonic sensor is an electronic
device that measures the distance of a target object by emitting ultrasonic sound waves, and converts
the reflected sound into an electrical signal. Ultrasonic waves travel faster than the speed of audible
sound (i.e. the sound that humans can hear). Ultrasonic sensors have two main components: the

In order to calculate the distance between the sensor and the object, the sensor measures the time it
takes between the emission of the sound by the transmitter to its contact with the receiver. The
formula for this calculation is D = ½ T x C (where D is the distance, T is the time, and C is the speed
of sound ~ 343 meters/second). For example, if a scientist set up an ultrasonic sensor aimed at a box
:

and it took 0.025 seconds for the sound to bounce back, the distance between the ultrasonic sensor
and the box would be:
D = 0.5 x 0.025 x 343
or about 4.2875 meters

GAS SENSOR:

Gas sensors based on ceramic materials include a large variety of different sensor principles. Ceramic
gas sensors cover a large range of applications, but for certain environments, some materials or
sensor principles are favorable or some even not suitable. Thus, all the presented types of gas sensors
are currently found in applications, e.g., the detection of flammable gases by pellistors or
chemoresistive sensors (surface active-SMOX) or controlling the exhaust catalysts in internal
combustion engine cars using potentiometric or amperometric sensors based on solid-state ion
conductors. With the increasing importance of smart and connected systems, gas sensors will gain
importance as they can provide chemical information from the surrounding environment, i.e., directly
from or via the gas phase. The emerging of Industry 4.0 and the Internet of Things pose new
requirements on the sensors’ sensitivity, selectivity and stability as well as their suitability for certain
applications, e.g. miniaturized systems for small sizes and low power consumption, or highly robust
sensor which operate in harsh environments. All these requirements are demanding tasks for the
development of sensor technology on various levels, including new materials, new approaches to
design and manufacture sensor devices, develop sensor systems and analyze the data obtained by
sensors. Comping with these tasks requires a profound understanding of the fundamental processes of
ceramic gas sensors to find knowledge-based and target-oriented solutions. Thus, the development of
ceramic gas sensors should always comprise the development of new materials, devices or systems,
as well as investigating and understanding their fundamental principles.
:

VIBRATION SENSOR:

The vibration sensor is also called a piezoelectric sensor. These sensors are flexible devices which
are used for measuring various processes. This sensor uses the piezoelectric effects while measuring
the changes within acceleration, pressure, temperature, force otherwise strain by changing to an
electrical charge. This sensor is also used for deciding fragrances within the air by immediately
measuring capacitance as well as quality.
The working principle of vibration sensor is a sensor which operates based on different optical
otherwise mechanical principles for detecting observed system vibrations. The sensitivity of these
sensors normally ranges from 10 mV/g to 100 mV/g, and there are lower and higher sensitivities are
also accessible. The sensitivity of the sensor can be selected based on the application. So it is
essential to know the levels of vibration amplitude range to which the sensor will be exposed
throughout measurements.

DC MOTOR:

A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical motors that converts direct current electrical energy
into mechanical energy. The most common types rely on the forces produced by magnetic fields.
Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic,
to periodically change the direction of current in part of the motor.
DC motors were the first form of motor widely used, as they could be powered from existing direct-
current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's speed can be controlled over a wide range,
using either a variable supply voltage or by changing the strength of current in its field windings.
Small DC motors are used in tools, toys, and appliances. The universal motor can operate on direct
:

current but is a lightweight brushed motor used for portable power tools and appliances. Larger DC
motors are currently used in propulsion of electric vehicles, elevator and hoists, and in drives for steel
rolling mills. The advent of power electronics has made replacement of DC motors with AC motors
possible in many applications.

Raspberry pi

The Raspberry Pi is a low cost, credit-card sized computer that plugs into a computer monitor or TV,
and uses a standard keyboard and mouse. It is a capable little device that enables people of all ages to
explore computing, and to learn how to program in languages like Scratch and Python. It’s capable of
doing everything you’d expect a desktop computer to do, from browsing the internet and playing
high-definition video, to making spreadsheets, word-processing, and playing games.

What’s more, the Raspberry Pi has the ability to interact with the outside world, and has been used
in a wide array of digital maker projects, from music machines and parent detectors to weather
stations and tweeting birdhouses with infra-red cameras. We want to see the Raspberry Pi being used
by kids all over the world to learn to program and understand how computers work.
:

PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
Code for this project is:
# USAGE
# python pi_detect_drowsiness.py --cascade haarcascade_frontalface_default.xml --shape-predictor
shape_predictor_68_face_landmarks.dat
# python pi_detect_drowsiness.py --cascade haarcascade_frontalface_default.xml --shape-predictor
shape_predictor_68_face_landmarks.dat --alarm 1
# import the necessary packages
from imutils.video import VideoStream
from imutils import face_utils
import numpy as np
import argparse
import imutils
import time
import dlib
import cv2
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
import time
motor = 3
GPIO.setwarnings(False)
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)
GPIO.setup(motor,GPIO.OUT)
def euclidean_dist(ptA, ptB):
# compute and return the euclidean distance between the two
# points
return np.linalg.norm(ptA - ptB)
def eye_aspect_ratio(eye):
# compute the euclidean distances between the two sets of
# vertical eye landmarks (x, y)-coordinates
A = euclidean_dist(eye[1], eye[5])
B = euclidean_dist(eye[2], eye[4])

# compute the euclidean distance between the horizontal

# eye landmark (x, y)-coordinates
:

C = euclidean_dist(eye[0], eye[3])
# compute the eye aspect ratio
ear = (A + B) / (2.0 * C)
# return the eye aspect ratio
return ear
# construct the argument parse and parse the arguments
ap = argparse.ArgumentParser()
ap.add_argument("-c", "--cascade", required=True,
help = "path to where the face cascade resides")
ap.add_argument("-p", "--shape-predictor", required=True,
help="path to facial landmark predictor")
ap.add_argument("-a", "--alarm", type=int, default=0,
help="boolean used to indicate if TraffHat should be used")
args = vars(ap.parse_args())

# check to see if we are using GPIO/TrafficHat as an alarm

if args["alarm"] > 0:
from gpiozero import TrafficHat
th = TrafficHat()
print("[INFO] using TrafficHat alarm...")

# define two constants, one for the eye aspect ratio to indicate
# blink and then a second constant for the number of consecutive
# frames the eye must be below the threshold for to set off the
# alarm
EYE_AR_THRESH = 0.3
EYE_AR_CONSEC_FRAMES = 10
# initialize the frame counter as well as a boolean used to
# indicate if the alarm is going off
COUNTER = 0
ALARM_ON = False

# load OpenCV's Haar cascade for face detection (which is faster than
# dlib's built-in HOG detector, but less accurate), then create the
# facial landmark predictor
print("[INFO] loading facial landmark predictor...")
detector = cv2.CascadeClassifier(args["cascade"])
predictor = dlib.shape_predictor(args["shape_predictor"])

# grab the indexes of the facial landmarks for the left and
# right eye, respectively
(lStart, lEnd) = face_utils.FACIAL_LANDMARKS_IDXS["left_eye"]
(rStart, rEnd) = face_utils.FACIAL_LANDMARKS_IDXS["right_eye"]

# start the video stream thread

print("[INFO] starting video stream thread...")
vs = VideoStream(src=0).start()
# vs = VideoStream(usePiCamera=True).start()
time.sleep(1.0)
:

# loop over frames from the video stream

while True:
# grab the frame from the threaded video file stream, resize
# it, and convert it to grayscale
# channels)
frame = vs.read()
frame = imutils.resize(frame, width=450)
gray = cv2.cvtColor(frame, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)

# detect faces in the grayscale frame

rects = detector.detectMultiScale(gray, scaleFactor=1.1,
minNeighbors=5, minSize=(30, 30),
flags=cv2.CASCADE_SCALE_IMAGE)

# loop over the face detections

for (x, y, w, h) in rects:
# construct a dlib rectangle object from the Haar cascade
# bounding box
rect = dlib.rectangle(int(x), int(y), int(x + w),
int(y + h))

# determine the facial landmarks for the face region, then

# convert the facial landmark (x, y)-coordinates to a NumPy
# array
shape = predictor(gray, rect)
shape = face_utils.shape_to_np(shape)

# extract the left and right eye coordinates, then use the
# coordinates to compute the eye aspect ratio for both eyes
leftEye = shape[lStart:lEnd]
rightEye = shape[rStart:rEnd]
leftEAR = eye_aspect_ratio(leftEye)
rightEAR = eye_aspect_ratio(rightEye)

# average the eye aspect ratio together for both eyes

ear = (leftEAR + rightEAR) / 2.0

# compute the convex hull for the left and right eye, then
# visualize each of the eyes
leftEyeHull = cv2.convexHull(leftEye)
rightEyeHull = cv2.convexHull(rightEye)
cv2.drawContours(frame, [leftEyeHull], -1, (0, 255, 0), 1)
cv2.drawContours(frame, [rightEyeHull], -1, (0, 255, 0), 1)

# check to see if the eye aspect ratio is below the blink

# threshold, and if so, increment the blink frame counter
if ear < EYE_AR_THRESH:
COUNTER += 1

# if the eyes were closed for a sufficient number of

# frames, then sound the alarm
if COUNTER >= EYE_AR_CONSEC_FRAMES:
:

# draw an alarm on the frame

cv2.putText(frame, "DROWZINESS DETECTED", (10, 30),
cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 0.7, (0, 0, 255), 2)
GPIO.output(motor,False)
time.sleep(5)
hb=1
f=open('wf1','w')
f.write(str(hb))
f.close()
else:
GPIO.output(motor,True)
hb=0
f=open('wf1','w')
f.write(str(hb))
f.close()

# otherwise, the eye aspect ratio is not below the blink

# threshold, so reset the counter and alarm
else:
COUNTER = 0

# draw the computed eye aspect ratio on the frame to help

# with debugging and setting the correct eye aspect ratio
# thresholds and frame counters
cv2.putText(frame, "EAR: {:.3f}".format(ear), (300, 30),
cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 0.7, (0, 0, 255), 2)

# show the frame

cv2.imshow("Frame", frame)
key = cv2.waitKey(1) & 0xFF

# if the `q` key was pressed, break from the loop

if key == ord("q"):
break

# do a bit of cleanup
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
vs.stop()

2) hello
print "hello"
a=10
print a

3) Update
import RPi.GPIO as GPI
#Import GPIO library
import requests
import time
#Import time library
def update():
:

payload = {"status":1}
r = requests.get("http://www.inventeron-iot.com/drowziness/api/update_data.php",
params=payload)
print(r.url)
while True:
f=open('wf1','r')
wf1 = f.read()
print wf1
if wf1 == '1':
print wf1
update()

4) Led:
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
# calling header file for GPIO's of PI
import time
# calling for time to provide delays in program
led = 7
#giving userdefined name for GPIO pin
GPIO.setwarnings(False)
#This tells Python not to print GPIO warning messages to the screen
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BOARD)
#Using GPIO numbering
GPIO.setup(led,GPIO.OUT)
# initialize digital pin21 as an output.

while(True): #infinate loop

GPIO.output(led,1)
#setting the pin21 high(led on)
time.sleep(0.50)
#sleep for .05 seconds
GPIO.output(led,0)
#setting the pin21 low(led off)++
time.sleep(0.50)

Eyes Location:
In order to make the image smoothing, doing some treatments before eyes location, including image
denoising and enhancement, which is a prerequisite to ensure precise eyes location achieve the better
result [5].
The first step: Locating the eye region roughly
The edge feature analysis method means, making use of the vertical gray-scale projection curve of
the image determined the left and right borders of the face according to the convex peak width, then
making use of the horizontal gray-scale projection curve of the gotten region determined roughly the
up and down border of the eyes location region. The region that corresponds to a face is a convex
peak with a certain width by observing the vertical gray-scale projection curve of a number of
different single-face images.
The left and right borders of the convex peak generally represented the left and right borders of the
face [7]. When the left and right borders of the face are established, take the region of the face.
between the left and right borders as the study object, and then make the horizontal gray-scale
:

projection curve of the image, something will be found by observing. The first minimum point of the
horizontal gray-scale projection curve corresponds to the crown of the head, the maximum point
corresponds to one of the forehead, the secondary maximum point corresponds to the central of the
nose, and take the region between the central of the nose and the crown of the head as the rough
located region.
:

The second step: sifting the similar eye points collection

The primary problem is selecting the appropriate template prior to the template matching [8]. In the
follow-up algorithm, it is necessary to use the relative position between two eyes to locate the two
eyes from a number of similar points, so long as to ensure that there are two real eye-points among a
number of similar eye-points. 9

In order to reduce the two eyes’ sensitivity to the eye template and improve the robustness, the
system adopts the synthetic eye template of the two eyes (See Figure 2.3).

In order to select the similar eye-points, it is desirable first to establish the similarity metric. The
general way is doing the relevant operation to the local image and the image template, the cross-
correlation coefficient obtained in this way is regarded as the similarity metric (See Formula 1).
Two parameters are used to describe the synthetic template: template height M , width template N .

Therein, N is the synthetic eye template, the size is M × N ;T is the average of the eye template
image; r S T is the average of the local image that matches with the template in the expected face
recognition image; (x, y) is the coordinates of search points in the face image.
According to the above formula, operating Pxy, always have Pxy , and the greater the Pxy ,
the higher the matching. However, due to the synthetic eye template exists a certain error and image
acquisition will be affected by external conditions, when the interference, these may lead to the
greatest similarity is not the real eye point, so locating the eye point can not only be determined by
the size of the similarity
In order not to miss the real eye point, the way is selecting roughly a similar eye point collection
including the two real eye points (See Figure 2.4) Xi , Yi) i= 1,2,…n} , and then obtains the
two real eye points through prior knowledge calibration. n is a optional coefficient.
:

3.2.2 Eye Tracking

This system adopts the improved target tracking algorithm when it traces the eyes. The essence of
target tracking is that it carries on the pinpoint while recognizing target in the image sequence.
The target tracking algorithm realized in this system divides into two parts: the primary algorithm
and the modified algorithm. The primary algorithm is based on the template matching technology,
namely, after pinpointing the eye point to the first frame image, it selects this eye point in the image
as the tracking object and extracts appearance information of this eye point as the new eye template,
in the following sequence image, it will match the candidate image region and this new eye template,
then take the most similar image region as the position that this eye point in the current image

The modified algorithm adopts the method of selecting candidate image region. It reduces the match
times greatly, and then reduces the computation complexity of the system. The system uses the image
gathering card for gathering image, and the rate is 25 frame per second, while the pilot driving, the
head’s amount of exercise is very small, therefore the position difference between the two
neighboring frame images is very small, namely, it can obtain the roughly position of the eye point in
the next image after pinpointing real eye point.
After adopts the target tracking algorithm, the system does not need to carry on an eye pinpointing
for every frame image in the image sequence, but only repositions the eye point to the image which
loses the tracking object, thus it improves operating efficiency of the system greatly and satisfies
real-time request of the system too.

3.3 Feasibility Study:

Feasibility Study aims to objectively and rationally uncover the strengths and weaknesses of the
existing business or proposed adventure, opportunities and threats as presented by the environment,
the resources required to carry through, and ultimately the prospects of success .It is an important
step in any software development process, The main functionality of feasibility study is the analysis
of cost required for developing and executing the system, time required for each phase of the system
etc.

3.3.1 Operational feasibility:

This type of feasibility deals with the working and functionality that the software provides to its user.
Proposed systems are beneficial only if they can be turned into information System that will meet the
organizations operating requirements.
Our project provides much different functionality like Adding, Updating, Deleting, the photos, and
complete authorization of the administrator, etc..
:

The operational Operational feasibility is a measure of how well a proposed system solves the
problems, and takes advantage of the opportunities identified during scope definition and how it
satisfies the requirements identified in the requirements analysis phase of system development.

feasibility assessment focuses on the degree to which the proposed development projects fits in with
the existing business environment and objectives with regard to development schedule, delivery date,
corporate culture, and existing business processes.

To ensure success, desired operational outcomes must be imparted during design and development.
These include such design-dependent parameters such as reliability, maintainability, supportability,
usability, producibility, disposability, sustainability, affordability and others. These parameters are
required to be considered at the early stages of design if desired operational behaviors are to be
realized. A system design and development requires appropriate and timely application of
engineering and management efforts to meet the previously mentioned parameters. A system may
serve its intended purpose most effectively when its technical and operating characteristics are
engineered into the design. Therefore operational feasibility is a critical aspect of systems
engineering that needs to be an integral part of the early design phase.

Technical feasibility:
This type of feasibility study profound the technical parts or aspects of a proposed system.
This study was conducted to determine whether the software and hardware components are capable
of supporting our application which our system did so by using Centralize database for the easy
storage and fast retrieval of data and its architecture adds to its advantage making it simple, fast and
secure.
Our Project was build keeping in mind of all this feasibilities to make it a true, complete, trustworthy
and user-friendly application.

Economic feasibility :
This type of feasibility is also known as Financial Feasibility and is most frequently used
method for evaluating the effectiveness and cost of the candidate system. More commonly known as
cost/benefit analysis, the procedure is to determine the benefit and saving that are expected from the
candidate system and compare them of time by automating the process generation.
Our projects Development cost is less as it makes use of smart and powerful software’s (PHP,
MySQL, HTML, CSS, JAVA SCRIPT, BOOTSTRAP). It is a long-lasting type of application that
can be used and maintained for many years. Since it’s a server side application built using the
:

mentioned tools it is also well secured and safe to use…

SRS(Software Requirement Specification):

A software requirements specification (SRS) is a document that captures complete description about
how the system is expected to perform. It is usually signed off at the end of requirements
engineering phase.

Qualities of SRS:

 Correct
 Unambiguous
 Complete
 Consistent
 Ranked for importance and/or stability
 Verifiable
 Modifiable
 Traceable

Reduce the development effort:

The preparation of the SRS forces the various concerned groups in the customer's organization to
consider rigorously all of the requirements before design begins and reduces later redesign, recoding,
and retesting. Careful review of the requirements in the SRS can reveal omissions,
misunderstandings, and inconsistencies early in the development cycle when these problems are
easier to correct.

Provide a basis for estimating costs and schedules:

The description of the product to be developed as given in the SRS is a realistic basis for estimating
project costs and can be used to obtain approval for bids or price estimates. [NOTE: Again, we use
the SRS as the basis for our fixed price estimates]

Provide a baseline for validation and verification:

:

Organizations can develop their validation and Verification plans much more productively from a
good SRS. As a part of the development contract, the SRS provides a baseline against which
compliance can be measured. [NOTE: We use the SRS to create the Test Plan].

Facilitate transfer:

The SRS makes it easier to transfer the software product to new users or new machines. Customers
thus find it easier to transfer the software to other parts of their organization, and suppliers find it
easier to transfer it to new customers.

Serve as a basis for enhancement:

Because the SRS discusses the product but not the project that developed it, the SRS serves as a basis
for later enhancement of the finished product. The SRS may need to be altered, but it does provide a
foundation for continued production evaluation

In order to enhance the accuracy rate of detection to the fatigue state of the pilot, this system extracts
four state variables from the eye condition: It contains the frequency of blink, the average degree of
opening eyes, the eye stagnation time and the longest time of closing eyes [2]. According to the
parameter value of the pilot’s sober condition by statistics, it can make the corresponding judgment
by the fatigue state of the pilot.

Considered the changing driving environment, the detection system must work normally in the night
or the situation of inadequate lighting, therefore, this system adopts the camera with light
source(automatic opening when the light is inadequate) to gather sequence image, in order to reduce
the disturbance from the external environment. When the system reads in the frame image, it carries
on the denoising and the image intensification process to the image first, and then obtains two real
eye points. Afterward, it adopts the target tracking method to track the already targeted eye point [1].
At last, it can calculate the area of the eyes and make the judgment and the early warning to the
fatigue state of the pilot. The functional block diagram of the system is shown in the following Figure
3.1.
:

4.2 Interface Requirements:

User Interface:

Every user may not be skilled at handling the interfaces. Hence the product that we developed used a
simple and easy to use GUI Input from user is via keyboard.

Hardware Interface:

The minimum requirements that are required to interact with a simple GUI are well enough to
support this product.

Software Interface:

This product is developed in Windows XP environment using MATLAB. The toolboxes used to
develop this product are Image Processing Toolbox and Computer Vision System Toolbox. This
project is completely implemented using these two tool boxes.

4.3 Hardware and Software Requirements

Hardware Requirements:

Processor : Intel® Core™ i3 2.53 GHz / Above

RAM : RAM 2 GB / Above

:

HDD : 120 GB / Above

Software Requirements:

Operating System : Windows XP and above

Developing Environment : MATLAB R2011a

RESULT:
Normal condition
:

Alert condition
:
:

HOME AUTOMATION WITH ALEXA USING INTERNET OF

THINGS

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig. FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS

ESP 32-WROOVER

ESP32-WROVER-E and ESP32-WROVER-IE are two powerful, generic WiFi-BT-

BLE MCU modules that target awide variety of applications, ranging from low-power
sensor networks to the most demanding tasks, such asvoice encoding, music streaming
and MP3 decoding.
ESP32-WROVER-E comes with a PCB antenna, and ESP32-WROVER-IE with an
:

IPEX antenna. They both feature a 4 MB external SPI flash and an additional 8 MB
SPI Pseudo static RAM (PSRAM).
Categories Items Specifications
Certification RF certification FCC/CE-RED/SRRC
Test Reliablity HTOL/HTSL/uHAST/TCT/ESD
Wi-Fi Protocols 802.11 b/g/n (802.11n up to 150
Mbps)
A-MPDU and A-MSDU
aggregation and 0.4 µs guard
interval support
Frequency range 2412 ~ 2484 MHz
Bluetooth Protocols Bluetooth v4.2 BR/EDR and
BLE specification
Radio NZIF receiver with –97 dBm
sensitivity
Class-1, class-2 and class-3
transmitter
AFH
Audio CVSD and SBC
Module interfaces SD card, UART, SPI, SDIO, I2C,
LED PWM, Motor PWM, I 2S,
IR, pulse counter, GPIO,
capacitive touch sensor, ADC,
DAC, Two-Wire Automotive
Interface (TWAI®, compatible
with ISO11898-1)
On-chip sensor Hall sensor
Integrated crystal 40 MHz crystal
Hardware Integrated SPI flash 4 MB
Integrated PSRAM 8 MB
Operating voltage/Power supply 3.0 V ~ 3.6 V
Minimum current delivered by 500 mA
power supply
Recommended operating –40 °C ~ 85 °C
temperature range
Package size (18.00±0.15) mm × (31.40±0.15)
mm × (3.30±0.15) mm
Moisture sensitivity level (MSL) Level 3

Relay
:

 Relays are switches that open and close circuits electromechanically or

electronically. Relays control one electrical circuit by opening and closing
contacts in another circuit. As relay diagrams show, when a relay contact is
normally open (NO), there is an open contact when the relay is not energized.
When a relay contact is Normally Closed (NC), there is a closed contact when
the relay is not energized. In either case, applying electrical current to the
contacts will change their state.
 Relays are generally used to switch smaller currents in a control circuit and do
not usually control power consuming devices except for small motors and
Solenoids that draw low amps. Nonetheless, relays can "control" larger voltages
and amperes by having an amplifying effect because a small voltage applied to a
relays coil can result in a large voltage being switched by the contacts.
 Protective relays can prevent equipment damage by detecting electrical
abnormalities, including overcurrent, undercurrent, overloads and reverse
currents. In addition, relays are also widely used to switch starting coils, heating
elements, pilot lights and audible alarms

AC LIGHT DIMMER
:

The AC Dimmer is designed to control the alternating current voltage, which can
transfer current up to 600V/5А. In most cases, Dimmer is used to turning the power
ON/OFF for lamps or heating elements, it can also be used in fans, pumps, air
cleaners, e.t.c.

Lately, Dimmer has become an often-used decision for smart home systems. For
example, when you need to smoothly change the light brightness. The lamp is slowly
turning ON or OFF, creating a comfortable atmosphere. Dimmer works most
effectively with filament lamps. It’s less stable with low brightness dimmable LED
lamps, but with moderate and high brightness it will perform a solid job. Note that
luminescent lamps (gas discharge lamps) do not support dimming.

The power part of the dimmer is isolated from the control part, to exclude the
possibility of high current disruption to a microcontroller. The logical level is tolerant
to 5V and 3.3V, therefore it can be connected to the microcontroller with 5V and 3.3V
level logic.

In Arduino, the dimmer is controlled with RBDdimmer.h library, which uses external
interrupts and process time interrupts. It simplifies the code writing and gives more
processing time for the main code. This is why you can control multiple Dimmers
from one microcontroller
:

ALEXA

Alexa is a voice-controlled virtual assistant. She can play audio, control your smart
home, answer questions and engage your favorite services to keep you organized,
informed, safe, connected and entertained.
Digital assistants are poised to follow the smartphone as the next great technological
phenomenon. Alexa was the first significant entrant into the market, and her head start
remains advantageous as the likes of Google (Google Assistant), Apple (Siri),
Microsoft (Cortona) and Samsung (Bixby) play catch-up.

SPST SWITCHES:

A Single Pole Single Throw (SPST) switch is a switch that only has a single input and
can connect only to one output. This means it only has one input terminal and only one
output terminal.
A Single Pole Single Throw switch serves in circuits as on-off switches. When the
:

switch is closed, the circuit is on. When the switch is open, the circuit is off.
SPST switches are, thus, very simple in nature

16*2 LCD:

An LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and has a
wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very
commonly used in various devices and circuits. A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16
characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed
in 5x7 pixel matrix. The 16 x 2 intelligent alphanumeric dot matrix display is capable
of displaying 224 different characters and symbols. This LCD has two registers,
namely, Command and Data.

Command register stores various commands given to the display. Data register stores
data to be displayed. The process of controlling the display involves putting the data
that form the image of what you want to display into the data registers, then putting
instructions in the instruction register. In your arduino project Liquid Crystal Library
simplifies this for you so you don't need to know the low-level instructions. Contrast
of the display can be adjusted by adjusting the potentiometer to be connected across
VEE pin.

BULB:
:

LEDs use heat sinks to absorb the heat produced by the LED and dissipate it into the
surrounding environment. This keeps LEDs from overheating and burning out.
Thermal management is generally the single most important factor in the successful
performance of an LED over its lifetime. The higher the temperature at which the
LEDs are operated, the more quickly the light will degrade, and the shorter the useful
life will be.

LED products use a variety of unique heat sink designs and configurations to manage
heat. Today, advancements in materials have allowed manufacturers to design LED
bulbs that match the shapes and sizes of traditional incandescent bulbs. Regardless of
the heat sink design, all LED products that have earned the ENERGY STAR have
been tested to ensure that they properly manage the heat so that the light output is
properly maintained through the end of its rated life.

PROJECT IMPEMETATAION
For this Alexa home automation project, I have used the Arduino IDE to program,
First update the Preferences –> Aditional boards Manager URLs:
https://dl.espressif.com/dl/package_esp32_index.json, After that install
the ESPAlexa library. 
After uploading the code to esp32, the blue LED connected with pin D0 should turn on
which indicate that board has an active internet connection. If the internet is not
:

available, the blue LED will turn off. Then you can control the relay module with push
buttons.And when the internet comes back the NodeMCU will automatically connect
with the WiFi and the blue LED will turn on.Then you can control the home
appliances with Alexa and the pushbuttons.

Configure Amazon Alexa App

While configuring the Amazon Alexa App, the NodeMCU or ESP32, Amazon Echo
dot, and the Mobile should be connected with same the wifi.
Once the Alexa App found all the devices, you can control those devices with voice
commands using the Alexa echo dot.
You may face No new devices found error while adding the devices with Alexa.
Then restart the echo dot, after restart once the echo dot connect with the same WiFi,
tap on “Try discovery again”.
Now, the IoT project on Alexa home automation is ready, so you can control the home
appliances with voice commands.
“Alexa, turn on light”, “Alexa, turn off light”, “Alexa, turn on studio light”, etc.
:
: