13

Oscillations
TOPIC 1 and equation of acceleration of a
particle is 05 Average velocity of a particle
Simple Harmonic Motion A = aω2 sinωt = aω2 sin(ωt + π) executing SHM in one complete
∴Phase difference between vibration is [NEET (National) 2019]
01 A body is executing simple displacement and acceleration of a Aω 2
(a)Aω (b)
harmonic motion with frequency n, particle is 2
the frequency of its potential = (ωt + π) − ωt = π rad Aω
(c) zero (d)
energy is [NEET 2021] Hence, correct option is (d). 2
(a) n (b) 2n (c) 3n (d) 4n Ans. (c)
04 The distance covered by a particle The average velocity of a particle
Ans. (b)
undergoing SHM in one time period executing simple harmonic motion (SHM)
In simple harmonic motion, both kinetic
energy and potential energy attains their
is (amplitude = A) is
maximum value two times in one complete [NEET (Odisha) 2019] Total displacement x f − x i
v av = =
oscillation. Hence, frequency of kinetic (a) zero (b) A Time interval T
energy and potential energy is 2 for one (c) 2A (d) 4A
where, x f and x i are the initial and final
complete oscillation. So, the frequency Ans. (d) position of the particle executing SHM.
of the potential energy of a body
executing SHM with frequency n is 2n. In a simple harmonic motion (SHM) the As, in vibrational motion, the particle
particle oscillates about its mean executes SHM about its mean position.
02 Identify the function which position on a straight line. So, after one complete vibration of the
represents a periodic motion. The particle moves from its mean particle, it will reaches its initial position,
[NEET (Oct.) 2020] position (O) to an extreme position (P) i.e.
ωt Displacement, x f − x i = 0
(a) e (b) log e (ωt) and then return to its mean position
−ω t covering same distance of A. 0
(c) sinωt + cosωt (d) e ∴ v av =
Then by the conservative force, it is T
Ans. (c) moved in opposite direction to a point Q Hence, the average velocity is zero.
sinωt and cosωt, both are periodic by distance A and then back to mean
2π 06 The displacement of a particle
function of period . position covering a distance of A. This
ω comprises of one time period as shown executing simple harmonic motion
We know that, sum of two periodic below is given by
functions is also a periodic function, y = A 0 + A sinωt + Bcosωt
hence, sinωt + cosωt represents O
P Then the amplitude of its
periodic motion.
Q oscillation is given by
03 The phase difference between [NEET (National) 2019]
displacement and acceleration of a A A (a) A2 + B 2 (b) A02 + (A + B) 2
particle in a simple harmonic extreme mean extreme
position position position (c) A + B (d) A0 + A2 + B 2
motion is [NEET (Sep.) 2020]
In one time period
3π π Ans. (a)
(a) rad (b) rad The displacement of given particle is
2 2 Hence, in one time period it covers a
(c) zero (d) π rad distance of y = A0 + A sinωt + B cosωt … (i)
Ans. (d) x = OP + PO + OQ + QO The general equation of SHM can be
In SHM, equation of displacement of a = A + A + A + A = 4A given as
particle is y = a sinωt x = a sinωt + b cosωt … (ii)
 So, from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we can say that
A0 be the value of mean position, at
which y = 0.
∴Amplitude, R = A 2 + B 2 + 2 AB cosθ
As two function sine and cosine have
phase shift to 90°.
∴R = A 2 + B 2 [Qcos90 ° = 0]
08 A particle executes linear simple 10 A particle is executing SHM along a
harmonic motion with an amplitude straight line. Its velocities at
of 3 cm. When the particle is at 2 distances x 1 and x 2 from the mean
cm from the mean position, the position are v 1 and v 2 , respectively.
magnitude of its velocity is equal to Its time period is [CBSE AIPMT 2015]
that of its acceleration. Then, its x 21 + x 22 x 22 − x12
(a) 2 π (b) 2 π
time period in seconds is v + v
2 2
v12 − v 22
[NEET 2017]
1 2

v 12 + v 22 v 12 − v 22
(a)
5
(b)
5 (c) 2 π (d) 2 π
07 The radius of circle, the period of π 2π x12 + x22 x12 − x22
revolution, initial position and 4π 2π
(c) (d) Ans. (b)
sense of revolution are indicated in 5 3 Let A be the amplitude of oscillation,
the below fig. [NEET (National) 2019] then
Ans. (c)
y
P(t=0)
Thinking Process Magnitude of velocity v 12 = ω 2 (A 2 − x 12 ) …(i)
of particle when it is at displacement x v 22 = ω 2 (A 2 − x 2 ) …(ii)
T=4 s from mean position
Subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
x = ω A2 − x 2
v 12 − v 22 = ω 2 (x 22 − x 12 )
3m
Also, magnitude of acceleration of
v 12 − v 22 2π v 2 − v 22
particle in SHM ⇒ ω= ⇒ = 12
x −x
2 2
T x 2 − x 12
= ω2 x
2 1

y-projection of the radius vector x 22 − x 12

Given, when x = 2cm ⇒ T = 2π
of rotating particle P is v 12 − v 22
 πt  | v | = | a | ⇒ ω A 2 − x 2 = ω2 x
(a) y (t) = 4 sin  , where y in m
2
A2 − x 2 9−4 11 A particle is executing a simple
 3πt  ⇒ ω= =
(b) y (t) = 3cos  , where y in m x 2 harmonic motion. Its maximum
 2  acceleration is α and maximum
5
 πt  ⇒ Angular velocity ω = velocity is β. Then, its time period
(c) y (t) = 3cos  , where y in m 2
2 of vibration will be
∴ Time period of motion
(d) y (t) = −3cos2πt, where y in m [CBSE AIPMT 2015]
2π 4π
Ans. (c) T= = s β2 α β2 2πβ
ω 5 (a) 2 (b) (c) (d)
Let O be the centre of circle, then att = 0, α β α α
the displacement y is maximum and have Ans. (d)
09 When two displacements
value 3 m.
represented by y 1 = a sin (ωt) and For a particle executing SHM, we have
y maximum acceleration,
y 2 = b cos (ωt) are superimposed,
t=0 the motion is [CBSE AIPMT 2015] α = Aω2 …(i)
(a) not a simple harmonic where, A is maximum amplitude andω is
t=t a
(b) simple harmonic with amplitude angular velocity of a particle.
ωt b Maximum velocity,β = Aω …(ii)
O x (c) simple harmonic with amplitude Dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get
3m
a2 + b2 α Aω2 α 2π
= ⇒ = ω=
(d) simple harmonic with amplitude β Aω β T
(a + b)
T=4s 2πβ
2 i.e. T =
As, the general equation of displacement α
Ans. (c) Thus, its time period of vibration,
of a particle will be in the form
Given, y 1 = a sinωt T=
2πβ
y = A cosωt
 π α
Here, A = 3 m y 2 = b cosωt = b sin ωt + 
2π 2π  2
Then, ω = = [given,T = 4 s] 12 The oscillation of a body on a
T 4 The resultant displacement is given by smooth horizontal surface is
π y = y 1 + y 2 = a 2 + b 2 sin(ωt + φ)
= represented by the equation,
2
Hence, the motion of superimposed X = A cos (ωt)
π 
∴ y = 3 cos  t  (in metre) wave is simple harmonic with amplitude where, X = displacement at time t
2 
a2 + b2 .
ω = frequency of oscillation
 Which one of the following graphs  3π  Ans. (b)
III. y = 5cos  − 3 ωt
shows 4  As we know that, the condition for a
correctly the variation a with t? body executing SHM is F = − kx
IV. y = 1 + ωt + ω 2 t 2 F k
[CBSE AIPMT 2014] So, a= =− x
(a) Only (IV) does not represent SHM
m m
(b) (I) and (III)
a or a = −ω2 x
(a) (c) (I) and (II)
O T t Acceleration ∝ − (displacement)
(d) Only (I)
A ∝− y
Ans. (b) A = − ω2 y
For a simple harmonic motion, k
A=− y
d2 y
a a ∝ 2 ∝− y m
(b) O dt A = − ky
T t Hence, equations y = sin ωt − cosωt and
Here, y = x + a
3π 
y = 5 cos  − 3 ω t  are satisfying this ∴ Acceleration = − k (x + a)
 4 
condition and equation y = 1 + ωt + ω2 t 2
a is not periodic and y = sin3 ωt is periodic 16 Two simple harmonic motions of
(c) O T t but not simple hormonic motion. angular frequency 100 rad s −1 and
1000 rad s −1 have the same
14 The displacement of a particle displacement amplitude. The ratio
along the x-axis is given by of their maximum accelerations is
a x = a sin2 ωt. The motion of the [CBSE AIPMT 2008]
(d) O
T
particle corresponds to (a) 1 :10 (b) 1 :102
t
[CBSE AIPMT 2010] (c) 1 :103 (d) 1 :104
(a) simple harmonic motion of Ans. (b)
Here, a = acceleration at time t frequency ω / π
Maximum acceleration of body
T = Time period (b) simple harmonic motion of executing SHM is given by
frequency 3ω /2 π
Ans. (c) (c) non-simple harmonic motion α max = ω2 a
As, x = A cosωt (d) simple harmonic motion of So, for two different cases,
dx frequency ω /2 π α max 1 ω21
∴ v= = − Aω sin ωt …(i) = (Qa is same)
dt Ans. (c) α max 2 ω22
d2 x For a particle executing SHM (100) 2
and a = 2 = − Aω2 cos ωt …(ii) = =
1
dt Acceleration (a) ∝ − ω displacement
2
(1000) 2 102
We can find the correct graph by putting (x) …(i)
different values of t in Eq. (ii). Given x = a sin2 ωt …(ii) 17 A point performs simple harmonic
At t = 0, a = − Aω2 Differentiating the above equation w.r.t, oscillation of periodT and the
2π T  dx
At t = , a = − Aω2 cos  = 2aω (sinωt) (cosωt)
T we get equation of motion is given by
×  =0
T 4 dt π
x = a sin ω t +  . After the elapse
4
T  2π T  Again differentiating, we get  6
At t = , a = − Aω2 cos  × 
T 2 d2 x
2 = a = 2aω2 [cos2 ωt − sin2 ωt] of what fraction of the time period,
dt 2
= − Aω2 cos π = + Aω2 the velocity of the point will be
= 2aω2 cos2ωt equal to half of its maximum
3T  2 π 3T 
At t = , a = − Aω2 cos  ×  =0 The given equation does not satisfy the
4 T 4 velocity ? [CBSE AIPMT 2008]
condition for SHM [Eq. (i)]. Therefore,
2π T T
At t = T , a = − Aω2 cos  × T  = − Aω2 motion is not simple harmonic. (a)
8
(b)
6
T 
15 Which one of the following T T
This condition is represented by graph in (c) (d)
equations of motion represents 3 12
option (c).
simple harmonic motion ? Ans. (d)
13 Out of the following functions [CBSE AIPMT 2009] According to the question, equation of
representing motion of a particle (a) Acceleration = − k 0 x + k 1 x 2 motion of SHM is
(b) Acceleration = − k (x + a) π
which represents SHM? x = a sin  ωt + 
[CBSE AIPMT 2011] (c) Acceleration = k (x + a)  6
I. y = sin ωt − cos ωt (d) Acceleration = kx velocity of body is given by
(where, k, k 0 , k 1 and a are all positive.)
II. y = sin3 ωt
 π
= aω cos  ωt + 
dx T T T T Ans. (d)
v= (a) (b) (c) (d)
dt  6 4 8 12 2 In simple harmonic motion, the
aω π displacement equation is, x = a sinω t
= aω cos  ωt +  Ans. (c)
2  6 Let displacement equation of particle where,a is the amplitude of the motion.
π
= cos  ωt + 
1 executing SHM is dx
Velocity, v = = a ω cosωt
2  6 x = a sinωt dt
π π  π 1 As particle travels half of the amplitude v = aω 1 − sin2 ω t
ωt + = Qcos =
6 3  3 2  from the equilibrium position, so
π a v =ω a2 − x2 ...(i)
⇒ ωt = x=
6 2 dv d
Acceleration, α = = (aω cosωt)
2π π a
t= ⇒ t=
T Therefore, = a sinωt dt dt
2
T 6 12 α = −aω2 sinωt
1 π
or sin ωt = = sin α = − ω2 x ...(ii)
18 The particle executing simple 2 6
π π When x = 0, v = aω = v max
harmonic motion has a kinetic or ωt = or t =
energy K 0 cos2 ω t. The maximum 6 6ω α = 0 = α min
values of the potential energy and π  as,ω = 2 π  When x = a, v = 0 = v min
or t=  
the total energy are respectively  2 π  T  α = − ω2 a = α max
6 
[CBSE AIPMT 2007] T  Hence, it is clear that whenv is
K0 maximum, thenα is minimum (i.e. zero)
(a) 0 and 2 K 0 (b) and K 0 T
2 or t= or vice-versa.
12
(c) K 0 and 2 K 0 (d) K 0 and K 0
Hence, the particle travels half of the
Ans. (d) T 22 The potential energy of a simple
amplitude from the equilibrium in s.
In simple harmonic motion, the total 12 harmonic oscillator when the
energy of the particle is constant at all particle is half way to its end point
instants which is totally kinetic when 20 A particle executing simple is [CBSE AIPMT 2003]
particle is passing through the mean harmonic motion of amplitude 1 1
position and is totally potential when (a) E (b) E
5 cm has maximum speed of 4 2
particle is passing through the extreme 2 1
position. 31.4 cm/s. The frequency of its (c) E (d) E
oscillation is [CBSE AIPMT 2005]
3 8
Energy
(a) 3 Hz (b) 2 Hz Ans.(a)
Total energy (c) 4 Hz (d) 1 Hz Potential energy of a simple harmonic
Ans. (d) oscillator
PE
KE 1
Maximum speed of a particle executing U= mω 2 x 2
t SHM is given by, 2
T 2T 3T 4T
4 4 4 4 v Kinetic energy of a simple harmonic
v max = a ω = a (2 πn) ⇒ n = max
The variation of PE and KE with time is 2 πa oscillator
shown in figure, by dotted parabolic where, a = amplitude of oscillation 1
curve and solid parabolic curve K= mω2 (a 2 − x 2 )
respectively. n = frequency of oscillation 2
Figure indicates that maximum values of Here, v max = 314
. cm/s, a = 5 cm Here, x = Displacement from mean
total energy, KE and PE of SHM are equal. Substituting, the given values, we have position
KE = K 0 cos2 ωt 314
. a = Maximum displacement
Now, n= = 1 Hz
∴ KEmax = K 0 2 × 314
. ×5 (or amplitude) from mean position
So, PEmax = K 0 Total energy is
21 Which one of the following
and (E) Total = K 0 E=U+K
statements is true for the speed v 1 1
and the accelerationα of a particle = mω2 x 2 + mω2 (a 2 − x 2 )
19 A particle executes simple 2 2
harmonic oscillation with an executing simple harmonic motion? 1
[CBSE AIPMT 2004] = mω a
2 2

amplitude a . The period of 2

(a) When v is maximum, α is maximum
oscillation isT. The minimum time When the particle is half way to its end
(b) Value ofα is zero, whatever may be the
taken by the particle to travel half value ofv point i.e. at half of its amplitude, then
of the amplitude from the a
(c) When v is zero, α is zero x=
equilibrium position is 2
(d) When v is maximum, α is zero
[CBSE AIPMT 2007] Hence, potential energy
 2 In the above graph, the dotted line 26 Two simple harmonic motions
1 a  11 
U= mω 2   =  mω 2 a 2  (curve) is shown for kinetic energy. This
2  2 4 2  given by, x = a sin (ω t + δ) and
graph shows that kinetic energy is
π
⇒ U=
E maximum at mean position and zero at y = a sin ω t + δ +  act on a
extreme positions x1 and x 2 .  2
4
(where, E is the total energy) particle simultaneously, then the
24 The displacement of particle motion of particle will be
23 A particle of mass m oscillates with between maximum potential energy [CBSE AIPMT 2000]
simple harmonic motion between position and maximum kinetic (a) circular anti-clockwise
points x 1 and x 2 , the equilibrium energy position in simple harmonic (b) circular clockwise
position being O. Its potential motion is [CBSE AIPMT 2002] (c) elliptical anti-clockwise
a (d) elliptical clockwise
energy is plotted. It will be as given (a) ± (b) ± a
2
below in the graph Ans. (b)
(c) ± 2 a (d) ± 1
[CBSE AIPMT 2003] Two simple harmonic motions can be
Ans. (b) written as
(a) Expression of kinetic energy is x = a sin (ω t + δ) ...(i)
1  π
K = k (a 2 − x 2 ) ...(i) and y = a sin  ω t + δ + 
x1
O
x2 2  2
Expression of potential energy is or y = a cos (ω t + δ) ...(ii)
1
U = kx 2 ...(ii) Squaring and adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we
2 obtain
(b) where, k = mω2
x 2 + y 2 = a 2 [sin2 (ω t + δ) + cos2 (ω t + δ)]
We observe that at mean position (x = 0), or x 2 + y 2 = a 2 (Qsin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1)
x1 x2
kinetic energy is maximum  ka 2  and
O 1
This is the equation of a circle.
2 
At (ω t + δ) = 0; x = 0, y = a
potential energy is minimum (zero). Also π
at extreme positions (x = ± a), kinetic At (ω t + δ) = ; x = a, y = 0
2
(c) energy is zero and potential energy is
At (ω t + δ) = π; x = 0, y = − a
maximum  ka 2  .Thus, displacement
1
x1 x2 3π
O 2  At (ω t + δ) = ; x = − a, y = 0
2
between positions of maximum potential
energy and maximum kinetic energy is ±a . At (ω t + δ) = 2 π; x = 0, y = a
(d)
aY
NOTE
x1 x2 Kinetic energy is zero at extreme positions δ
O +
but potential energy at mean position need ωt
not be zero. It is minimum at mean
Ans. (c) position. –a X
O
1 a
Potential energy is given by U = kx 2
2 25 In SHM restoring force is F = − kx,
The corresponding graph is shown in
where k is force constant, x is –a
figure.
1 1 displacement and a is amplitude of Thus, it is obvious that motion of particle
U2 = –2 kx22 E,U,K U1 = –2 kx12 motion, then total energy depends is traversed in clockwise direction.
Kinetic
energy
upon [CBSE AIPMT 2001]
(a) k, a and m (b) k, x, m 27 Two simple harmonic motions with
curve
(c) k, a (d) k, x the same frequency act on a
Potential particle at right angles i.e. along
energy Ans. (c)
curve X-axis and Y-axis. If the two
In SHM, the total energy
amplitudes are equal and the phase
x = x1 x=0 x = x2 = potential energy + kinetic energy difference is π/2, the resultant
At equilibrium position (x = 0), potential or E=U+K motion will be [CBSE AIPMT 1997]
energy is minimum. At extreme positions 1 1 (a) a circle
= mω2 x 2 + mω2 (a 2 − x 2 )
x 1 and x 2 , its potential energies are 2 2 (b) an ellipse with the major axis along
1 1 1 Y-axis
U 1 = kx 12 = mω2 a 2 = ka 2
2 2 2 (c) an ellipse with the major axis along
1 where, k = force constant = mω2 X-axis
and U 2 = kx 22 (d) a straight line inclined at 45° to the
2 Thus, total energy depends on k and a.
X-axis
 Ans. (a) 1 31 Which one of the following is a
(a) Zero (b)
The two simple harmonic motions can be 4 simple harmonic motion ?
written as 1 3
(c) (d) [CBSE AIPMT 1994]
x = a sin ωt ...(i) 2 4 (a) Ball bouncing between two rigid
 π Ans. (d) vertical walls
and y = a sin  ωt + 
 2 Total energy of the particle executing (b) Particle moving in a circle with
y = a cos ωt ...(ii) SHM at instant t is given by uniform speed
On squaring and adding Eqs. (i) and 1 (c) Wave moving through a string fixed
E = mω 2 a 2 …(i) at both ends
(ii), we obtain 2
x 2 + y 2 = a 2 (sin2 ωt + cos2 ωt) (d) Earth spinning about its own axis
and kinetic energy of the particle at
or x 2 + y 2 = a 2 instant t is given by Ans. (c)
This is the equation of a circular motion 1 Problem Solving Strategy To calculate
with radius a. E K = mω2 (a 2 − x 2 ) …(ii)
2 the time period of combined oscillation,
NOTE calculate the beat produced from the
Simple harmonic motion is of two types. a 1  2 a2 
when x = , E K = mω 2 a −  given frequencies.
1. Linear simple harmonic motion 2 2  4 In transverse wave motion individual
2. Angular simple harmonic motion particles of the medium execute simple
1 3
= mω 2 × a 2 harmonic motion about their mean
28 A particle starts simple harmonic 2 4
position in a direction perpendicular to
motion from the mean position. Its 1 3
or E K = × mω a 2 2
…(iii) the direction of propagation of wave
amplitude is a and time period isT. 2 4 motion. Wave moving through a string
What is its displacement when its From Eqs. (i) and (iii) fixed at both ends executes SHM.
speed is half of its maximum EK 3 3
= ⇒ EK = E 32 A wave has SHM (simple harmonic
speed ? [CBSE AIPMT 1996] E 4 4
motion) whose period is 4s while
2 3 another wave which also
(a) a (b) a 30 A body executes SHM with an
3 2 possesses SHM has its period 3 s. If
2 a amplitude a. At what displacement
(c) a (d) from the mean position, the both are combined, then the
3 2 resultant wave will have the period
potential energy of the body is
Ans. (b) one-fourth of its total energy ? equal to [CBSE AIPMT 1993]
Velocity of the particle executing SHM at [CBSE AIPMT 1995] (a) 4 s (b) 5 s
any instant is defined as the time rate of a (c) 12 s (d) 3 s
change of its displacement at that (a)
4 Ans. (c)
instant. a
(b) Problem Solving Strategy To calculate
Let the displacement of the particle at
2 the time period of combined oscillation,
an instant t is given by
3a calculate the beat produced from the
x = a sinωt (c)
4 given frequencies.
dx d (a sinωt)
∴ Velocity v = = (d) Some other fraction of a When both waves are combined, then
dt dt beats are produced. Frequency of beats
Ans. (b) will be = ν1 − ν2
= aω cosωt = aω (1 − sin2 ωt)
Potential energy of the body executing 1 1 1 1 1
 x2  SHM is given by = − = − =
= aω  1 − 2  = ω (a 2 − x 2 ) T1 T2 3 4 12
 a  1
U = mω 2 x 2 Hence, time period = 12 s
2
At mean position, x = 0
where symbols have their usual
33 A simple harmonic oscillator has an
∴ v max = ωa amplitude a and time periodT. The
v max aω meaning.
According to problem, v = = time required by it to travel from
2 2 Total energy of the body executing SHM a
is x = a to x = is
But v =ω a − x2 2
2 [CBSE AIPMT 1992]
1
aω 3 E = mω 2 a 2 T T
∴ = ω a 2 − x 2 or x = a 2 (a) (b)
2 2 6 4
According to problem, T T
(c) (d)
1 3 2
29 In a simple harmonic motion, when U= E
4
the displacement is one-half the Ans. (a)
1 1 1
amplitude, what fraction of the ∴ mω 2 x 2 = × mω 2 a 2 Equation of SHM is
2 4 2 2 π
x = a sinωt or x = a sin 
total energy is kinetic?
t
[CBSE AIPMT 1996] a2 a T 
or x =
2
or x =
4 2
 when x = a, then 35 The angular velocity and the (a) 0.0628 s (b) 6.28 s
2 π
a = a sin  t amplitude of a simple pendulum is (c) 3.14 s (d) 0.628 s
T 
ω and a respectively. At a Ans. (d)
2 π
or sin  t=1 displacement x from the mean Given, the mass of suspended, m = 2 kg
T 
position, if its kinetic energy isT The spring is stretched, x = 5 cm = 0.05
2 π π
or sin 
T
 t = sin ⇒ t = and potential energy is U, then the m
T  2 4
ratio ofT to U is [CBSE AIPMT 1991] The constant force applied on the
a spring,F = 10 N
when x = , then  a 2 − x 2ω 2  x 2ω 2
2 (a)   (b) As we know that, spring force,
 x 2ω 2  (a − x 2ω 2 )
2
2π 
= a sin  F = kx ⇒ 10 N = k (0.05 m)
a
⋅t 
2 T  (a 2 − x 2 ) x2 ⇒ k = 200 N/m
(c) (d)
2π  π x2 (a − x 2 )
2

or sin 
T Now, time period of the oscillation,
t  = sin or t =
T  6 12 Ans.(c) m 2
T = 2π ⇒ T = 2π
Hence, time taken to travel from Consider a particle of mass m, executing k 200
a T T T linear SHM with amplitudea and Time period,T = 0.628s
x = a to x = = − =
2 4 12 6 constant angular frequencyω. Suppose t
second after starting from the mean 38 A mass falls from a height ‘h’ and its
position, the displacement of the
34 A body is executing SHM. When the particle is x, which is given by
time of fall ‘t’ is recorded in terms
displacements from the mean of time periodT of a simple
x = a sinωt
position is 4 cm and 5 cm, the pendulum. On the surface of earth
So, potential energy of particle is
corresponding velocities of the body it is found that t = 2 T. The entire
1
is 10 cm/s and 8 cm/s. Then, the U = mω 2 x 2 …(i) set up is taken on the surface of
2
time period of the body is another planet whose mass is half
and kinetic energy of particle is
[CBSE AIPMT 1991] of earth and radius the same. Same
π 1
(a) 2 π sec (b) sec T = mω2 (a 2 − x 2 ) …(ii) experiment is repeated and
2
2 corresponding times noted as t ′
3π T a2 − x2
(c) π sec (d) sec From Eqs. (i) and (ii) = andT ′. [NEET (Odisha) 2019]
2 U x2
(a) t′ = 2 T ′ (b) t′ > 2 T ′
Ans. (c) (c) t′ < 2T ′ (d) t′ = 2 T ′
Velocity of the particle executing SHM at 36 A particle moving along the X-axis
executes simple harmonic motion, Ans. (d)
any instant is defined as the time rate of
change of its displacement at that then the force acting on it is given The distance covered by the mass falling
instant. It is given by from height ‘h’ during its time of fall ‘t’ is
by [CBSE AIPMT 1988]
given by
v = ω (a 2 − x 2 ) (a) − AKx (b) Acos Kx 1
(c) Aexp(− Kx) (d) AKx s = h = ut + gt 2
where, x is displacement of the particle. 2
is acceleration andω is angular where, A and K are positive constants.
1 2h
frequency. Ans. (a) As, u = 0 ⇒h = gt 2 ⇒t = …(i)
2 g
Case I 10 = ω a 2 − 16 …(i) If a particle executing simple harmonic
motion, has a displacement x from its The time period of simple pendulum is
Case II 8 = ω a 2 − 25 …(ii) equilibrium position, at an instant the l
magnitude of the restoring forceF acting T = 2π …(ii)
Dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i), we get g
on the particle at that instant is given by
5 a 2 − 16 25 a 2 − 16 F = − kx
where,l is the length of the pendulum.
= or =
4 a 2 − 25 16 a 2 − 25 where, k is known as force constant.
From Eq. (i) and (ii), since ‘h’ and ‘l ’ are
constant so, we can conclude that,
or 16a 2 − 256 = 25a 2 − 625 Hence, in given options, option (a) is
correct. Here, k = AK 1 1 t
t∝ andT ∝ ∴ =1
369 g g T
or a2 =
9 TOPIC 2 Thus, the ratio of time of fall and time
Putting value of a 2 in Eq. (i), we get
Some Systems period of pendulum is independent of
 369  value of gravity (g) or any other
10 = ω 
 9
− 16

Exceuting SHM parameter like mass and radius of the
planet. Thus, the relation betweent′ and
10 × 3 37 A spring is stretched by 5 cm by a
or ω= = 2 rad/s T ′ on another planet irrespective of its
15 force 10 N. The time period of the mass or radius will remains same as it
2π 2 π
∴ Time period T = = = π sec oscillations when a mass of 2 kg is was on earth i.e.
ω 2
suspended by it is [NEET 2021] t ′ = 2T ′
39 A pendulum is hung from the roof In parallel, the net force constant 43 A simple pendulum performs
of a sufficiently high building and is K ′′ = x + 2x + 3x = 6x = 11K simple harmonic motion about x = 0
moving freely to and fro like a The required ratio with an amplitude a and time
simple harmonic oscillator. The K 6x / 11 period T. The speed of the
= = 1 : 11 a
acceleration of the bob of the K ′′ 6x pendulum at x = will be
pendulum is 20 m/ s2 at a distance 2
of 5 m from the mean position. The [CBSE AIPMT 2009]
41 A body of mass m is attached to
time period of oscillation is πa 3 πa 3 π 2a πa 3
the lower end of a spring whose (a) (b) (c) (d)
[NEET 2018] 2T T T T
upper end is fixed. The spring has
(a) 2 s (b) π s (c) 2π s (d) 1 s
negligible mass. When the mass m Ans. (d)
Ans. (b) is slightly pulled down and Concept Use the equation of motion of
The acceleration of particle/body released, it oscillates with a time a body executing SHM.
executing SHM at any instant (at position period of 3 s. When the mass m is i.e. x = a sinωt
x) is given as increased by 1 kg, the time period As we know, the velocity of body
a = −ω2 x of oscillations becomes 5 s. The executing SHM is given by
value of m in kg is dx
where,ω is the angular frequency of the [NEET 2016] v= = aω cos ωt = aω 1 − sin2 ωt
body. 3 4 16 9 dt
(a) (b) (c) (d)
⇒ |a | = ω x2
…(i) 4 3 9 16 =ω a2 − x2
−2
Here, x = 5m, | a | = 20 ms Ans. (d)
Here, x=
a
Substituting the given values in Eq. (i), As we know that 2
we get m a2 3a 2
Time period, T = 2π ∴ v =ω a2 − =ω
20 = ω × 5 2 k k 4 4
⇒ ω2 =
20
=4 2 π a 3 πa 3
Case I = =
5 m T 2 T
T1 = 2 π …(i)
or ω = 2 rad s−1 k m 44 A mass of 2.0 kg is put on a flat pan
As, we know that Case II When the mass mis
2π attached to a vertical spring fixed
Time period, T = …(ii) increased by
ω on the ground as shown in the
1 kg, then = m + 1
∴Substituting the value ofω in Eq. (ii), we figure. The mass of the spring and
From Eqs. (ii) and (i), we get the pan is negligible. When pressed
get
2π
T2 m+ 1 slightly and released the mass
T= = πs =
2 T1 m executes a simple harmonic
5 m+ 1 25 m + 1 motion. The spring constant is
⇒ = ⇒ = 200 N/m. What should be the
40 A spring of force constant k is cut 3 m 9 m
into lengths of ratio 1 : 2 : 3. They minimum amplitude of the motion,
25 1 1 16
are connected in series and the ⇒ = 1+ ⇒ = so that the mass gets detached
9 m m 9
new force constant is k ′. If they are from the pan? (Take g = 10 m /s 2 )
9
connected in parallel and force ∴ m = kg [CBSE AIPMT 2007]
16
constant is k ′ ′, then 1k ′ : k ′ ′ is
[NEET 2017]
42 The period of oscillation of a mass M
(a) 1 : 6 (b) 1 : 9 (c) 1 : 11 (d) 1 : 14
suspended from a spring of
Ans. (c) negligible mass isT. If along with it
When the spring is cut into pieces, they another mass M is also suspended,
will have the new force constant. The the period of oscillation will now be
spring is divided into 1 : 2 : 3 ratio. [CBSE AIPMT 2010]
(a) 8.0 cm
When the pieces are connected in (a)T (b)T/ 2 (c) 2T (d) 2T
series, the resultant force constant
(b) 10.0 cm
Ans. (d) (c) Any value less than 12.0 cm
1 1 1 1
= + + Time period of spring pendulum, (d) 4.0 cm
v ′ k1 k2 k3 M
T = 2π . Ans. (b)
1 1 1 1 k
= + + Let the minimum amplitude of SHM be a.
v ′ x 2x 3x If mass is doubled then time period Restoring force on spring
6x 2M
v′ = T ′ = 2π = 2T F = ka
11 k
 Restoring force is balanced by weight Under a force F, they will stretch by y 1 This can be seen as under :
mg of block. For mass to execute simple and y 2 . kl = mg
harmonic motion of amplitudea. (in equilibrium position)
mg m l
∴ ka = mg or a = k1 k2 ⇒ =
k F k g
Here, m = 2 kg, k = 200 N/m, ∴ T = 2π
m
g = 10 m /s 2 k
2 × 10 10 Mg m
∴ a= = m ∴ T1 = 2 π
200 100 So, y = y1 + y2 k1
10 F F1 F2 m
= × 100 cm = 10 cm or = + ⇒ k1 = 4 π 2 ...(i)
100 k k1 k2 T12
Hence, minimum amplitude of the m
But as springs are massless, so force on T2 = 2 π
motion should be 10 cm, so that the
them must be same i.e. F1 = F2 = F . k2
mass gets detached from the pan.
1 1 1 kk m
So, = + or k = 1 2 ⇒ k2 = 4 π 2 ...(ii)
45 A rectangular block of mass m and k k1 k2 k1 + k2 T22
area of cross-section A floats in a Since, springs are in parallel, effective
liquid of density ρ. If it is given a 47 A mass is suspended separately by force constant
small vertical displacement from two springs of spring constants k 1 k = k1 + k2
equilibrium, it undergoes oscillation and k 2 in successive order. The m
with a time period T. Then time periods of oscillations in the ∴ T = 2π
[CBSE AIPMT 2006] k1 + k2
two cases areT 1 andT2
1 m
(a) T ∝ ρ (b) T ∝ respectively. If the same mass be ⇒ k1 + k2 = 4 π 2 ...(iii)
A T2
1 1 suspended by connecting the two
(c) T ∝ (d) T ∝ springs in parallel, (as shown in Substituting values of k1 and k2 from
ρ m Eqs. (i) and (ii) in Eq. (iii), we get
figure) then the time period of
Ans. (b) m m m
oscillations is T. The correct 4π2 2 + 4π2 2 = 4π2 2
Let block be displaced through x m, then T1 T2 T
relation is [CBSE AIPMT 2002]
weight of displaced water or upthrust, 1 1 1
(upwards) is given by Archimedes principle ⇒ = +
T 2 T12 T22
Fb = – Axρg
where, A is the a or T −2 = T1−2 + T2−2
k1 k2
rea of cross-section of the block andρis
its density. This must be equal to force 48 A pendulum is displaced to an
(=ma) applied, where, m is the mass of angle θ from its equilibrium
the block and a is the acceleration. position, then it will pass through
Aρg
∴ ma = – Axρg or a = – x = –ω2 x its mean position with a velocity v
m
equal to [CBSE AIPMT 2000]
This is the equation of simple harmonic (a) T 2 = T12 + T22
(a) 2gl (b) 2gl sinθ
motion. Time period of oscillation, (b) T −2 = T1−2 + T2−2
(c) 2gl cos θ (d) 2 gl (1 − cos θ)
2π m 1 (c) T −1 = T1−1 + T2−1
T= = 2π ⇒ T∝
ω Aρg A (d) T = T1 + T2 Ans. (d)
If l is the length of pendulum andθ the
Ans. (b)
angular amplitude, then height
46 Two springs of spring constants k 1 Problem Solving Strategy Calculate the
effective force constant of parallel A
and k 2 are joined in series. The
spring, then by putting the values of time θ
effective spring constant of the M
combination is given by periodT = 2π , we get the new time
K l
[CBSE AIPMT 2004]
period of spring.
(k 1 + k 2 ) C P
(a) k 1k 2 (b) We can write time period for a vertical
2 r h
spring-block system as
k 1k 2
(c) k 1 + k 2 (d) l
(k 1 + k 2 ) T = 2π B
g
h = AB − AC
Ans. (d) Here, l is extension in the spring when
Let us consider two springs of spring = l − l cosθ
the mass m is suspended from the
constants k1 and k2 joined in series as spring. = l (1 − cos θ) ...(i)
shown in figure.
 At point P (maximum displacement 1 g Ans. (c)
n= ...(i)
position i.e. extreme position), potential 2π l For the pendulum to be again in the
energy is maximum and kinetic energy is same phase, there should be difference
zero. At point B (mean or equilibrium In case of vertical spring-mass system,
of one complete oscillation.
position) potential energy is minimum in equilibrium position
g k If smaller pendulum completes n
and kinetic energy is maximum, so from kl = mg ⇒ = oscillations the larger pendulum will
principle of conservation of energy. l m
complete (n–1) oscillations, so
(PE + KE) at P = (KE + PE) at B where,l = extension in the spring and Time period of n oscillations of first
or
1
mgh + 0 = mv 2 + 0 m = mass of the suspended body = Time period of (n–1) oscillations of
2 k = spring constant or force constant of second
or v = 2gh ...(ii) spring. i.e. nT1 = (n − 1) T2
Substituting the value of h from Eq. (i) ∴ From Eq. (i), we have l1 l
into Eq. (ii), we get or n2 π = (n − 1) 2 π 2
1 k 1 n m2 g g
n= or n ∝ or 1 =
v = 2gl (1 − cos θ) 2π m m n2 m1
or n l 1 = (n − 1) l 2
49 The time period of a simple but m1 = m, m2 = 4m, n1 = n (given) n l 2 .0
n 4m n or = 2 =
pendulum is 2 s. If its length is ∴ = = 2 or n2 = n− 1 l1 0.5
increased by 4 times, then its n2 m 2
n
or = 2 or n = 2 n − 2
period becomes [CBSE AIPMT 1999] n− 1
Alternative
(a) 16 s (b) 12 s ∴ n=2
(c) 8 s (d) 4 s As we know that
m 52 A hollow sphere is filled with water.
Ans. (d) T = 2π (for spring mass system)
Time period of simple pendulum k It is hung by a long thread. As the
l n=
1 k water flows out of a hole at the
T = 2π
g 2π m bottom, the period of oscillation
So, for two different masses suspended will [CBSE AIPMT 1997]
where,l = length of pendulum
with same spring. (a) first increase and then decrease
g = acceleration due to gravity
1 k (b) first decrease and then increase
i.e. T∝ l n1 = (c) increase continuously
2 π m1
T2 l (d) decrease continuously
Hence, = 2 ...(i)
T1 l1  k is same for both the 
 cases as spring is same Ans. (a)
 
Given, l 2 = 4l 1 ,T1 = 2 s Problem Solving Strategy Compare the
1 k time period of two different oscillation.
Substituting the values in Eq. (i), we get n2 =
2π m2 Time period of simple pendulum
4l 1
T2 = × 2 = 2 × 2 = 4s
l1 n1 m2 l
so, = T = 2π   ∝ l
n2 m1 g
50 A mass m is vertically suspended where,l is effective length.
here, m2 = 4m1
from a spring of negligible mass, (i.e. distance between centre of
n1 4m1 2
the system oscillates with a so, = = suspension and centre of gravity of bob)
frequency n. What will be the n2 m1 1
frequency of the system, if a mass ⇒ n1 = 2n2
4m is suspended from the same n n l l + ∆l l
spring ? [CBSE AIPMT 1998] ⇒ n2 = 1 = [n1 = n]
2 2
n G G G
(a) (b) 4 n
4 51 Two simple pendulums of length Spherical hollow Spherical hollow Spherical
n
(c) (d) 2 n 0.5 m and 2.0 m respectively are ball filled ball half hollow ball
2 with water
given small linear displacement in filled with water
Ans. (c) one direction at the same time. T = 2p — l l + ∆l T2 = 2p —l
g T 1 = 2p
g g
Time period of spring-mass system, is They will again be in the same
given by (a) (b) (c)
phase when the pendulum of
 displacement  shorter length has completed
T =2π   . oscillations [CBSE AIPMT 1998]
Initially, centre of gravity is at the
 acceleration  centre of sphere [Fig. (a)]. When water
(a) 5 (b) 1 leaks the centre of gravity goes down
1 1 acceleration
∴ Frequency, n = = (c) 2 (d) 3 until it is half-filled [Fig. (b)], then it
T 2π displacement
begins to go up and finally it again
 goes at the centre [Fig. (c)]. That is 55 If a simple harmonic oscillator has 57 The composition of two simple
effective length first increases and got a displacement of 0.02 m and harmonic motions of equal periods
then decreases. As T ∝ l , so time
period first increases and then acceleration equal to 2.0 m/s2 at at right angle to each other and
decreases. any time, the angular frequency of with a phase difference of π results
the oscillator is equal to in the displacement of the particle
53 A linear harmonic oscillator of [CBSE AIPMT 1992] along [CBSE AIPMT 1990]
force constant 2 × 10 6 N/m and (a) 10 rad/s (b) 0.1 rad/s (a) circle (b) figure of eight
amplitude 0.01 m has a total (c) 100 rad/s (d) 1 rad/s (c) straight line (d) ellipse
mechanical energy of 160 J. Its Ans. (a) Ans. (c)
[CBSE AIPMT 1996] Time period of body executing SHM is Let the SHM’s be
(a) maximum potential energy is 160 J given by
x = a sinωt …(i)
(b) maximum potential energy is 100 J 2π x
T= =2π …(i) and y = b sin(ωt + π)
(c) maximum potential energy is zero ω a
(d) minimum potential energy is 100 J or y = − b sinωt …(ii)
where, x is displacement of the particle
Ans. (a) and a is acceleration of the particle. From Eqs. (i) and (ii)
x y
The potential energy of a particle From Eq. (i) = sinωt and − = sinωt
executing SHM is given by, a a a b
1 ω= or ω2 = x y b
U = mω 2 x 2 x x ∴ =− or y = − x
2 a b a
Here, a = 2.0 m / s 2
U is maximum, when x = a = amplitude of x = 0.02 m
It is an equation of a straight line.
vibration i.e. the particle is passing from 2.0
the extreme position and is minimum ∴ ω =
2
58 A mass m is suspended from the
when x = 0, i.e. the particle is passing 0.02
two coupled springs connected in
from the mean position or ω2 = 100
series. The force constant for
1
U max = mω2 a 2 …(i) or ω = 10 rad/s springs are k 1 and k 2 . The time
2
period of the suspended mass will
Also, total energy of the particle at 56 A simple pendulum is suspended
be [CBSE AIPMT 1990]
instant t is given by from the roof of a trolley which
moves in a horizontal direction with m
1 (a) T = 2 π
E = mω 2 a 2 …(ii) k 1 −k 2
2 an acceleration α, then the time
So, when E = 160 J, then maximum  l mk 1k 2
period is given by T = 2π   , (b) T = 2 π
potential energy of particle will also be g k1 + k2
160 J. where g is equal to m
Alternative (c) T = 2 π
[CBSE AIPMT 1991] k1 + k2
(KE) max = (PE) max (a) g (b) g − α
m (k 1 + k 2 )
= Total Mechanical Energy (c) g + α (d) (g 2 + α 2 ) (d) T = 2 π
k 1k 2
So, Total Mechanical Energy = 160 J
Ans. (d)
Ans. (d)
54 A particle is subjected to two Problem Solving Strategy Apply vector
formula to determine resultant Problem Solving Strategy Derive an
mutually perpendicular simple acceleration of the both. expression from the given values which
harmonic motions such that its x must be simillar to a = −ω2 x. Then
and y coordinates are given by calculate time period from the values in
π place of ω.
x = 2 sin ωt, y = 2 sin ωt + 
 4 α
α
The path of the particle will be g′
[CBSE AIPMT 1994]
(a) a straight line (b) a circle g
mg
(c) an ellipse (d) a parabola
Ans. (c) The bob is now under the combined
Here, the phase difference between action of two accelerations, g vertically
π downwards andα along the horizontal.
waves is ⋅ So, the resultant path of
4 ∴ Resultant acceleration
particle will be ellipse. g′ = g 2 + α 2
The situation is shown in figure.
Consider two springs of spring
TOPIC 3 a = a 0 e − bt
where,a 0 = initial amplitude
constants k1 and k2 . Here, the body of Forced, Damped
b = damping constant
weight mg is suspended at the free end Oscillations and a
of the two springs in series combination. Case I t = 100T and a = 0
When the body is pulled downwards Resonance 3
through a little distance y, the two a0 − b ( 100 T )
∴ = a0 e
springs suffer different extensions say y 1 59 The damping force on an oscillator 3
and y 2 . But the restoring force is same in 1
each spring.
is directly proportional to the ⇒ e −100 bT =
velocity. The units of the constant 3
∴ F = − k1 y 1 Case II t = 200T
of proportionality are
and F = − k2 y 2 [CBSE AIPMT 2012] a = a 0 e − bt = a 0 e − b (200 T )
F
y1 = − (a) kg ms −1 (b) kg ms −2 2
= a 0 (e −100 bT ) 2 = a 0 ×   = 0
or 1 a
k1 (c) kg s −1 (d) kg s  3 9
F
and y 2 = − Ans. (c) Thus, after 200 oscillations, amplitude
k2 Given, 1
will become times.
∴ Total extension, y = y 1 + y 2 Damping force ∝ velocity
9
F F
=− − F ∝v
k1 k2 61 A particle, with restoring force
F
F = kv ⇒ k= proportional to displacement and
 k + k2  v
= − F  1 
 resisting force proportional to
 k1 k2  unit of F kg - ms−2
Unit of k = = = kg s−1 velocity is subjected to a force
 kk  unit of v ms−1
or F = −  1 2  y F sinω t. If the amplitude of the
 k1 + k2  particle is maximum for ω = ω 1 , and
60 When a damped harmonic
If k is the spring constant of series oscillator completes 100 the energy of the particle is
combination of springs then oscillations, its amplitude is maximum for ω = ω 2 , then
F = − ky 1 [CBSE AIPMT 1989]
reduced to of its initial value.
kk 3 (a) ω 1 = ω 0 and ω 2 ≠ ω 0
∴ k= 1 2
k1 + k2 What will be its amplitude when it (b) ω 1 = ω 0 and ω 2 = ω 0
If the body is left free after pulling down,
completes 200 oscillations ? (c) ω 1 ≠ ω 0 and ω 2 = ω 0
it will execute SHM of period
[CBSE AIPMT 2002] (d) ω 1 ≠ ω 0 and ω 2 ≠ ω 0
1 2 1 1
m (a) (b) (c) (d) Ans. (c)
T = 2π 5 3 6 9
k In harmonic oscillator, the energy is
Ans. (d) maximum atω2 = ω0 and amplitude is
m ( k1 + k2 )
= 2π In case of damped vibration, amplitude maximum at frequencyω1 < ω0 in the
k1 k2
at any instant t is given by presence of damping, soω1 ≠ ω0 and
ω2 = ω0 .