Pharmacognosy Basic IA

Semester: 3rd
Mentor: Zara Tauqeer
“ Evaluation of Crude Drugs”
Introduction

Methods currently employed in evaluating herbs are

 Organoleptic Evaluation
 Microscopic Evaluation
 Chemical evaluation
 Physical Evaluation
 Biochemical Evaluation
 Organoleptic Evaluation:

Examples
Talka gum substitute for acacia gum

Mangosteen are substitute for bael fruits

Remijia pedupiculata
Few other Examples of organoleptic Evaluation

Microscopic Evaluation

For example
Examples

Techniques used for microscopic Evaluation:

 Microscopic linear measurements
 Determination of Leaf constants
 Quantitative Microscopy
1.Microscopic linear Evaluation

Examples
2. Determination of Leaf Constants
In includes
 Stomatal number
 Stomatal index
 Vein islet number
 Vein termination number
 Palisade Ratio

Stomatal Number
 Chemical Evaluation

1. Qualitative Chemical test

Test for Alkaloids

Wagner’s test
Mayer’s test
Hager’s test
Test for Flavonoids
Shinoda test
Alkaline test
Test for Glycosides
Keller killiani test
Legal’s test
Borntrager’s test
Test for Carbohydrates
Iodine test
Benedicts test
Fehling test
Molish test
Test for Tannins
Lead acetate test
Gelatin test
Ferric chloride test
Test for Lipids
Saponification test
Spot test
Test for resins
Copper acetate test
Test for Proteins
Millon’s rest
Ninhydrin test
Biuret test
2. Quantitative Chemical test

3. Chemical assays

4. Instrumental analysis
Physical Evaluation
Total ash

Acid insoluble ash

5. Biological Evaluation

Reference Standard

Lethal and Effective dose

Lethal dose
The dose of a substance or of radiation likely to cause death .In toxicology, the lethal dose is an
indication of the lethal toxicity of a given substance or type of radiation. Because resistance varies
from one individual to another, the "lethal dose" represents a dose at which a given percentage of
subjects will die.
Examples
Biological Activities

Microbiological assays