415 Delomation Under Tannen Loading 605 Concept Application 9.1 “The cantilever beam AB is of uniform cross section and caries a load P at its free end A (Fig. 9.9a). Determine the equation of the elastic curve and the deflection and slope at A. ‘Using the free-body diagram of the portion AC of the beam (Fig. 9.9b), where C is located at a distance x from end A, M=-Px oO Substituting for M into Eq. (9.4) and multiplying both members by the constant gives Integrating in x, @ Now observe the fixed end B where x ~ Land 0 = dy/dx ~ 0 (Fig, 9.9¢) Substituting these values into Bq, (2) and solving for C; gives C= PLE Fig. 9.9 (2) Cantilever beam with end loae. () Free-body ciagram of section AC, which we carry back into Eq. (2) (€ Deformed shape and boundary conditions. a apespe ® Integrating both members of Eq. (3), Bly = =} + $PL’x + Gy @ But at B, x= L, y = 0, Substituting into Ea. (4), 1 + PPL + Cy 4PL* Carrying the value of C, back into Eq, (4), the equation of the elastic Bly = ~}Px* + $PL'x ~ PL P * 2, 3) yo Boe + ae 20) © ‘The deflection and slope at A are obtained by leting x ~ 0 in Eqs. (3) and (5). mw 4) ee ee606 Defcon of oom baat @ Fig. 9.10 (2) Simaly supported beam with a uniformly ested lad. (8) Fre-body dagram of segment AD. {© Boundary conetions. fd) Point of ‘maximum deflection, Concept Application 9.2 “The simply supported prismatic beam AB carries a uniformly distib- uted load w per unit length (Fig. 9.104). Determine the equation of the elastic curve and the maximum deflection ofthe beam, Draw the free-body diagram of the portion AD of the beam (Fig, 9.10b) and take moments about D for M=$utx ~ bux? o Substituting for M into Eq, (9.4) and multiplying both members of this equation by the constant EI gives: @ @ Ely= 4h whet + Gx + wx! + Twhx? + Cx + Cy @ a Observing that y = 0 at both ends of the beam (Fig, 9.100), let x= and y ~ 0 in Bq, (4) and obtain C, ~ 0. Then make x ~ I and y= iin the same equation, so ~ fut! + fui! + On C= -dur Carrying the values of C; and C; back into Eq, (9.4), the elastic curve Bly = ~ hux' + duLx’ - duly ya gua! + 2x? — Ps) oy Substituting the value for C, into Eq. (3), we check that the slope of the beam is zero for x = L/2 and thus that the elastic curve has a minimum at the midpoint C (Fig, 9.104). Letting x = L/2 in Eq. (), zal ae 7) asus za 308 ic -Se g wee ‘The maximum deflection (the maximum absolute value) is Suh! Ys ‘384ED415 Deloration Under Tannen Loading 607 In both concept applications considered so far, only one free-body diagram was required to determine the bending moment in the beam, As a result, a single function of x was used to represent M throughout the ‘beam. However, concentrated loads, reactions at supports, or discontinul- lies ina distributed load make it necessary to divide the beam into several portions and to represent the bending moment by a different function (M(x) in each. As an example, Photo 9.1 shows an elevated roadway sup- ported by beams, which in turn are subjected to concentrated loads from vehicles crossing the bridge, Each of the functions M(x) leads to a differ- ent expression for the slope (x) and the deflection y(x). Since each expression must contain two constants of integration, a large number of constants will have to be determined. As shown in the following concept application, the required additional boundary conditions can be obtained by observing that, while the shear and bending moment can be discon- tinuous at several points in a beam, the deflection and the slope of the beam cannot be discontinuous at any point. 9. A diferent function Mie i required in ‘ach portion ofthe beams when a vehicle crosses the bridge ® Concept Application 9.3 For the prismatic beam and load shown (Fig. 9.114), determine the slope and deflection at point D. Divide the beam into two portions, AD and DB, and determine the function y(x) that defines the elastic curve for each of these portions. 1. From A to D (x < L/4). Draw the free-body diagram of a por- tion of beam AE of length x < L/4 (Fig. 9.115). Take moments about E to obtain w @ where y(x) is the function that defines the elastic curve for portion AD of the beam. Integrating in x, Spa, #16, = BIZ = gPx + Gy @ ae lis ® By, = tPe + Gx+ w Fig. 931. (0 Simply supported beam ith tnsverelond (0 ee boo Wayamefporion toting moment 2+ From D to B (x > L/4). Now draw the free-body diagram of a toe ete (4) © (continued)G08 Defecion of oom and recalling Eq. (9.4) and rearranging terms, we have @ ‘where y, (2) is the function that defines the elastic curve for portion DB of the beam. Integrating in x, e=d1.0.= 6) dys 1 gh nue = 2 = -1 pt + pies cy a E10, = BL gist + TPlx+ 6, @ Fig. 911 (cont(¢) Boundary condition. 1. Bly, = ~ Zope 4 DPLa? 1 Gye tC @ Determination of the Constants of Integration. The condi tions satisfied by the constants of integration are summarized in Fig. 9.11d. At the support A, where the deflection is defined by Eq. (4), x= 0 and y; = 0. At the support B, where the deflection is defined by Eq, (8), x = Land y, = 0. Also, the fact that there can be no sudden. change in deflection or in slope at point D requires that y; = ys and. 0, = 0, when x = L/4. Therefore, 9}, Eq. (4): co @ [x= feb = ome 0-2 reese, a [x = L/4, 6; = 62), Eqs. (3) and (7): Sots q= Lette, an 128 128 (x= L/Ays = yo} Bas. (4) and (8): PLY bop L a OG" Teg OFT ay Solving these equations simultaneously, Pe LPL PLY Sapp C= 9 C= ag C= Sag ‘Substituting for C, and C, into Eqs. (3) and (4), x = L/4 is 3,2 TPL FIO, ge (13) Ely, = tee — BE, aay 128 Letting x = L/4in each of these equations, the slope and deflection at point D are PE na SPL? sagt 4 1?” ~ 2568 = Note that since @p # 0, the deflection at D is not the maximum detflec- tion of the beam.+22 Singulty Function o Determine Slope and Detection *9.3 SINGULARITY FUNCTIONS TO DETERMINE SLOPE AND DEFLECTION ‘The integration method provides a convenient and effective way of deter- ‘mining the slope and deflection at any point of a prismatic beam, as long ‘as the bending moment can be represented by a single analytical function MG). However, when the loading of the beam needs two different fune- lions (o represent the bending moment over the entire length, as in Con- cept Application 8.3 (Fig. 9.114), four constants of integration are required. ‘An equal number of equations, expressing continuity conditions at point Das well as boundary conditions at supports A and B, must be used to determine these constants. If three or more functions are needed for the bending moment, additional constants and a corresponding number of additional equations are required, resulting in rather lengthy computa- tions. Such is the case for the beam shown in Photo 8.2. This section sim- plifies computations in situations like this through the use ofthe singularity functions discussed in Sec. 5.4 Phote 9.2 In this roof structure, each of the open-wel joss applies a concentrated load tothe beam that support Consider again the beam and loading of Concept Application 9.3, (Pig. 9.11) and draw the free-body diagram of that beam (Fig. 8.18). Use the appropriate singularity function (Sec. 5.4) (o represent the contribu- tion to the shear of the concentrated load P, and write 3p Lp Vex) = - P(e Ea Integrate in x and recall from Sec. 5.4 that, in the absence of any concen- trated couple, the expression for the bending moment does not contain a ‘constant term, $0 yy = 32x - pen) ay 623 Fig. 9.11 (peated Simply supported beam with transverse load. oP 1A sut—$§+4 5 Fig. 9.18 Free-body diagram for bean of Fig. 211,624 Defcon of Booms Substituting for M(x) from Eq, (9.11) into Eg, (9.4), — Pl - $1) (12) $Ple- WR = 6, (e.3) Ely = EPP ~ Pl HU) + Gar + Ce (o.uy' The constants C, and C; can be determined from the boundary con- ditions shown in Fig. 9.19. Letting x = 0, y = On Eq, (9.14), é Fig. 929 Boundary conditions for which reduces to C, ~ 0, since any bracket containing a negative quantity beam af Fig 11 is equal to zero, Letting now x = I, y = 0, and C, = 0 in Eq, (9.14), Apap + ou Zan since the quntybwoween bracket is poive he brakes canbe rele by ovary pretest Sting tC er _ pe 1 ae The expressions obtained for the constants C; and C, are the same found in Concept Application 9.3. But the need for additional constants , and C, has been eliminated, and the equations expressing that the slope and the deflection are continuous at point D are not needed, "The continuity conditions for the lope and deflection at D are “but in Bgs (9.13) and (9.14), Indeed, the ference between the expressions forthe slope 6, in.AD and the sloped in DB is represented by the tem ~}P(x — Lin Bq. (9.13) and this term {i equal to zero atD Sula, the ifference between the expressions for the deflection {.s8 AD and the delecuon y, sn DB i epresented by —{Ple~ 31) in Bg (9.14), and ‘his term is also equal to zezo at D. Concept Application 9.6 For the beam and loading shown (Fig. 9.204) and using singularity functions, (a) express the slope and deflection as functions of the dis- ‘ance x from the support at A, (b) determine the deflection at the mid. point D. Use £ = 200 GPa and I = 6.87 x 10~ m’ (a) The beam is loaded and supported in the same manner as the beam of Concept Application 5.5, Kecall that the distributed load was (continued)22 Singuby Functions Determine Slope and Oefectan D5, replaced by the two equivalent open-ended loads shown in Fig. 9.20. SiN “The expressions for the shear and bending moment are p Mo 14008 -m mm gp MQ) = A Lsle = 06) + 15 Lay + 26 ~ Lale - 06) Mlx) = -0.75(2 — 08) + o.75(e — 1.8)? lo. + 26x — 1.2 — 0.6) — L4ale - 2.6) Sem Wem 10m sem Integrating the last expression twice, @ B19 = —0.25(x — 08 + 0.25(x — 1.8)° + 13x? o6fe— a6) 144-26) +e Bly = ~0.0605(x — 0.8) + o.025(e — 1.8) + 0433307 = 02fr- 05) - 072-26 +Ox+C, @ ‘The constants C, and C, can be determined from the boundary conditions shown in Fig, $.20¢. Letting x = 0, y = 0in Eq, (2) and not- ing that all the brackets contain negative quantities and, therefore, are equal to zero, we conclude that C, = 0, Letting x = 36, y = 0, and G, = 0in Eq. (2) gives —0.0625(3.0) + 0,0625(1.8)* + 04333(2.6)' - 0.2/3.0) - o72{1.0)' + G(s) +0 fx=0,y=0) [x=26, y= te Since all the quantities between brackets are positive, the brackets can — be replaced by ordinary parentheses. Solving for C,, we find © C= ~2.692, Fig. 9.20 (x) simply supported beam (6) Substituting for C, and C, into Eq, (2) and making x = xp = with multiple loaes. (5 Free-body 1.8 m, we find that the deflection at point D is defined by the diagram of beam showing equivalent Ban loading system.) Boundary eondtions Elyp = ~0,0625(1.2)* + 0.0625(0)* + 0.4835(1.8)" — 02(1.2)' — o72(—-0.8)* — 2.682(1.8) ‘The last bracket contains a negative quantity and, therefore is equal to zero, Al the other brackets contain positive quantities and can be replaced by ordinary parentheses. Elyy = —0.0825(1.2)" + 0.0625(0)* + 0.4333(1.8)' — 0.2(1.2)° — 2.692(1.8) = -2.794 Recalling the given numerical values of E and I, (200 GPa)(6.87 x 10° m')yp = ~2.794 KN-m? Yo = ~13.64 X 10m = —2.03mm_