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Thermal conductivity of a hybrid nanofluid: A new economic strategy and

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Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-017-6836-9(0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV)

Thermal conductivity of a hybrid nanofluid

A new economic strategy and model

Mohammad Hemmat Esfe1 • Mahmoud Kiannejad Amiri2 • Ali Alirezaie3

Received: 6 June 2017 / Accepted: 12 November 2017

Ó Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary 2018

Abstract
Hybrid nanofluid can be considered as a new generation of nanofluids. Despite the success of the researchers in the field of
hybrid nanofluids, no acceptable model has been proposed yet that can accurately predict the thermal conductivity of these
nanofluids. The nanofluids, containing carbon nanotubes, are not excluded. This research to provide a model based on
previous models to predict the thermal conductivity of hybrid nanofluids containing carbon nanotubes. For this reason, the
thermal conductivity of MWCNT–MgO/water–EG nanofluids was experimentally measured. The experimental data were
in seven solid volume fractions from 0.015 to 0.96%, in which the tests have been done at the temperature range 30–50 °C.
A modified conventional model (as a proposed correlation in present study) can produce better results in forecasting the
experimental data. The predicted data error by modified Jang–Choi model as proposed correlation was less than 3%. In
addition, the price–performance analysis of the thermal conductivity data shows that hybrid nanofluids are better than
single particle nanofluids.

Keywords Hybrid nanofluid  Proposing model  Thermal conductivity  Price–performance analysis  Heat transfer 
Multi-walled carbon nanotube

List of symbols Subscript

MgO Magnesium oxide bf Base fluid
CNT Carbon nanotube nf Nanofluid
MWCNT Multi-walled carbon nanotube
EG Ethylene glycol Greeks symbols
MOD Margin of deviation h Angle between a nanotube and a desired fixed
R Regression coefficient direction
XRD X-ray diffraction u Particle solid volume fraction
nm Nanometer b Value of Kapitza resistance

Nomenclature
k Thermal conductivity (W m-1 K-1)
Introduction
T Temperature (°C)
Some suspensions were invented in order to increase the
fluid power for more heat transfer, in which micron-sized
particles were dispersed. This made a slight improvement
& Mohammad Hemmat Esfe
mhemmatesfe@ihu.ac.ir in the heat transfer of fluids. Choi [1] found that dispersing
particles smaller than micron-sized particles would signif-
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imam Hossein icantly increase the thermal conductivity. This new fluid is
University, Tehran, Iran
known as nanofluid. The nanoparticles can change the
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Science thermophysical properties of the fluid. According to pre-
and Technology of Mazandaran, Behshahr, Iran vious studies, nanofluids have a higher thermal conduc-
3
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Semnan University, tivity than the normal fluids. However, dispersing more
Semnan, Iran

123
 M. Hemmat Esfe et al.

Table 1 Summary of presented correlations for the thermal conductivity of nanofluids

References Nanofluid Correlation

Hemmat Esfe et al. [2] MgO/water–EG knf

¼ 0:4 þ 0:0332u þ 0:00101T þ 0:000619uT þ 0:0687u3 þ 0:0148u5
kf
 0:00218u6  0:0419u4  0:0604u2
Hemmat Esfe et al. [30] MgO/EG knf
¼ 1:00475 þ 2:26216u þ 1:57146Tu2 þ 481:646u2 expð66:7522uÞ
kf
 0:0100301Tu cosð1560:99uÞ
Hemmat Esfe et al. [11] Al2O3/water knf 0:00217
¼ 0:991 þ 0:267Tu þ 77:6u2 þ 3641:231u2 T þ
kf sinðT  uÞ
 6:01  106 T 2  3647:099Tu sinðuÞ
Mostafizur et al. [31] Al2O3–methanol knf
kbf ¼ 1:0712 þ 1:546u
Mostafizur et al. [31] SiO2–methanol knf
kbf ¼ 1:0405 þ 1:3342u
Mostafizur et al. [31] TiO2–methanol knf
kbf ¼ 1:0514 þ 1:3317u
Xing et al. [32] MWCNT/water knf
kbf ¼ 0:9396 þ 0:0003T þ 0:9997u
Li et al. [33] SiC/EG knf
kbf ¼ 4:583 þ 12:71u

nanoparticles in the fluid, increasing the temperature of have improved properties compared to pure fluids. In
nanofluids and even lower amount of nanoparticles recent years, another type of nanofluid has been developed,
increase the thermal conductivity more than ever [2]. which combines two types of nanoparticles. The two
Evaluating the thermal conductivity of nanofluids is nanoparticles can be spherical, tubular, oxide and non-ox-
important because this property can have a direct impact on ide. Various modes of nanoparticle composition can be
the heat transfer of fluids. Nanofluids have a higher heat used. The obtained nanofluid containing two types of
transfer coefficient than pure fluid [3–14]. The impact of
increasing this factor can be observed on reducing the flow
rate in the thermal invertors or reducing the size of these Table 2 Summary of studies in the field of hybrid nanofluids
invertors [15]. Hemmat Esfe and Saedodin [5] have Authors Base Dispersed particles
investigated the thermal conductivity and its impact on the fluid
heat transfer of MgO/water nanofluid. Three types of Munkhbayar et al. [35] and Water MWCNT Ag
nanoparticles with diameters of 20, 40, 50 and 60 nm, was Chen et al. [36]
used for experiments. The results showed that adding Jana et al. [37] Water MWCNT Au, Cu
nanoparticles increases the thermal conductivity of the Chen et al. [38] Water MWCNT Fe2O3
nanofluid, and thus, the heat transfer coefficient increases. Baghbanzadeha et al. [39, 40] Water MWCNT Silica
In addition, the use of nanoparticles with lower diameters Aravind and Ramaprabhu [41] Water, MWCNT Graphene
caused a higher thermal conductivity and heat transfer EG
coefficient than the larger diameters. Baby and Ramaprabhu [42–44] Water, MWCNT Ag, HEG
One of the methods for modeling the thermophysical EG
properties of nanofluids is using the artificial intelligence, Sundar et al. [45] Water MWCNT Fe3O4
which is applied by scientists [16–28]. Thermal conduc- Megatif et al. [46] Water CNT TiO2
tivity can be simulated based on experimental findings and Rajesh and Venkatasubbaiah [47] Water SWCNT Cu
mathematical methods. Maxwell first used this method for Suresh et al. [48, 49] Water Al2O3 Cu
modeling the thermal conductivity of a fluid, in which Han et al. [50] Water Al2O3 Ag
small spherical particles were dispersed [29]. Providing Bhosale et al. [51] Water Al2O3 CuO
mathematical correlations is selected as a method to model Zhang et al. [52] Oil Al2O3 SiC
the thermal conductivity behavior. Table 1 lists some of Jiao et al. [53] Oil Al2O3 SiO2
the presented mathematical correlations for thermal con- Hemmat Esfe et al. [54] Water Ag MgO
ductivity of nanofluids. Hemmat Esfe et al. [55] Water/ Cu TiO2
Many studies have been conducted on nanofluids con- EG
taining a kind of nanoparticle. However, the nanofluids

123
Thermal conductivity of a hybrid nanofluid: a new economic strategy and model
nanoparticles is named hybrid nanofluid. There are a few
studies on the hybrid nanofluid properties, which are listed
in Table 2. According to studies, carbon nanotubes have
the highest share in the production of hybrid nanofluids due
to the significant impact of carbon nanotubes on thermo-
physical properties. Hemmat Esfe et al. [34] evaluated the
impact of DWCNT–ZnO particles on thermal conductivity
of EG–water mixture. The solid volume fraction was
considered from 0 to 1% so that the thermal conductivity of
hybrid nanofluids was measured at 25–50 °C. The results
showed that the thermal conductivity of hybrid nanofluids
at 50 °C and the solid volume fraction of 1 was 33% more
than the thermal conductivity of the base fluid. In addition,
a new experimental correlation was proposed for this type
of hybrid nanofluid in terms of the temperature and solid
volume fraction of nanoparticles.
Among the produced nanofluids, CNT nanofluids are
very important due to their particular thermophysical
characteristics. In addition, hybrid nanofluids have recently
been a significant concern of scholars in the field of heat
transfer. Despite the extensive research in the field of
thermal conductivity of hybrid nanofluids, not compre-
hensive correlation has been presented yet that defines the
thermal conductivity changes. Therefore, a correlation
based on the analytical model of Jang–Choi was presented
in this experimental study in addition to measuring the
thermal conductivity MWCNT–MgO/EG–water nanofluid,
in which the effect of carbon nanotubes and the second part
of hybrid nanofluids as well as the base fluid have been
considered separately. This correlation can be used for
different solid volume fractions and temperatures and
various spherical nanoparticles. In this research, the price–
performance analysis was performed on the thermal con-
ductivity data. This analysis assessed the economic feasi-
bility of using hybrid nanofluids.
Nanofluid preparation
The two-step method is used for the preparation of
nanofluids used in this study. Two-step method is the most
economic method to produce nanofluids in large and
applicable scales in comparison with one-step method,
because nanopowder synthesis techniques have already
been scaled up to industrial production levels. A digital
scale with an accuracy of 1 mg, ultrasonic vibrator (Ul-
trasonic Homogenizer, Development of Ultrasonic Tech-
nology, Iran) and stirrer has been used. The nanofluid has
been prepared in seven solid volume fractions of 0.015,
0.04, 0.085, 0.21, 0.43, 0.81 and 0.96%. The mixing ratio
of nanoparticles of MWCNT to MgO was 20:80. The base
fluid was the mixture of water and ethylene glycol with
equal concentration. Figure 1 shows the XRD analysis of
MWCNT and MgO nanoparticles. This analysis evaluates
the size of nanoparticles and the impurities in the material.
X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) is a rapid analytical
technique primarily used for phase identification of a
crystalline material and can provide information on unit
cell dimensions. The analyzed material is finely ground,
homogenized, and average bulk composition is determined.
Also Fig. 1 shows an image of the prepared nanofluid in
different solid volume fractions that clearly shows proper
stability of nanofluid at different solid volume fraction after
7 days. The MWCNT nanoparticles’ diameter is 3–5 nm
for inner and 5–15 nm for outer diameter. Also the average
MgO nanoparticles’ diameter is 40 nm.
Results and discussion
As was mentioned, the thermal conductivity experimental
data of MWCNT–MgO (20:80)/water–EG (50:50)
nanofluids are measured at five different temperatures and
seven solid volume fractions. The results are shown in
Fig. 2. Increasing the temperature and the solid volume
fraction increases the relative thermal conductivity. As can
be seen in this figure, the maximum increase in the thermal
conductivity (22% enhancement in comparison with base
fluid) is related to the solid volume fraction 0.96% and the
temperature of 50 °C. The relative thermal conductivity of
nanofluids in low solid volume fractions is almost equal in
all temperatures, but increasing thermal conductivity for
higher solid volume fractions rises with increasing the
temperature. This point represents the solid particle inter-
actions on each other as well as solid–liquid interactions in
the order to increase the thermal conductivity.
Figure 3 shows the increases in the thermal conductivity
of nanofluid in terms of temperature in different solid
volume fractions. As can be seen, the slope of thermal
conductivity distribution in higher solid volume fractions is
increased.
Proposed model
Considering that the researchers have newly paid attention
to hybrid nanofluids, various characteristics of nanofluids
have not been well developed. In the previous studies, the
proposed models to forecast the thermal conductivity of
suspension can be seen. Most of these models are not able
to prospect the thermal conductivity of nanofluids with an
acceptable precision. As mentioned, a comprehensive
model has not been proposed to predict the thermal con-
ductivity of hybrid nanofluids. Given that most of hybrid
nanofluids has a base carbon nanotubes, focusing on these
nanofluids is acceptable. Jang and Choi [56] developed a
123
 M. Hemmat Esfe et al.

1500
140
Multi-walled MgO nanoparticles
120 Carbon nanotube APS = 40 nm

100
1000

Lin/counts
Lin/counts

80

60

500
40

20

0 0
20 40 60 80 20 40 60 80
2 - θ - Scale 2 - θ - Scale

Fig. 1 XRD analysis and the photo of nanofluids (after 7 days)

1.3 30 ϕ = 0.015 vol.%

T = 30 °C
ϕ = 0.04 vol.%
T = 35 °C
ϕ = 0.085 vol.%
T
Thermal conductivity enhancement/%

= 40 °C
1.25 25 ϕ = 0.21 vol.%
T = 45 °C ϕ = 0.43 vol.%
T = 50 °C ϕ = 0.81 vol.%
Relative thermal conductivity

20 ϕ = 0.96 vol.%
1.2

15
1.15

10
1.1

5
1.05

0
1
25 30 35 40 45 50 55
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Temperature/°C
Volume concentratio/%
Fig. 3 Thermal conductivity enhancement versus temperature
Fig. 2 Relative thermal conductivity versus volume concentration

123
Thermal conductivity of a hybrid nanofluid: a new economic strategy and model

0.45 0.46
T = 30 °C T = 35 °C
Experimental data Experimental data
0.44 Maxwell model 0.45 Maxwell model
Thermal conductivity/W m–1 K–1 Jang model Jang model

Thermal conductivity/W m–1 K–1

Proposed model 0.44 Proposed model
0.43

0.43
0.42

0.42
0.41
0.41
0.4
0.4
0.39
0.39
0.38
0.38
0.37
0.37
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Solid volume fraction
Solid volume fraction
0.47 0.49
T = 40 °C Experimental data T = 45 °C
Experimental data 0.48
0.46 Maxwell model
Maxwell model
Jang model
Thermal conductivity/W m–1 K–1

Jang model 0.47

0.45
Proposed model Thermal conductivity/W m–1 K–1 Proposed model
0.46
0.44
0.45
0.43
0.44
0.42 0.43

0.41 0.42

0.41
0.4
0.4
0.39
0.39
0.38
0.38
0.37 0.37
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Solid volume fraction Solid volume fraction

0.5
Experimental data T = 50 °C
Maxwell model
0.48 Jang model
Thermal conductivity/W m–1 K–1

Proposed model

0.46

0.44

0.42

0.4

0.38

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Solid volume fraction

Fig. 4 Comparison between proposed model and other models

123
 M. Hemmat Esfe et al.

model to predict nanofluids containing carbon nanotubes. 0.48

This model is provided below:
Hemmat–Alirezaie model

 2%
khybrid ¼ cos2 h bkfiber ffiber þ ð1  ffiber Þkfluid ð1Þ 0.46 Equality line
1%

In this model, kfiber is the thermal conductivity of

MWCNT, ffiber is the solid volume fraction of carbon 0.44

Model output
nanoparticles, and kfluid is the thermal conductivity of base
fluid. b is the value of Kapitza resistance [57]. This value 0.42
can be changed by adding surfactants. h is angle between a
nanotube and a desired fixed direction. If the best direction

 0.4
of MWCNT is cos2 h ¼ 1, 1.3 is considered for the
random direction of MWCNT [58]. b value for the water-
based fluid is 0.006. This correlation is related to 0.38
nanofluids containing carbon nanotube particles. Therefore,
it cannot be used for hybrid nanofluids. Hence, a correla- 0.36
tion was presented for hybrid nanofluids, in which the role 0.36 0.38 0.4 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48

of different base fluids is assigned to b parameter. The Experimental data

correlation is presented considering the effects of temper- Fig. 5 Regression plot of the results of proposing model
ature on the thermal conductivity separately (except for the
effect of temperature on the thermal conductivity of base 0.5
T = 40 C
°
fluid), the interaction between temperature and solid vol- MWCNT–CuO /10–90%
Maxwell model
ume fraction of nanoparticles on each other to increase the 0.48 Jang model
Thermal conductivity/W m–1 K–1

thermal conductivity and the effect of second nanoparticle Proposed model

type. This correlation is as follows:

 0.46
khybrid ¼ cos2 h bkfiber ufiber þ ð1  ufiber Þkfluid
 
þ 0:0026 log u0:5 particle  T
2
þ 0:000183u0:3
particle  0.44

kparticle  T  0:02157
0.42
ð2Þ
As mentioned above, b parameter can be considered for
0.4
different base fluid. b value for the mixture of water and
ethylene glycol by various solid volume fractions was
0.012. In this model, the temperature is based on degrees of 0.38
Celsius.
Comparing the experimental data presented by the 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
model shows a high accuracy to predict the thermal con- Solid volume fraction
ductivity of MWCNT–MgO/water–EG hybrid nanofluid.
This comparison is shown in Fig. 4. Fig. 6 Thermal conductivity of MWCNT–CuO/water–EG
The regression graph of the predicted data by the pro-
of nanofluids, which are ignored to simplify the correlation
posed model properly shows that this model with very high
of thermal conductivity. These factors have little impact on
precision is able to predict the experimental results. Fig-
the thermal conductivity of nanofluids.
ure 5 shows that the prediction error of the experimental
The prediction precision of the model can be calculated
data by this model is less than 3%.
for nanofluids containing MWCNT–CuO. This value,
In order to check the accuracy of proposed model a
which is called the margin of deviation, is calculated from
different nanofluid with the same base fluid, containing
the following correlation:
MWCNT–CuO (10–90%) nanoparticles have been used.
These data have been measured at a temperature of 40 °C. kexp  kmodel
MODð%Þ ¼  100 ð3Þ
Figure 6 shows that the proposed model could pursue kexp
experimental data with an acceptable accuracy. Of course, The values are shown in Fig. 7. The prediction precision is
other factors such as the surface layer of nanoparticles and less than 5%.
nanoparticle size can be effective in thermal conductivity

123
Thermal conductivity of a hybrid nanofluid: a new economic strategy and model

10 inquired from the Iranian company of Kimiya Nano

Danesh (KND). Figure 8 compares the prices of nanofluids
MWCNT–CuO/water–EG
8 by increasing the thermal conductivity of nanofluids. In this
comparison, it can be seen that the price of nanofluids
containing MWCNT–copper (90–10%) is more than two
6
other nanofluids and it had a better performance. The
Margin of deviation/%

5%
middle nanofluid in terms of price and performance con-
4
tains MWCNT–MgO (20–80%), which had lower price
than MWCNT–copper (90–10%). The oxide nanofluid
2 ranked the third place in terms of price and performance.
This nanofluid was better in higher solid volume fraction.
0 According to various applications of nanofluids in various
equipments, they can be used with different prices and
-2 different functions.

-4
Conclusions
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Solid volume fraction/% In this paper, the thermal conductivity of MWCNT–MgO
(20:80%) nanofluid was experimentally discussed in the
Fig. 7 Margin of deviation—MWCNT–CuO/water–EG base fluid of water and ethylene glycol with equal solid
volume fractions. Nanofluids have been prepared in
1.35
MgO–MWCNT /20–80% – Present work – TCR 340
seven solid volume fractions through the two-step
MgO–MWCNT /20–80% – Present work – Price
CuO–MWCNT /10–90% – TCR
method. Given that no model has been proposed yet to
1.3 320
CuO–MWCNT /10–90% – Price
Al2O3 – TCR [45]
predict the thermal conductivity of hybrid nanofluid, the
Al2O3 – Price
300 present research has tried to present a model based on
1.25
280
Jang and Choi model, which was proposed for nanofluids
Relative thermal conductivity

containing carbon nanotubes (CNT). This model is

1.2 260
applied for hybrid nanofluids containing carbon nan-
240 otubes. The results obtained by this model were com-
Price/$/L

1.15
1.1
1.05
1 performed in this research for the nanofluids, which
0.95
0 0.2
Solid volume fraction
Fig. 8 Price–performance analysis of different nanofluids
Price–performance analysis
Another analysis that can be applied to hybrid nanofluids is
the price–performance analysis of related to the perfor-
mance and efficiency [59]. This innovative analysis shows
the improvement of heat recovery in the heat transfer fluid
for the paid price for nanofluids. The nanofluids of the
present study, i.e., MWCNT–MgO/water–EG and
MWCNT–CuO (90–10%)/water–EG (50–50%) nanofluid
and Al2O3/water–EG (50–50%) [60] nanofluid. Prices are
pared with the data obtained from the test and showed
220
that the model is able to predict the experimental data
200
very well. In addition, comparing the experimental data
180 of MWCNT–CuO (90–10%)/water–EG nanofluid with
160 the proposed model shows that this model can be applied
140
for other nanofluids. The price–performance was also
120
shows that MWCNT–MgO/water–EG nanofluids has a
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
100 better price–performance ratio, but MWCNT–CuO
(90–10%)/water–EG had a higher thermal conductivity.
The extension of this paper and our previous works
[61–82] affords engineers a good option for nanofluids in
applications such as autonotive, electronics, neuclear,
etc. Therefore, various nanofluids can be used for a
variety of applications according to the needs of each
industry and the cost of nanofluids.
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