SUPERPAVE aq~ ‘Te Api nc an acc apna rb tappepriac se of is aang gut nd perenne nt poppin he pegs id fics oti ns ae ang nscale Sapna ta cons All restate ca has been talon in the preprion of this manual, however, the Aphak Inte ca accep no sesponsblty for he corsequences of any inacsaces which it smu consi med in he USA, ‘The Site Highs Research Program SHRP nas ‘sable by Goes in IR ae fe ye 5) mn ‘ncaa pega pee the prferce ad rhy ‘Gated Stet er and make owe ass for ah more: and ghey Weekes 30 mile he SR? ‘exc find were ed fr he Geen ol peforance Time ep spend a ny ana ws ald petoranee. ‘Stpere™ Super Perini Asp Peres prc of the HD sa ere The ipepave yt incorpo ovo Des, ap teas cceneen ‘ante dst ertermeral contains pone Prsfrmane by colin, low tener cack nd Engue acing. The dime rss components of Sopp ae ‘easplat ner species, mse cs a sma ‘sie ane compete em To te, he apa ‘She secur an he mivoe dni sie ae wn Stisicony. The mitre aalses pres, prema ‘model in complze sofware systems ae sal hang deve>pe ‘This es eed censhizaon w te Superpve mus Jeg proadune Ful de of Oe “pal binder speabon se tote the Apa Inuit pea Feermamce coms. gta Bin ‘Seeaton and Tac Supepave Sees No 1 SP). “The Superpve mi dsien sem eg fer sdowopel srl erin er imeepoat aoe san Ipsspecfcntrs Ths manta coma ever esis the fiwantacond edtons. Se of he neve gain eveaan stood changes A. Sie aging procedures 4 Desig aber ogra congue ella -Niogy ble ‘A. Noli propery spectaion ‘2 Inert ar compete eel Zand eve 3S repertoire hsm cuenta the ne of pining ard sun Gung wl fe epored f ae ons25they reread. Rewer ae entounged to hep ne Siperpve cat changes and speciation weperreaton uhtestimugh indy aed agency eur ore cing, {Taste the dene ead ara: al wi ‘emcee neers ‘Moet ofthe mal crs ys marl rte ye Apia oncr oat wh he Fk [gay AUmineion cTREA) athe Nal Sop Train (Cee QTC for Spespeve cio), The NAT dete nd ended Wesker nnn cous in superpare see Sid mau chy nd was ade yh FAS,‘pin petons, a alt ‘enti ony Gea! Sess 5 Spore Perma Ga Asp Heer eon ‘ph aie Den Pe nn 4 Marl ere Me ene payne Aint ae espn Ped Ah Bi as Ar Tenpeeae leon. 21 rene pnt eee, memati sere Seon el om Pn epee —— 28 Alpin ind Geek or Tete ped one. 28 Me AE ‘cme Arete Pi LA aeten -Anspana spiced Ping bere Sperm ymin Cmaps Tete. z ‘Aer TF oe Spmen Pps tl Gare ie Aria Pet. esr Ap ike Cec. Mate Seri. Sele et Aart ne Seles Tl Apa er Cont Prete Tal Be a Se Ds iat Ce an Nm eter a Polat Soin 5 Bis ‘6 6 o » enter Comin ce pl th o ge 1 Sr edgar ewe 12 Auge re se, ee 13 Ha oe Wak ae Te 4 Rating om Wa Mie igre 15 ge no-one 4 ge 2 esto fT Vy Gee ea ge 1 Das Tp RAN we 32 Bale At Tempesti ai nn a 33 Bole Pv Tepe i "ve 4 Sipepane Ber Ge Seton Geen "ge 35 Fe ma Ary Apes res ere 36 Meng Fata ed Paes nn ag 37 Sa RA Tn gre 38 ifr 45 Foc Ca pe 9 Menu Dey eatin 1 mo Men Si yar $0 Sipe etn Lis, i Fg Al Sheng i, ee a pans Spi Goes eae it Hd nC ag Mee ewe Canpoer Digan of Carpe ane MA. ane 3T Fe $1 Supe Gray Compa 6 pe 82 SCC Mil Gigi stands ae S$ eur Connicsn Cras ean he .Fae 0 Tope ic RAM ye 38 Spann eyo an apa ‘gue Terpanire Viey atetp FG 4B, Pen 2 ten 4a Benn ‘gee Deri Cane TBA Bn 6 Deities Ta Beg 2s yare65 Demin Ones TB one ‘ge 66 Aven Deiaton Canes ie! ge? Deg Me Pen 498 i Coe ‘Bble2) Spore er Tae “le Bk See i Be of a peda Meee 25 ‘ik 2 Spee Asem Coa Pope Ragen ow 3 “Dhie 5 Sipe Mie Coe Dept ene 38 Thiet Me at me PME MINE one “Be Sipe Den Gyan Came Ha {hiteS2 Sipenne lane Mie De Ree 3 ‘hte Pas Ronn Cini Rik aden Tae 2 es Te ible 6S Aap Spee ea Tee 64 Come Arte Ay Te et san o “bless Re Aran Ay. ai ‘ible Fc hase Pie anf {ble 67 ya een 38 Tiki Green Ce fr a Non MB en “ile 9 time gre Bl! PR {DM 61) Spear Dg Ory Oomph BR TH ‘Eble 2 Danan cM Nan Nar He ‘ble615 Campus Sanaa TB nD ‘ble Da operon Tl Bla na —# ‘eG Hime Sse We PS © Ne Tl G26 Beinn Mee Compt Ppt © “ple 6 Deke Et fr hs 84 pi nd “iH 68 Deon Dt ed 3A Apt Bir “pile 619 Terao or Hed 9 A sr ‘paket Deion i oe! 35 gi er ‘ble. i cipro Tlie 622 Ms Wma peri tN =e 3 ‘ible 25 Dot ee Poe 4 Bader Comet. “bl 624 ra Deon So re 349% opi Rie. ‘ie 635 Nome Seriya a Bet 3 mene—————_= designed wa ena abestony ‘esr procedies, nearing that eld expan esque fo determine the dortoyanayss comeltes Wa fvementprfonrunce Howeves, even With Proper TMerence to eve proces and he developent fic ‘esi crea, good prfonrance couk! nace assure Aso, “pestcatons prota as agencies eerie that they Fak make minor changes m esse tea arin some ssrince of performs 1 167, the Sige Highway Reseach Progra ‘ert hen developing a new syste for spesiyng asphalt haters "The find prot ofthe SHRP ask research ‘roar sa new syed Supepave bon for Superior evening Asp Pueiews. Superpae nudes a new rem for seeing aed spesying aphids an as ‘Sead mineral greys requirements, A ole het tn ap MAD mix design poceche incded. "fhe Superpane system, a xigaly envied by the su sesh eit, wa ede tous nese amples teas and speiceions as tif eve increase for pavements wit moderate tai, volume mix CS, ‘wih comeponding cemponent met equement, Was “semnined wo be he mex appropa,cosetectve system to emure resonable pavemen performance. For pavements ‘eth higher wali dng, sch a5 faa nese ighways, The neearcbers termine! hi an akona agg of safety thos gle wo ensure pavement performance. For these ugh te volume okt seis of ie fe wou! De peared wo peer measurement of fndameria Thechansal propre of a cepted stu specimen. TRE ‘tent ws opr bese mite properties nto Frenmance mde Gevetped during SHR The anid otbut aa pestiion of wars fos paver: res se foneten of ine or af. However, esearch under the Ales of the Univerty of Maryan Setemined that some ofthe performance es and pedi mex were awed ‘We underway to comet thes proms se re> Asphalt Binder Behavior ‘Three spl binder characte are import ia asphalt mitre ‘esformance: tempenture ancepebilly, vscicatiy and ging, Aap Smee anece ITT Serer meet eae tasie eapangonnieteion “Ts Aeraeieroenaictupasie mecaneesaee ‘ert Gerace oes emer esoere are Sources une oesnpmnem wnctonny wetala esedcge on peor turk ce eerearonyenau nob tewtosersestiersrs Ferrer ren ace apres Seen ittegsceseem “a _saphtdiamcennt eect ciigheee a oa pe sicvinormaeringnenohipie ener eee acetate a nnoneergeorcrags cohen ens a sy ec ee en Piet ranted rinoneneaniennni ‘miuenivent naan peas iomecuenins ‘colt nance oe eShop hase ee lene eee Sees ence Ceee a tte ihre aria Dukaba acters Hi rhel chore etromer- bem ie pooner iemonpeereeipewrieniisrdnieiri a Senses orabes eaneieliog: se ere ee ee Sic esac cc he (ancl aneete ge feeoceretren caterer Saar ee en teeeemigwmetier eer ccaed een ren ntenpmmreneoremme Feclaseuatgiate slfean i mare ae >> Mineral Aggregate Behavior ‘Avie vatety of mine aggregates ae wed to produce HMA, Nate gages ply mie fom ever or ce posts and ae ‘uscd waliou finer processing to manicure HMA. Thee ae ofen called ‘aniknovor peru mater. Procasad aggregate has been quate,sot sept to itn sa facts, wae here roca t adie ca rane reese al HMA Sr sg ay atl et xed ud nel eg suka yo sch Hse dap Oceans sare wile inal w ener pr porns dee Ste 0. Por sme bog ep ay cle women a cmpovertn pve eel stone peopel Halk Also, any existing pavernent can be removed and ee produce "oH, Theo, ncaa pu eee ass pot ‘suf agra br np fener eines of he sure pxcmsne mi of ney, 2aete mus powiecigh da seg oats open ed ‘plates. When eof sepcpac wonchencd sees, devo ages prs eo cearvah opr rh oe (ee Pe. eign peer doesn, A eos sterner sg oft gees Nos she seg otal pert uk poke ie aces Pray tig rn gro sev ne oon. Ty stew enh s Belo Loa Figure 1.1 Shear Loading Behavior of Agereeate rimariy dependent onthe estan to onement, ona ction, ‘rove by the agpeates. Cubical rough teu! agrees pie "ote resistance thin sounded smoed textured azegates(ce Figure 12), ‘Whe fade apiied. aggee ala tends tobe srbngcr beat the od sees holds the aggre igher peer and increases sc ater, en "oul a cube piece and rounded piece of aggregate may poms the same inherent sen, cubical agreyte pats tend lec together resing a swonger mass of mer. Rounded reat paris tend 10 Side fy each er, The ter ition provides the abt f angrpat [revo a ete 4 ms that lent ste the nc pieces. ‘Tense a rong agareaate led for EMA, agree ropes Figure 1.2. Aggregate Stone Skeleton that enhance eral ico ae rp spe Normally this accomplished by speci 2 conan percenge of crue Fes fe the ‘coase pomton of an agapeate blend acliion, the amount ara ‘din bend fen lite because atl sts en to be rounded ‘sith por ira econ > > Asphatt mixture Behavior ‘When a wheet lon ppb! a pavement the primary sees ‘hac are ansnned ep the HMA are vercal compressive ses and she sect whi the apa yer, ane bomtzorel tne ses tthe Pesto of the apt ayer. The HMA mist he nema suong and resis compere and sear ses to preven: permanent deformation within he ‘nssne. Inthe same manner the satel ms so ave enn ensie sen to wabstnd tense sree atthe base of east ye (rest ‘acc into, ths fatigue crickng afer many load appa. The sph cure must alo fet sess pane by pil decreasing epenture and extremely cold terpeatires ‘While the indivi proper OF HDA componcas ae impart sola inure bebuvor bes planed by considering asphal coment Sint mineral agree ating tether One way to undestae asphalt triste belvor Sto consider the pray asp pavers dates ypes that engineers fo avec pentane deonmaton, Faigse cracking, and ow semper: cocking, These ae the dstresies analyzed in SupersFermanent deformation. !enunons diirmun is urate y a sufce ross sexton thi so ong deg Position. tale perminentdermaticn because epmeenes sv -ccumultion of smal amcuns of unrecoverable domain that occur each time a oud is pled. Wheel path sting is the mit commen oo of Peminent deformation, Whe tng in have macy outs Ce, lunderying HA weakenee! by mre camage, abuso, wae ‘enaion) has two rina causes 4s one cise, nating came by to mach repeated ses being spol fore subgrade (or sas or bse to wkd ee Fer 13). Athough fer paving manera wil patil ech thi ype of retin, ts onal ont a sev poem mer tin ate pcm Ese thre mx coongh puvenent stength ox hick tore he Spiess toa okra vel, Kimya be coed by a pavement lpr that hs been unexpectedly weakened by he fnson of moun The lfortation occur inthe uncerng lye ater than inthe apa ayers ‘rg ote eek sboradeorunceyng yor stage | Figure 1.3 Rutting ftom Weak Subgrade ‘The ype fring of most concern to asphalt ck desis w ‘formation inthe apa ye. Ti tng es ona pat tine ‘iow ov hes ace est epee eye Fg 1. weak mitre wi accumu seal but pemaner, deems wth ‘ch nc pas vernal forming ar chm by a donna and Ser movement ofthe méxure. The iting may eecrl he tphal exe ‘ote or the rung thet shows om the sace may be caused by weal ndesng sepa ane ‘Rung ofa ursable mazure pial Gc ely Sours diy he surener pater pene enpenmues. While smi ug dat ang solely sn asp cement pcb, te more comes fo aderos nating by Cnsieing the ceed resiunce ofthe mineral gure ad asphalt ‘snear plane Figure 1.4 Rutting from Weak Mixture "Since ting av acumulaton of very sal parma «lefomations, one wat cease mie shea srengh sw usa er soph cement ht also behaves mor: Mk an ste id th paver temperatures. “Te, when a lal s applied. the asp erat at Uke ‘ble band and spring hack 0 sci penton rather than deforming “Ancher wat increase the MA sear stem by seeing an sear thats high dee of ictal son-one hat cubical, has a rough sifae lente, al is pad to develop parce opis contac ‘when Toad is aplelo the mate the age panics lock bay together and function mae a. lage, single, lic tone. As th the pa emer, he aggregate wat Uke 4 rubber bac and pag back © ‘orga supe wien uncads. in tat way, no permanent defamation Fatigue Cracking. figse sacking oc in api pavemenrs ‘wea te applic oats verte the spk muta, easing crc 10 fom, An ea ln of Eig cracking rumen gil cracks in the tue whee pa. Fugue cocking is progressive because at some poi the nila wl ol, casing even more racks wo form. An aan stage of age cocking scaled liar cacking,charceries! by {tanec cack connecting the lng rcs Gee Fgue 15). ‘evtesne ese, «pole forms when ferent poses became doce y eleFigure 1.5 Fatigue Cracking Fajgue crackng is sly caused hy a umber of fans cecurng simulncousy Chiou, repeat: hea lds mus be present Than pavements or dhose wi weak undeing ayes are prone igh ‘leectons under heasy whe eds High deflecions Gepeated being aed flexing case hereon tere sues tthe atom ofthe spk ayer Jeune t fue cracking Poor dna, poor contrat ane ‘undersea pavement can coi ts ple, ‘fin, fae eicking is merely a sgn that a pvemere as sustained the design numberof aad appli, fh which cae the paver py Innoed of planned reubitsion. I Lave acing ant ther of the ‘Sean pest would be conser a natal progression ote panes ddesgn sate, IF the cbrerve crc occ mh soe ant den Period may be sign thetic lads were underesinaod. Consents the bet ways overcome fue cocking 4A Acequsely scour fer the runt hey loads hing design. 4A se thicker pvements A. Keep the subgrade dy 4 Gee pavement mates act exesively weakened by mokire 44 Lee FMA da frees coough b wiistie noma fects ly the las tem, selection fester mais, ca be sly ‘eles ning mater selection al six design The HMA ms eve ‘ough tend strat 1o withstand he applied ene ste te hse of the apa ayer, and be relent nought witha reps ad ae properties, since the iensile behavior of HMA Is strongly influenced bythe au cement. In ef, sof sophas have Des fuiue popes on Yemen tui 2 Low temperature cracks form when an asphalt pavernent layer sens nal eater ste pre cee ea aes win Freon sel erly exp Wl vo a le hy en key temper cracking, tn sckngthan see er tt a boa oe ; S ankle contained in a mixture constricted thy ti rey one 1 oct wih tao many rc, are one prone to fw emperarecackang. This, to overcome ln epee crcl, ners ust west biner ht rt only prone o aging and cna the place Yo corer fd reper 0 ht he ner dees ace some exces ond Figure 1.6 Low Temperature Cracking> > Ponetration and Viscosity Graded ‘Specifications Because asphalt i cheicly complex, specications foris use have besn developed amind psa open Trudonal specifications use seh est as penton, vse, an dc. Thee physi propery tes ae performed at Sana est omer and the tes ress are use to Getemine dhe satel meets the spin cera However, thee are lntatonsto wit dae tet procedires provide in temas of resus. Many of hese ews are ‘pia meaning the il experince sequen the test rvs yk meaning information, The penctton tex represents the tf ofthe apa, but ay retionship| tetween aphul penetration and pertemance fs to be gained by experience “Anche iitaon to erp esa tion) spsofations tht he te do na hw fom Fr he tie range of peal pavement tempers. Alovgh ‘acosy fa fundamental measue offs, only provides infomation abou ighe temperature viscous behavion The standard et temperate ae 07 al 138. Lower temperature elas bear cannot be reality deine from this dita comple prod perfomance. A wel, penerton ders only dhe consizacy aa median temperature 25). No lw temper properties re del reaaued athe cent gring pte. ‘When using vic and petro grading in asphu specications, pals with wey feet temperate ae pformance caradersis can be csi these. Asn ‘cample, a 21 shows thre apa tat have the same ‘tecomay grade, They ae within the speed vscosy ims at (GF have the min penerations 25°, ae each te ‘minum vacouty at 135. While Apa And 8 dply the sce temperate depensency hey hve ch erentcomity ol tmpertes. ph a he be sae ont ton cnprtues ut remy deen Nphtanpeme cena Apt hash ae erm a bt sham er ‘Ah Asha Ceca the spas ne these pa seicnnn ne mi enna eet sane acc dey van silane pve: dhe and ell western Tenge, Figure 2.1 Variations of Three Viscosiy-Graded Asphalts Decne tha cen, ny aay ase smn san osha enn ee Cob Insc patti ton aso Spector sca pos mu so wate he Seaplane sce fen, ure a oy ag Pesiminc cred mua wl pay ie ‘ptt omen epee a hate nl ene fm ptm pnp thea anton agitate Aedac cnn pre Home ms ae ptre erten ‘rns tht have nen ea setae ania >> Suerave Performance Graded Aaphat Binder Specttonton The Supepne splint pao er fen ea ‘pfx ata he es el act pepo sari Eyed i otc ppg ee ya Superpane bide specication eas a new se est equipment and procedures, Tein calla "ie" spedicion because its intends for ‘oth modi adroit ‘A iguc feature ofthe Sspepave binder spec is that seal of poeming testa a consi tempera and vayng the speci ‘ale the specified vale fs constant and the tet emer at hh his ‘ale must be achieved vaio. Asan example, conser wo constuction Project—one athe Bquno and ene tthe Arctic Ge, Good apt Ffonnance expected in bet lets, bt the tempi coadons tinder wich gond hinder perfomance achieved ae ast diferent ‘Performance grid (FG) bind are define by ater sch as PG (6622, Theft number, 6 the igh enporenue grade Ths means hat ‘he Hinder possess adequate physical propenies upto at leat 6, This ‘would camespand wi te high pavenent tenperatue ia te inate in snk the binder expected to see. Liew, the second numba C22) ie the kw temponaure grade are means tht the binder possess ade sical prope i pavements down teas -22C. “he conta thee ofthe Spey ner specifica es ance ‘en testing ssp binders in cones that Sua the ree cea ges ding the binders ie Tes permed cn the cxgalasphak represent the Fie sige of ansp, stg, and handing. The seed sage repens the apa ding mx podoton and coasncion, an is simate in the specation by agin the binder in ring thins oven. Tis procede ‘expe din ner into het and iad apprenntes the exposure of "sphal rng hoe mixing, having and aydown conions The thi sige ‘eceurs asthe binder ages over fng pad as par dhe ei np Pvcment layer. This stages sna in the specifi the press ging vowel This procedure exposes inde sumpes to heat and pressure ‘ond ha simulate ars of inservice agg in a pavers. “The Superpave bier specfeation& cosa being vated by tr AASHTO ad ASTM Table 2 as the Supemave binder est ‘spent and brie description oF iss nthe spe. Details 00 ‘bos wean et forthe Super binder specifiston, athe et raul eltonship toil! performance are presen in ormance ‘Graces der Sefton and Tt Superpave Sees No.1 (we.fea ThaFen Ov TO) Sno ar Pressure Aging Vessel (PAV) cheracterstios " Dyramic Sear Roma (OSR) Mesure binder roparesat high a itemedie temperatures FottoralVscometer (Vv) ‘Masse be properties igh tempetuee Benong Bear heometr(2BR) ease bind ropes tow rect TensenTster(OTF) temperatures >> Marshall and Hveom Methods: Mos agencies tion se the Nard mix design mete ‘Developed by Truce Marsal ofthe Missspp ute ighuay Depart, the US. Army Cony ef Ergin ened an ded ean ete Manhallsapproch and twas fomnalized as AST D1S59 ind AASHTO “TH6, The Marshall method ens a laborsiryexperinent src a developing a sabe asphat ture using sei Now and densty/okds anaes ‘One aantge ofthe Marl method i tation o deny nd ‘elds popertin of sap mista, This als estes he proper ‘ahumetne peoportons of mire miter or achieving. ble HMA, Anes arate state equ equipment reatvely expensive ane pore, ac dus lend self to emote quay contol pert However, many engines belee tht the mpacs compaction usec wal the Mnll method doe nt suste mature denen as os in rea pverent. Furthermore, Masha ibley dos not adesuatly tims the shear eng of HOIA. These ro shuts make iio ose te iting resitace ofthe desig mitre, Consequeiy thre his been a roming fon among apa ethnologist the Maral meth has ‘halved fe ustanes for moder asphalt mu den “The Hveem mix dean proce was developed by Frans Hwee the Caio Deparment of Tansporaton. vem and thes refined the procedure, wich s dete in ASTAEDISSO and ASTM ISI. The vc mete! ct commonly es Fr EMA ouside de wester Ute ‘The Hocem method ao ena ensty/cis and sty analysts ‘he mint’ resince to sel n the prfence of waters abo deteined. {The Hveem metho fas to primary scananges. Fst the beading abe of laboratory compaction though totes slate the ‘Seaton characteris of HWA ina el pumemert. Second Her ‘cbt sa dec measure of the ima fricton component f shear cng, Iapeasures the ably of est specimen to rest ater “space rom appicason of 2 ver ad D elsadantage ofthe Hvtem procedure at he texting ep Issemehat expensive and nat very porable. Farhermore; some inprtant mature vlumetne properties that are rete to mix Gray are not frudnny deemined os pa of the Hveum procedure. Some eases trie thatthe mete of slong asphalt coment inde Hive meth is fo subjective and nay eu in aon dale HMA wih 0 ite pha "To agent the sna! Masala Hveem metic agencies ave increasingly ape boro das proceies ood neo ‘yer that they ave found sable fot lr eondtions. The Gora Inde whe! teria example of equipment wed replace or supplement proces in ther dan spstems. The advange of test ‘ems is that agencies can deve ver ceteris, backed wp by esermance das fo al pavers. However, agencies also have to Cond mary expesments 1 achieve this experience. Even then the “aperence fon applica othe materials ane wzonmental conden tesa New products andl rate rogue addon expen. > > superpave Asphalt Mixture Design Procedures Troi eps erp used 2 ket asp ard age roel an conduc ix design proceso combine the maria. The perpuve mfx Jog Sten integrates meter selec and mix des to procedures bused on the prject'clime ad dese wali“The Superpne aap bse peifcion was dese enter this chapter and the agavegate and mx design specications are discs hee Mineral Aggregates. isc ase prs chsh impo ipat e ptomans, Home ta Teen mis dein med ot opr ig e oe cede Comen, one ahs dent) este Spepve mixin posses Widen ew soe et pees sea deveped expos we mld wali di Sopa aie ‘roe nate ps a pte Sipe ‘psem: omen proper sl ree opr Ccenan fea ‘teat HRP rn vd were anal Wachee gh Dedman A. The pep si ema anes ‘ependng entee elane spoaen wiinte fveen. igh ale ‘eres and nance mimi, low pevmen pence Site formes pepo Many apries aie popes a uy ete forages tna HA. Thee popes end a Sse a ‘A Fatanc Boogie Paes (A Ghy Cesent By szchteg oan fe eget mp, Soper ks wate Hi wh sh doef cel Heenan as phate Steg fr nga yc ps ns at 1Dik wl pt bea aeebl egg: teage Sng ang a Comendant yee ‘iia onl wee tb ne ae Source popes re thea oct ae fy al sue eam Wh es pet ae npr ial he ae ‘cto a Spee st ie ya cans pene The mae pope aed npr ae ‘A Toughness ‘A.Soundncs ‘A Delecercus Mei “Tous s measued fy the LA abrasion es. Sounds cue by the serum o magnetar suite ounces. Deeiious er are meas y the cay harps pd able paises es ‘To spec ange radon, Supepave uses the O45-powee gain cha wah gradation cori mis anda esc ome to dewey a hs agua srine, Super egies a de arte _srctre pass beeen gato conta pits while eeomnending tha the raluion rsticed zn heaved. The reseiced zoe wed by Sinema to avd mist that hive igh propio fine ind eater roel sand and avid gradations th flee the maximum ders hs, ‘whch do nce somal Inve ade oes nthe mineral apeate YMA) In macy nance, the rence one wil ctege the use ine nti ‘sd nan agaregite Hen and enccrage the we of dean manutd sn ‘The design agree stroctue appa eres He the agree ‘wll develop a trong tone elena 0 enhance ensance to pecranent formato while along forse wid space enhance mu slob Superpave Mixture Design. One fhe hey fetus in Superpne mix den the chinge is aber compaction mods laboratory compaction is aocomplsied using Spey gyatory compactor (SGC). The SGC shares sone wats wth exiting gates compactor, butt has completely new operational characteris, While ts ‘unin purpose is to compact et specinens te SC can provide information shout the compacabty ofthe parculr mire by easing de ring ‘cmpacion. The SOC can be weet desir mstursthat do ax ea classe tnder mix behav and do at dena to dangerously low at vid content ude tafe action. Supepuve mix design procera depend on Ue rl evel the prverent or whic the HMA is eng esr The prin, cad ‘oumetnc mix dese, ca be use forall pavemere pros and ic ental compacting et specimens using the SGC ad slectig asphal content on the bass of volumes desig eure ‘The performance of HMA inmedatl afer consti snloened by mine prepetes ring fren ie ming al compton Consequently sho term ang poco was corporate imo the Suparpave system. This was accompli by rein st loose mire"Simple, prio to compaction bythe SGC, be ve abe to multe the delays that oocurin actual consti actives. Original the aging per ak temperature were four hou a 135 bt has bec revised 8 nwo hou ete at tbe competion empertre ‘The performance ted tt and perforce retin madel for HMA are inpenant developments ram the SHRP asa eseach. At the ise ths piting however they asl beng developed. Output from mire Peformance ts wil be dese 1 mae dete predic of aca, pavement performance: These tos wl allow an engineer to eimate the Dedonans ie of pepe A em nat ge le ud (RR Soe personne tesing speci snd aetna Pines. The Supapave inl specs, AASHTO MPI, s unique inthis perforce haved and hat ier ase ‘See on the fas of he cate ad fc wh they ae icv serve, Duca in ths mana ceed on Sect the cone Peformance: Grade (PG) fra pacar ppl. For oee deals on Superpve inert equent, rede, ad eter, sce the Asp ses Prformercy ‘Graded Apna cer Seo ead Tesi SP) “The psi prope erent tin the spect accent among PG gees. What lees the vais Inner es tepartine ot which the sqaemeres mst be mma. or exanple ender ised 23 PC 61-21 meas thi te Tarr mus meet temperate pal pepe requ that yp wa temperate of 6 Can eerie psa Propenies mathe rat et dou 9-270. These ply Ppopertes ae drealy rato ld pesorman, © the ter ‘he fis dng temper alu he mcr este the kr shoul eto igh tempore dirs ich nating shin, kewise te lower he scored (om PG tanger ala de ‘ou ratte rake sek! be oon temperate cack The high aed ow tripe designate eed Eh decsons srs noc in eee cement faunber ef pele rds amt uate The ee come vg ads ued i the US are PG 61-2, 7.22, PO 522 PG S22 PO G48, PO 58nd PO S23 Speier select ind gad hus on emsorment (histor eperaie di) the ona andthe dene ‘eat fcor. Mos genic spl ne poet contr the Thaker rade to be wed Ifthe degre tpn fr ecting “he PG guage, vo sare pregrams ae avast a in foe the appropri id fit thee the LY? Bind sofware develope Py a valle deh the angen Pavement Pesormance Program LTPP the REWA Tare Fathanks Highway Reseath Cater. Seu Uses Ui AASHTO Saperpae pgm argon pec fhe ASHI "ROAD my. Whe LTPP desk ay wih NG binder ‘elect, AAS/70 Seperate sit ithe ee Supep¥e mss ‘kes process ~slba with roving ual ete ae ly ‘sue guts daring eodicion. One male A417 Serpe del sh PG binder sleioo.‘hese progam prea dsb temper nfrmeon fem ‘over 700 eae tons in he USand Cagada alone to sek hacer sales rhe climate a panic prjatFcaion. Fer each ear thatthe ‘wether sions have be operon dhe hones seen hy prea was ‘emi and the average maximum a enperaneFr i sexe dy peo wasted Foal the yeas of peaten the mean te sand devin ofthe seven avenge minum trtenperatue wa cleat Sm the onediy minimum a tempentie ofeach ear was efi, ante can and stn devision were cats Weather sons ih eta 2 yeas data ere news however, the dn tempers to be we fr slong asp Binder grades are the pavemen emperor thea emperties “Therefore, al tpt oe the westher tation te met be converted xo pavemextemperaaes. For rice ler, SupeNe eines tbe locations for dhe high pavement design trperaue at pth 29 ‘im blew the pavernentsurice, andthe lw paves desi temperate atte pavement sufi Using thee anaes acl conor wah mode for net eat low ancl energy lnc, ard asus vas for slar sinorzdon (09 radon transmis thgh a), ampere alton (70 and wind speed 15 m/e, this eatin was develope > ibe re ay eh perme eg pve A an = Tun 005 Lat! +0228) La #4222) 09546 9-17.78 ‘where nee ~ high pavement design reper at 3 det of 2) mn “Tor seven diy avenge high irene, "C Lat he geographical laine oft poet n degree “The prefered mathod of determining the lo pavement des lemperaire in Sipexpive 0 ube the LTPP Bod ofwate. Pro tothe aval of this stare, thre were to pensite ways 0 establish his tempera. The fist way was o smpy assume thi thew pavererd design tempeaue was the same the a tempest Tie mea ‘38 oily ecrnrend by SHRP rescuers. Thi very ‘consent asupion herase prvement emperatre eal lays ‘warmer than a teapentire in ed weather The socnd method uses a ‘spuaton developed by Canaan SHRP rserchers Tn * 085M #17 ‘where Tey = nou pavement sgn ermpeatrein"C “Tor™ minima al temper a average yearn‘ “The Supepive stem allow the dese 10 use ebity rmesueronts 1 asign a degree of dein sto te high and ow ppvement temperatures Used in selecting the banker rae, Refi fhe percent pba na ge year the acta empeatre Coney ln reread high) sll nt exceed the dean epee A higher relly means loner dk, For example, constr summer ie teperaies tn Cleveland, Ohio wich has a mein seven-day munmum cf 32C and a areal devition of 2G. In average ya, here 2 50 pect chance thatthe severday manu ai emperaue wil exceed 32. However, ‘suming a norma sais fagoexy tian, there son two event chance tha the severly anim wil exceed 36 nn pls wo anand deviations) therefore, shen in Fugue 3. desig air temperate of 36°C wil provide 9 percent relay 32 ae 7-Day Maximum Ait Temperature (Cleveland, OH) Figure 3.1 Design Temperature Reliability > > air Temperature Selection ‘Continning ie example assume haan asp mir i 0 be designe for Cleve igure 32 shows the sats variation ofthe two ‘design a temperatures. ya oral srt, de average sever-cy ‘naxanum ae tener i 32C an ina “very hor samme, this verge ‘nay reach 36 Lang ie sae spproah oy ner eacions, Cleveland tas «one-day minimum st tempernse of 20°C with a standin devon of FC Comey nan average wr ie coldest tenet 20Air Tomporatures, Cleveland, OF 40 "30-20 302030 40 60 60 Figure 3.2. Example Air Temperature Variations Fora ‘very cold” winter, the texrperaure may each 29°C. The anda \devatons show there i more vasaion dhe one low terpenes tan the severly aver high texans, > > Pavement Temperature Selection ‘Contin the expe: fora mutace cour Cleveland the design pavement temperstures are about 52°C and 16 for 50 pect velblty nd about 56°C snd 29 fr 9 percent relay mea plus to anda evn) give 3.8 graphic speesnts the tal vara ofthe two vere engin, Pavement Tomperatures, Cleveland, OH 23.46 oo 30'-20'40 010 20 90 40 60 eo 70 Figure 3.3 Example Pavement Temperature Variations >» > Bindor Grade Selection Based on Pavement ‘Tomperatures To schieve a rebny fa kes 50 percent and provide for an sscrage iin pavers temperate of at east 52, the standard igh temperate gad, PG 52, happens to match te design emperture, SZC (ig the me resoning, he seu iow tmpertne rade wo atin 50 percent reliy a PG 16, whic jpn happier to ma dhe design Faby. As show fo Figure 44, to tain t east 9 relay, then recent elect tnd high temperature ade of PG 5810 prec seve 36 and andar! low temper gre of PG 2810 protect. below 25°C. In both the high and low temperate cases ofthe PG $828 ine re, the acl realy exces 9D perenne of the “rounding up” camed bythe ax dee difleence betwen standard des ‘This Tou up woduces consti In de binder electn proces. ‘natier source of concert oscar when conser the ual asphalt inde lsc proper. The spf bnder may’ possess the ‘cul open of 2 9G 6-2, butt will neverels be easfe to a seandatd gee of PG 5822, The et eat that x signficant fcr of sy 'incided i the binder selection scheme. Fer comple, #8 pte tht ‘he PG 32:16 inde, selected previo fora minimum of 50 peeent ‘einity for een ay actly Ive Doe yes a 4 P3620, fe sch a rade cased. User ofthe PO gating sem fr binder seletion| ‘shld recognize that console sfeauads are lay ince in tbe roves. Because ofthese faci £ may not be necessary or cos: efetve 10 rere ccna high vais of lay or abgormal conserve high ol temperate grades. ‘The Siperpave computer programs perform allof thse calculations asd on inal se np. For any lation, the wer en eter ini ‘elably athe scfce wil calcu the neue asphalt binder sede Aemadvely, the user can specify a desired aha binder gra and Superpave Wl calcule the lab Men deciding te spat binder PG rides to spec for ther clmase and lading condtions. agence ae fice ‘th engiceng management decions They wil hae to dace the level ‘of cany to be use. Depending onthe ply established by each individ agency, dhe selected relably may be afonetion of ra ssiflaton wfc level nde os and avalabty and ober ars~ 40302 40 0 a Tague 3.4 Spee inde Grate Sens fo Gland a 40 6 60 70 >» > Adjusting Binder Grade Solection For Trafic Speed and Loading (Grade Bumpira} ‘The apa binder selection procedure dese she Fas procedure fo typical highay leading conditions, Under thee cndtons, ‘assumed hat the paverent i surjected1 2 design nmi fs teasont loads. For the hgh tempest dasignstuton, coauolied by specied properties elaine parmancn’ defommuton, the peed wd Inte an aon eect on pertermance ‘Sperpave res an ckdsoal sit inthe selected high ‘erpetrue binder grade for slow and sanding kod appietons For ow ‘moting design lads the binder wo be sled one high temperate ace higher, such a PG 6 nse of 4 BG 58 For sling des ac, the eer wo! esate 0 ih epee rice higher sch G70 lnwead of aPC 38 ‘Ao, a adn sie necded for extriondinaniy high numbers of heavy tral leads redesign ali i expected o be between 10016 000 sn! 30900,00 exvalet sng an cals CESAL then the engine encouraged to consider selecting one high empentve binder grade high than ihe seksi bse on cli he design tai epeced excel 1000000 FSAL, dn he inert be selected one high tempemture gad higher than the sleon bse on climate Tis practice aks igh empoature grades for we cing and sped semetines called ade bumping” Table 3.1 summaries AASTO' gride- taumping pc 48s prescned ie MP2 of he AASHTO Provisional Stancil. In sould be emphasa that proper or eonsawate binder elect doc not sri tal pavement perfomance. Fatigue cracking peaformance is grey affected bythe premen strcture and wali Petancn efron or nating del a Reto ofthe shear sent ‘ofthe mike which greatly wfluanood by agremte rope Pavement Tow temperature ercking cmeies mot scan 0 the binder roperies Engineers shoud ty to achieve 2 hance among the many Factors when slecing Pande "mee me amine nr ine ee etal Stearate saree user Ouse yen foots lot 1 Spates ie lent cb ea * at geno pute Pe es nea Setbormrteersteent 1 cinoraaaara pencemnate genera ah Wr leet reaver gens ays a ent oY Sitpemear siarR i obeom Fer jovi 00. owes Stk escachers eyed pnemeat expe 10 determine which aggregate properties were ‘mos important. Thre was general pee a awegate ropes ‘layed the tale in overcoming permanent efron. Pave Sacking and lowtenperature cracking were ee ced by ape CSaructries. SHRP reir used ese survey seul lea 0 ‘ctegois of aggegue peupenies tht needed toe use inthe Sapepave Salem: convo peopenice and source properties Adana, 2 new Way cf specting the des aggre gaan was developed> > Consensus Aggregate Propertios The pvr exper sp that certain ape chars were atl welipotonming HA. These chutes were eld “aaennus popes because ter was we agement iba use and spied ylues AS cused in chapter 2 the conan properties te Chee area alate grat cary, ard ke antes clay cana “The cera for these omens agree popes are hase an tli ve! aa pk win the pavement tc Maras oar tbe ppnemertaufice gt ig wfc levels ete more singe Ecesenas opis, he tec an tend be ail prope Sarvate lend ser than inked eomponens. Hoses many pecs ‘terry apply sch reiements to eh aggeaies 0 unsble feanponents canbe wena The consenss propre ae dade bw (alae Tale 32 Coarse Aggregate Angularity. This ppenyensies ish ge fae eal ce ane niing tance. Ws ened the [erent Oy us) of apart agen 475 am wth ane oe more fcr fees. The Wot method space by Superruve s ASTM DSEZ), Ps ‘Method or Deering te Pov of Praca Fas hare Agaric “ible 3.2 es de rent inion vale or eae agree angular as 2 esc alc el and pein win he pavers <08 ee 23 | soon | ror 6 ». + peste poeta cede oe siete ay eeae te Nar are 2 oars ali a (aha et ye urea eae eset einer nso! Fine Aggregate Angularity, his propeny ensue eh gre of ns agree lve icon an iting vesizance 1 defined {the percent ar voids presen im easel compacts gga srl than Tas mam The tet method specie by Supeepave i AASHTO 304 incompace Youd Cont of ne Arete. Ths prope intvenes by erie dupe, surface texture, ad grad, Higher vil contents mean ‘ce Fctres faces 1 the tex prose, arp fine. washed ne sed ae ate is poured rt a sl alte yinder dha stardand fed ae 315), praca the mas of fine gaye CW) in thei yin town vee (the wo content car be eae athe erence tetwexn the onder volume and fine agree vee collet inthe Cinder The ie aggregate bulk spc gai Gass sed 1 compte the ine aggregate volume Table 3.2 ges the requ minimus ales for fine eRe gular Cincompocted Woid Content of Fine Agrezt) as fusion o trac evel and positon wthin the paver, Nl fine aggregate sample ‘yinaer of know volume (V) uncompacted volds = V-WIG v x 100% Figure 3.5 Fine Aggregate Angularity Apparatus Flat and Elongated Particles. 1his chur fhe percentage yt of erate asaregetes that have nese i, tlanenson ii geste than ve. Hat nd eon pies ae tundsiatie because they havea tendency to break during consiwcion annde wall. The et processes ASTM D791, Hat or Boga Prices in Coase Aggregate and i's performed on coarse age angst ‘han 475 mm. ‘The procedure uses a propetonal caliper device (ge 38) 10 messi the dimensional nto oa pres stipe aioe Prices. In Fgure 3.6 de agape partic se placed ith sare slinension betyeen the sng am and ised pos at postion A. ‘The ‘svnging arm then remains sonacy whe the agg placed betwcen the swinging arm an the Raed po potion BI die grate does mt fl is gap, thon scoured sat or emg patie “The required! maximum ves for ft ae ergot picks in coane auuregate are gen iTable 32. +8 photpant te pst (8) ‘ne pos) ‘singing arm Figure 3.6 Measuring Flat and Elongated Particles, lay Content (Sand Equivalent). iy comer the [ercentge of clay mite contained ia the agree chon ha ns tuna 47mm sieve. tis measur by AASHTO TI76, Plate Pe Graded Anges and Si by sco oe Sara gue et ASTM. uti Asample of fie agate s mixed with a Aoceating soem in sade einer al gated to Iosen lye fines presen in an) cating the agree, The aecuaing salut fresh clayey mater ta suspension ahove the rani aggre. Aer sting peso, the Cinder hei of suspend sted sand is mensaed (Fue 372 The snd suet ci computed asthe si ofthe snd a cay height readings, exprened 26a percentage “The allonabe clay content vas for fine ages express 2 indir percentages equivalent re given in Table 3.2. > > Source Aggregate Properties In addin othe conse agate properties, SRP resewchees elie that cra cher agate chess wee cial. Hower, ciel vals of thee proper could ne he reached by consensis tects need vals were source speci, Comequerly, set of enue reper as reomcde Spec vale are established by local agencies While hese proponiesae een during the mi des process tbey may alo be use source aceptance con. Thee propane are sughnes scomdmes, ext detest mae asus fyinaer a suspended day ecmeried aaeate Figure 37 Sand Equivalent Test ‘Toughness. Toujhnes te pent oss of material om an sizgreate bend ding the Ls Angeles Abas est AASHTO T95 or AST C131 oF C535) "Ths ext estimates the ressanoe of couse age toabrason and neha! deacon ding handling, conseucin an eserves pefonmed by subjecting th corse aggregate, usally nee tan 236 oat angi by sec! phewes. The test eit themass percentage of couse mat lst ding thet de othe mechanical ‘Sewaditon, Maximum loss ales pally ange ren 3510 45 perce ‘Soundness. soandis the peer ons of mate fm an ‘sazregate Bend ding the sodium or nse sie seurcnes test, (AASIFTO TIO4 or ASTM CD. This tet etimates the reste of weaegte to inservice weathering, Kan be performed on bt come an fine aggregate. The ests pesformed hy exposing an agaegate sample to "peated immenions in sruate sls of so magnesia sll falowed iy oven dying. One mension and dying comsiered one soundness cyte. Dus the ding pluses propa in the pete ‘vod space ofthe agregar reimmerson the sat eye ard xen inteal expansive forces that snl the ene foces fering “The ts resus totl pect lass ove vaso see tervals ea required numberof eyes Maxam le vale typical ange fe 10 12 20 percent fr ve eyes. Deleterious Materials. D:iscxous mates ee dens as he mass peerage of contambnares sich clay hamps, dale, weceh, ica, nd ‘alin the BlerespungateCAASHTO'THL or ASTM C142). "he alse ‘an be perio on bod coun an eat. The tes peor by wet seving agreste sz fons over special eves, The muse oventage of material los asa rel of wet sewing epon ase erent of clay amps and table pales wide range of enter foe maim allowable perme of elcrons paces exis, Vals rie fom as it as 02 percent 24 gas 10 percent, depending onthe exis cexnpesin of te oman, >> Gradation ‘To speciy gration, Superpave modifies an approach lead sel byyscme agencies The 0.5 poner graditon chats sed w deine 4 Permisible rudtion. The “pony 45 power" dat uses unique grphing ‘ectnigue to show the cumulaove particle sedition cE an agree blend, The ornate (etal a athe art space paséng The hse horn) ian achat sae of seve sien milinees, ‘ase to the 048 power. gue 3 thresh the ahs is eed In this example, the 75am sieve plot at 202, which the seve sie of 475 mm sew the 045 power, Thctoll, 045 power chuns do no son arith abc abel sch thei Fue 35 Ise, the sale red with he actual seve she, asia gue 39, As impentot eae ofthe 045 power chat the maxim densyy raat The munraum densty ine lets sagt ne from the Figure 3.9 Maximum Density Gradation for 19mm. ‘Maximum Sizesmasinumn aggpegie sa ve rg. low are the Supespivedeios for ‘aman nominal msi “Maxsinty Size One eve ae fern the nomial maxim se Noma uci Sze One seve se eran the Bs 36 10 rea tore than 10 percent, ‘The masinum density Bre igure $9) epresents 3 gadain whene ‘ne mau se aggpegie (12 rn esti ae AEE HE) "To spoof agaeate grat, two ational ere have Been aided wo tbe 04 power charcoal pons an a resid zone Control Points. Cains ern mse ange ough ‘hich gratons mis pase, Cont points ate placed ate renin Inasintin se, an erect (29 mm), cid he smal ne (0075 mm). The contol pot ints vary depending on enema usin age sie of te desen mstne Restricted Zone. 1 sie! mae ees lng he maine slemsy gradation between the inte Se (ether 475 manor 2385 rm) Spd bem sine Fu 8 1Dateren dhe conte points and ete oe fora 125mm Superpave micun (12 51mm nomial masini and 1. ssssinom se) “The reticte zone forms and dgh which tis genera recommended! hat the ration xt pass Graltions that pss Uo ie reaiced pe fm blew the ree have olfen been cad “hue! radia’ hectuse f the cracerstic hump nthe ging cae hs pase ugh the rested zone Tames cases, «humped gation indkates an over seve mre and/or a mur thet pomsemes to auc fine sand in wean 1 al an, “hs gradation ten rit never ix hea, wich sant by compaction problems ding comsiicion. ‘These mics may aor reded estan penranent drt iting hing the evan Me “he resskted zone powers. gidion frm following the maxim ‘deny tine inte flne sete eves. Gtr th follow the mesa ‘ery He fen ve inadequte MA wo alow ror fr sftiens apa for dually. Thee gration are ply very scrve wo asp corte and fan ety become plac nth ven minor itn i apa content, Figure 3.10 Superpave Gradation Limits ‘While Superrave eigialy eecomencke th gradations pass below the seated mone, £s aot repent. Seve highway agences ‘sosesully se gangs passing ove the reacted zone Experience has ‘Sop thar some pada passing ug Ue este zane pf Safety, Before using such griions ts ecommendd that expesence te ong be eaten to deine the pric agree stucre etnns seston aoqiate VM em tnder mix bear, “The term used o deere the dsuuen of agar panicle izes the den agripateracture A dsign age sche thes between the conta pone meee he Superpave groom eee ‘Seperpave defines ve mitre groans by the nominal maim garegate ie Table 313). Appendix A shows sumescal gradation iis for the five Superave ines,ea] 1 es st mart hen ino sent ‘when considering apa mise union the eel propos of apa bine and negate componente simply. pha mite totum “The develpens of Supeepav ett the Cosmet propenis of pha manures were 9 npn thot a volume micure deg prod was develope. Ths shuser deere volume nas of MA, ich las spicata st mire design prota ining the Soperpave syste, The vekimete propenis ofa compacted paving nate lak Woks V,, vot inthe miner aegate (NI, Sis il wih asp (VER, and etletive aspha coozert (he provide vane indicator o the mioures probable pavement serie: pafomance. It necessary undertnd the dfn and salt! peocedes described inthis cfupter we able to make informed decsoesconceting the Scion ofthe design asp mixta. The infomation hore pple to bh ping mics hit have been copa a the laborer and undated samples that ve en cat from paver ine i. Eg “or water ae asp wo a yard degre ‘ctr the rao of water asp absorption varies swith each aggre. The thee methods of mesuring nsreate speci gravity consider these vations. These tetieds ae bulk, appret ancl eflctve specie rey a Scie Gray, Gy—the ea ofthe mas in air a ‘unk welme of permeate mate Coehucing oth permeable and permeable wok smal t te mae ft a aed temperate w he mast in a of equal deny (fan eal volume of gare dts water at axed temperire See Figure Apart Spec Gey, Giy~ ie ao he masini ‘fa. uniyolume of an npemeable tena ta ated‘tempers he min ar of equal density ofan equal volume of iste died woterat a aed mperatre, See Pique 43, cite Specie Gras, Ga tre ao of to ass no nit ‘volume of 3 permeahle mer (exelung voids permeable to aspha) ata sted semperatre othe mas in al cf exal esy ofan el solame of gufce dite wie t sated empentus, See Fgue 4 ‘Aephat PormaabieVods (Ce Resto Asha itr Parsi Wis Pat ct agra Volare uk 56, rater Amare SG) ater Pemeate Vos Not Flt Wr asp Port Aaa Volimeto EteeeS3) Figure 4.1 Ilustrating Bulk, Effective and Apparent Speciic Gravity and Effective Asphalt Binder in Compacted Paving Mixtures ‘The defntions for wos inthe mineral aggregate (UMA), five ssp crzent (vids), and void fle wi spa VEAD are isthe Mineral Agree, YA the volume of egal void syce benween te agate paces of compacted paving scare thet includes the ai voids and the effective ap conten, expressed as ‘ pecent ofthe ttl volume of the simple. See Figure 4.2, ‘flee Ast Content. Pye apa cotent ofa paving mba minus the portion of asp abeerbed into the apgrgate panies moe = Atos Vi the eal oie of he sal pokes of ai between the ‘coated gree paris throughout a compacted paving mie, texpresed x percent of the bulk volume of the ompacted paving ‘mine. Soe Figure 42. wat Pied wth gal, Abe pexceeage prion ofthe volume of intganalaryoid space beoween the agree pails tat occupied by theffece asphalt Is expresed ate lo of WMA -V.) YMA. See Figure 2, “The Superpne mix design procedures equi he calculation of {YA sales for compact paving misures it frm ofthe agarezat's bale pectic gv, Guy Ube other agree speci rates to compute yee = Vou olde nna apes Yio = Stk voune oes ms Yan Voto me spo Yo" Late so wth opt YE Labo steer Yea at tanec eo YS ZV stress By bik some gy) YE Latin tril apenas by eocoa owt ety) Figure 4.2 Component Diagram of Compacted HMA Specimen[YMA mens that the VM cetera no Jonge apply The effeaive specie ry, Gay shouldbe the bass fr clelating the ir wok In compacted spl pacing micure, ‘ods inthe mineral age (VMAD and al wold (Vane expressed as percent by volume of the paving miu. Void wth spl (VBA) isthe percentage cf WMA Bile by the elective apa Depending how asp cone specified, the tetve asp omen ‘may he express as ether percent by mass ofthe tt mus the paving mare, as pce, by mas, of the agaregate othe paving este Because ar voids, YMA ar VEA are volume quanti, nd ‘herfore cannot he weighed, paring macure mast fst be designed ‘malyzed on avoliame basis, For ean purposes, hs volume approach ea ‘sly be changeover to 4 mas ss to provide a jbo formula ‘The memrements and caeulatbns newt for a oils ays ae (@) Measure the bu spon gravity ofthe conse areas (AASIITO 75 or ASTM G1Z7) and othe ine agree (AASHTO 184 or ASTI. (©) Memere the specie guy of the sx cma CAASHTO T2280 ASTMIDTO) and ofthe mineral ler (AASHTO T100 er ASTM as (6) Caeule the be specie avy ofthe agree canbiaton fn the paving mica (4) Measure the maximum specie rty of the lose paving mace {ASTD D2 or AASHTO T28D, (Co Metre the bulk specific avy of the compat paving mise (ASTM DUBS / DID ee AASHTO TH. © Ceukte the effective speci avy of the agree (ig) Gaeuite the maxim specie riety acer aap contents Caleulte the asa abortion othe agree (© Caeute the elective apha conen of the pacing mists (9 Caeuate the percent voids inthe mineral aggregate inthe compacted paving mise (ko Cale te percent ai wis ithe compact paving miata. { Calate the pereat vi ile wih apa ne compe paving mire tons forthe allies re Found bo “able 4.1 ett exumple dita fora sample of pving mixune. These design das a wed ford sample cation the remainder of his ues Table 4.1 Baie Data for Sample ise Congrats Sata tate erent Foca i! is! ‘as ne ir “hae 53%) S60) 40) 200%) 30. 501%) ee ae haart | 1000 (6) (ars Are 2716(6) Aaa 2689(6) Mao Fr Paving ate | Bue gray of ompaces pry misc, Gad 42 ‘ern spce psy amp mE SPN Gn ‘Bulk Specific Gravity of Aggregate, When the al mas of arene cones of epnte eactons cf oat rete, Bie are, fn mine filer al having eee measured specie rates, the bk spree yy forthe tol aggregate caleubted sing PL Patent Po bas ee GG Ge where, Go blk specie gravy fr de ttl ageyae 1, Pa Py inv! percrmges by mas agregete Gi Gi. Gy ~ india! (cou, fine) bulk spe gay ofThe halk spete yay of miner il dficut ¥o deermine securely. Hones, ifthe apparent specie gaity ofthe ers subse the er iy negble aig the a in Tle 4. 50.0+500 00 a= er BU 00 Ra In" 099 Etfective Specific Gravity of Agarogate. When hse on the maim speci avy of ping mitre, Gag the fective spec get of the agree, Gu Inches eid spaces the agree Dries excee those tht abso pa, Cf tere ing Gen fmoe Gm Ge Where, Ga = eee spent gravy of agree Guy = mums spe gy ASTM D201 / AASHTO T2) (of paving misure asi wits) em = peteea by as ofl oone mite = 100 Py = asphalt coment ce whieh ASTM DUD / AASHTO 20 et seas performed, pent by ctl mass of mus Gy = specie roy of ep sang the data in ale 41 Maximum Specific Gravity of Mixtures with Dmerent [Asphalt Content. in cesenings pong manue witha gen ssaese, the maxima spc: gry, Cm, at each anphal contents needed © feat the peerage of avec fo each spat cnzert. Whe the ‘rus spec uy ci be dees for each asphal coment by AST ‘DIDI / AASHTO TI, the precon ofthe ets be when the ues coe tothe des ap cron. tad, its pera mesa ‘nsvimum spec gry in date or tiple, Therefore is recone tht Gg tng he perfor en at at wo mie specimens rive stated opin apt content The aero ie mei Gan Tales canbe used weakest Gy atthe eer spa coments ‘After calculating the elec spec gravy ofthe eae, om the measured maximum specie gravy and averaging the Gu eu the rim spece gravy for any other spl eontent canbe obaine ting the epaton shown below, The eetion assumes the efeine spestic gry ofthe augregae scons and, hiss val since spat dopon ces no wary ppcaby wih changes in asphak covert ‘white, Gone = miximum specie gaye pang mnie (no at vole) ae = percent by asso ol ose arure = 100 Py = apart conten, percent yal mass of mie P= asphalt consent, percent by wot ase of iste Gu = elective speci rity of aparegne Gao _iO=83_ 94 thingie specic avi daa fm Tabi the fle spec =f S30" 3945-511 _sravity, Gag, al an asphalt content, Ph, of 4.0 percent is 109 tc ra a sn ROT Te volume of apa Bader del yan aaa Bae % TO" FETT vei thn th votre of wor ae Carey the ae a6" 1030 fore eve spec gravy ofan agree suk! here ale and apparem specie gavin. When the elec speci vy fle cutie ase ents, sve mst be assumed be Icom. The eau, the maxim speci gravy of he tl ix by ASTM D201 / AASHTO TP, and the compassion ofthe mites of agree and aap cnet soul hen be reece fl dhe source othe ene ‘Asphalt Absorption. {serine S xpress a pesentige boy mas aggregate ner an a a perce by wr ass of mise. Asphalt absorption, Py determine wing P= 100% Galewhew, thy = abvorbed asphalt, preety ms of ae Ge etlective spec gravity of arene Gu, = bulk speci vty of agmegane Ge = specie rity of asp ‘sing the but and efetve age specie grvties determined afer andthe aphal specie gay ran Tae 4 4 P= 100 x 22— 2.715 1,030 = 100x208 1.030 0.8 2.703% 2.761 Tae q Elective Asphalt Contont of a Paving Mixture. 1c fcctne asphalt content, Py fa pong mire ithe foal aphal coment rinse quae of asp ex by bsenpion no the gree pace, Icisthe potion of th: tol asphakcontet tat remains as a eating the ‘ouside ofthe aggre ails, ri the saphal content ht greens ‘he performance ofan asp mire. The foals Powe where, Pag = efletve ap enter, percent yn of mie Fy = asphalt coment, percent by wea mas of iste Jy = orb asp percent by mass of aggregate P= agaegate conten erent byte sof mine ‘Using he dra from Tabi ts Puasa 28 x0, iw 5 Percent VMA in Compacted Paving Mixture. The ois in the mineral agente. VAA ar deed ste negra we space Itween the agregar prices in acempaced paving hse tht icicles the ai wos and the efaaive aspha contet, expenses as «pent ofthe toil volume. The VA is cuted sed on the bulk specie gravy of the aggregate ands expresed asa prcntage ofthe bulk volume the eemnactel paving mist Tere the VMA cane called ip sulin the volume of dhe aggre derind by isbk specie rv fom he bul volun of the enna paving mitre) The eution i usta for each ype of msnue percentage coment he nix comnton determined pete by asf ol mtu wvhere, YMA = voids in the mine ages, penne of bulk volume Gy = bulk pectic gavity oft get no bull specie gvty of compacted mare P= agpegte conten, percent by total ms of maine ‘sing the daa from Table 2442x947 2708 YMA =100 100-85.6= 14.4 (Or ithe mix compotion dete pce by mas of snare By = spl content, erent hy mas of agate ‘slog the dats ron Table 4: 2.440, 100 Tm “Toes6 Percent Air Voids in Compacted Mixture, ‘hc vis ‘cin the tral compacted paving mire coos of de nal ai spaces berscen the eed agree pares. The volume percentage fa voids ina compacts mitre can be determined using Gun Go, OR where, Va = aie voids in compacted mire percent ol volume va =100 100 = 100-85.6= 14.4 Va=100%,Gom maximum specie gay of paving mis (at deemined in ate 407 ors determined dey for a [pring mistne y ASTMTDaD41 / AASHTO T20) Gay, bulk spec gay of compce more sng a dat rn Table 2535-2.482 4 ase Percent VEA in Compacted Mixture. Te pesos: of the voids in the mineral aggregate tht ae ile wh asp, VFA ne inching, the bebe asp, detemined sing Ve =100%: va Ma ‘where, VIA = yokde ile with apa, percent of VA YMA = voids inde mineral agate, percent of bik vole Wu = sirvoids in compared masure, percent of tl volume VFA= 100% Using the dat fromm Tae 4 44-37. A YEA =100%. (emote Supemave ix design proses iva: 2 sekesng asp and agape mate tht meet thei |a_ Developing several aggregate tal ends to meet Supespve seadaon equremens ‘a Blerting apt wih the wal ends and sboriemn oven ‘a. Compacting specimens ad analyzing the volumes ofthe tual bend ‘a Sclcing "he be” i end a8 the sen aauregate Sms aed compacting samples of the dos aggre Sct t several ph cones 1 dtcenine he des Ssphal content (Append C provides an gue of de ls ‘design proce). The sataation of the Superpve mature specinen eepotion procedures has ben nat by AASITO. Test les ae found! n AASHTO TPS, Saudade for Pern and Deering the Doty of Het Me pal MA) Species by Mec of oe SEARP Cat apa, aa, AASITTO PPD. StandarelPrace fr Mesure Contin of Hot Aiba a The testing procedures presented hew are pps Siow the AASHTO sacar The pany vie used in Supeepave mix design the Superpave gia compact (GCC). The SGC is sed to proce specimens or vohuetc aly and also recor Yo pide a measure of ‘pecinen dey thoughout compuon precede >> Superave Gyratory Compactor SHRP esearch had several als developing 3 lubestory coigacon metia. Mest porary hey ware 9 sly compact ns et specs dents achieved Under acta pavemet lane at oading condos. The ‘congacten device new be capable of cero Lage treats ae leo missure coniextoay 9 that para ‘eke mx bcnwor aed sai coapacton problems could be ented A igh pry For SHRP esearc ws 4 device Pale enc fer ws Inthe qual conto. cpio ofa Inning faci Sin exiting compactor shied al ase(a) te come en pty cemmpacor mci 3 use te orton Principles of «Pench gyrtory campoetor. ‘The modified Texas syst accomplsed dhe ga of else spec desc a Was Teaonably potable. Ginch sample date imately 150 man on a SGC) could accomnate minutes cng ager pt sm smasiowm see (7 Sn nomival maximum see). SHRP reeuchs mode the Texas erator compact hy lene ts angle and speed _gvraton and adding el une, speci hedges capable “The SGC comnts of these components: Reaction fame, etn ve and mee Loading sem, loading ram, and prestre gnoge Height measuring and recordation system Mold and base pte Specimen exuding device Figure 51 shows schematic ofthe $6: ts con anc ata asquiton pans rotntng base Figure 5.1 Superpave Gyratory Compactor Aleading mecunion proses agin the reaction fame and apis ‘oad othe ling ro predce #600 a empton peso the specimen. A pressure ging mesures the am lang namin const ‘resure daingcompoction. The SGC mold (gue 52 hs a inside ianeterof 150 nan ane a hase ple nthe tom ofthe moll powder confinement dung compton. The SOC hse re at 3 constant te of {D revolutions per mioe ding snp, ws the oll pth compaction ange of 1.25 cares 0 gyrations per minute Figure 5.2 SGC Mold Configuration Specie ight measurement an pots Funan ote SGC. Specimen density can he estate ing empuction by knowing he mass ‘teal plac nthe mo the inside damater ofthe mol, andthe specimen eg. Helgi measure by resting the poston ofthe rm Atecagpoat the te Lng thee mensanmns specimens emt arctic s developed Figure 53). Figure 5.3 Mixture Compaction Characteristics from the SCFie 4.3 ites ow the deny of he aspalt mini nee ‘wih nceing rations. As wih ther nx design proces, spilt Thntures are desned at a speciclvel of compacite eff. In Sipeane, thie function ofthe dein ruzber of gyrations Nyx: Naw 6 ve © Say the compact flor of the desig mature as ts. function of tal Jove Teac srepresented bythe desig ESALs, The range of ales for Ni ‘75 | ay ae ec xy ut ty ses Wer tates ponte) 75.118 | eum vate lector county raves) 18 t00 160 | Nes ton tests sae ones US hotest) am | 9 125 25 | Hantaicinetatne restr ‘Siglo tuk oarng 008) vena egmeetni ty ers ents hk teria cerca te perenne te eee sete cate eeethtorka tun seoeneet ow Bian Siar “sa ee en As ep Ah tn a TRE Sakai wartal ie Two other gyaion vevare abo of eee the inl uber of enains Og) ae tama numer of gyn (Nj) TEX specimens [Se compaced sing Nas kato and a estimation of dhe compacblty fake mises determine sing Nex. Now determined (ising anal ‘SGC specimens) alr the mise ropes are abled an check to fp au! agin plac le caused afc in excess ofthe design eve. Nowe nd Ne a ate fom Nj using the following aiostipe 1g Nee 110 Lo Na ag, Nt = 045 Le Naw “The tals of Ne, Nag 4 Naa te sho for Superfve def tne evel in Tae 51 > > Additional Test Equipment Andry es cspmentrequtedin he preparation of Spespsve splat mies cade 7 Ovens hermosa conlle fr heating spares, apa and ceuipment. 21 Metra Maer: comme read dough mises YO (10) ‘apc or lang, equipped with metal mixing bowls and wise whips 4, Fliebotom metal pans for heating auseyaes ane aging mre {Round metal pans approsinaey Iter Og) cape, for msn, asl and agree 5. Scoops for bahing asset Continent tins, beakers, or purl poss, for heating asp 3. Thermometers: armored, gas ore pe with metal sem, 1010 235 for deter emperase fgets, apa ae asp Balances 10g capac, ensve w 1 for weighing aggregates and Asphalt 10g capacy, sersive 1 0 for weighing computes specimens 9. Lage Ming Spoon ce smal el 10. Large spa. 1, Welders genes (rs) for handing hx equpoent 12 Pain, maken or rons, or Wenig te specimens 13 Paper dks 150 my, fr compaction 1 Pane fr coc compact specimens 15. Gempaser printer for da eolecion and recording. RRR soe pore pepmnmmenre acted See ee eee ~ eat cepacia eee eae Siege recente metas =o eee a eee ae onan ee oe plea Sain aestha graduicns pass ble the resid 00; this Ho a equrement. A {tal prada cm pot above or even tough the eeied rane. AS an ‘faency or contac Dens ing marr using the Superave tem Spotl fe beneficial condo analyses my eal blend to deters the mixture bosnsor ofthe local mses ‘Once the wal lens esate 2 peliminay vahation of the ended space properties neces. This inde th four consensus fpoperics th bul ant apparene spraic gravy ofthe area, and nm agree propeties, These valves cin intly be maternally ‘Stine om the dll agree ropes. Actual tess soul be pert en te agregar lend oi approval “Mer the seezne ropes ave been cvs the neat epi to compact specimens and deemine the volumes properties of each ta ‘lon The alpha binder conte fo ach tl en can be cau by alnring the procedure detailed in AASHTO Provisonal Standard, P28 Append XL Rater than calle thei ash inde ones, many desanen peer etimate the il valbes based on experience or ober ‘fists ‘he following values repel er aggregate lees hing CGnbioed aggregate bik specie ey of appeoamatcly 268. Aart ‘Citic having sigan Higher Gy may needless apa an those seth a loner Guy ay set exe pu owni Masiena Amorate Seem) ‘Trial Axper Content 0) a3 33 230 40 130 45 1s 50 35 Auman of two specimens for each al bend compacted Using the Supper compactor. Two samples ae abo prepared for (Saermning be must’ panini teresa speci VY. AN te ‘pass of 700 grams usualy sie for he compacted specimens. An “rasan mass of 200 pons sua safe forthe specs Use 1 “ermine ava thoretial spo vy (Gr) abou AASHTO ‘Too ASTM DaOtD sould be conse to determi he minum sample se requted er various mis | Specimen epaiand compaction |. anneal SF HAG et ccimens ig he Soperpavegyratry compactor (SGC). I ‘nchdes guidelines for mixing snd compacting tet specimens. Figure 55 tases the varus steps fs specinen prequration and comguactn, Proparation of Aggregates. Pipe hiching sheet showing she batch weighs ofeach agree compen and te aspha inder ‘Weigh int 4 pan tbe propor ws of each ager compemnent “Te sample its are used epersing em del se For compacted spent tha wl be yes Syperpave design, She Specimen sla 150 mam (inate) by 15 mm Cheighd aoe reques Sppreninaly 000 go agree. Samples to be wed for deermiaton of tutcanan tect spc rey by AASHTO TR / ASTM DBD yenainunecenpacted aa theirs ary by aggregate Sze and ang fom "x0 03900 grams. Moise damage testing wig AASHTO TS req ies 2 spccinen eight of 5 cm and approxmaly 3700 g of agree Mixing and Compaction Temperatures. Deine he Laboratory ang and compton tempatres sing pa of Wseaty ‘epus temperate gure $4) Sclct mixing and compaction tempers ‘omen wih binder vcs valves cf of 0.17 «02 Paes un 1925. 003 Pies, epectnely ‘Nowe that ewe vice anges ae ot yall for mode asphalt binder. The designer shea! consider the nauicer’s recommendations ‘when exalshing mixing and campcion tempers for oes! ‘nodes Practically the ing weperatre shoul nt exec 165 C ad the compaction temper ould nt be ower a SC: Sonpsse Asw ara Fame i) Teper "C Figure 5.4 Temperature-Viscosity RelationshipNote The sg ad compaction ogres cer bene are nde fo abrir mi depron Pal mg anal cpacton epee mst ected fom wal epics and xeon ace the pan cosine eat nan xen tpi high than the mang tempest. Two fou hours are ee fe the aggezte wo each the ming temperature, Wile agree het bea al mxng implement such ss spats, mixing owl and the tok, Fie te ap adr the dese ming tripe. The tie eee fortis dep vas depenting on the amount of spa aa the being mete aration of tren, Pac the et ing bowl on balnce 2d mothe alice (gu 5.84 SCs nts bor wah ca gra we i hl (2 oem cote inthe blended pyre anc weigh the rues aha ‘imo the mogue to achieve dhe dese ich weigh 1A emove the min bo rom the scale ane mix the spake sggreyate using a mechanical mixer gue 5B) ‘a. Mixte specimen un he agarose f thorugh coated {A Phace the max in fa halo” pan at an even thickness ranging betwee 235 mmm sod 50mm, ‘A. Mice the ex and pan in be conning ven for 2 hours #5 mines a eapeatun opal whe mbmin’s peed cimpacion ere 23¢ Glgure ‘A. Storie age the specinen for 2 hau. ‘A. Repeat this procedure ntl he desed abr of specimens ar preced ‘a. Proper ting of te ayy compartion steps canbe achieved by sping apprenimately 2 ates tween mixing each speesnen 1a. Arte en ofthe sorcarm aging peso, prose © AASHTO 7209 / ASTM D204 fhe mine st be Use to determine maxima theoretical specie rity. Oo, proceed wah compaction “perience shomn hat aggregates having owe than 2 percent (Wate) akseplon sk be gel or our hours all dona asphalt shsorpion to ccc Ts adsttect shou more wey ali abrtry ‘ales with vam jpreliced ine determine! position. or erakaon of properties of Specimens compacted rom mip pode apa tines Cnaning absorptive agrees consideration shoal be gen to acing shertierm aging (STOA) pend. STOA periods of up toto rs maybe ‘necessary to alle asp inde absorson © our nubs and messinemene made on pet Figre558, FgireS5 gue SSFTigie551 Tigre 35 Compaction of Volumetric Spocimens. Pip hy compactor while mist specimens are shertrm aug Fire 55 D> “This tlds venting thatthe compaction presue the compacrn angle and speed of gion are a 16th prop alia sein the eed, muberof gyrations, Nag. Also ensure that the dat acqustion device is Approach 4560 mints bore comput ofthe fist men, pace the compaction moe aed oak pies in an oven st at the compaction temperture. Remove the roll and tee pte fom he oven ain place the hase pate in the mol an pape dak on top ef the base Pace the honerm age ure in the moll gute 5.57 eve the smarure an place 4 paper dak on op ofthe level mie. Mae the rn containing the specimen int the campactor (Fgues 35 G and 55 #0, emer the mold une the ein rz and at hese vo atthe ‘extends down in the mld inler and exacts te specimen. ‘The a wl sap whea the pew reachis 60 KPa “Appy the 125 angle of pyaion and sa the gyratcry compton (Figure 35D, Compaction wil proceed und Nix hts been completed During compaction, thera eating system iin contre presse of 0 ks. Specimen height is continually entre rg compaction ad shsjgtt measuremrt recede afer each reckon, The compactor Wl ease compacting ater reaching Nay a the ne of gyration wil be eased andthe loaing rim ae. Ree the Mok] coining the compete specimen fe the cpt al sowiy ‘sae the specimen fo tbe mol Fgae 85. Senate coeling sea ‘ul factatespecmen removal wou une cNorien Remove the paper dik fom the top aed boom ofthe specimen Figure 5.410 ana alow the specimen o coc undiauste. Place te mokl and base le back the oven to reach corapacton temper othe neat specimen. Addon melds wil avoid the delay cae by dis wep. Repeat the compaction precede foreach sper. Lely eich specinen with sotale mer rigue $5 Se Se aie, ‘computing the estimate bl specie gi, comeced alk pci ety and comeced percentage of mau thoracic ray ke each \dsied gate. Dusrg compaction the hoght messed ae ocd er each gyaton. Gay ofthe compacted specimen andl Gyy the asernibrae are measured and anette of Guy at any ae of gyn, made by cviding te mass ofthe mite bythe wu ofthe compaction ‘mal Gag Cestimated y= Ww where, Gya(estinaied) estat bulk specific arevy of specimen suing cor puction Wa = mass of specimen, grams ie = density of water 1 g/em? Yon '= velune ff compaction mold (em?) calculated sing the euatens where, d > ameter of mold (150 mr, ant hh ‘eight of specimen in mod during compaction om) = = sans “his calcu asus athe specimen sa onthe coiner, which sk, Serie reais cause the vohume of the Specimen tobe ala os han the vue of smocd side elie. “Therefore, the eal estate Gy at Nag eileen hn the messed 21 Nim Thorfre the einated Gnp come by ara of the measured estima bulls spect avy: 7 ‘conection fcr G.sdmeasured) Gtestinated) Gafimensie) = measured bulk spec gravy ate Nas Greesimstd) ~ estates bulk specie gavity at Ni “Te ete Gy at any ether gyro levels en determi (corrected )=C XG (estimated) where, Gu (comected) = comet bulk specific griy of the specimen: sy sao © = conection factor, sd Gy Cente) = exited lk specie gaya any gration Perest Gy tay gyration evel then cleus he rato of ip (comected Gy meas, andthe average peront Gm Yes for the wo companion specimens are acute ‘lng the Nae» Ni Al Ny pats levels previ termined ram deg raf eve, Supepave volume i cig cetera (UMA, VB and dust ao) a etl on a four escent al oid foment at Ni Supepave mix design a spcties ern fo the mie ‘densty at Ne Nd a4 New "The percent a oh at Ness deters am the euason: Vex 100-im@Na, where, Ya + ir voids @ Now percent of ttl volume ime @ Nees = mainam thevetkal specie yay @ Nia, event ‘The percent vids inthe mineral garg i calculate sing (BORG Ne XGaer Pr SE0MA = 100 co where, YMA = vot inthe mine! age, percent ule volume one ® Nio = muscu thao spect iy Ns, perce oe ‘= maemum teomtial specie gry ae = bulk spec yay ef ol seem R, = aggregate cones cm Yem by al mas of the percentage of ai wits eal tur pee then di ita Iscompared wo the vem: cei and an aay this Herd completed. However, thea veil content a Nj ais fom fou pence “and this wl play be he ase), a esi en spk contest scion 4 percents wid at Rif etecinel: and, te scat desi proper at ths ted dese asphalconen ae calcul“The esate asp content for Nj * four percent i vols calle sng this equation: Prana = Pa (04 X(4Ve)) where, Pcimund = etme asphalt cone, percent by mass of mi = fl Ca) asp coment, erent hy ass ve 1 perent ae woe at Ni ad ‘The wosumetcs (VM and VE) at Nas ad mse density at Nw ae then exited ths apa binder cogent sing te eaos tha felon: For YMA: VMAsume = GVM Anne +Cx(4-Ve) svete, eVMAmat = ‘NMA from tap binder content € ansant= 0.1 Vs than 40 percent = 0.24 Ve rece than 40 percent Specie minimum vals ft VMA a the design ar void content of four percent ae fonction of sominl anu aurea ize and re seven Table 52 For VPA MA 4.0) AVF Anes =100: BV MA “The accopable ange of desi VB at four peter ar wok 9 fancton of fi vel i shown in Table 52. Fee Gg at Ne nn cant @ Ne = % Grn @ Ne (4.0-Va) ‘he maximum allowable mine deny aN, for the vations afi evel shown Table 52 eas aon | Nea aa | sah sing sms spel ozo alo iO] yy | 000 | cso [4280/40/80 sre Jon =o | Seren crud sete ars Pe ‘522mm nemesis tag ee ‘mgm eri se esto fe Ae [EBEee pgatnemmnenm eter etter ‘SSuHEeinndgie ecearaarens ents ts aes ally thre 8 recquement fo the dhe proportion. is eaeulted ashe percent by ms che mater pus the O07-mm seve (by wet ‘seve als) vide by the effaaive asp hinder content expresses erent by mus of mid. The elfctne sepa bindercortnt xen Gu Gs, Px axt ePoae te Xon where, Re flac asp content, perent by tet mass re PE 1 Sagrepite content, percent By ttl mas of mate Gy = spectc grvay of asphalt Gee = etre specie gat af apse Gay ule spee geaay of ares P= capa cone percent toe muss cf mate