sI˛sdbn¬ Im¿_¨ apIv?Xw F∂Xv?

henb \pW{]NmcWw
sI. kltZh≥
Hmtcm ]≤Xnsbbpw AhbpsS ÿe]camb khntijXIƒ, Du¿÷ t{kmX pIƒ, A\p_‘
hnIk\߃ XpSßn \nch[n LSIßsf ASnÿm\am°n ka{Kambn ]cntim[n°pIbpw
hnebncpØpIbpw sNøptºmƒ AhbpsS {]XymLmX߃ hyXykvXßfmsW∂v ImWm≥ Ignbpw.
sI˛sdbn¬ ]≤Xn tIcfØns‚ ]mcnÿnXnI kpÿncXsb Fßns\ _m[n°p∂p? F∂
At\zjWw.

s{Sbn≥ G‰hpw anI® s]mXpKXmKX kwhn[m\amWv, Ft∏mƒ?

Hcp s]mXpKXmKX kwhn[m\sa∂ \nebn¬ AXnthK sdbn¬ kwhn[m\߃°v FXncp \n¬°p∂
Hcmf√ Rm≥ F∂v BZyta \ne]mSv hy‡am°s´. AXnthK Xoh≠n∏mXIƒ thymaKXmKXhpambn
_‘s∏SpØnbpw Nc°v ISØpambn _‘s∏SpØnbpw Hs° ]cnKWn°ptºmƒ Ipd™ Du¿÷
hn\ntbmKhpw Im¿_¨ ]mZap{Zbpw am{Xap≈XmWv F∂ ImcyØn¬ kwibsam∂pan√
F∂pam{Xa√, "kpÿnc Ne\mflIX' (sustainable mobility) F∂ BibtØmSv Gsd
ASpØp\n¬°p∂ H∂mWv s]mXpsh sdbn¬ KXmKX kwhn[m\߃ F∂XpIqSn Xncn®dntb≠Xv
kp{][m\amWv. F∂menXv, AXnthK sdbn¬ kwhn[m\ßsf∏‰nbp≈ s]mXp{]kvXmh\ am{XamWv.
Hmtcm ]≤Xnsbbpw AhbpsS ÿe]camb khntijXIƒ, Du¿÷ t{kmX pIƒ, A\p_‘
hnIk\߃ XpSßn \nch[n LSIßsf ASnÿm\am°n ka{Kambn ]cntim[n°pIbpw
hnebncpØpIbpw sNøptºmƒ AhbpsS {]XymLmX߃ hyXykvXßfmsW∂v ImWm≥ Ignbpw.

Hcp ]≤XnbpsS As√¶n¬ DXv]∂Øns‚ ]mcnÿnXnI ]mZap{ZIƒ (Ecological footprints) kw_‘n®

hnebncpج \StØ≠Xv AXns‚ \n¿amW hkvXp°fpsS DXv]mZ\w sXm´v A¥na \n¿am¿÷\w
hscbp≈ L´ßƒ Dƒs∏SpØn, ]≤XnbpsS As√¶n¬ DXv]∂Øns‚ Bbp N{I A]{KY\w
(Life Cycle Assessment-LCA) \SØns°m≠mWv. Cu coXnbn¬ "sNm´ apX¬ NpSehsc' (Cradle to
Grave) bp≈ Du¿÷/]Zm¿∞ hn\ntbmKØn\nSbn¬ kw`hn°p∂ Im¿_¨ DZv ? ha\sØ
kw_‘n® IWs°Sp∏neqsS am{Xta B ]≤Xn/DXv]∂w F{Xam{Xw Im¿_¨ hnap‡amWv
F∂v ]dbm≥ Ignbq.

temIØns‚ hnhn[ `mKßfn¬ C∂v {]h¿Ø\Ønep≈ AXnthK sdbn¬ kwhn[m\ßsf√mw

lcnX ]≤XnIƒ F∂ \nebn¬ ]cnKWn°m≥ km[ya√. Im¿_¨ aen\oIcWw KWyamb
tXmXn¬ Ipd°psa∂v Dd∏p hcpØm≥ AXnthK sdbn¬ kwhn[m\Øns‚ \n¿ΩmWØneqsS
km[yas√∂v C‚¿\mjW¬ F\¿Pn GP≥kn (IEA) bpsS ]pXnb ]T\amb "Z ^yqN¿ Hm^v
sdbn¬' (The Future of Rail) 1 hy‡am°p∂p.

lcnXKrl hmXIßfpsS DZv ? ha\Øn\p≈ {][m\ DdhnSw s{Sbn\pIfpsS {]h¿Ø\w

am{XamsW∂Xv sX‰n≤mcWbmWv. sdbn¬th irwJe, tdmfnwKv tÃmIv-k
- v (tIm®pIƒ, hmKWpIƒ,
F©n\pIƒ XpSßnbh) F∂nhbpsS \n¿ΩmWw, AXns‚ A‰Ip‰∏WnIƒ, A¥na \n¿am¿P\w
XpSßnbhsbms° Im¿_¨ DZv?ha\Øn\v ImcWamIp∂p≠v. lcnX KrlhmXI hnk¿÷\w
Ipdbv°p∂Xv kw_‘n® sdbn¬ ]≤XnIfpsS tijn hnebncpØptºmƒ ta¬ ]d™ t{kmX pIƒ
IqSn IW°nseSpt°≠Xv AXymhiyamWv. Ipd®pIqSn hy‡ambn ]dbpIbmsW¶n¬ sdbn¬
]≤XnIfpsS samØØnep≈ Bbp¿ N{I A]{KY\w \SØp∂XneqsS am{Xta AØcsamcp
hnebncpج ]q¿ÆamIpIbp≈q. sdbn¬ ]≤XnIƒ lcnX ]≤XnIfmbn hnebncpØs∏SWsa¶n¬
lcnXKrl hmXI hnk¿÷\Øn¬ A‰ t\´ßƒ (net benefits) \¬Im≥ Ignbp∂ ]≤XnIƒ°v
Xmsg∏dbp∂ khntijXIƒ {][m\amWv.
* henb Afhnep≈ Dcp°v, Ccpºv, tIm¨{Io‰v F∂nhbpsS BhiyIX Ipdbv°p∂ ASnÿm\
kuIcy khntijXIƒ (]me߃, hbUIv‰pIƒ, Xpc¶ßƒ F∂nhbpsS \n¿amWØn\v Ch
BhiyamWv ) : Dcp°ns‚bpw tIm¨{Io‰ns‚bpw D¬]mZ\w henb tXmXn¬ Im¿_¨
D’¿÷\Øn\v ImcWamIp∂psh∂Xv \ntj[n°m\mImØ hkvXpXbmWv.

* Hmtcm s{Sbn≥˛ Intemao‰dnepw Db¿∂ temUn¬ {]h¿Øn°p∂ DZvha\w Ipd™ s{Sbn\pIƒ:

D]tbmK L´Øn¬ Db¿∂ Im¿_¨ Xo{hXbp≈ KXmKX coXnIfn¬ \n∂v ]pXpXmbn
hn\ykn°s∏Sp∂ sdbn¬ KXmKXØnte°v bm{Xm]cnh¿Ø\w kw`hn°m\p≈ Db¿∂ km[yX;
AXmbXv, ]mk©¿/S¨ Intemao‰¿ Im¿_¨ ]pd¥≈¬ em`w ]camh[n h¿≤n∏n°p∂Xn\mbn
tdmUn¬ \n∂pw hnam\Øn¬ \n∂pw sdbnente°v amdp∂ bm{X°mcpsS FÆØnepw/Nc°v
Afhnepw D≠mbncnt°≠ h¿≤\hv;
sdbn¬th sse\pIƒ IS∂pt]mIp∂ hgnIƒ, tÃj\pIƒ, tdmfnwKv tÃmIv \n¿amW bqWn‰pIƒ,
A‰Ip‰ ]WnIƒ°mbp≈ bm¿UpIƒ a‰v \n¿amW tI{µßƒ F∂nhbv°v Xncs™Sp°p∂
ÿeØns‚ ]mcnÿnXnI {]m[m\yw.

ssN\bnse AXnthK∏mX
AXnthK sdbn¬ kwhn[m\ßfn¬ Ipd™ Im¿_¨ D’¿÷\w (emission) km[yamIWsa¶n¬
AhbpsS Du¿÷ DdhnSw ]pXp°mhp∂ t{kmX pIfn¬ (renewable sources) \n∂mbncnt°≠Xv
{][m\amWv. hn`h tiJcWw (extraction) \n¿ΩmWL´w (manufacturing phase), {]h¿Ø\ Imebfhv
(operation time), A‰Ip‰∏WnIƒ (repairing & maintenance) XpSßnb Hmtcm L´Ønepw Im¿_¨
D’¿÷\Øns‚ tXmXv Gdnbpw Ipd™pw D≠mbncn°pw. AXnthK sdbn¬ ]≤XnIƒ Atßb‰w
Du¿÷\nt£]w (energy intensive) Bhiyap≈ H∂mWv F∂XpsIm≠pXs∂ Ah F{Xam{Xw
lcnX t{kmX pIsf B{ibn®mWv {]h¿Øn°p∂Xv F∂Xv kp{][m\ LSIamWv. I¬°cn
\nebßfn¬ \n∂p≈ sshZypXnsb B{ibn®v {]h¿Øn°p∂ AXnthK Xoh≠nIƒ°v Im¿_¨
hnk¿÷\w Ipdbv°p∂Xn¬ bmsXmcp ]¶pw \n¿∆ln°m\ns√∂v am{Xa√, Ah \nehnep≈
Im¿_¨ DZv ha\tØmXn¬ A`qX]q¿∆amb h¿≤\hv kr„n°pIbpw sNøpw. Cusbmc¿∞Øn¬
G‰hpw IqSpX¬ sslkv]oUv sdbn¬ (High Speed Rail-HSR) kwhn[m\ßfp≈ ssN\bnse hnhn[
sdbn¬ ]≤XnIfpsS Im¿_¨ hnk¿÷\tØmXns\ kw_‘n® At\zjWw Imcy߃
a\ nem°p∂Xn\v klmbIambncn°pw. {]tXyIn®pw ssN\okv hnIk\ amXrIIsf°pdn®v henb
tXmXnep≈ hmbvØmcnIƒ Actßdns°m≠ncn°p∂ kµ¿`Øn¬.

ssN\bpsS AXnthK sdbn¬th irwJe at‰sXmcp cmPytØ°mfpw thKXØnepw h¿≤n®

tXmXnepw hnIkn®psIm≠ncn°p∂ H∂mWv. 2021se IW°\pkcn®v, 40,000 Intemao‰tdmfw sdbn¬th
sse\pIfmWv B cmPyØv {]h¿Ø\Ønep≈Xv. Im¿_¨ DZv?ha\hpambn _‘s∏´ hnjbØn¬
ssN\bpsS sdbn¬th irwJeIƒ FhnsSbmWv \n¬°p∂Xv F∂Xv kw_‘n® Nne ]T\߃
C°mcyØn¬ shfn®w \¬Ip∂XmWv . s_bv P nwKn¬ \n∂v ? jmßv l mbnte°v \mec
aWn°qdn\p≈n¬ k©cn°p∂ s_bvPnwKv ˛jmMvlmbv AXnthK∏mX kw_‘n®v ssN\okv
A°mZan Hm^v kb≥knsebpw a‰v ÿm]\ßfnsebpw KthjI¿ tN¿∂v Hcp Bbp¿ N{I A]{KY\w
(Life Cycle Analysis- LCA) \SØnbncp∂p 2. a‰v cmPyßfnse AXnthK sdbn¬∏mXIsf At]£n®v
Cu F®v . Fkv . B¿. ]≤XnbpsS Im¿_¨ ]mZap{ZIƒ hfsc IqSpXemsW∂v Ah¿
Is≠ØpIbp≠mbn. ssN\bn¬ sshZypXn DXv]mZ\Øn\v G‰hpw IqSpXembn I¬°cnsb
B{ibn°p∂p F∂XmWv CXns‚ ImcWsa∂v At\zjWØneqsS a\ nem°n.

KthjIcpsS Is≠ج {]Imcw, s_bvPnwKv˛ jmMvlmbv AXnthK∏mX {]h¿Øn∏n°p∂XneqsS

samØw (Im¿_¨) DZv ? ha\Øns‚ 70% kw`hn°p∂Xmbn a\ nem°n. AtXkabw
\n¿amWL´Øn¬ 20% am{Xta kw`hn°p∂p≈qsh∂pw ssN\okv A[nIrX¿ AhcpsS Du¿÷
an{inX (energy mix) Ønte°v IqSpX¬ Afhn¬ lcnX sshZypXn (green energy) tN¿°p∂tXmsS
DZvha\tØmXv Ipdbv°m≥ km[n°pw F∂pw KthjI¿ A\pam\n°p∂p.

ChnsS {]tXyIw {i≤nt°≠ Hcp Imcyw, s_bvPnwKv˛jmMvlmbv AXnthK∏mX tkh\w Bcw`n®v

(2011) Hcp ZiIw ]n∂nSptºmgpw lcnX sshZypXn {KnUnte°v Cu ]mXsb am‰m\p≈ Hcp \S]Snbpw
A[nIrX¿ kzoIcn®n´n√ F∂XmWv. F∂pam{Xa√, ASpØ c≠v Zim–°metØs°¶nepw
ssN\bpsS Du¿t÷mXv]mZ\Øn¬ I¬°cn {]apJ ÿm\w \n¿Æbn°psa∂v A¥mcm{„ Du¿÷
hnZKv≤\mb hmt…hv kvan¬ Grand Transitions: How the Modern World was Made' (2021) 3 F∂
{KŸØn¬ hniZoIcn°p∂p. (C¥ybnse \n¿±n„ AXnthK sdbn¬ ]≤XnIsf kw_‘n®
At\zjWØn¬ CXv hfsc {]m[m\yw A¿ln°p∂ ImcyamWv).

Hcp kpÿnc KXmKX kwhn[m\sa∂ \nebn¬ AXnthK sdbn¬ ]≤XnIfnt∑ep≈ \nt£]w

X≈n°fbm≥ km[yas√¶nepw Imemhÿm hyXnbm\Øn\v? ]cnlmcsa∂ \nebn¬ ssl kv]oUv
sdbn¬ kwhn[m\ßsf Db¿Øn°mWn°p∂Xv sX‰msW∂v ImsKk≥ Nq≠n°m´p∂p 4. sdbn¬th
sse\pIfpsS \n¿amWØnepw {Sm^n°nepw Zie£°W°n\v S¨ Im¿_¨ _ln¿Ka\w
kw`hn°p∂Xv ]cnKWn®psIm≠mWv At±lw C°mcyw hniZoIcn°p∂Xv. kabw em`n°¬, A[nI
tijn hln°¬, sdbn¬ tijn h¿≤n∏n°p∂Xns‚ ^eambn D≠mIp∂ A[nI bm{Xm kuIcyw
AYhm sP\td‰Uv {Sm^nIv (generated traffic) F∂nhbmWv ssl kv]oUv sdbnens‚ {][m\ t\´ßƒ;
adn®v lcnXKrl hmXIßfpsS Ipdh√ F∂pw ImsKk≥ Nq≠°m´p∂p.

lcnX ]≤XnIsf∂ \nebn¬ AXnthK sdbn¬∏mXIƒ F{Xam{Xw Imcy£aamWv F∂v bqtdm∏v,

Atacn° F∂o cmPyßfnse GXm\pw ssl kv ] oUv ]≤XnIsf kw_‘n® ]T\ßsf
ASnÿm\am°n a\ nem°m≥ {ian°mw.

Atacn°bnse, P¿a\nbnse AXnthK∏mXIƒ

Atacn°bnse h≥InS C≥{^mkv{SIvN¿ s{]mPŒpIfnsem∂mbn ]cnKWn°s∏Sp∂, km≥ UnbmtKm
apX¬ km{Isat‚m hscbp≈, Iment^m¿Wnb AXnthK sdbn¬ ]≤Xn 2008¬ 33 _ney¨ tUmf¿
(3300 tImSn cq]) sNehv IW°m°n Bcw`n®XmWv . ]ehn[ ImcWßfm¬ ]≤XnbpsS
]q¿ØoIcWw \o´nsht°≠n hcnIbpw G‰hpw HSphn¬ ]pXp°nb FÃntat‰mSpIqSn (80 _ney¨
tUmf¿˛ 8000tImSn cq]) 2029¬ ]≤Xn ]q¿Ønbm°m≥ \n›bn®ncn°pIbpamWv. CXn\nSbn¬
\S∂ A`n{]mb k¿t∆bn¬ 42% t]¿ ]≤XnbpsS \n¿amW {]h¿Ø\߃ \n¿Øem°Wsa∂pw
41% t]¿ ]≤Xnbpambn apt∂m´pt]mIWsa∂pw A`n{]mbs∏´p.

hyXykvX bm{Xm kwhn[m\ßfpsS ]›mØe kuIcy߃, hml\߃, C‘\ LSI߃,

{]mtZinI ]mcnÿnXnI {]tXyIXIƒ F∂nh Dƒs∏SpØns°m≠v sNÿ, tlm¿hmYv (Mikhail
Ceshter & Arpad Horvath, 2010) F∂nh¿ Iment^m¿Wnb AXnthK sdbn¬∏mXbpsS Bbp¿ N{I
A]{KY\w (Life Cycle Assessment-LCA) \SØpIbp≠mbn. ChnsS D]tbmKs∏SpØp∂
hml\ßfpsS \n¿amW coXn, hnhn[ bm{Xm tamUpIƒ°p]n∂nse sshZypXn DdhnSw, Zo¿LZqc
bm{XIƒ°p≈ km[mcW ssdU¿jn∏v seh¬ F∂nhbpsS sse^v ssk°nƒ C≥sh‚dn
Xømdm°pIbmWv sNÃdpw tlm¿hm¿Ypw sNbvXXv 5.

Iment^m¿Wnb AXnthK sdbnen\mbp≈ sse^v˛ ssk°nƒ C≥sh‚dn ImWn°p∂Xv ASnÿm\

kuIcy \n¿ΩmWØns‚bpw sshZypXn D¬]mZ\Øns‚bpw IW°v Xoh≠nIfpsS {]h¿Ø\ßfn¬
am{Xw D]tbmKn°p∂ Du¿÷Øns‚ 40 iXam\tØmfw hcpw F∂mWv . {]mYanIambn,
sdbn¬]mfßfpsS XqWpIƒ°pw a‰pambn D]tbmKn°p∂ tIm¨{Io‰pIƒ lcnX Krl hmXIßfpsS
DZv?ha\Øn¬ 15% h¿≤\hv D≠m°p∂Xmbn Is≠Øn. Hmtcm Intem{Kmw kna‚n\pw Ac Intem{Kmw
Im¿_¨ ssU HmIvsskUv (CO2) ]pd¥≈s∏Sp∂psh∂mWv IW°m°s∏Sp∂Xv. AXmbXv,
C≥{^mkv { SIv N ¿ \n¿amWØn\v am{Xambn GItZiw 490 Zie£w sa{SnIv S¨ lcnX
KrlhmXI߃ CXpaqew ]pd¥≈s∏Spw. CXv Iment^m¿WnbbpsS \nehnse hm¿jnI
DZv?ha\Øns‚ GItZiw c≠v iXam\amWv. ]cºcmKX bm{Xm kwhn[m\ßfpsS sse^v ssk°nƒ
C≥sh‚dnbpsS ImcyØnse∂t]mse, `qcn`mKw DZv?ha\ßfpw kw`hn°p∂Xv AXnthK s{Sbn\pIƒ
{]h¿Øn°m≥ Bhiyamb sshZypXnbn¬ \n∂√, adn®v ]tcm£, hnXcW irwJe LSIßfn¬
\n∂mWv.

\n¿amW L´Ønse I\Ø tXmXnep≈ DZv?ha\w Db¿∂ tXmXnep≈ ssdU¿jn∏neqsS \nIØm≥

km[n°psa∂v sNÃdpw slmhm¿Ypw Is≠Øn. Ipd®pIqSn hy‡ambn ]d™m¬, ]≤Xn hn`mh\w
sNøp∂ coXnbn¬ apgph≥ tijnbnepw Xoh≠n∏mX D]tbmKs∏SpØpIbmsW¶n¬
lcnXKrlhmXI (Green House Gase-GHG Øns‚ \nIج Imemh[n (Payback period) Bdv
h¿jw BsW∂pw a[y \ncbnep≈ ssdU¿jn∏n\v 70 h¿jw th≠nhcpsa∂pw IW°m°p∂p.
Ipd™ \nc°nep≈ bm{X°mcpambn {]h¿Øn°p∂ sdbn¬ ]≤Xn°v \n¿ΩmW L´Ønse Db¿∂
lcnXKrl hmXI D’¿÷\w Xncn®p]nSn°m≥ km[n°pIbns√∂pw hnebncpØs∏´p.
ssdU¿jn∏nep≈ A\n›nXXzw ]pXnb bm{Xm kwhn[m\ßfpsS IqsS∏nd∏mWv
F∂XpsIm≠pXs∂ ssdU¿jn∏v s{]mP£s\ ASnÿm\am°nbp≈ AhImihmZ߃
hnizk\oba√ F∂mWv CXneqsS a\ nemt°≠Xv.

740 Intemao‰¿ ssZ¿Lyap≈ \n¿±n„ kzoUnjv bqtdm]m_\m≥ AXnthK sdbn¬∏mX(Swedish

Europabanan HSR)sb kw_‘n® ImsKks‚ (Kageson) At\zjWØn¬ \n¿amWw aqeap≠mIp∂
lcnXKrl hmXI _ln¿Ka\w \nIØm≥ ]Xn‰m≠pIƒ th≠nhcpsa∂v Is≠ØpIbp≠mbn 6.
{_n´\nse AXnthK Xoh≠nIfpsS ]mcnÿnXnI t\´w hnebncpØnb antbmjnbpw KnthmWnbpw
(Miyoshi, C & Givoni, 2013) DZv?ha\w Ipdbv°p∂Xn¬ AhbpsS kw`mh\ hfsc Ipd™tXmXn¬
am{Xtabp≈q F∂v hnebncpØn 7. P¿a\nbnse sslkv]oUv sdbn¬ kwhn[m\Øns‚ samØw
Du¿÷mhiyw, km[\kma{KnIfpsS \nt£]w, Im¿_¨ _ln¿Ka\w F∂nh hnebncpØnb
tdmkn°n (Von Rozycki et al, 2003)bpw a‰p≈hcpw C≥{^mkv{SIvNdnt∑ep≈ k©nX Du¿÷ Bhiyw
(cumulative energy demand) 13% am{XamsW∂pw AtXkabw, sdbnens‚ {]h¿Ø\L´Ønse Du¿÷
hn\ntbmKw hfsc IqSpXemsW∂pw Is≠Øn.

AXnthK sdbn¬ kwhn[m\ßsf√mw ]mcnÿnXnI hn\mi߃ kr„n°p∂hbmsW∂pw Im¿_¨

ap‡ KXmKX kuIcy߃ Hcp°p∂Xn¬ Ahbv°v bmsXmcp ]¶pw \n¿∆ln°m\ns√∂pw
hniZoIcn°m\√ ChnsS {ian°p∂Xv. adn®v, AXnthK sdbn¬ ]≤XnIfpsS \n¿ΩmW˛{]h¿Ø\
L´ßfn¬ lcnX sshZypX ]≤XnIfnt∑¬ kl\nt£]w km[yam°ptºmƒ am{Xta
bYm¿∞Øn¬ AhbpsS bYm¿∞ KpW^ew e`yamIpIbp≈q F∂v Nq≠n°m´p∂Xn\v th≠nbmWv.
AtXmsSm∏w Xs∂ ]≤Xn IS∂pt]mIp∂ {]tZi߃ Xt±ihmknIƒ°v \¬Ip∂ ASnÿm\
]mcnÿnXnI tkh\ (ecological services) aqey߃ IqSn ]cnKWn°s∏tS≠Xv kp{][m\amWv.
IqSmsX, DuXns∏cp∏n® ssdU¿jn∏v IW°pIfpw, sNehv Ipdbv°m\p≈ X{¥ßfpw, ASnÿm\
{]iv \ ßsf A`nkwt_m[\ sNøp∂Xn\v hneßpXSnbmIpI am{Xta sNøpIbp≈q F∂v
Hm¿Ωn°pIbpw thWw.

C{Xbpw kqNn∏n®v? sI˛sdbn¬ ]≤Xn Cusbmcp KWØn¬ FhnsS \n¬°p∂p? Hcp lcnX
]≤Xn F∂ \nebn¬ AhbpsS ÿm\w FhnsSbmWv? tIcfØns‚ ]mcnÿnXnI kpÿncXsb
Ah Fßns\ _m[n°p∂p? F∂o Imcy߃ ]cntim[\mhnjbam°mw.

C¥ybnse AXnthK ]≤XnIƒ

BtKmfXeØn¬ AXnthK sdbn¬ kwhn[m\ßfpsS {]h¿Ø\w Bcw`n®v Ac \q‰m≠ne[nIw
Imeamsb¶nepw ]pXpkl{km–Øns‚ c≠mw Zim–Øn¬ am{XamWv C¥y AtX°pdn®v
Kuchambn BtemNn°m≥ XpSßnbXv . C¥ybnse BZysØ AXnthK Xoh≠nbmb
apwss_˛AlΩZm_mZv _p≈‰v s{Sbn≥ ]mXbpsS Xd°√nS¬ 2018emWv \S∂Xv . 2023¬
]q¿Ønbm°m≥ e£yan´ Cu ]≤XnbpsS `qan Gs‰Sp°¬ \S]SnIƒ P\ßfpsS FXn¿∏pIƒ
ImcWw XS s∏SpIbpw ]n∂oSv 2028 BIptºmtg°pw BZy Xoh≠n HmSnØpSßpsa∂v A[nIrX¿
AhImis∏SpIbpw sNbvXp. sI˛sdbn¬ ]≤Xnbnse∂ t]mse Pm∏\okv kmt¶XnI hnZybpsS
klmbtØmsSbpw kmºØnI klIcWtØmsSbpamWv _p≈‰v s{Sbn≥ ]≤Xn \S∏nem°m≥
t]mIp∂Xv. apwss_˛ AlΩZm_mZv ]mX AS°w 12Hmfw AXnthK sdbn¬ ]≤XnIfmWv tI{µ
sdbn¬ hIp∏ns‚ ]cnKW\bn¬ D≈Xv (sI. sdbn¬ HgnsI).

C¥ybpsS s\‰v kotdm e£y߃ ]q¿ØoIcn°p∂Xn\v DXIp∂hn[ØnemWv ]pXnb ssl kv]oUv

sdbn¬th kwhn[m\߃ Hcp°p∂sX∂v A[nImcnIƒ AhImis∏Sptºmgpw Cu ]≤XnIƒ B
e£y߃ ]q¿ØoIcn°p∂Xn\v F{Xam{Xw KpWIcambncn°pw F∂Xv kw_‘n® bmsXmcp
]T\hpw C¥ybn¬ \SØnbn´n√ F∂XmWv hkvXpX.

apwss_ ˛ AlΩZm_mZv _p≈‰v s{Sbn≥ s{]mPŒns‚ sse^v ssk°nƒ tImÃv A]{KY\w,

tZ_minjv k¿°m¿, {]mNn imkv { Xn (Sarkar, D; & Sastri, P-2019)(8) F∂nh¿ tN¿∂v
\SØnbncp∂psh¶nepw CXpambn _‘s∏´ Im¿_¨ D’¿÷\ hniIe\w \SØnbXmbn
Adnbn√. ka{Kamb ASnÿm\ hnhcßfpsS A`mhw, ]pXnsbmcp A]{KY\ {]{Inbbv°mbp≈
amXrI Xømdm°p∂Xnep≈ Aew`mhw, ssk≤m¥nI [mcWIƒ°∏pdØv {]mtbmKnI
⁄m\Øns‚ A`mhw F∂nh CØcsamcp Bbp¿ N{I A]{KY\Øn\v XS ambn \n¬°p∂
ImcWßfmsW∂v hnZKv≤¿ Nq≠n°m´p∂p. CØcØn¬ Bbp¿ N{I A]{KY\w \SØmsXbp≈
GsXmcp AhImihmZßfpw imkv{Xoba√ F∂v \mw a\ nemt°≠Xp≠v.

FhnsS sI ˛ sdbn¬ ]≤Xn tcJIƒ?

sI˛sdbnepambn _‘s∏´ G‰hpw {]mYanIambn Dbcp∂ {]iv\w ]≤Xnbpambn _‘s∏´
hniZmwi߃ ]pdØphnSm≥ k¿°m¿ XømdmIp∂n√ F∂XmWv. "BscXn¿Ømepw ]≤Xn
\S∏nem°pw' F∂v apJya{¥n ]dbptºmgpw GsXmcp P\ßfpsS t£aØn\v th≠nbmtWm ]≤Xn
\S∏nem°m≥t]mIp∂Xv B P\ßfn¬ \n∂v ]≤XnbpsS hniZmwi߃ ad®p]nSn°pI F∂Xv
Atßb‰w P\m[n]Xyhncp≤amb \S]SnbmWv F∂v ]dbmXncn°m≥ \n¿∆mlan√. ]≤Xn
hniZmwißfpsS kw£n]vX tcJ (Detailed Project Report Executive Summary), ]cnÿnXn BLmX
\n¿Wb dnt∏m¿´v (Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment Report), {^©v Iº\nbmb knkv{S c≠v
XhWbmbn Xømdm°nb Preliminary Feasibility Report, ]≤Xn tcJbpsS `mKambp≈ Travel Demand
Forecast, kn¬h¿ sse≥ ]≤Xnbpambn _‘s∏´v \nXn BtbmKv tIcf k¿°mcn\pap∂n¬
Db¿Ønb tNmZy߃, tIcf k¿°mcns‚ adp]SnIƒ, Ahbv°v taep≈ \nXn BtbmKns‚ Ia‚pIƒ,
sI. sdbn¬ ]≤Xnbpambn _‘s∏´ sh_vssk‰n¬ \¬Inb hnhc߃ XpSßn, tNm¿∂pIn´nbXpw
A√mØXpamb hnhc߃ am{Xta P\ßfpsS ap∂nep≈q F∂Xv B[p\nI P\m[n]Xy
kwhn[m\Øn\pXs∂ \mWt°Spfhm°p∂XmWv. ]≤Xn tcJ shfns∏SpØm≥ km[n°pIbns√∂
hnhcmhImi Iaoj≥ sNb¿ams‚ {]kvXmh\bpw P\ßtfmSp≈ [n°mcambn am{Xta ImWm≥
km[n°pIbp≈q. Cu hnjb߃ s]mXphmb N¿®bv°v hnt[bambns°m≠ncn°pIbmWv
F∂XpsIm≠pXs∂ sI˛sdbn¬ F{Xam{Xw lcnX ]≤XnbmWv F∂Xnte°v \ΩpsS At\zjWw
]cnanXs∏SpØmw.

kn¬h¿ sse≥ Im¿_¨ ap‡tam?

sI˛sdbnepambn _‘s∏´v k¿°m¿ \SØp∂ AhImihmZßfnsem∂v ]≤Xn
\S∏nem°p∂XneqsS Im¿_¨ _ln¿Ka\w henb tXmXn¬ Ipdbpsa∂mWv. AXp kw_‘n®v
\¬Ip∂ IW°pIƒ Cßs\bmWv: ""2025 HmsS 2.88 e£w S¨ Im¿_¨ _ln¿Ka\w C√mXm°pw'',
""2052HmsS 5.95 e£w S¨ Im¿_¨ ]pd¥≈¬ C√mXm°pw'' F∂mWv. CtXmsSm∏w ""\qdv iXam\w
]p\cp]tbmK C‘\߃ D]tbmKn°p''sa∂pw, ""lcnX Krl hmXI _ln¿Ka\w Ipdbv°p''sa∂pw
Ah¿ AhImis∏Sp∂p. ""12872 hml\߃ BZyh¿jw tdmUn¬ \n∂v A{]Xy£amIpsa∂pw'',
""{]XnZn\w tdmUv D]tbmKn°p∂ 46206 t]¿ kn¬h¿ sse\nte°v amdpsa∂pw'', ""530 tImSn cq]bpsS
s]t{Smfpw Uokepw {]Xnh¿jw em`n°m≥ Ignbp''sa∂pw Iq´Øn¬ AhImis∏Sp∂p≠v.

sI˛ sdbn¬ tIm¿∏tdj\pth≠n knkv{S Xømdm°nb Uos‰bv¬Uv s{]mPŒv dnt∏m¿´ns‚ FI-

vknIyq´v kΩdnbn¬ kn¬h¿ sse\ns‚ {]h¿Ø\mhiy߃°mbn 2025˛26 Imebfhn¬ 276 Zie£w
bqWn‰pw, 2032˛33 Imebfhn¬ 321 Zie£w bqWn‰pw, 2042˛43 Imebfhn¬ 427 Zie£w bqWn‰pw
2052˛53 Imebfhn¬ 497 Zie£w bqWn‰pw sshZypXnbpw Bhiyambn hcpsa∂mWv
IW°m°nbncn°p∂Xv. sshZypXn Bhiy߃ \ndth‰p∂Xn\mbn tIcf tÉv CeIv?{Snkn‰n
t_m¿Uv enan‰Uns\ G¬∏n°psa∂mWv ]≤Xn tcJ kqNn∏n°p∂Xv 9.

sI˛sdbn¬ ]≤Xn ]q¿Wambpw ]p\cpXv ] mZn∏n°mhp∂, lcnX sshZypXn D]tbmKn®v

{]h¿Øn°p∂Xmbncn°pw F∂ AhImihmZw k¿°mcpw sI˛sdbn¬ A[nImcnIfpw Bh¿Øn®v
]dbp∂ps≠¶nepw C¥ybpsS Du¿÷ an{inX (energy mix) Øn¬ J\nP C‘\ßsf
ASnÿm\am°nb sshZypXnbpsS ]¶v F{Xam{Xw hepXmWv F∂v a\ nem°p∂h¿°v Cu
hmZØn\v ]n∂nse bmYm¿∞yt_m[an√mbva Ffp∏w Xncn®dnbpw.

cmPyØns‚ Du¿t÷mXv]mZ\Øn¬ 80 iXam\hpw I¬°cn, FÆ, Pew F∂o t{kmX pIsf

B{ibn®mWv. I¬°cn, hmXIw F∂nhsb am{Xw ]cnKWn®m¬ AXv 70% tØmfw hcpw. C¥ym
Kh¨sa‚ns‚ C‚t{K‰Uv F\¿Pn t]mfnknbneqsS IS∂pt]mIp∂ B¿°pw ASpØ aq∂v
Zim–°metØs°¶nepw C¥ybpsS Du¿÷ an{inXØn¬ J\nP C‘\ßfpsS, {]tXyIn®pw
I¬°cnbpsS kzm[o\w C√mXmIpsa∂v IcpXm≥ km[n°pIbn√. ChnsS Hm¿Ωnt°≠ Hcp hkvXpX,
BtKmfXeØn¬ Imemhÿm hyXnbm\sØ kw_‘n® bpF≥F^vknknbpsS BZysØ
ktΩf\w \S∂ 1992 apX¬ 2017 hscbp≈ Im¬ \q‰m≠v Imebfhn¬ t^mkn¬ C‘\ D]t`mKØn¬
kw`hn® am‰w tIhew 1.5% am{XamWv F∂XmWv.

sshZypXn BhiyØns‚ 70%hpw ]pdØp\n∂v hmßp∂ tIcfw Fßs\bmWv kn¬h¿ ]≤Xnsb

kºq¿Wambpw lcnX sshZypXn {KnUnte°v am‰p∂Xv F∂Xv henb tNmZyambn Dbcp∂p≠v. sI˛
]≤XnbpsS `mKambn, kutcm¿÷w, Im‰mSn XpSßnb ]pXp°mhp∂ Du¿÷ ]≤XnIfnt∑¬
kl\nt£]Øn\p≈ bmsXmcp BtemN\bpw C√mXncns° {]Xnh¿jw 500 Zie£w bqWn‰v
lcnX sshZypXn (green energy) sI.Fkv . C._n.F¬ \¬Ipw F∂p]dbp∂Xnse bp‡n
kzm`mhnIambpw tNmZyw sNøs∏Spw.

\nehnep≈ ]cºcmKX Du¿÷ t{kmX pIƒ Xs∂bmWv kn¬h¿ sse\n\mbn

D]tbmKs∏SpØp∂sX¶n¬ {]Xnh¿jw 3 apX¬ 5 e£w sa{SnIv S¨ Im¿_¨ ]pd¥≈s∏Spw
F∂XmWv bmYm¿∞yw. C¥y≥ Xm]\nebßfn¬ \n∂p≈ Im¿_¨ _ln¿Ka\ \nc°v Intemhm´v
aWn°qdn\v 0.95 Intem{Kmw BsW∂mWv IW°m°s∏´n´p≈Xv (Mittal, M; et al, 2012)(10). ss\{SnIv
HmIv s skUv (NO), kƒ^¿ ssU HmIv s skUv (SO2) XpSßnb lcnXKrl hmXI߃°v
]pdsabmWnXv. {]tXyI lcnX sshZypXn {KnUv Bcw`n°mØnStØmfw Im¿_¨ ap‡ kn¬h¿
sse≥ F∂ AhImihmZw \pW{]NmcWw am{XamWv F∂v ]dbmsX \n¿∆mlan√.

ta¬∏d™ IW°pIƒ Hs°bpw kn¬h¿ sse≥ {]h¿Ø\w Bcw`n®tijap≈ sshZypXn

hn\ntbmKsØbpw AXpambn _‘s∏´ Im¿_¨ _ln¿Ka\sØbpw kw_‘n®v am{XamWv. 530
Intemao‰¿ ssZ¿Lyap≈ sdbn¬th sse\pIƒ, tIm¨{Io‰v XqWpIƒ, Xpc¶ßƒ, ]me߃,
tÃj\pIƒ, tdmfnwKv tÃm°pIƒ F∂nhbpsS \n¿ΩmW L´Ønse XØpey Im¿_¨
_ln¿Ka\w (Carbon Equivalent Emission) ]cnKWn°ptºmƒ CXv hfsc IqSpXembncn°pw.
BtKmfXeØn¬ hnhn[ AXnthK sdbn¬∏mXIfpsS Bbp N{I A]{KY\Øn¬ \n∂pw
Is≠Ønb hkvXpX, Hcp Intemao‰¿ sdbn¬∏mX \n¿an°ptºmƒ GXm≠v 13,000 apX¬ 17,000 hsc
S¨ Im¿_¨ XØpey _ln¿Ka\w (17000 t CO2e/km) D≠mIp∂psh∂mWv. \n¿amWL´Ønse
Im¿_¨ _ln¿Ka\w \nIØm\p≈ ImessZ¿Lyw (payback period) AXpsIm≠pXs∂ hfsc
IqSpXembncn°pw.

sI. sdbn¬ bm{X°mcpsS FÆw F{X?

{]Jym]nX ssdU¿jn∏v \nc°ns‚ 90 iXam\sa¶nepw e£yw t\Sm≥ Ign™m¬ am{Xta \n¿amW
L´Ønse Im¿_¨ DZv?ha\w sNdnsbmcp ImebfhpsIm≠v \nIØm≥ km[n°q. kn¬h¿ sse≥
]≤XnbpsS ssdU¿jn∏v s{]mP£≥ XnI®pw AbYm¿∞amb H∂msW∂v Is≠Øm≥ Ignbpw.
C¥ybnse G‰hpw Xnct°dnb c≠v \Kcßsf XΩn¬ _‘n∏n°p∂ apwss_ ˛ AlΩZm_mZv
_p≈‰v s{Sbn≥ ]≤XnbpsS ssdU¿jn∏v s{]mP£≥ 40,000 F∂mWv IW°m°nbncn°p∂Xv. F∂m¬
kn¬h¿ sse≥ ]≤Xnbn¬ CXv 79,900 BWv. knkv{S Xs∂ Xømdm°nb BZy {]mYanI km[yXm
]T\ dnt∏m¿´n¬ (preliminary feasibility report) {]Xo£nX bm{X°mcpsS FÆw 37,750 Bbncp∂p.
]n∂oSv XncpØn Cc´nbne[nIam°n am‰n. Cu coXnbn¬ ssdU¿jn∏v s{]mP£\n¬ Cc´nbne[nIw
h¿≤\hv ImWn°m≥ CSbmb kmlNcysØ°pdn®v knkv{S dnt∏m¿´n¬ kqN\sbm∂pan√Xm\pw.

AtXkabw, H´pw Zo¿Lho£Wtam {]mtbmKnI [mcWtbm C√msX Xømdm°s∏Sp∂ ssdU¿jn∏v

s{]mP£\pIƒ s]mXp\nt£]sØ GsXms° coXnbn¬ \in∏n°p∂p F∂Xn\p≈ DØa
DZmlcWw \ΩpsS sXm´pap∂n¬ Xs∂bp≠v. 2017¬ DZvLmS\w sNøs∏´ sIm®n sat{Sm Xoh≠nbn¬
{]XnZn\w 3.5 e£w t]¿ (CDM Smith, December 2013) 11 bm{X sNøpsa∂mbncp∂p
IW°m°s∏´ncp∂Xv . F∂m¬ sIm®n sat{Sm sdbn¬ enan‰Uv \¬Ip∂ G‰hpw ]pXnb
IW°\pkcn®v icmicn {]XnZn\ bm{X°mcpsS FÆw 50000 am{XamWv! ]≤Xn DZvLmS\w sNbvXXn\v
tijap≈ \mev h¿j°mebfhn¬ ssZ\wZn\ bm{X°mcpsS FÆw 18000˛Øn\pw 65000Øn\pw
CSbnembncp∂psh∂v dnt∏m¿´pIƒ kqNn∏n°p∂p. C°mebfhnse hm¿jnI kmºØnI \„w
2017˛18¬ 167 tImSnbpw, 2018˛19¬ 282 tImSnbpw 2019˛20¬ 310 tImSnbpw 2020˛21¬ AXv 334 tImSnbpw
Bbn DbcpIbmbncp∂p (The Hindu, 28 October, 2021).

H´pw {]mtbmKnIXbneq∂mØ t\´∏´nIIsf ASnÿm\am°nbp≈ AhImihmZ߃ hgn,

]≤XnbpsS ]n¬°me {]h¿Ø\w \mSns\ kmºØnIambpw ]mcnÿnXnIambpw GsXms°
coXnbn¬ _m[n°p∂p F∂Xn\v \nch[n DZmlcW߃ \ΩpsS ap∂nep≠v. sI˛ sdbn¬ ]≤XnbpsS
bm{X°mcpsS FÆw {]Xo£n°p∂ \nc°nt\°mƒ ]mXnbn¬ XmsgbmsW¶n¬ \n¿ΩmW
L´Ønse Im¿_¨ _ln¿a\tØmXv \nIØphm≥ 50 h¿jØn¬ IqSpX¬ Imew th≠nhcpw
F∂v \mw a\ nemt°≠Xp≠v (]≤XnbpsS Uoss‰bv¬Uv s{]mPŒv dnt∏m¿´v e`yamIp∂ apdbv°v
am{Xta CXv kw_‘n® hy‡amb IW°pIƒ AhXcn∏n°phm≥ km[n°pIbp≈q).
Im¿_¨ _ln¿Ka\w Ipdbv°p∂Xn¬ kn¬h¿sse≥ ]≤Xn F{Xam{Xw Imcy£aamWv F∂v
a\ nem°p∂Xn\mbn C{Xbpw Imcy߃ \n¿_‘ambpw sNbvXncnt°≠Xp≠v:

1. \n¿±n„ A¿≤ AXnthK sdbn¬ ]≤XnbpsS coXnimkv{X]camb ]cnÿnXn Bbp N{I A]{KY\
(Envrionmental Life Cycle Assessment) Øn\mbp≈ N´°qSv hnIkn∏n°pI,
2. ]≤Xn aqew Im¿_¨ DZv?ha\Ønepw BtKmfXm]\ km[yXbnepw (CO2 eq) D≈ samØw
am‰w BbpN{I ho£WtImWn¬ \n∂v IW°m°pI.
3. sI˛ sdbn¬ ]≤Xnbnte°v \nehnep≈ KXmKX kwhn[m\ßfn¬ \n∂v hyXykvX
Afhnep≈ bm{X°mcpsS IpSntb‰w (traffic migration) aqeap≠mIp∂ kpÿncXbnse am‰ßƒ
XmcXayw sNøpI,
4. \n¿±n„ sI˛ sdbn¬ ]≤XnbpsS \n¿ΩmW/{]h¿Ø\ L´ßfnse ]mcnÿnXnI
BLmXßfn¬ (DdhnS) sshZypXn an{inX kmlNcyßfpsS {]`mhw hnebncpØpI.

Imemhÿm {]Xnk‘n F∂Xv Hcp hnZqc kw`ha√ F∂pw AXv \ΩpsS ssZ\wZn\
PohnXsØbpw kmºØnI `{ZXsbbpw IqSpX¬ KpcpXcamb {]Xnk‘nIfnte°v
hen®ng°pIbmsW∂pap≈ t_m[yØn¬ \n∂psIm≠p≈ hnIk\ {]h¿Ø\߃°v am{Xta
C\nbp≈ Imew {]k‡nbp≈q F∂v Xncn®dntb≠Xv A\nhmcyambncn°pIbmWv.

Reference

1. The Future of Rail, Opportunities for Energy and the Environment, International Energy Agency, IEA 2019.
2. Environmental Footprints of High-Speed Railway Construction in China: A Case Study of the Beijing-Tianjin
Line, Jianyi Lin et al, (2019) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China. International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. Accessed from MDPI.
3. Smil, Vaclav; Grand Transitions: How the Modern World was made?, Oxford University Press, 2021.
4. Kageson, P; can high speed rail offset embedded emissions?, Transportation research part -d, 2012.
5. Life-Cycle Environmental Assessment of California High Speed Rail, Mikhail Chester & Arpad Horvath,
Access, November 2010
6. Miyoshi, C.; Givoni, M. The environmental case for the high-speed train in the UK: Examining the London-
Manchester route. Int. J. Sustain. Transp. 2013, 8, 107-126.
7. Von Rozycki, C.; Koeser, H.; Schwarz, H. Ecology profile of the german high-speed rail passenger trans-
port system, ICE. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2003, 8, 83-91.
8. Mittal, M; et al, Estimates of Emissions from Coal Fired Thermal Power Plants in India, Department of
Environmental and Occupational Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA (2012).
9. Life Cycle Cost (LCC) Analysis of Ahmedabad-Mumbai Bullet Train Project, Debasis Sarkar Prachi
Shastri, International Journal of Engineering Researches & Management Studies, 2019.
10. Detailed Project Report, Executive Summary, Version II, Kerala Rail Development Corporation Ltd,
Prepared by Systra, 2020.