Grid Codes in Europe

for Low and Medium Voltage

Roland Bründlinger
AIT Austrian Institute of Technology
6th International Conference on Integration of Renewable and Distributed
Energy Resources
Kyoto November 18, 2014
Contents

 Overview of current Grid Codes and

requirements for DER in Europe

 Advanced functional requirements for DER in

European codes and the ENTSO-E RfG
network code

 Summary & recommendations

2
Contents

 Overview of current Grid Codes and

requirements for DER in Europe

 Advanced functional requirements for DER in

European codes and the ENTSO-E RfG
network code

 Summary & recommendations

3
Framework for DER interconnection in Europe
Country specific grid codes and standards
 As of 2014 there is still no formal EU wide directive on
DER grid interconnection
 Country specific grid codes, standards, guidelines, laws
 Different legal and administrative levels
 Fundamental differences between the countries
 Issues for manufacturers and project developers
 Specific product settings for each country/market
 Interpretation of the requirements and application in
practice
 Complex and time consuming certification schemes
 Increased costs and reduced competiveness
 Critical issues for power system operation
 Lack of coordination and compatibility
 Risk of losing system security during critical events
due to undefined behaviour of DER (50.2 Hz issue)

11/25/2014 4
Development of requirements for advanced grid support
DER connected to MV distribution grids

2007/13: DK
P/Q, P(f), 2008: DE
LVRT… P/Q, P(f), remote
2008: FR P, LVRT, FRR…
P/Q, LVRT
>5MW
2009/13: AT
P/Q, P(f),
2010/14: ES LVRT…
P/Q, P(f),
LVRT 2011/13: IT
>2/10MW P/Q, P(f), Q(U),
remote P L/HVRT…

11/25/2014 5
Development of requirements for advanced grid support
DER connected to LV distribution grids

2012/14: DK 2011/12: DE
P/Q, P(f), … P/Q, P(f), remote P,
…

2013: AT
2013: FR P/Q, P(f),…
Var. over-f trip

2012: IT
P/Q, P(f), Q(U),
remote P, LVRT…

11/25/2014 6
Selected European Country Requirements
LV Connection
Country Europe Germany Italy Austria France Spain Europe Europe
(≤16 A) (≤16 A) (>16 A)

Function 2007 2011 2012 2013 2013 11/14 2013 2014

P at low f No Yes (all) Yes (all) Yes No No Yes Yes

P(f) No Yes (all) Yes (all) Yes Yes* No Yes Yes

Q/cosφ No >3.68kVA >3 kVA >3.68kVA No No Yes Yes

Q(U) No No >6 kVA optional No No Yes Yes

Remote P No >100kW >3 kVA >100kW No No No Yes

Rem. trip No No Yes No No No No Yes

LVRT No No >6 kVA No No No No Yes

HVRT No N/A No No No No No Yes

Reference EN 50438 VDE AR N CEI 0- TOR * ERDF- RD EN 50438 FprTS
2007 4105: 21:2012 D4:2013 NOI- 1699/2011 2013 50549-
2011 RES_13E 206007-1 1:2014
Version 5 - IN:2013 DRAFT!
30/06/2013

11/25/2014 8
Selected European Country Requirements
MV Connection
Country Germany Italy Austria France Spain Europe ENTSO-E

Function 2008 2012 2013 2013 2010 2014 2013

P at low f yes yes yes >5MW No yes Yes ABCD

P(f) yes yes yes No >2/10MW yes Yes ABCD

Q/cosφ yes yes yes Yes >2/10MW yes Yes BCD

Q(U) optional yes optional No No yes yes BCD

Remote P >100kW yes >100kW No >2/10MW yes yes BCD

Rem. trip optional yes No No No yes yes ABCD

LVRT Yes yes Yes >5MW >2MW yes yes BCD

HVRT No yes No No No yes No

BDEW MV CEI 0- TOR Arrêté du P.O.12.3:20 FprTS Final
Guideline 16:2012 D4:2013 23 avril 06 50549-2 Version RfG
(2008) 2008 P.O.12.2: 2013
RD1565:20
10
UNE
206007-2
25.11.2014
IN:2014
9
European wide Standards and Technical Specifications
The EN 50438:2013 for “Micro Generators” ≤16 A
 1st edition published in 2007 had no real impact
due to overruling national codes
 Protection requirements
 Power Quality specifications
 Normative Annex with National Deviations for
a large number of European countries
 Fundamentally revised edition published in
December 2013
 Advanced grid support functions: P(f), Q, etc.
 Based on German and Italian requirements
and principles of upcoming ENTSO-E RfG
 Time period for implementation: 2016
 National deviations remain however

11/25/2014 10
European wide Standards and Technical Specifications
Upcoming FprTS 50549-1/2
 For LV/MV connections >16 A
 Comprehensive definition of advanced
functions for generators (including
static converters and rotating
generators)
 Based on the principles of the ENTSO-
E RfG network code
 Technical Specification
 provide technical guidance for the
connection of generating plants which
can be operated in parallel with a
public distribution network.
 technical reference in connection
agreements between DNOs and
electricity producers.
11/25/2014 11
Contents

 Overview of current Grid Codes and

requirements for DER in Europe

 Advanced functional requirements for DER

in European codes and the ENTSO-E RfG
network code

 Summary & recommendations

12
Advanced grid support features of DER
Requirements in European codes

• On demand, schedule or characteristics

Voltage support • cos(phi) = f(P)
• cos(phi) = f(U) (optional)

• Reduction of active power at over frequency

Frequency support • Active power feed-in at under frequency

• Temporary limitation of active power output at congestion in

Grid management the grid
• Controlled on demand by grid operator

Dynamic grid • LVRT (Low Voltage Ride Through)

• Contribution to short-circuit current
support
Advanced grid support features of DER
Requirements in European codes

• On demand, schedule or characteristics

Voltage support • cos(phi) = f(P)
• cos(phi) = f(U) (optional)

• Reduction of active power at over frequency

Frequency support • Active power feed-in at under frequency

• Temporary limitation of active power output at congestion in

Grid management the grid
• Controlled on demand by grid operator

Dynamic grid • LVRT (Low Voltage Ride Through)

• Contribution to short-circuit current
support
Advanced grid support features of DER
Reactive power requirements

FprTS 50549-1:2014 Requirements for the connection of generators above 16 A per phase
Connection to LV grids

25.11.2014 15
Page 16
Advanced grid support features of DER
Reactive power: Operational requirements

CLC/FprTS 50549-2:2014
Requirements for the connection of generators above 16 A per phase
Connection to MV grids
Advanced grid support features of DER
Reactive power control modes
 Autonomous reactive power control modes
 Q / cos = constant
 Q / cos = f(U)
 Q / cos = f(P)
 Q priority
 Coordinated control (with communication)
 cos = remote setpoint
 Selection criteria
 Characteristics of the electric grid (impedance, angle...)
 Grid losses
 Available control and communications infrastructure

Page 17
Advanced grid support features of DER
Reactive power control strategies: Q(U)

Example characteristics for Q respectively cosφ control

mode according to CLC/FprTS 50549-1:2014 for
Page 18
Connection to the LV distribution system
Advanced grid support features of DER
Requirements in European codes

• On demand, schedule or characteristics

Voltage support • cos(phi) = f(P)
• cos(phi) = f(U) (optional)

• Reduction of active power at over frequency

Frequency support • Active power feed-in at under frequency

• Temporary limitation of active power output at congestion in

Grid management the grid
• Controlled on demand by grid operator

Dynamic grid • LVRT (Low Voltage Ride Through)

• Contribution to short-circuit current
support
Advanced grid support features of DER
Active power control/frequency control: Standard functions
 Reduction of active power at over-frequency
Limited Frequency Sensitive Mode – Overfrequency (LFSM-O)

Source: ENTSO-E RfG 2013

Advanced grid support features of DER
Additional requirements for frequency support
 Behaviour at under-frequency
 Some national codes (e.g. DE, IT, AT…)
already require continued operation down to
underfrequency limit (typ. 47.5 Hz)
 ENTSO-E RfG will provide extensive
requirements for all generator types
 Operating ranges (Hz/time)
 Rate of change of frequency (ROCOF)
immunity
 FprTS 50549-1/2 also specifies Rate Of Change
Of Frequency (ROCOF) immunity requirement
 >2.5 Hz/s

11/25/2014 21
Advanced grid support features of DER
Requirements in European codes

• On demand, schedule or characteristics

Voltage support • cos(phi) = f(P)
• cos(phi) = f(U) (optional)

Active power • Reduction of active power at over frequency

• Active power feed-in at under frequency
control

• Temporary limitation of active power output at congestion in

Grid management the grid
• Controlled on demand by grid operator

Dynamic grid • LVRT (Low Voltage Ride Through)

• Contribution to short-circuit current
support
Advanced grid support features of DER
Grid management
 Possibility for DSO to send setpoint values to generators
 Reduce the active power output or change the cos(phi).
 Guarantee grid stability in case of emergency situations or congestion

Distribution Grid Transmission Grid

Grid State

DSO TSO

~ Control signals

= (e.g. Power Limitation)

Control Centre
Demand for
power limitation
Control Centre
Advanced grid support features of DER
Requirements in European codes

• On demand, schedule or characteristics

Voltage support • cos(phi) = f(P)
• cos(phi) = f(U) (optional)

• Reduction of active power at over frequency

Frequency support • Active power feed-in at under frequency

• Temporary limitation of active power output at congestion in

Grid management the grid
• Controlled on demand by grid operator

• LVRT (Low Voltage Ride Through)

Dynamic grid • HVRT (High Voltage Ride Through)
support • Contribution to short-circuit current
Advanced grid support features of DER
Dynamic grid support: Low/High Voltage Ride Through


Requirements for the connection of generators above 16 A per phase

Requirement 1 (LV+MV): Remain connected to grid

• FprTS 50549-1/2 HVRT requirements

• up to 120 % Un for 100 ms and
• up to 115 % Un for up to 1 s.

CLC/FprTS 50549-2:2014

Connection to MV grids
Page 25
Advanced grid support features of DER
Dynamic grid support: Low/High Voltage Ride Through


Requirements for the connection of generators above 16 A per phase

Requirement 2 (MV only): Provide reactive current

CLC/FprTS 50549-2:2014

Connection to MV grids
Page 26
Contents

 Overview of current Grid Codes and

requirements for DER in Europe

 Advanced functional requirements for DER

in European codes and the ENTSO-E RfG
network code

 Summary & recommendations

27
Advanced Grid Codes provide the base for
safe and reliable grid integration of high shares of DER
► Using their advanced functionalities DER can be very powerful tools in
managing the grids for reliability and efficiency by providing
 Steady state and dynamic voltage support
 Frequency control capabilities
 On-demand response via remote control and communication
► Coordinated requirements needed for safe and reliable grid integration of high
shares of DER
► Harmonisation of European national grid codes in-line with ENTSO-E RfG
► Led by CENELEC, standardised procedures for DER certification and
testing currently under development.
► Providing access to these capabilities will be the key to improve system
reliability and efficiency and enable further deployment of DER.

28
Thank you!

Questions are welcome:

Roland Bründlinger
AIT Austrian Institute of Technology
Giefinggasse 2, 1210 Wien, Austria
roland.bruendlinger@ait.ac.at

29