WinGrid Training Workshop

June 2021

Wind Power Capabilities to provide ancillary services

Anca D. Hansen

DTU Vindenergi
 Outline

 Definition and types of ancillary services (AS)

 Wind power plant (WPP) architecture

 Ancillary services from WPPs – research results

 Active and reactive power control
 Voltage and frequency control
 Enhanced ancillary services
o Fast frequency control (also referred as Temporary frequency control TFR)
o Power oscillation damping (POD)
o Blackstart capability (BS)

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 Definition of ancillary services

 Why ancillary services?

 CIGRÉ report - overview of International Practices

- definitions for AS can differ significantly based on who is using the terms:
- some emphasize the importance of AS for system security and reliability
- other mention the use of AS to support electricity transfers from generation to load and
to maintain power quality.
- some definitions limit the contribution of AS to the transmission network, while others include
distribution purposes as well.

o some of services required to ensure the power system stability are embedded in
conventional power plants using directly grid connected synchronous generators.
o Need for enhanced ancillary service products to ensure stability in power systems with large
scale penetration of renewables.

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 Definition of ancillary services
Focus: on system security and reliability
the most widely accepted among transmission system operators

 System services
 frequency and voltage services
 delivered by the power system to all the users.

 Ancillary services
 are ancillary to the production or consumption of
energy
 provided by some components like generators,
controllable loads and/or network devices.
http://www.reservices-project.eu/

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 Types of ancillary services
 most commonly discussed ancillary services belong to the active power reserves

 CIGRÉ report (based on the sequence in which AS are expected to operate)

 primary frequency control
 secondary control
 tertiary reserves
 voltage control
 black start services

 In Denmark – Energinet classifies AS in:

 frequency-controlled reserves
 secondary reserves - Short-circuit power
 manual reserves and regulating power - Continuous voltage control
 other properties for maintaining power system stability - Voltage support during faults
- Inertia
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 Types of ancillary services
 European transmission system operators (ENTSO) report
 Frequency containment reserves (FCR)
 Frequency restoration reserves (FRR)
 Replacement reserves (RR): “regulating reserve”
reserve
FCR
FRR RR

time

REserviceS project: benefits of getting ancillary services from WPPs increase with their penetration
 Enhanced ancillary services products
 Fast frequency response (and inertia support)
 Synchronising power
 Power oscillation damping
 Black – start capability
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 Grid code requirements
 Technical capabilities of WPPs to provide AS are commonly required in grid codes

 First grid code dedicated WPPs was introduced in Denmark (2000)

 the first large offshore WPP connected directly to transmission system
 only AS was: remotely control of power setpoint
 special power control in the case of frequency transients was not a general requirement
 the first large offshore WPP in Horns Rev was capable of providing frequency support

 In later grid codes - added requirements:

 frequency control
 reactive power
 voltage control capabilities

 New common European ENTSO-E Network Code also includes

 power oscillation damping
 synthetic inertia
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 Danish Grid Codes
 Fault Ride Through Capabilities – addresses individual wind turbine controller
 Power control Capabilities – active power/frequency & reactive power/voltage control

Active power control functions Reactive power control functions

 Balance control  Reactive power control
 Delta control  Automatic voltage control
 Power gradient limiter
 Automatic frequency control
Balance control Delta control Frequency control Voltage control
Power Reactive Power
Power Power
droop droop

∆+

time time frequency voltage

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 Wind farms with power plant characteristics

Traditionally: produce energy at the lowest possible cost

 to produce maximum possible power
 to reduce the structural loads on the mechanical components and thus theirs costs

Additionally now: active controllable components supporting the grid

 to provide grid support to secure power system quality, stability and reliability
 to reduce the required grid connection costs

Grid support
Wind farm Wind turbine
controller controllers

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 WPPs technical capabilities to provide AS

 Wind power plants

wind farms with power plant characteristics supporting the grid

 Why needed ?
to secure quality, stability and reliability of the power system with large wind
power

 How ?
 develop dynamic models & control solutions for enabling wind power to replace conventional power plants
 optimize WPPs interaction and participation in the power system control according to the new grid codes.

Wind farm concepts and control:

Grid types: Modelling approach:
 Active stall wind turbines
 large and strong  individual
 Doubly-fed induction wind turbines
 small and isolated  aggregated
 PMSG full converter wind turbines
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 Wind power plant configuration

MV BUS
Main Grid

Main
POC transformer
POM

Measurements Communication

TSO/DSO
Grid
Dispatch
monitoring
SCADA

Support Services
services allocation
Power forecast
WPP Controller

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 Wind power plant control architecture
Set-Points
from grid operator WPP Set-points to WTs
Control Level
Co t o e
WTs
Measurements (individual)
Feedback signals
Control Level

Control functionalities WPP control architecture:

 WPP control level
Voltage control Reactive power control interaction
 WT control level
Frequency control Power factor control

Active power control Balance control Power system operator:

 Grid status: specific demands to WPP
Delta control Power ramp rate control  Specifies WPP production:
(maximum or limited production)

Temporary frequency response Synchronising power Power system damping

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 Wind power plant control architecture
Wind power plant
Ancillary services
PCC PCC
Basic Pmeas Qmeas

Balance control
Wind turbine
WPP
Psetpo PrefWPP_ basic PrefWPP PrefWT,i
Σ
Delta control int WPP Controller

WPP v WPP WPP v

Dispatch WT v
Power ramp rate control Qsetpo Qref Qref Qref
Σ WTs
int _ basic ,i

Reactive power control

Power factor control Wind

measurements
Frequency control

Voltage control
TSO
PrefWT,i
activation Estimated
P WTs v
available
Enhanced available
power

Inertial response ∆Pi ∆Pk

Services’
Power System Damping ∆Qi v
allocation ∆Qk

Synchronizing power

References
operation mode Measurements

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 Wind power plant controller with control services

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 WPP active and reactive power control grid support

Ability of a WPP to control to regulate downwards and upwards the WPP

production to the power reference ordered by the system operators.

 Active power control functions: Delta control

 Balance control
 Delta control Available power
Actual power

 Power gradient limiter

dient limiter

 Reactive power control

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 WPP active and reactive power control grid support

DIgSILENT
4.600

WPP
3.880
production in POC: different control functionalities are activated Available
in the same
powertime

9 m/s wind speed / Delta control 0.5 MW / Balance control 2 MW / Power ramp rate 1.2MW/min
3.160
4.600

2.440

2MW 2MW
Actual powerAvailable power
3.880
1.720 Balance Balance
Max.
production Delta control ∆ = 0.5 MW down Max. production Delta control ∆ = 0.5 MW down Max. production
1.000
0.00 240.0 480.0 720.0 960.0 [s] 1200.
3.160
2.00
Reactive power [MVar]

1.50
2.440
1.00
2MW 2MW
Actual power
0.50
Balance Ramp rate limiter Balance
1.720

0.00 Max.
production Delta control ∆ = 0.5 MW down Max. production Delta control ∆ = 0.5 MW down Max. production
1.000
-0.50
Qdemand = 0 Mvar Qdemand= 1 Mvar
0.00 240.0 480.0 720.0 960.0 [s] 1200
-1.00
0.00 240.0 480.0 720.0 960.0 [s] 1200.
[sec]

Centralised power control of wind farm with doubly fed induction generators
A.D. Hansen, P Sørensen, F Iov, F Blaabjerg - Renewable Energy 31 (7), 935-951

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 WPP voltage control grid support

SG SG

Power transmission system model 400 kV 400 kV

Danish Transmission System operator EnergiNet.dk 135 kV

135 kV

Line 1

Line 2
L L

135 kV SG

Line 3

Line 4
L Simulated
 Voltage grid support capability (Type 3 & 4) SG
fault event 135 kV

Offshore line
Offshore line
 Impact of voltage grid support from Type 3 & 4 on the
performance of a nearby Type1 to FRT Local
wind turbines
WFT WFT

Active stall DFIG

wind farm wind farm
New added wind farm
for the case study

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 WPP voltage control grid support
Type 3 or 4 WPPs
1 Without WPP voltage control 2 With WPP voltage control

fault event
POC
VoltagePCC
power
Reactive PCC

Co‐ordinated voltage control of DFIG wind turbines in uninterrupted operation during grid faults
AD Hansen, G Michalke, P Sørensen, T Lund, F Iov - International Journal for Progress and Applications in Wind …

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 Impact of Type 3 & 4 voltage control support on Type1

Active power WFT [MW]

a b

c d

 damping effect on ASWF for (b) and (c)

 worst case for ASWF is (a)
 best case for ASWF is (b)
Reactive power WFT [Mvar]

c d

a b

[sec]
a - DFIG-WF without / AS-WF without c - DFIG-WF with /AS-WF with
b - DFIG-WF with /AS-WF without d - DFIG-WF without / AS-WF with

Type 3 & 4 wind turbines can help nearby Type 1 wind turbines to fault ride through, without any
additional ride through control setup in the Type 1 wind turbines
Co‐ordinated voltage control of DFIG wind turbines in uninterrupted operation during grid faults
AD Hansen, G Michalke, P Sørensen, T Lund, F Iov - International Journal for Progress and Applications in Wind …
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 WPP voltage control grid support during stressed
voltage conditions

Maximum power transfer (pu values on 500 MVA base)

Sarkar, M. (2020). Modelling of Wind Power under Stressed Voltage Conditions. DTU Wind Energy. DTU Wind Energy PhD
https://doi.org/10.11581/dtu:00000072

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 WPP frequency control grid support

 sudden loss of the largest unit in the system 50.5

System Frequency (Hz)

50

 with no frequency control in the wind farms, frequency may 49.5

drop leading to large load shedding 49

48.5 large load shedding!

 Fixed speed WT (Type 1): 48
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
 rotor speed attached to the system frequency Time (sec)

 provides inertial response 1

0.8

 kinetic energy of the rotor is transformed into electrical 0.6

ASIG

energy delivered to the grid

ΔP (pu)
0.4
DFIG
0.2

0
 Variable speed WT (Type 2 & 3) -0.2
 decoupled from the power system -0.4
PMSG

0 2 4 6 8 10 12
 do not inherently contribute to system inertia Time (sec)

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 WPP frequency control grid support

Signals to Rotor Side

Converter

Cascade
PI PI Power controller
Pgrid cascade

Pr ef Pgridref

ω gen Pnormalref

+
+
Maximum Power
Tracking Po int

Aux Pauxref
input
signal
Frequency controller

Combined Control
Inertia Control
Pauxref

(Frequency Error) P1auxref

(Rate of Change Inertia controller Droop controller
of System Frequency)

+
Pauxref

+
Droop Control
P2auxref
Pauxref
(Rate of Change Inertia controller
(Frequency Error) of System Frequency)
Droop controller Combined Controller

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 WPP frequency control grid support
50.5
(b) (a) No auxiliary control
System Frequency (Hz)
(c)
50
(a)
(b) Droop control on WF level
49.5

(c) Droop control on WT level

49
(d)

48.5
(d) Combined control

48
(e) (e) Inertia control
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time (sec)

Maximum
Minimum Rate of Load
Frequency Control
Frequency change Shedding
Scheme
(Hz) of frequency (MW)
(Hz/sec)
No auxiliary 15.1
(a) 48.29 -2.8
Control (18%)
Droop control
(b) 48.58 -2.8 0
on WF level
Droop control
(c) 48.69 -1.9 0
on WT level
Combined
(d) 48.68 -1.8 0
Control
Inertia
(e) 48.52 -1.8 0
control

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 Short-term overproduction capability Wind speed 0.6pu
Electrical power [pu]

0.3

Short-term overproduction capability 0.25

depends on the initial pre-overproduction conditions: 0.2

0.2495
0

0.9
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Aerodynamic
40
power [pu]
Rotor Speed

 wind speed 0.249

0.85

 limits of the mechanical/electrical components 0.2485

0.8
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

 control strategy
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

important in the design of a reliable frequency support Wind speed 0.93pu

Electrical power [pu]

0.5

Below rated wind speed 0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Rotor Speed
40
1.1 Aerodynamic power[pu]
[pu]
the overproduction is followed by a recovery period (turbine re-acceleration) 1
1

0.9
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.7
The higher the wind speed, the shorter the recovery period. 00 55 10
10 15
15 20
20 25
25 30
30 35
35 40
40
Shaft Torque [pu]
[ ]

No recovery above rated wind speed.

Wind speed 1.1pu
Electrical power [pu]

The higher the overproduction power: 1.2

1.1

 the longer the recovery period and the larger the power underproduction
1
0.9
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Rotor Speed
power [pu]
(frequency stability might be affected) 1.05
1.2
Aerodynamic [pu]

11

 the higher the shaft torque (high mechanical stress of the turbine shaft) 0.8
0.95 0
0
5
5
10
10
15
15
20
20
25
25
30
30
35
35
40
40
Shaft Torq e [p
[ ]]

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 Frequency drop at different wind power penetrations

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 WPPs temporary frequency response
Loss of the largest unit /different wind power penetrations

Provision of enhanced ancillary services from wind power plants–examples and challenges
A.D. Hansen, M Altin, F Iov - Renewable Energy 97, 8-18 need for coordination!

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 Impact of communication on fast frequency support
 ability to provide fast frequency response (FFR) from WPPs highly depends on the underlying communication
infrastructure that allows an exchange of information between different WPPs plants and the control centers

TSO level

GS Conventional GS Conventional
Optimization Generation Generation
Engine HV
HV
Planning
Planning Stage
Stage (Offline
(Offline analysis)
analysis)
•• Power
Power system
system model
model
•• Frequency EHV
EHV
Frequency excursion
excursion for
for
(N-1)
(N-1) event
event
Optimum Parameter Sets PCC remote PoM
HV
HV
Transmission System

Aggregator Level Optimum

Optimum Plant
Parameters
Parameters FFR
Control
HV
HV
Dispatch Available
Available Power
Power Primary
Substation
MV
MV
Optimum
Parameters
Plant
FFR PoC
Available
Available Power
Power Control
GS
Optimum
Optimum Local CHP
Parameters
Parameters

Plant
FFR local PoM
Control
Available
Available Power
Power
ReGen Plant Level
ICT

ICT Based Performance Evaluation of Primary Frequency Control Support from Renewable Power Plants in Smart Grids
K Shahid, M Altin, LM Mikkelsen, R Løvenstein Olsen, F Iov - Energies 11 (6), 1329

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 WPP power oscillation damping capability
ILine ∆QPOD  50% wind power penetration
∆PPOD  different input/output signal pairs
POD controller
PLine ∆QPOD
 same POD controller parameters in all WPPs

POD activated in one WPP POD activated in all WPPs

Need for coordination and parameter tuning of PODs

Provision of enhanced ancillary services from wind power plants–examples and challenges
A.D. Hansen, M Altin, F Iov - Renewable Energy 97, 8-18

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 Black start approches/plans
Offshore WPP via the VSC HVDC link

Top-down
 Restart from neigboring interconnected systems
 Preferred and easier apporach, but not always easier

Bottom-up
 Restart with own generators
 Either blackstart capable units or house units
 Energize several islands and then interconnect
 All TSOs should have such a plan

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 GFL
WPP blackstart capability
Grid following WT Grid forming WT

Poster – Blackstart & Islanding Capabilities of HVDC connected Offshore wind power plants
Anubhav Jain, J.N. Sakamuri, N. A. Cutululis, EERA JP Wind & SETWind Annual Event 2020

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 WPPs greenstart capability

Control Solutions for Blackstart Capability and Islanding operation of Offshore wind power plants
Anubhav Jain, K. Das, O. Gosku, N.A. Cutululis, Proc. 17th Wind Integration Workshop 2018

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 Reflections

 Wind power plants can deliver basic ancillary services and replace conventional power plants

 Wind power plants are capable of providing:

 active power control
 frequency control support
 reactive power control
 voltage control support

 Wind power plants can provide enhanced ancillary services –

emulating synchronous generator (i.e. TFR, POD, black start)

 Co-ordination of wind power plants to provide ancillary services - major challenge with high
share of renewables

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 Thank you for your attention!

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