• James was one of the

founders of functionalism. Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism

• Functionalism is the study of Wundt founded a field of psychology known as
how mental processes help

EXPERIENCE IS A CONTINUOUS structuralism.

organisms adapt to their '"'STREAM OF CONSCIOUSNESS." Structuralism focused on the basic elements of
Environment.
Consciousness.

WILLIAM JAMES AND

FUNCTIONALISM

1879 - WILHELM WUNDT

ESTABLISHES HIS
Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis

LABORATORY IN LEIPZIG, GERMANY Aristotle outlined associationism, the

• Freud was the most famous of the early
theory that association with past
psychologists. experiences is a basic principle of
• His perspective is psychoanalysis, which
P I O N E E R S O F
mental activity.
emphasizes unconscious motives and internal P S Y C H O L O G Y

conflicts in human behavior. Socrates developed a method of

learning called introspection, which
means to carefully examine our own
thoughts and feelings.
E A R L Y B E L I E F A N D V I E W S

GESTALT (SHAPE) PSYCHOLOGY HISTORY OF

E A R L Y B E L I E F A N D V I E W S

Gestalt psychology is an alternative to

behaviorism and structuralism.
PSYCHOLOGY
It is based on the idea that our perceptions of ANCIENT GREECE
objects are more than the sum of their parts.
Thev are wholes that give shape, or meaning, to
the parts.

Founded the school of

behaviorism, which
Added to the behaviorist
defined psychology as
the scientific study of
observable behavior
Holds that people can
be totally conditioned JOHN B. WATSON
by external events
and that belief in
individual choice is
justan illusion
MODERN DEVELOPMENTS IN tradition by adding
reinforcement.
PSYCHOLOGY
Showed that animals
that are reinforced, or
rewarded, for a certain
B.F. Skinner action are more likely to
perform that action
again.
Believed people learn in
the same wav animals
do.