ARAMEH FOR TEACHERS’ USE ONLY 1) Fy feietinn Fo: (normal) reaction (i) Feng tian FO Fy mg < 04 ma'r 8 “~-o 2, 10 °* Bae) @2326) wre Gil) Unchanged. As the centripetal force is proportional to max Fas well as the weight, the minimum spinning speed (eqn. (*)) does not depend on the mass. (b) The space “station should rotate about an axis through its centre and normal to the plane containing the station with a constant angular speed such that the centripetal acceleration at the periphery equals 10 m s®, azar 10= @(1.0 x 10") © =0.1 5" (or 0.016 rev s" or 0.95 rev min") 2. (@) (_ Ty, Ty are tensions in the upper and lower strings respectively. T,*T,+mg Gi) 0.6) 0.15) = 0.6) (0.05) + m (10) m= 0.006 kg ©) @ 005m Gil) Suppose the bead is displaced downwards by a small distance y, the tension in the upper string would increase by 0.6 y and the tension in the lower string would decrease bby 0.6 y, resulting in a restoring foree of -1.2 y (upwards) -lay=mp | o.006 = anf 2206 12 sods © 0 Fema (0.6 (0.08) = 0.006 # o=Sms* w mg =by, (0.906) (10)= 08 ‘Ya™ 0.1 m (Le. the new equilibrium position is at 0.5 m below 4) The sm. towards the new equilibrium position therefore has an amplitude of 0.05 m Yea = A" 2001-AL-PHY LAS RRS FOR TEACHERS’ USE ONLY2 @ ©) o 4) O) FABRA AHA © FOR TEACHERS’ USE ONLY ‘The current-carrying wire is subjected to alternating vertical forces due to the magnetic field, forced vibration results (@ — f=25He (orv=75 x08) Gi) AS A unchanged and / increased, v = fA. has to be increased in order to restore the pattem. So either increase T by using a heavier mass M or replace the wire by another ‘one of smaller mass per unit length m (v=. = ). Unchanged. ‘The velacity depends on and m only. HyNI 02 @ ¢ _ (4107) (110°) (6010) ae = 15x 10*T Assumption: seid sg sine cm deter <5 gh (oy one -cawhaseioy{<(22)) ; 96 x 10* Wb Teal muinage 0-191 (1 x 10” ) (2.96 x 107 )= L (60 x 10°) Pease torn @ het se Econo ovat tat) saosin ne y ae sv amk “00 “a peat gph Ey sopeotte gr = = =(60x10" == 1.06x 10" 2 A") 30x10 7 ) L s ? L=4.7 x 10H (iii) Stray inductance / flux leakage / there exists inductance, say, in the connecting wires. 200L-ALPHY 1A6 RRR eS el FOR TEACHERS’ USE ONLY ‘Maths 1 Il 1@ wp © 0 iy o a RRS is) =ISA Connect a ‘starting’ resistance in series with the motor and gradually reducing it as the motor speeds up. {ne cout ot the motor nas inductance, therefore the rise in current will generate an ut ems (-L2) which opposes its rise atthe initial stage. Cha PPX 8 The back e.m.f.¢, is proportional to the speed of rotation of the armature. rotor is first switched on, the back e.m.f. is zero; it increases as the motor speeds up and at the same time the current decreases accordingly. Eventually the rotating speed and thus the back emf. become steady, the current reaches the working value. Te npar = (120) (0.5) (0.002) (2) =024Nm wo e-q-IR 12-8, = (2) (0.8) Av (Ul) Efficiency = =P x 100% (or x 100%) FOR TEACHERS’ USE ONLY 2001-AL-PUY 14-7 Rik se eS FOR TEACHERS’ USE ONLYARAMEH FOR TEACHERS’ USE ONLY Marks 6. (@_ The signal is maximum/strong along line ROS and it decreases gradually with distance from P—1 and Q. ‘The interference is constructive along line ROS whereas alternate constructive and destructive 12 interference occurs along line POQ. ) ' 1 13 © 2 2 (@) The superposition of waves at 4 is destructive originally. If the transmission station at Q is suspended, the detector only receives the radio signal fom P, which is larger than the original signal (destructive). 1 ‘The energy distribution of the interference pattern is not uniform, being concentrated in areas 1 ‘with constructive interference. Without station Q, the total energy decreases but it distributes ‘more uniformly over the area. 1 48 2001-AL-PUY 1-7 Rika GS Bl FOR TEACHERS’ USE ONLYARASH FOR TEACHERS’ USE ONLY 7. (@) Longitudinal waves : the vibrations are parallel to the direction of wave propagation. Transverse waves : the vibrations are perpenaicular (0 the direction of wave propayatlon, © — 200x10° @ w= 33x10 ms! yg" 5.83 x 10? ms” w (©) _ Smallest $-P interval, amplitude largest, earliest registered signal i) 42700 km 420 km Position Z (€) The natural frequency of bridge F is close to the (driving) frequency of the quake waves. ‘Therefore bridge F absorbs energy more efficiently and therefore develops a larger amplitude of vibration (resonance. 2001-AL-PHY 1B-8 RRkwe ye FOR TEACHERS’ USE ONLYFABRANADEABY FOR TEACHERS’ USE ONLY @) Veet ' ‘The potential drop across the internal resistance of the battery increases. 1 © mo 1 assy Avoca dep (! 2 reottepan = 8 e=60V 1 r= 3.0 $2(the magnitude of the y-intercept) 1 vII(Q) £ way ‘Axes labelled with appropriate scales, points correctly plotted ' Correct graph 1 (©) Plota graph of P= /¥ against R= which should be a curve whose peak value corresponds! 7 to the value of R necessary for the battery to deliver maximum output power. 1 2001-AL-PLY 18-9 RRABER FOR TEACHERS' USE ONLYARABS FOR TEACHERS’ USE ONLY Imv 0.01mA = 1009 RGA) resiatanes of tho baste motor ry ~ ‘Conversion to an ammeter : Aga a shunt of resistance rn paraltet withthe cout (0.01 mA x 100) (100 )= (1A - 0.01 mA x 100) r, 2010 Conversion to a voltmeter : Add a multiplier of resistance rq, in series with the coil (0.01 mA x 100) (1002+, (©) The measured value R,' is smaller than the actual value. aya (e-4) (R= 6k from (@)) RR . (gett) 1000 * 6000 = 8602 1000-860 Tereatage cror 100% ~ 1000-860 . soon ae 1000 =14% 2001-AL-PHY 1B-10 RRaAwe ws FOR TEACHERS’ USE ONLYFIRB ASA © FOR TEACHERS’ USE ONLY 9.) ercictance of TDR >> 8 LO, almaet all the eupply valtage ie draped aera the 1 DR ‘ACRO can be used. (iy) 4k (©) (@ As an amplifier, the operational amplifier responds uniformly within its linear region; ‘whereas a comparator behaves as a digital (non-linear) device which compares the Dotentials at the two inputs. The comparator therefore serves as a switching devi. (i) In daylight, the resistance of the LDR is small compared to R, V.>V,, V,is LOW and the street light is OFF. ar Inthe dark , the resistance of the LDR is large compared to R, V.<¥., V,is HIGH and the street light is ON, When switch S is closed, = OV 1) in the same direction. % 7 ‘ 4 (Fy h)e % Let Fy and Fy be the average forces acting on A and B respectively during collision and Ar be the tine dating whic the bro all rein contact 1 By Newton’s second law, the impulse FA will change the momentum of ball 4, a FyAt= my, may 4% larly, the momentum of ball B will change by FyAt FyQt= my— ms % By Newton’s third law, F, => Fy (equal in magnitude but are opposite in direction), therefore an amy, mau, = gsm) * 2001-AL-PHY 28-10) AR osha FOR TEACHERS’ USE ONI_YARASH FOR TEACHERS’ USE ONLY 2. (@)__ Mechanical waves are vibrations of particles, which require a medium for propagation. Electromagnetic waves are oscillating electric and magnetic fields, which do not necessarily eaqtire 2 medium far propagation ‘The speed of mechanical waves depends on the elasticity and the density of the medium for propagation (b) @__ Setup the apparatus as shown. ‘The filament lamp acts as a single slit, and the diffracted light beams from the two narrow slits overlap in the region beyond the slits (accept idea presented using diagram), Use a filter to obtain monochromatic light so that alternate bright and dark, equally spaced interference fringes are observed (at the cross-wires of the travelling eyepiece). This shows the wave nature of light. ‘The average fringe spacing y is found by measuring across as many fringes as possible with the travelling eyepiece. ‘A metre rule is used to measure the separation d between the double slit and the travelling, eyepiece. The slit separation ais measured directly with a travelling microscope. The mavlength ofthe monostomai ist isappronimatad ty 2 Gil) Light ‘can propagate through vacuum to the earth, which is a property of clecuuiaynetic waves. Light can be polarized, which implies that it is transverse. 200-AL-PLY 28-11 RRAMEH FOR TEACHERS’ USE ONLY MarksARAMEH FOR TEACHERS’ USE ONLY (©) When two waves travel through a medium, their resultant displacement at any point is the sum of the separate displacements due to the two waves, 0 ww 2001-AL-PHY 20-12 ‘AL an instant such as A, the waves Irom the sources arrive in phase ana reimtorce 10 produce a loud sound. The phase difference then increases until a compression (or rarefaction) from one source arrive atthe same time as a rarefaction (or compression) from the other. The observer hears little or nothing, point B. Later the waves are in phase again (point C) and a loud note is heard, oats aro thus dus to interference but beoauce tho sources are of alightly different frequencies there is sometimes reinforcement at a given point and at other times cancellation. ‘Stationary waves result from the superposition of two trains of progressive waves of equal amplitude and frequency travelling with the same speed in opposite directions. At the nodes (N), the interference of the two waves is always destructive and the resultant amplitude is zero. ‘At the antinodee, tha interfarence of the twin wauee ic canetmative and the resultant amplitude is largest. ARMA sia FOR TEACHERS’ USE ONLY MarksARABS FOR TEACHERS’ USE ONLY Marks (a) The electri field intensity £ at any point is the force per wnt positive charge which it exerts at” 1 ‘that point. The electric potential V at any point is the work done per coulomb of positive charge from infinity (or any zero reference) to that point ° 4k Be — 3 x & Suppose 4 ana & are 1wo neighbouring points on a tine of force, so close togetner tna tne electric field intensity between them is constant and equal to E. Electric potentials at A and B are respectively Vand V+ 5¥. % Vax potential difference between A and B Va Vo ev “The work done in taking @ charge @ from B to A Force x Distance = charge x potential difference Vay ne FQxbx=O(8V) ae & oF, in the fimit CZ y . 4 A (©) @__ The capacitance (C) or charge-storing ability, ofan isolated conductor is the charge (Q) required to cause unit change in the potential (V) of a conductor. 1 Examples: wuning elrcult ofa rauio smoothing circuit of a power supply ANY flash unit of a camera Two (any other relevant examples) @ 2 Gi) Postal Cf 8 l After conductor AB is brought near, the end A closer to the sphere is negatively charged while the far end B is positively charged (accept answer shown in diagram) % ‘Asa result the electric potential ofthe sphere is lowered. % ‘Thus the capacitance of the sphere increases as it stores the same amount of charges for a smaller potential n 2001-AL-PHY 28-13, AMAA E FOR TEACHERS’ USE ONLYARMAS ea FOR TEACHERS’ USE ONLY Marks 420, rom tow 100 Ke ot signal generator T hav (v " ! Seoenorecstvacy (fear During the half-cycle when the reed is in contact with X, the capacitor is charged by the battery. The charge Q = CY stored in the capacitor is then discharged through the 100-kQ. protective resistor and the light beam galvanometer when the reed is in contact with Y in the following halFcycle. % “The numberof harge-dscharge actions per second equals the frequency fof the ac. supply to the coi of the red switch, If thsi high enough cutent pulses follow one another so rapidly that the galvanomeer delleetion {5 steady and represents the average current 7 through it Ingrecry wh In order to ensure complete discharge, a CRO is connected across the resistor to check whether the discharging current drops to zero within a half-cycle. ' Factors affecting the accuracy. = stray capacitance arises from any nearby conductors % = as very small currents are concemed, apparatus should be made of high quality insulating material, otherwise leakage of currents will lead to serious error. % 2001-AL-PHY 2B-14 RRS FOR TEACHERS’ USE ONLYRRRAS FOR TEACHERS’ USE ONLY (2) Gi) One tesla is the flux density in a magnetic field when the force on a conductor | m long, placed perpendicular tothe field and carrying a current of | Ais IN. (F= [BI i) Consider two tong, st and f, respectively i, parallel conductors, distance a apart in air, carrying currents /, ‘The magnetic field at the right-hand conductor due to the current /, in the left-hand one is, directed into the paper. ‘A magnetic force F therefore acts on length J of the right-hand conductor carrying current /, ‘The left-hand conductor expe the right-hand conductor. yees an equal and opposite force due to being in the field of (b) A long solenoid carrying constant current will give a uniform magnetic field inside the solenoid. ‘Set up the apparatus as shown. monthed low voltage power supply IF F dc. ammeter, solenoid Ta light-heam enlvanameter | l i el circuit box ‘Adjust the sheostat so that there isa current of about 1 A through the solenoid. Insert the Hall probe well inside the solenoid and adjust for zero deflection of the galvanometer before switching on the current. ‘Switch on the current and set the galvanometer to give a (large) deflection, Move the probe about inside the solenoid over a cross-section and along the length of the solenoid. ‘The deflection of the galvanometer remains unchanged, which indicates the magnetic field due to the salenaid is uniform RRS FOR TEACHERS’ USE ONLYww Gi) 2001-AL-PHLY 28-16, FRRSePSHY «= FOR TEACHERS’ USE ONLY ae uniform magnetic x x x field (into paper) ‘The electron in the moving rod will experience a magnetic force towards Q. Therefore electrons will be forced to end Q, making Q negative and P positive. Asa result ofthe charge separation and electron accumulation, an electric field is created inside the rod which causes a repulsive electric force to be exerted on other electrons being, urged towards by the magnetic force. ‘These magnetic force Bev and electric force Ee act oppositely and when they become equal there is no further charge accumulation, ie. when Bev = Ee where E isthe equilibrium electric field and e the charge on an electron ‘And £ = potential gradient = potential ditterence across #U/lengtn potential difference across PQ = Blv According to Faraday’ law. the induced em f neross the od is, do dt A. Bly which is consistent with the result. at The potential difference across PQ will increase and the accumulation of electrons will continue as the magnetic force (Bev) will keep pushing electrons towards end Q. RRABEE FOR TEACHERS’ USE ONLY Marks@ (b) © ARAMA FOR TEACHERS’ USE ONLY Rutherford scattering — the majority of the a-particles were scattered through small angles and soe particles were scattered through very large angles. I meant that some a-particles had come into the ropultive fald of highly concentrated poritive charge atthe contre oF the atom, Frank-Hertz experiment (or hydrogen emission spectrum) ~ energy of an atom can only be raised by specific amounts as inelastic collisions occur at certain accelerating potentials for the colliding electrons. AS the atom can only be excited 10 an energy Level with a Tixed gap, the energy levels in an atom are therefore quantizedidiscrete, (i) Ground state ~ the lowest eneray level of an atom (An atom is most stable. ie. in its ground state, when it has minimum energy) Ian atom is in its ground state and absorbs an amount of energy eV’ which just removes, an electron completely from the atom, then I” is said to be the ionization potential of the atom. e Etecuen 6 te) Gi) Bombard the atom by accelerated electrons of high enough energy, in the order of eV. Iivadiate dhe atoms by electromaguetic: vadiat naches with the ‘energy difference between two energy levels ‘of eneigy Av which ‘An excited hydrogen atom is unstable due to the extra energy gained with respect to the ‘ground state ‘This energy is eventually radiated in the form of electromagnetic radiation (photon) when. the excited atom returns to the ground state directly (or through an intermediate energy level) Thue a number of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation may be produced, “hich give rise to the emission line spectrum of hydrogen. For photoelectric effect, electrons are emitted from metal surfaces when electromagnetic tadiation of ight enough reyucucy falls wn denn ‘Thermionic emission occurs when a metal is heated to a temperature that the loosely held electrons in the metal acquire kinetic energy high enough to escape from the metal against the inward attractive force, For radioactivity, B-particles or high speed electrons are emitted spontaneously from nuclides of relatively high proportion of neutrons (unstable with respact ta its daughter nuclide) Electrons emitted from radioactive nuclides have the highest maximum kinetic energy (ranging from 0.025 to 3.2 MeV) depending on the characteristics of the nuclides. The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectric emission elecrons Is ofthe order oF eV depending on the altrerence between the energy of the incident photon and the work function, Electrons emitted in thermionic emission have the lowest maximum kinetic energy (less than 1 eV) as they are just able to escape from the meta. 2001-AL-PHY 28-17 RRARMEA FOR TEACHERS’ USE ONLY