Marking Schemes The answer provided lathe malKng seme we Tor rereoe oly, They are nat he only pose waver] Alternative answers re acceptable so long as they are well reasoned | ‘The examination emphasises the testing of understanding, the practical aplication of knowledge and the use of processing skill. Candidates are advised to study is document in cogunction with the examiner's conments on eanddates' performance in tis booklet. For essay-type questions, candidates are expected to demonstrate an understanding of the question, an ability to deplayrelevan knowledge ofthe subject nesponse othe questions, and to present heir enswer lopclly and | coherently, | ‘Advanced Level Paper 1 Section A Mats 1. (@) Consider the vical motion (downward positive) i rket IM 125 m=400 ms)P z 1A 105s Consider the horizontal motion 35m iM 1 05s =7ms! Consider the vertical motion: vy =u, +8 1A =(oms\053)=5ms" (©) (The veical component ofthe velocity after impact x08=4ms" a?+7 (speed ater impact) ud 806ms" iA 2 di) IM F=(0.06 kgit0 m5 us = 141N 1A (©) Consider the vertical motion: ae Ay ae 135m 5 no ie (a) Path @. Horizontal speed is reduced after impact tB due to fiction, 1A Ball rebounds at larger angle with the horizontal, thus maximum height is reached before reching 1A the obstacte at C. 2 165@ @ Gi) © @ (0) ‘Mach vl 1” a Taking moments abot Q 1M mg _8.0x107kgx10ms™ Bsn “Janda A =283%10°N AR (in magnitude) = 27 = 5.66% 10° N 1A Direction: at 45° wih vertical or horizontaleanopy iA Uastc deformation: the sain ofthe cable wil tur is original length when the sss removed A Plastic deformation: the cable will have a pemanet sto extension even when theses i removed A Young modulus slope of the liner part ofthe graph 1M = 1000210°Pa 9 20"'Pa a TA cl aie (2.83 10° N)(4.25 m) IM AE (3.54%10° m?\(2x10" Pa) = 0.017 m or 17 mm 1a Or Stress = F-28510 00 MPa A 354x10~%m? From the graph, the strain that corresponds to this magnitude of stress is about 4 x 10°. extension ™ strain x /= 4x 10x 4.25 m O17 mor 17mm Plas deformation occurs whe theses eahes 1000 MPa Rom the graph). Let Lbe the maximum additonal lad onthe canopy. Wt 7 Lr tla Me M 2.0 x 10? N (or 2.0% 10? kg) 1A 16 4 43 @ () © Consider wavelets coming from corresponding points 4 and B on two successive slits and travelling at an angle @to the direction of the incident beam. Monochromatic q| light Path difference between the wavelets AC ™ d sin Hence if d sind giving an intensity maximum at angle 8. for the second order is given by oman! 2B *2) 27.02" 1.00 am uth 4510x107? m) ind sin27.0F = 25x10 m nd, where n is an integer giving the order of the spectrum, constructive interference occurs for all wavelets coming from the corresponding points in all slits of the grating, Apply sin 9= Red light 2™ order: dsin O= nh (2.5x10m) sin @y3"2 x (750%10° m) = 3687" Violet light 3" order: d'sin 8= nh. (2.5x10° m) sin Oyy=3 « (400«10 m) is= 28.69" Since Ok2> 0s, overlapping between 2” and 3” orders occurs 167 2A 1A IM IM 1A 2a IM@ ) © @ Energy required to ionize a Xenon atom = minimum kinetic energy of electrons Iatev= bm, v2 2 12.1 Vx 1.60% 10° C= (0.11% 10" kg) v2 = 2.06% 10° ms! Oe. — 3 Ll sccelernor grids (Pou? 4208 (43104ms")? =0? + 2440.15 m) = 6.16%10 ms 5gg)(6.16.10°m s°2)(0.15 m) 1.60107 p24 _vam ar ar 4.3910" m sx 1.2% 10 kgs! = 0.0516 N -F__|__00s16 N pote * M propetina| (373.7 + 81.5)kg 13% 104m? o) 1 Time to eject kg of Xenon = 8.33% 10° s (or 9.64 da tind 12x10 : 2 ‘Change in speed = 8.33 10° sx 1.13% 10% ms? =94.0ms" (Or By conservation of momentum, (Mie * Mop) inu AYgote = AMX Y G73.T+81.5-1.0) kg Avge Solar / Nuclear Any TWO of the following ‘No oxygen/oxidizing agent needed/carry less fuel into space. ‘Ata rate of only 0.104 kg per day of Xenon propellant consumed, a total of 81.5 kg of propellant enables the probe to propel for a long time (over 2 years). The small acceleration (order of 10 ms*) can effectively “fine tune” the trajectory ofa probe in space. Gain in speed can be large as 94.0 ms" per kg x 81.5 kg = 7.7 kms" Highly efficient / unlimited / large amount of (solar) energy available 168 Okg x4.3x10'ms"!) @ 1M 1A IM 1 IM IM 2aPaper 1 Section B Marks 5 @) re 1s At equeny f= 10a, Kem ee = 4 at C= 468x10°F 1A, (X, = 2nfh Slope = 22-8 -9.292057 i 8-20 ‘Therefore, L _ 4 © 0 AL IM 2350 25=Vx? +20? LX =150 [xt or at nae Consider method 1: IM 2s=x? +20? x! ‘Therefore, X =15 Q(=Xe=%) © amie 1 15= 1A From he gaps = 23 He Bees) ry fi=26 Ke Consider method 2: : X= 2afyh 15 2rf,(46.410) f= Si Ste (i) x, - cl must be greater than 15.0 a fi £17 Ha, fy = 68 He (from the eraph) 2A 1A _fless than 17 Hz or greater than 68 Hz 169& @ © py=nar +E} (4ny= nar [vA $F] A= mR 1 psd where C= nk @ [TFN 0 250 300 730 1000 TT 0.200 0.160 0133 0114 0.100 Uhm 5.00 625 782 a7 10.00 Straight line graph of F against 1/h is plotted. 1000-0 0 spe “0-5 mT = (0.08)(8.31)T T=301K y-intercept = 1000 = ~p,A 1000 = A= 0 ~ oom? 10° (©) (The pressure p is kept constant, ¥v 0.100 _ 0.200 poem > SO T= 602K 170 IM 14 IM 14, IM 1A IM 146 0) Gi pressure p/10°Pap 20 1s 2a 10 --7-F os 2 ° Gil) Net work done by the gas. A Shaded area correct A 2 7 @ IA 1 oo | 2A 2 Gee IM v ineya Cm Ansa 1A (i) Q= V xaneya= 4x10? Vx(dax8.85 x 10"? F m"x0.05 m) IM 2.22 «10°C 7 1 fo tov or u=1ev: u=50 3 IM Te222.10#o\-4x10°V) 2 1A = 445x109) im1 (©) (@_Let the ball touch (or close to) one plate and it acquizes the same sign of charge of that plate the ball is then repelled by that plate (and attracted to the plate opposite). ‘The ball acquires opposite charge when touching the opposite plate and the process repeats. Hence, shuttling occurs. (i As the plate separation d decreases, the electric field between the plates increases ( ) Therefore the acceleration/average speed of the ball increases while the distance travelled d decreases, the frequency fincreases and thus the average current / also increases (@) (i) Let @ be the work function of the Caesium. Photoelectrons are emitted when fre 6.631073 $3 10m 5" 2.08 Vx1.60x10-C = 5.98% 10" mor 598 am “ 108 ms K gue = 6.63410 5—__ 3210 mss ogy . (4.01107? m)(1.60 x10") =3.10-2.08 = 1.02 eV © I, 10 caine ZL 0.02107 Ty 2510'S x1.60%10 °C ox 10° (©) @_ Even very few photons can generate hundreds of thousands electrons, which give a bright {mage visible to the viewer when they hit the phosphor-coated screen. il) If bright light is incident on a NVD then too large a current will be produced, the PMT might bbe “burnt” or the image would be too bright ifnot limiting the current. Gil) B= Af [4.89 eV—(-7.20 eV)] x 1.60% 10 C= (6.63% 10™I 5)f 57x10" Hz e_ 3x10! mst Ff 357«10" He 38X10" mor $38 am ‘Therefore, image viewed is green in colour. m IM IM 1A 1A 1A vy 14 3Paper 2 Section B 1 (@) ) © Consider the bucket of water being atthe tp ofthe loop and moving with large enough speed vy fg J such thatthe normal force N of the bottom of the bucket on the water is non-zero, ic mimg>0 N ‘The normal force N together with the weight mg of water provide the centripetal force mv"/r required to maintain the water in its circular path @ Fa Fa tn ‘The mass m requires a centripetal force to keep it in a circular motion This is provided by the difference in the compression force exerted by the springs. Spring B must be compressed more than spring 4, in order for the net force to direct towards O. Hence the mass will shift outwards (ie., away from or to the right) i) As the mass shift outwards by a distance x, the compression of spring B is increased by x, and that of spring 4 is decreased by x The resulting net force is 2kx, which is equal to the centripetal force: : mLo? = kx where L >> x has been assumed (@ Consider a thin element of water in the test tube, of thickness Ar at a distance r from the centre O. The water pressures on the two sides of the element are denoted as p; and ‘The water element has a mass of p,Ar., is centripetal force is provided by the difference in water pressure piA~pA=(p,Adryro? ‘Thus p> pi for any positon , so the water pressure increases from the near end P towards the far end Q of the test tube. 173 wae % % 10% veh % 3© @) Gi i) Gi) Consider a cubie solid of density p> p, ata distance r from 0 a> B > Ana The difference in water pressure between the farther and nearer faces of the cube produces a net force [ p a ~ p,a* = (p,,a° rw? } according to (b)(i). ‘As p> p. the net force produced by the pressure difference is always smaller than the required centripetal force { mra? =(pa°)ro* for the solid to move in a stable circular path So a stable circular path at ris not possible, ic. the solid will move to the far end Q of the test tube and settle at end Q where an addtional force Fy is provided. lea? fa = (2 ~ pda? + Fo] The result shows that the motion of a solid/particle in the test tube depends on its density Denser solids move outwards and vice versa The principe is used in a centrifuge for separating particles of different densities suspended in water. . Light is a transverse wave in which the direction of the oscillating electric field (and ‘magnetic field) is always perpendicular to the direction of propagation A light wave is said to be plane polarized when the direction of the oscillating electric field always lies in the same plane, Unpolarized light can be thought of as a superposition of two mutually prependicular plane polarized light with random phases. When unpolarized light is let to pass through a Polaroid, only the component of electric field parallel to its polarizing axis is allowed to pass through, The transmitted wave will have an intensity reduced by half and become plane Polarized along the polarizing axis, Natural/artficial sources of polarized light: (Any TWO) ~ light reflected by a water or glass surface (at the Brewster angle) ~ sunlight scattered by air molecules (partially polarized) = monochromatic laser light = light transmitted through several layers of dielectric materials + light from a LCD display ‘Any other reasonable answers ‘View the light via a rotating Polaroid to see whether there is @ position with complete darkness 174 % % @%2. (@) ©) Gi) @ «® Git) Marks ‘After passing through the first Polaroid, the light has intensity reduced by half (ie, % ‘/2) and becomes plane polarized. Let Eo be the amplitude of the transmitted electric field. ‘The second Polaroid ony allows the component Eo c0s@ to passes through it % {As the light intensity is proportional to the square of the electric field amplitude, the 4 intensity is reduced by a factor of cos’@. Hence the overall transmitted intensity is sivenby aloo’ 5 Consider tight as incient normally onthe coted gs a1 reflected bythe scouting nerfs and ts roa reflected by he cong ps trie a Bothare reflection by deer meia and enc astocne witha phates ek The opi pth diferene beeon te te ray in gen by 2 % : cong d ¥ = The reflected light intensity has to be a minimum. 4 This is achieved by a destructive interference with possible thickness ¢ of the coating satisfying anr=(w+4)i (Accept 2nr=2 * A, which is true in practice] 2 where N= 0, 1,2, ‘The coating will not work well at large angles of incidence ie As the light rays are no longer normal tothe surfaces, they travel longer paths and, the optical path difference between rays 1 and 2 deviates from 2a = (W+4)é ie ied. 54 ‘The condition for destructive interference is not ‘The relation in (b}() cannot be satisfied for all wavelengths in the visible spectrum. % Usually manufacturers use the middle wavelength in the visible spectrum (about 5500 A, green or yellow light) to calculate a suitable value for the thickness 2 Light waves at long (red) and short (blue) wavelengths have less complete ¥% destructive interference upon reflection by the coating and results in a purple colour. = % = 2 The reflection from air to the film will produce a x phase shift while the reflection % from glass to air wil not So the optical path diffrence between rays 1 and 2 will become 2nr+ 4/2, resulting ‘4 in constructive interference: 2 ‘The film will no longer have anti-reflection property. Instead, it reflects light stronger than usual because of constructive interference 4 % 175‘Marks (@ —(®_—_Lenz” law states that the induced current will flow in a direction which tends to ‘oppose the change that produces it “A When the North pole of the magnet is approaching the coil, the magnetic flux y, inside the coil is increasing (taking the flux to the right as positive), thus the induced current will flow in a direction that tend to decrease the flux. % induced current induced current Yet @o (aii) Gi) When the South pole of the magnet is receding from the coil, the induced current will tend to increase the flux and flow in the direction shown (opposite to that in 4 (ax). (©) (When the magnet is approaching coil A with its North pole, a positive emf. is % induced as in a)(). * As soon as the magnet passes through the coil, the South pole of the magne receding from the coil, resulting in an e.m.f. in the opposite direction as in (a)(ii). Therefore the induced emf. in A will first increase to a positive peak value, decrease to zero, and finally decrease to a negative peak value. 4 con coats Gil) The variation of e.m.f. in coil B takes a similar shape, but the peaks in the emf 4 are higher and narrower than that of A. 4 As the magnet fills a greater height to reach coil B i acquires higher sped due tp acceleration under gravy. The induced em. is glen by thevate c'change_Y4 o magne fox ao ar Since the total flux of the magnet remains the same, a higher speed v implies a % smaller passage time Ar, and hence a larger rate of change of flux and higher induced eam The induction also takes place in a shorter time due to the higher falling speed. ‘Therefore the peaks also become narrower. 176@ ) w@ @ Gi) 0 Use one coil ata time. Measure the falling height 4 with a metre rule and record the maximum induced e1t.f. gq. 8 the magnet falls ‘Vary the falling height f to obtain a series of data. The speed at which the magnet passes through the coil is given by v= gh But the passage time AY is inversely proportional to falling speed v, 1 (or ea acy are (or enn Hence we expect fag ve Plotting ¢,,,against Ji will yield a straight line Factors that may lead to the deviation: +The tube isnot exactly vertical ‘Any + Friction resistance between the filling magnet andthe tube FONE = Magnetic force between the coil and the magnet (usually negligible Any other reasonable answer Possible improvements: = Use. stronger magnet jem = Use more turns in the coil we = Let the magnet fall ftom a greater height Any other reasonable answer Assuming thee sng oof oan coch ving equal chance to deny, sail the uber of nice sotgeting per second cis dec propordonal fo the no. of cl, My presets that instant a @ wie isthe decy constant ofthat kind of mile Thus ifM isthe number ofl presntat=0, weave} = ‘fin NPY, = ke NA Ne AN ‘The halflife Tp of a radioactive clement is the time taken for half the nuclei to disintegrate (or in a time Ta the radioactivity of the element diminishes to half its original value) Since Neh z =Mpor 7, ~82 In2= A yzor 7, = 82 Bae Ne ei oth ‘A layer of (super-)saturated alcohol vapour is formed above the metal base, Radiations from the source produce air ions along the path, condensation of droplets on the ions gives visible tracks of the radiations. 7 % 4©) Gi) Observe the traci produced by each radioactive source. Diagram for astracks J. Chadwick Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge Use (14 mark] Radioisotope Rat Diagram for f-tracks a-source gives brightithick straight tracks of ‘more or less the same length as ceparticles are emitted with roughly the same energy and Produce numerous air ions along the path due to their high ionizing power C. TR. Wilson (1923) Proc. Roy. Soc., A, vol. 104, Pl. 16. Photo, Science Museum, London A-source gives thin straight tracks of various lengths as #paniicles are emitted with different energies and their fonizing power is weaker, also they are much lighter than a-particles, [4mark] [1 mark] thickness gauge Sr-90 evel indicator (Industrial) Agricultural P32 ‘racer’ 0-125) (Industrial) Pipe leakage 1-123, (Industrial) Medical “tracer” Te-99m (Medical) Radiotherapy Co-60 cancer treatment (Medical) Sterilization C060 of disposable medical equipment (Medical) B. appreciable absorption of radiation when passing through matters depending on the material's thickness and density P.32 {1125} can be absorbed by plant and take part in the same processes as its non-active isotope. It therefore can be traced by detecting the [7] radiation it emits 7 high penetrating power enables itto be detected without digging underground high penetrating power tables it to be detected from outside ‘high energy and suitable penetrating power enables the killing of cancer cells deep inside the body high energy can kill bacteria / virus 178 Half-life [1 mark) Long half-life (4) of 28.8 yr enables its usage for a long time(s) Appropriate half-life (A) of 14 days (60 days] is suitable for absorption by plants and detection (14) Short halflife (4) of 15 hr is suitable for detection without prolonged contamination (4) Short halflife (14) of 6 hr is suitable for diagnosis without causing serious damage to the body % Long half-life (4) of 5.72 yr enables its usage for a fong time “ Jong halftite %) usage for a long time “ ss Any ONE Any ONE