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BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BY
2016-2020
VISHNU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada &
Accredited by NBA & NAAC)
Vishnupur, Bhimavaram-534202, West Godavari Dt., A.P
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Thesis entitled “AGRICULTURAL BASED SEED SOWING
MACHINE FOR INTERCROP FIELDS” submitted by V. Bhanu prakash
(16PA1A03B4), T. Sai Teja (16PA1A03A8), V. Chandu krishna (16PA1A03B5),
N. Elisha Raju (16PA1A0371) in partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering, VISHNU INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY, Bhimavaram is a record of bonafide work carried out by them under our
guidance and supervision. The results embodied in this thesis have not been submitted to any
other University or Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.
External Examiner
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our highest regards to Dr. D. SURYA NARAYANA, Principal for providing
us with the necessary to carry out this project.
We whole heartily express our sincere gratitude to Dr. A. S. PAVAN KUMAR, who
guided us for the completion of our project. We are also thankful to all our teachers for
explaining on critical aspect of topics and problems related to the project. We are also
grateful to the assistance of workshop for permitting us to have some help from them. We
would like to thank all the faculty members of respective department for their intimate
cooperation throughout the period of project completion.
iii
ABSTRACT
Seed sowing machine reduces the time and effort in cultivation of the crops.
There may be single or multiple crops according to the type of soil and kind of location.
Hence in order to sow the seeds in agriculture field for multiple crops, a capable and
efficient seed sowing machine is a mandatory. Hence, our project is focused towards the
manufacturing of seed sowing machine for inter crop fields.
The proper fabrication of the seed sowing machine is completed to ensure the
sowing of right amount of seed for two types of crop in the agricultural field. This seed
sowing machine has also a provision to sow the seeds with correct inter spacing between
the lines of planting of crops. The diameters of the holes through which two types of
seeds were machined accurately to make sure the right release of seeds at a specific
location. This machine also fulfills an important function of ploughing of the soil and
covering of the seeds with the soil after sowing.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
v
LIST OF TABLES
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
vii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CATIA - Computer Aided Three Dimensional Interactive Applications
DC - Direct current
GDP - Gross domestic product
V - Voltage
W - watt
RPM - Revolutions per minute
vii
i
CHAPTER -1
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
Humans can’t live without air, water and food. The first two are easily
available in the nature. But food is not always available in the atmosphere, it has to
be cultivated. Coming to our country, India is an agricultural based country. The
agriculture is the backbone of India. For sustainable growth of our country,
development of agriculture plays vital role. In is India it not a business it is our way
of life. It is followed by us from our ancestors and their practices. The main GDP of
our country is mainly from agriculture only. By quitting the agriculture, the world
won’t get food and they lead to the starvation. That’s why in India a slogan is given
that “Annadata Sukhibhava” and for his valuable efforts he is regarded as a king of
modern era.
MECHANIZATION OF AGRICULTURE
In early days man lives in caves and eats what the food is available. He
throw the seeds of those food nearby him. They started growing and giving gain
food. Later he observed that and started sowing the seeds in a particular manner.
This is how agriculture has started.
1
reduced a lot of work load on farmers along with the animals are tractors, rotators,
grass cutting machines, weed removal machines etc.,
3. After planting the seeds, weed growth need to be avoided with a well-
equipped facility.
4. Like the above issues, there may be multiple times to plough the soil during
cultivation.
2
SEED SOWING/PLANTING
As mentioned earlier, seed sowing is one of the most significant aspect of
problems in crop cultivation. Sowing of seeds means planting the seed in a
particular point and cover it with soil. At that time, farmers have to plough the soil
before one or two weeks of the planting and also have to plough the soil during
sowing. This means that they have to plough the soil for at least two times during
cultivation. Crop planting operation is the art of placing seed in the soil to obtain
good germination and crop stands.
Type of soil.
METHODS OF PLANTING
BROAD CASTING: Random scattering of seeds over the surface of the field.
3
HILL DROPPING: Placing group of seeds about equal intervals in rows.
4
METHODS OF PLANTING IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
In ETHIOPIA:
1. Most Ethiopian farmers normally spread seeds manually or by hand or by
broad casting.
2. But, in manual seeding, it is possible to achieve uniformly in distribution of seeds.
3. A farmer may sow at desired seed rate but inter-row and inter-row
distribution of seeds is likely to be uneven resulting in bunching and gaps in
field.
4. In addition, there will be a poor control over depth of seed placement, these
results in poor emergence of the crop. This again leads to low productivity.
In INDIA:
1. Farmers in India spread seeds by using machines like tractors.
2. They use hill dropping and precision planting for sowing based on type of
crops used.
3. Crops like cotton and chilli use hill dropping while red gram and peanuts
crops require precision planting.
4. Where as crops like paddy requires broad casting technique.
PLANTING SYSTEMS
Planting may be done on flat surfaces of the field, in furrows or on beds.
5
BED PLANTING
It is often practiced in high rainfall areas to improve surface drainage.
FLAT PLANTING
This type of planting is generally predominates where natural
moistureconditions are favorable.
The seeds used in farming have different diameters. They are listed below.
Table 1.1 Diameters of different seeds
Arugula 2.5
Beet 7.5
Broccoli 3.5
Cabbage 3.5
6
Carrot 3.5
Cauliflower 3.5
Corn 13.5
Cucumber 9
Lettuce 6
Okra 7.5
Onion 6
Pea 10
Radish 4
Red gram 4
Green gram 3
Black gram 3
Peanuts 4.5
Groundnuts 4.5
Not only size of the grains are important, there should also be a specific distance
between the seed and specific plant depth. Those are given below.
7
Table 1.2 Details for planting seeds
Arugula 30 2.5-4
Cabbage 45 0.5-1.5
Okra 30 2.5
Pepper 60 1.5
Potato 25-30 10
Red gram
Green gram
Black gram
Peanuts
Groundnuts
These specifications should be follow because without them the plants will
grow randomly and it gives problems to the farmer while taking the crop out.
8
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SEED EMERGENCE
By following the above regulations seed can’t grow well. There are several
other factors that affect the seed germination and emergence. They are
The subsequent chapter describes about the literature review done and main
theme of the project work.
9
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW AND MAIN THEME OF THE PROJECT
Swapnil Umale et al. [4] in 2018, reduced the cost of fertilizing and sowing
by developing multiple seed sowing machine. This machine can work in any type of
soil with accuracy and precision. It is used for all types of crops and provides basic
necessities of seed sowing. Different types and sizes of seeds can be planted by
using this machine. It reduces 50% of the costs and efforts during the seeding. It can
also be used to distribute the fertilizers.
In 2018, Saravanan et al. [5] developed automated robot seed sowing machine for
planting and fertilizing which does not affect the soil texture, but increases the food
production. It is eco-friendly such that it does not produce carbon emissions and
sounds. By using sensors it reduces the labor costs and accuracy. By comparing the
results with the traditional ones, output is increased to 150% in terms of efficiency,
productivity and time/duration.
10
Annapurna et al. [6] in 2019, manufactured automated agricultural seed
sowing machine to sow seeds and to remove the weeds during cropping seasons.
This method of implementation of seed sowing manually or automatically exists but
this is the simpler version that untrained framers can work with it. Finally they
concluded that this machine is malleable and this device can perform the same
function for various seeds.
11
CHAPTER 3
12
Only frame length 740
Frame thickness 40
BASE FRAME
It is the most essential part our assembly family, without this machine cant
balance its weight. The total parts of the machine are mounted on it. It is made up of
mild steel material. It has hollow cross section.
13
SEED CONTAINER
It is a box shaped hollow case, in which seeds are placed along with the disc
according to the requirements. It is mounted on frame. It contains disc at a required
level in order to carry seeds. It is made up of aluminium material.
14
MAJOR AND MINOR SHAFTS
The major shaft transmits the energy to minor shaft. Its purpose is to pull
the entire machine by using battery power and wheels. The number of major
shafts are two. One at the starting position and other at last.
The minor shaft takes power from the major shaft. It is used to rotate the
disc. It is placed in the container. The number of minor shafts are only one. The
visible difference between them is their dimension. They have same diameter but
different length i.e., major shaft has more length than minor shaft. These two are
hollow and made up of aluminium material.
WHEELS
The wheels used in this machine are made of cast iron. The total machine
weight is carried by these wheels only. The total no of wheels used in this are four.
They have 200 mm diameter each. They are fixed to the two major shafts two at the
front and two at the back.
15
BEARINGS
There are two types of bearings used in this machine. They are pillow block
and roller bearing. These are used for the free rotation of the shaft and eliminates
sounds and friction. These two bearing have 25 mm inner diameter each.
Input voltage :
Power source :
Weight :
Material :
16
Rpm :
Power delivered :
12 V DC
2 kg Iron 500
350 W
Power output : 12 V
Weight : 0.5 kg
17
CHAPTER 4
The fabrication of the machine includes different types of process like marking of
components, cutting, and welding.
18
Cutting: Based on markings drawn on the components the cutting operation is
performed. While this operation is going on, we have to be very careful i.e; measures
has to be taken while performing like covering the face with glass, wearing gloves
and shoes. Cutting should be done properly. In this machine cutting operation is
performed for frame pipes, discs, containers.
19
ASSEMBLY OF THE FABRICATED COMPONENTS
As the distance between the two ploughs of a tractor is 9 inches, we also
given the same distance between two paths. Hence the machine is exactly fixed into
the paths of the field.
Dc motor is placed on one end of frame. When the power is given to the dc
motor by means of battery, it starts giving rotational energy to the gear which is
mounted to it. The major shaft is provided with 2 gears with same dimensions. The
first gear of major shaft will be in the same line of the gear fixed to the dc motor.
Then through the chain mechanism, the energy produced by the dc motor is
transmitted to the major shaft. Now at the second end of frame at a required level of
height based on the container another gear is mounted on minor shaft. This gear and
the second gear of major shaft are aligned in a same line so that the power will
easily transmitted. Then by using chain, energy produced by the first gear of major
shaft is given to the minor shaft through second gear on major shaft. The minor
shaft is provided with two disc each in each container. A strip is provided between
the gaps of container and disc so that seeds cannot come inside of container.
Now, when battery is started dc motor gives energy to the shafts and the
discs starts rotating in the containers. When seeds are poured at in front of disc in
container, the grooves of disc starts carrying the seeds to the other end of container
and drops into the funnel placed down to the disc. The funnel is provided with a
whole of seed’s diameter. So that seeds will easily drops through funnel in a
specified path at regular intervals. A plate from the back end of the frame covers or
place the soil on the seeds in order to not expose to the outer atmosphere. Later
plant come out of those seeds.
After the assembly of total component the structure of the Agriculture Based
Seed Sowing Machine For Intercrop Fields is given below:
20
Fig. 4.4 Seed Sowing Machine
21
CHAPTER 5
This project of fabricating seed sowing machine for inter crop fields has an
excellent capability of sowing seeds with the right amount at a particular location
line of planting. This machine is able to sow the seeds by maintaining the inter-
spacing distance between the lines of location of planting. The diameter of the holes
through which the seeds are released are manufactured perfectly. The machine
fabricated in this project also plough the soil before sowing and covers the seed with
soil after sowing. It also reduces considerable amount of time and effort of farmers.
Fertilizers can also be distributed evenly in the crop fields by utilizing the outcome
of the project. Seeds of different diameters can be sowed by incorporating adjustable
funnels in this machine.
22
CHAPTER 6
REFERENCES
1 D. Ramesh, H.P, Girish Kumar, “Agriculture Seed Sowing Equipments – A
Review”, International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research,
vol. 3, pp. 1987-1992, 2014.
2 Swapnil, Thorat & Kasturi, Madhu & Girish, Patil & Rajkumar, Patil.” Design and
Fabrication of Seed Sowing Machine”, International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology, vol. 04, pp. 704-707, 2017. doi:
10.13140/RG.2.2.12391.75684.
4 Prof. Swapnil Umale, Mr. Ashish Tayade, “Multi Seed Sowing Machine”,
International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development, vol. 5,
pp. 1-8, 2018.
23