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∆Q
ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY 1.
Balloon
Plastic bottle
Beaker
T2 T1
Hotwater
■ When a plastic bottle is placed in vessel containing hot Water, the balloon attached
to the bottle expands. Here heat is supplied to the System (The Bottle) and there is
Increase in the internal energy of the system and work is done by the system. Hence
∆Q is +ve, ∆U is +ve and ∆W also is positive. From Conservation of Energy,
∆Q=∆U+∆W.
ACTIVITY 2: Hot Al Tin
Beaker
Cold Water
THERMODYNAMIC STATE VARIABLES AND EQUATION OF STATE
(a)
(b)
■ In Fig (a) The partition in the box is suddenly removed leading to free expansion of the gas. In Fig
(b) A mixture of gases undergoing an explosive chemical reaction. In both situations, the gas is not
in equilibrium and cannot be described by state variables.
■ . The connection between the state variables is called the equation of state. For example, for an
ideal gas, the equation of state is the ideal gas relation
P V =µ R T
Thermodynamic Process
• Isothermal
• Adiabatic
• Isochoric
• Isobaric
• cyclic
ISOTHERMAL PROCESS
An isothermal process is one in which the temperature of the
system remains constant.
PROPERTIES :
1) It is a slow process.
2) In the case of a gaseous system Boyles law is obeyed ,
as the temperature remains constant,
ΔU = 0 so: ΔQ = ΔW
Adiabatic Process dQ = 0
From first law of thermodynamics
dQ dW dU
0 dW dU
The work involved when a gas changes
from state 1 to state 2 is given
P1V1 P2 V2
P1V1 P2 V2 W
W 1
1
.
1 1
PV Const. TV Const. P T Const.
Examples for adiabatic process: