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• During such a process, energy may be transferred into the system from the thermal
reservoir (positive heat) or vice versa (negative heat).
• Also, work can be done by the system to raise the loaded piston (positive work) or
lower it (negative work).
• Suppose that we remove a few lead shot from the piston of Fig ,
allowing the gas to push the piston and remaining shot upward
through a differential displacement d with an upward force .
• Since the displacement is tiny, we can assume that is constant
during the displacement. Then has a magnitude that is equal to
pA, where p is the pressure of the gas and A is the face area of the
piston. [p = F/A]
WA = 120 +0 = 120 J
or
[W = pV = p(Vf – Vi)= (40-0)(4-1)
W=40(3) = 120 J]
(b) The work done by the gas is the area
under the curve (yellow line)
WB= ½ ×(4 - 1)(40 -10) + (4 -1)(10 - 0)
= 75 J
When a system changes from a given initial state to a given final state, both
the work W and the heat Q depend on the nature of the process but the
quantity Q - W is the same for all processes. It depends only on the initial and
final states and does not depend at all on how the system gets from one to
+W, and Q - 2W, are path dependent; only the quantity Q - W is not. The
system. We call this property the internal energy Eint and we write
= =Q-W
1. Adiabatic processes :
An adiabatic process is one that occurs so rapidly or occurs in a
system that is so well insulated that no transfer of energy as heat
occurs between the system and its environment : Q = 0
1st law of thermodynamics,
=Q–W=0-W
= - W (adiabatic process).
If work is done by the system (that is, if W is positive),
=Q (constant-volume process).
= +Q
=-Q
3. Cyclical processes: There are processes in which, after
certain interchanges of heat and work, the system is restored
to its initial state. In that case, no intrinsic property of the
system—including its internal energy—can possibly change.
= Ef – Ei = Ef - Ef = 0 [Ei = Ef]
=Q–W
0=Q-W
Thus, the net work done during the process must exactly
equal the net amount of energy transferred as heat; the store
of internal energy of the system remains unchanged.
4. Free expansions: These are adiabatic processes in
which no transfer of heat occurs between the system and its
environment and no work is done on or by the system .
Q=W=0
=0 (free expansion).
46. Suppose 200 J of work is done on a system and 70.0 cal
is extracted from the system as heat. In the sense of the first
law of thermodynamics, what are the values (including
algebraic signs) of (a) W, (b) Q, and (c) ΔEint .
Solution:
(a) The work done is negative since work done on the system.
W = - 200 J