THERMODYNAMICS

Thermodynamics – is the study of heat and its

transformation into work.
- it comes from the Greek word meaning
“movement of heat”
Thermodynamic process or change of state can be described
as any change in the values of the following quantities:
pressure, volume, temperature and quantity of a substance.
These quantities are known state variables.
State variables – are variables that describe the features of
a system that are always the same whenever the system is
in a given state.
𝐼𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑠 𝐽𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑡 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒 1818 – 1889 𝑤ℎ𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡ed
𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑦 to cause a given
change 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 ( 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙,
𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙, 𝑒𝑡𝑐. ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 of
doing work.
Work – is the product of the pressure applied or by the gas
and the change in volume.
Mathematically, work ( W ) = F( d)
W = (AP) d
W = P(A h)
hence, W = P V
where: P = pressure in pascal (Pa)
F = force in newton (N)
A = area of the cylinder (square meter)
d = distance (m)
v = change in volume of the cylinder
Sample Problem:
A cylindrical container with a cross – sectional area of a
0.020m2 and a movable piston contains a certain amount
of gas. If the gas exerts a constant pressure of 2.5 x 105 Pa
causing the piston to move 0.050m, how much work was
done by expanding gas.
Given: A = 0.020 m2
P = 2.5 x 105 Pa or 2.5 x 105 kN/m2
d = 0.050 m
W= ?
Solution:
W=P V
W = PA d
W = (2.5 x 105 Pa)(0.020m2)(0.050m)
W = (2.5 x 105 N/m2)(0.001m3)
W = 2.5 x 102 N – m or 2.5 x 102 J
Air is blown inside a toy balloon allowing it to expand from
4.0 x 10-3 m3 to 9.0 x 10-3 m3 at a constant pressure of 6.7 x 106 Pa.
How much work is done on the balloon?
Given:
Vi = 4.0 x 10-3 m3
Vf = 9.0 x 10-3 m3
P = 6.7 x 106 Pa or 6.7 x 106 N/m2
V = 5.0 x 10-3 m3
W=?
Solution:
W=P V
W = (6.7 x 106 Pa)(5.0 x 10-3 m3) or
W = (6.7 x 106 N/m2)(5.0 x 10-3 m3)
W = 33,500 N-m or 33,500 J or
W = 3.35 x 104 N-m or 3.35 x 104 J
 First Law of Thermodynamics for the Thermodynamic Processes
PROCESS DEFINITION MATHEMATICAL INTERPRETATION
EXPRESSION
No heat is added or Q=0 Work done on the system
removed from the 0= U+W increases the internal
Adiabatic system. U = -W energy of the system.

The temperature of the Energy added to the

system remains the same. U=0 system as heat is used to
Isothermal Internal energy remains Q=W do work.
constant.

The volume of the system Heat added to the

Isometric/ does not change. There is W=0 system is used to increase
Isovolumetric/ no work produced. Q= U the internal energy.
Isochoric

The pressure in the system W = PDV = P(V1 – V1) Heat added to the
does not change. If applied to the first law system is used to increase
Isobaric the internal energy and
Q= U+P V do work.
First Law of Thermodynamics or Law of conservation of Energy
- states that “The heat added to a system equals to an increase in
the internal energy of a system plus the external work done by
the system”
Mathematical formula:
Q= U+W
where:
Q – is the heat transferred into or from the system
U – is the change in the internal energy
W – is the external work done by the system
Heat Engine – is any device that converts heat energy to
work/mechanical energy.
Ex. car engine
Requirements for a heat engine to be present:
a. heat source (high temperature reservoir)
b. heat source (low temperature reservoir)
c. engine must perform work
Heat pump – is a device that transfers heat energy from a
low – temperature reservoir to a high temperature
reservoir. Its function is basically the reverse of that of
heat engine.
Ex. refrigerator and air conditioner
Carnot engine - named after its discoverer Sadi Carnot
- is the ideal heat engine that represents an
engine with the highest possible efficiency
External Combustion Engine – a heat engine (such as a
steam engine) that derives its heat from
consumed outside the cylinder
Internal Combustion Engine - any group of devices in
which the reactants of combustion (burns mixture
of fuel & air) and the products of combustion
serve as the working fluids of the engine
 Two (2) Kinds of Internal Combustion Engine
1. diesel engine
2. gasoline engine

Second Law of Thermodynamics

- according to Rudolf Clausius statement is “Heat
generally cannot flow spontaneously from a material
at lower temperature to a material at higher temperature
Statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics
1. the heat flows in one direction in a natural process
2. the heat engine will always produce waste heat
therefore, no heat engine can convert all the absorbed
heat to mechanical energy
3. the quality of energy as it transformed from one form
to another
Entropy - also known as Law of Entropy
- is the quantitative measure of disorder in a
system