Thermodynamics:

First law – internal energy (u), work (w), heat (q).

U=q–w

Isovolumetric = no change in volume

Bomb calorimeter = combustion occurs in a rigid container such that only heat transfer occurs.

Isothermal = uses all energy for work.

Example:

Constant volume = w=0

Constant température = change in u=0

No heat Transfer = q=0

Q=0 and w=0 = isolated system

Heat absorbed q = positive

Heat released q = negative

Work done by the system w = positive

Work done on the system w = negative

Q and w can also equal 0.

100J of work is done a system, internal energy increases by 74J, how much energy is transferred as
heat?

74J +(-100J) = -26J

A sample of gas does 150J of work against its surroundings and loses 90J of internal energy in the
process. Does the gas gain or lose heat, and how much?

150 – 90 = 60J

The second law of thermodynamics is that enerhy is transferred or transformed, more and more of it
is wasted.

Efficiency = w/Qin

Conversation of energy = Qin = W + Qout

E = 1 – Qout/Qin