Lecture 2

Dr. Abdalla M Abdalla

 Table of Contents
• Introduction
• The Nature of Work.
• The work done by number of forces.
• Work of variable forces
• Kinetic Energy and its relation to work
• Gravitational Potential Energy
• Mechanical Energy and the conservation principle
• Energy transfer between systems
• Other conservative forces
 Introduction

• What are other forms of

energy?
1. Mechanical
2. Thermal
3. Electrical
4. Chemical
5. Nuclear
6. Electromagnetic
 Mechanical
Thermal
Kinetic

Nuclear

Potential
Electromagnetic

Gravitational
Elastic
Electrical
Chemical
 Work, Power and Energy
• What is WORK?
– Work is done on an object when the object moves in
the same direction that the force was applied.
• Lifting your book bag
• Work= Force (N) x Distance (m)
– 1Nm = 1J
• What is POWER?
– The rate at which work is done.
• Running vs walking with your book bag
• Power= work (J) / time (s)
– 1J/s = 1W
 The Nature of Work
a) Work of Constant Force
Ex
The work done by a number of forces
Work of variable force
Types of Energy :
1. Kinetic Energy
2. Potential Energy
 Kinetic Energy
• “The moving energy”
 Kinetic Energy
• Kinetic Energy increases as mass and velocity
increase
Kinetic Energy
Kinetic Energy and Its relation to Work
 Potential Energy
• Energy is stored or held in readiness
– Book on your desk
– Apple hanging from a tree
– Pulling back a rubber band

• If the apple stays in the tree, it will keep the

stored energy due to its height above the ground.
• If the apple falls, that stored energy of position is
converted to energy of motion.
 Types of Potential Energy
1. Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE)
2. Elastic Potential Energy
 Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE)
• GPE: The potential energy related to an
objects position above earths surface.
– Lifting your book on top of your desk = the work
you did to lift it
• Distance the book was moved: height
• Force you used to lift it: weight
 Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE)
• Gravitational Potential Energy increases as
weight and height increase.
 Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE)
• To calculate GPE use this equation.

• On Earth the acceleration of gravity is

9.8 m/s2 and has the symbol g (in this equation)
 Mechanical Energy and The
Conservation principle
• What is Mechanical Energy?

–
– Motion

Mechanical = Potential + Kinetic

Energy Transfer between Systems
Other Conservative forces
 Changing Gravitational Potential
Energy (GPE)
• The Gravitational potential energy of an object
can be increased by increasing the height.
• If the objects are at the same height then
what?
– The object with the larger mass would have more
gravitational pull.
 Examples

Mechanical

Potential

Kinetic