Chapter-4

Work and Energy

NOTES FOR
THE
CHAPTER
What is Work ?
In Ordinary Language the work is define as Work
is done when a force produce motion.
for example-when an engine moves a train along
a railway line it is said to be doing .
What is Work ?
In language of Physics it is define as Work done in
moving a body is equal to the product of force exerted
on the body and the distance moved by the body in the
direction of force .
Work=Force*distance moved in the direction
of force
Work done= Force*distance
W= F*S
Unit of Work
 The unit of work is Newton Meter which is written as NM
 When a force of 1 newton moves a body through a distance
of 1 meter in its own direction ,then the work done is
known as 1 Joule. that is ,
 1Joule = 1 newton* 1 meter
 or 1 J = 1NM
 The SI unit of work is Joule .
 The work is scalar quantity .
 The condition for a force to do work is that it should
produce motion in an object .
 Examples:

A person pushes with a 110 N force for a

distance of 30 m. How much work was done?

W=Fd

W = ( 110 N ) ( 30 m )

W = 3300 N m

or

W = 3300 J 1 Joule (J) = 1 N m

Work done against Gravity
Whenever work is done against gravity ,the amount of
work done is equal to the weight of the body and the
vertical distance through which the body lifted .
 suppose a body of mass M is lifted vertically upward
through a distance h in this case ,the force required to
lift the body will be equal to the weight of the body
,m*g ,(where m is the mass and g is acceleration due
to gravity ). Now,
Work done in lifting a body =weight of body *vertical
distance
What is M,G,H?
 w=work done
m=mass of the body
 g=acceleration due to gravity
 h=height through which the body is lifted
Work done by a force acting obliquely
In many cases ,the movement of the body is at angle to
the direction of the applied force
Positive ,Negative and Zero work
 Work done is positive when a force acts in the
direction of motion body .
 Work is negative when a force acts opposite to the
direction of motion body .
 work done is zero when a force acts at right angle to
the direction of motion of the body .
 Energy
Energy is something that an object possesses.
The amount of energy that an object contains, is a
measure of how much work it is capable of doing.
Energy can be thought of as stored work (and it has
the same units as work).
S I unit of energy .
 The S I unit of work is Joule whenever work is done ,an equal amount of energy
is consumed .keeping this thing in mind , we can define 1joule energy as
follow : the energy required to do 1 joule of work is called1 joule energy .
 Joule is small unit of energy ,sometime a bigger unit of energy called ‘Kilojoule’
the symbol of kilojoule is KJ .
 1 Kilojoule = 1000 Joule
 1KJ = 1000J
 the unit of energy called ‘joule’ is named after a British Physicist
JAMES PRESCOTT JOULE .
James Joule
British physicist James Joule is best known for
his work in electricity and thermodynamics
Together with the physicist William Thomson
(later Baron Kelvin), Joule found that the
temperature of a gas falls when it expands
without doing any work. This principle, which
became known as the Joule-Thomson effect,
underlies the operation of common
refrigeration and air conditioning systems.
The metric system unit of energy is the joule
(J), after James Joule.
Different forms of energy
1. Radiant energy

2. Chemical energy

3. Electrical energy

4. Nuclear energy

5. Thermal energy

6. Sound energy

7. Mechanical energy

8. Kinetic energy

9. Potential energy
Radiant energy is also called electromagnetic energy. Radiant energy is
the movement of photons. All life on earth is dependent on radiant energy
from the sun. Examples of radiant energy include radio waves (AM, FM,
TV), microwaves, X-rays, and plant growth. Active solar energy uses
photovoltaic panels and light to turn radiant energy into chemical energy.
Chemical energy is the energy stored in the bonds of
atoms and molecules. This a form of potential energy
until the bonds are broken. Fossil fuels and biomass
store chemical energy. Products that contain chemical
energy include: TNT, baking soda, and a match.
Biomass, petroleum, natural gas, propane and coal are
examples of stored chemical energy.

Forms of
Energy
Electrical energy is the movement of elections.
Lightning and static electricity are examples of
electrical energy that occur naturally. Science
hasn't found a way to use natural forms of
electrical energy, like lightning. Instead, we use
different energy sources to create electrical
energy by using generators and turbines.

Forms of
Energy
Thermal energy is the internal energy in substances-
the vibration and movement of atoms and molecules
within substance. Thermal energy is created in the
movement of atoms. Boiling water, burning wood,
and rubbing your hands together really fast are all
examples of heat energy. Geothermal and passive
solar are sources of heat energy, but biomass (a type
of chemical energy) can be burned to produce heat
energy.

Forms of
Energy
Sound energy is the movement molecules in the
air that produces vibrations. Alarms, music,
speech, ultrasound medical equipment all use
sound energy. VCR tapes change sound energy
into electrical energy. The electrical energy
records the sound using magnetic tape. Speakers
read the magnetic tape and change it back into
sound.

Forms of
Energy
Mechanical energy is the movement of
machine parts. Mechanical energy is also the
total amount of kinetic and potential energy
in a system. Wind-up toys, grandfather
clocks, and pogo sticks are examples of
mechanical energy. Wind power uses
mechanical energy to help create electricity.

Potential energy + Kinetic energy =

Mechanical energy

Next
Potential energy + Kinetic energy = Mechanical energy

Example of energy
changes in a swing or
pendulum.

Forms of
Energy
Magnetic energy is the attraction of objects
made of iron. Medical equipment, compass,
refrigerator magnets are all examples of
magnetic energy. Any type of energy source
that uses a generator in the process to make
electricity uses magnetic energy.

Forms of
Energy
Kinetic energy exists whenever an object which has mass is in motion with some velocity.
Everything you see moving about has kinetic energy.  The kinetic energy of an object in this
case is given by the relation:
KE = (1/2)mv2
m=mass of the object
V=velocity of the object
The greater the mass or velocity of a moving object, the more kinetic energy it has.

Kinetic Energy Lab

Next
The greater the mass or velocity of a moving object, the more kinetic energy it has.

Kinetic Energy Lab

Potential energy exists whenever an object which has mass has a position within a force field.
The most everyday example of this is the position of objects in the earth's gravitational field. The
potential energy of an object in this case is given by the relation:
PE = mgh
 PE = Energy (in Joules)
m = mass (in kilograms)
g = gravitational acceleration of the earth (9.8 m/sec2)
h = height above earth's surface (in meters)

Potential Energy Lab

Law of Conservation of Energy- Energy can neither be created nor
destroyed. Energy is always changing from one kind to another. The total
energy of an object never changes.
Potential energy + Kinetic energy = Total energy and Total energy –
Kinetic energy = Potential energy and Total energy - Potential energy =
Kinetic energy
Made by
Vivek Singh
School - GR
GLOBAL
ACADEMY
Benad Road
Jaipur
Class IX B