⚡

Topic 1 “The energy and his

transformations”
Concept
Energy types
Electric energy Concept
Thermal or
calorific energy
Energy is the capacity that having a body to realize work and produce
Electromagnetic motion generating a change in its position.
energy
The work is defined as the product of the force times the distance.
Nuclear or atomic
energy
Intern energy W = F ⋅d = N ⋅m = J
Magnetic energy
Chemical energy W = Work J Jule
Mechanic energy
F = Force N Newton
Wind energy
Hydraulic energy d= Distance m Meter
Solar energy
International System
Biomass energy
Mechanic energy
J = N ⋅m
Kinetic energy
Potential energy
C. G. S. System (centimeter, gram, second)
Potential
energy
gravitational Erg = dyne ⋅ cm
Potential
energy elastic Work is realized when it exerts a force on a body and this changes
Mechanic energy
position. In contrast, just generated spent energy.
Energy conservation
Energy transformation
Examples Energy types
Heat transfer
Work

Topic 1 “The energy and his transformations” 1

 Heat The principal energy types are: mechanic energy, electric, calorific,
Heat effects magnetic, luminous, solar, chemical, sound, nuclear, intern. Among
State changes the best known energies we have kinetic energy, potential energy
Dilatation
→gravitational and elastic, hydraulic and wind.
Heat propagation
ways
By conduction Electric energy
By convection
It’s the energy that is produced by the electron motion. This energy
By radiation
transports the electric current in a circuit and makes functions a lot of
Waves
gadgets, how to be the cell phone, the spotlights, the fan, etc.
Wave classes
Mechanic
waves Thermal or calorific energy
Electromagnetic
waves It’s the energy that is transmitted in the shape of heat, for example: the
Transverse stove, the kitchen, etc.
waves
Longitudinal
waves
Electromagnetic energy
Wave elements It’s the energy produced for radiations that are in the shape of
Amplitude electromagnetic waves.
Crest
Trough
Nuclear or atomic energy
Wavelength (λ
) Energy nuclear is the energy that has such substances as uranium and
Period (T ) plutonium. This energy class is stored in the atoms core. A small
Frequency amount of those substances produced an immense amount of energy.
Wave velocity

Intern energy
It’s energies sum of every particles of a body.

Magnetic energy
Energy magnetic is that one energy fountain generated by the
magnets.

Chemical energy
It’s intern energy that has some substances like fuels and food.

Topic 1 “The energy and his transformations” 2

 Mechanic energy
It’s produced by matter in motion.

Wind energy
It’s the energy produced by air movement.

Hydraulic energy
It’s the energy that is obtained from the movement of water or rivers.

Solar energy
It’s the energy that arrives at the earth in the shape of radiation. This
energy is absorbed by the trees transforming it into chemical energy.
This process is acquaintance as photosynthesis.

Biomass energy
It’s the energy that can be obtained by the organic compounds formed
in natural processes. The same can be obtained by the vegetable crops,
forestall waste, agricultural and domestic.

Mechanic energy
Mechanic energy of a body is divided into kinetic energy (Ek )
potential energy gravitational (Ep )and potential energy elastic.

Kinetic energy
It’s the energy that has every moving body. His equation is:

m ⋅ v2
Ek =
2

Ek = Kinetic energy J
m= Mass Kg

Topic 1 “The energy and his transformations” 3

 m
v= Velocity
s

Potential energy
Also is known as stored energy. This energy depends on the body
position.

Potential energy gravitational

It’s that one energy that has a body located at a height above the
ground. His equation is:

Ep = m ⋅ g ⋅ h

Ep = Potential energy J
m= Mass Kg
g= Gravity 9, 81 sm2
h= Height m

Potential energy elastic

It's the energy that has elastic bodies when stretched or compressed
longitudinally. His equation is:

K ⋅ x2
Ee =
2

Ee = Potential energy elastic J

N
K = Spring constant
m
x= extension of spring m

Mechanic energy
Mechanic energy is defined as the sum of all energies. So:

Topic 1 “The energy and his transformations” 4

 Em = Ek + Ep + Ee

Em = Mechanic energy J

m ⋅ v2 K ⋅ x2
Em = +m⋅g⋅h+
2 2

Although normally only kinetic energy and potential energy

gravitational are included.

Energy conservation
Energy conservation fulfills a fundamental law that does say: “Energy
isn't created or destroyed, it's only transformed”.

Energy transformation
Topic 1 “The energy and his transformations” 5
 Energy transformation is given under the principle “Energy is not
created or destroyed, it is only transformed”.

Examples
The dams help us to win potential energy in the water fall for
converting this energy into electric energy.

Chemical energy stored in batteries is converted in electric

energy.

The electricity obtained from a plug in the house is converted into

mechanic energy through a fan and into thermal energy through a
stove.

Heat transfer
Heat transfer occurs between two bodies when one gives energy to the
other and the other body absorbs said energy.

Energy can be transformed into three different forms that are:

Work

Heat

Waves

Work
This energy is transformed into work when a force is applied on a
body and this generates a motion on the body from a to b. Work could
be positive, null and negative.

W = F ⋅d

Topic 1 “The energy and his transformations” 6

 Heat
Heat is a shape of energy that can be extent through a calorimeter
apparatus. His measurement units are calories.

Heat effects
Heat effects are: the state changes and the dilatation phenomenon .

State changes
Heat does increase temperature in a body and this phenomenon causes
the bodies that are in solid state to go to liquid state and to a gaseous
state if the temperature goes on increase.

Dilatation
If we heat a body, its temperature increases and in turn this creates a
phenomenon called dilatation that causes the body to increase its
volume.
If the body misses heat, the temperature of the body decreases, to this
is known as contraction.
The dilatation phenomenon happens when a body increases its volume
by heat effects or increases temperature.

The bodies that most they dilate are the gases following the liquids
and finally the solids.

Heat propagation ways

Heat propagation is given from the body most hot to the body less hot.

Topic 1 “The energy and his transformations” 7

 Heat propagation is given of three shapes:

By conduction
This shape heat propagation is present in the solid bodies when the
heat is going through the body of molecule to molecule.

By convection
It’s the shape heat propagation that is present in the fluids, liquids and
gases. This is produced because the hot fluids have less density than
the cold. Due to this phenomenon, the hot liquids and gases tend to
rise while the cold, most heavy, tend to down.

By radiation
This shape heat propagation is trough of waves and doesn't need
anything (no means) for commute. By this the heat can propagate in
the empty.

Waves
The wave motion is a most common phenomenon in nature and very
indispensable for the daily life of man.

A wave is defined as a perturbation that propagates or travels for a

medium or a field.
A wave transports energy but doesn't transport matter.

Wave classes
1. By his nature, it can be:

Mechanic waves
They're those that propagate for solid mediums, liquids and gaseous,
by molecules vibration. For example: the water waves, of the sound,
of the rope and seismic .

Electromagnetic waves

Topic 1 “The energy and his transformations” 8

 They're those that don't need a medium to propagate. For example: the
radio waves, a TV, cell phones, lights and the X rays.

2. By his propagate direction, it can be:

Transverse waves
It's when the medium perturbation is in perpendicular direction to the
wave propagation. For example: waves produced on the surface of the
water.

Longitudinal waves
They're those waves in which the medium particles vibrate in the
same direction of wave propagation. For example: the sound waves
and the vibration of a spring when it's stretch.

Wave elements

Topic 1 “The energy and his transformations” 9

 Amplitude
It's called that to the lineal elongation maximum that experiment a
part of the medium when by she happens a wave.

Crest
It’s the most elevated zone of the wave.

Trough
It's the lowest zone of the wave.

Wavelength (λ)
It's the distance between two crests or troughs of a wave. Also the
wavelength is the start to finish distance of a wave. His equation is:

λ= v⋅T

λ= Wavelength m
m
v= Velocity
s
T = Period (Time) s

Period (T )
It’s the time employed in touring a distance equal to the wavelength.

Topic 1 “The energy and his transformations” 10

 λ
T =
v

T= Period s
λ= Wavelength m
m
v= Velocity
s

Frequency
It's the number of perturbations or oscillations that happen by a spot in
a time unit.

1
f= = Hertz=Hz
T

Wave velocity
It's the speed with which a wave is propagating in a homogeneous
medium.

λ
v= or v = λ⋅f
T

m
v= Velocity
s
λ= Wavelength m
T = Period s
f = Frequency Hz

Topic 1 “The energy and his transformations” 11