SCIENCE Q1

Newton’s Law of Motion: Law of Inertia, Law of Acceleration, Law of Interaction

Newton’s Law of Motion enables us to understand why things around us move or behave the
way they do, Isaac Newton formulated the laws of motion.
Law of Inertia – “A body at rest will remain at rest, a body in motion will
remain in motion at a constant velocity unless acted upon by external net or
unbalanced force”
Inertia – is the tendency of the body or an object to maintain a state of rest or in motion.
- As long as the forces are not unbalanced - that is, as long as the forces are balanced - the first
law of motion applies.
- If two individual forces are of equal magnitude and opposite direction, then the forces are said to
be balanced.
- To make it simple balanced force enabled objects to stay at rest and unbalanced force
enabled objects to be in motion.
- Newton’s 1st Law states that “An object that is not moving, or is at rest, will stay at rest
and an object that is moving will keep moving with constant velocity, which means
at the same speed and in the same direction, unless an unbalanced force acts on
that object.”
“The more mass an object has, the more inertia it has, and the less mass an
object has, the less inertia it has.”
Law of Acceleration – “the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to
the magnitude of the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass”
- Newton's second law of motion pertains to the behavior of objects for which all existing forces are
not balanced.
- The second law states that the acceleration of an object is dependent upon two variables -
the netforce acting upon the object and the mass of the object. The acceleration of an object
depends directly upon the net force acting upon the object, and inversely upon the mass of the
object.

“As the force acting upon an object is increased, the acceleration of the
object is increased. As the mass of an object is increased, the acceleration
of the object is decreased.”
Calculating the 2nd Law of Motion:

If FORCE(F) is missing… If ACCELERATION(A) is missing…

F = mass x acceleration A = f orce/mass

F=mxa A = f/m

If MASS(M) is missing…

M = force/acceleration
M = f/a

Law of Interaction – states that when a body exert a force on another body, the
second body exerts on the first an equal force in the opposite directions.
- Forces always come in pairs - known as "action-reaction force pairs." Identifying and describing
action-reaction force pairs is a simple matter of identifying the two interacting objects and making
two statements describing who is pushing on whom and in what direction. Whenever an object
interacts with each other, they exert forces upon each other. These two forces are called action
and reaction forces and are the subject of Newton's 3 rd Law of Motion.
- The third law of motion applies to two different forces on two different bodies: the action force
one body exerts on the other and the equal but opposite reaction force the second body exerts on
the first.
- Action and reaction forces never cancel each other out because they act on different bodies.
- In every interaction, there is a pair of forces acting on the two interacting objects? The size of the
forces on the first object equals the size of the force on the second object. The direction of the
force on the first object is opposite to the direction of the force on the second object. Forces
always come in pairs - equal and opposite action-reaction force pairs.

SCIENCE Q1
 POTENTIAL & KINETIC ENERGY
Energy is the capacity to do work.
KINETIC ENERGY is energy in motion from the Greek ‘KINETIKOS’ which means
moving.

KE = ½(0.5)x m x v2
KE = 0.5 x mass x velocity2

POTENTIAL ENERGY is energy in position or at rest.

PE = mass x gravitational acceleration(9.8m/s2) x height / PE = weight
x height
Formulas:
PE = mgh M = PE/(gxh) H = PE/(mxg)
PE = f x h

SOUND, LIGHT & HEAT ENERGY

The velocity/speed of sound is affected by several factors like medium or carrier of
sound. Basically, sound travels fastest in solid and slowest in gas.
- Temperature also affects the speed of sound. As air temperature increases, the molecules gain more
energy which means they vibrate faster. The faster air molecules vibrate, the greater the rate of sound is
transmitted.
- In air, sound travels at 331 m/s at 0⁰ C. It changes by 0.6 m/s for every change in temperature.
Formula:
V = 331m + 0.6m/s (T)

Visible Light or simply light is the portions of electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the human eye.
Light waves are given off by anything hot enough to glow. We see the light waves as the colors of the
rainbow. Each color has a different wavelength. Red has the longest wavelength and Violet has the shortest
wavelength. Visible light has a wavelength in a range from about 380 or 400 nanometers to about 760 or
780 nm, with a frequency range of about 405 THz to 790 THz. *THz means TeraHertz, a unit of
measurement of frequency.*
Some Properties of Visible Light
1. Reflection of Light - An echo is a reflected sound wave. Light waves also bounce off from a reflecting
surface.
2. The Refraction of light is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another. As light refracts, the
velocity of the wave is altered, its wavelength increases or decreases, but its frequency remains constant
Wave frequency is related to wave energy. Since all these waves are is traveling energy, the more energy in a
wave, the higher its frequency. The lower the frequency is, the less energy in the wave. When it comes to light waves,
violet is the highest energy color and red is the lowest energy color.
- Shorter waves move faster and have more energy, and longer waves travel more slowly and have less
energy.
When heat energy transfers to an object, its temperature increase depends on the mass of the object,
the substance the object is made from, and the amount of energy applied to the object.

Specific Heat Capacity (c) of a substance is the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of 1
kg of the substance by 1 unit of temperature. Different substances have different specific heat
capacities, for example, water has a specific heat capacity of 4.186 joules/kg degrees C. Oxygen has a
specific heat capacity of 918 joules/kg degrees C.

The amount of heat needed by a substance to change its temperature by a degree is called specific heat capacity.
It is the amount of heat required to change the temperature of one unit mass of a given material by one
Celsius degree. Water, for example, has a specific heat capacity of 1 cal/g°C. This means that water
takes 1 calorie of heat to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C. Expressed in SI system, 1
gram of water needs to absorb about 4.18 joules of energy for it to change its temperature by 1°C. Thus
1 calorie/gram°C 4.186joule/gram°C To calculate the energy required to raise the temperature of a
known mass of a substance, you use the specific heat formula.

Q=mcΔT
Q is the energy transferred in joules, m is the mass of the substances in kg, c isthe specific heat capacity
in J/kg degrees C. and Δ T is the temperature change in degrees C in the specific heat formula.

ELECTRICITY
Electric current is a measure of the number of electrical charges passing through a cross-section
of a conductor in a given time.
- The symbol for current is capital letter I. The unit, ampere (A), is named after Andre- Marie
Ampere
- An ammeter measures electric current
- A battery consists of several dry cells or wet cells. Both dry and wet cells contain a conducting
medium called electrolyte.
- The symbol for voltage is capital letter V. The unit, volts (V), is named after the Italian physicist
Alessandro Volta.
- A voltmeter measures voltage.
- When electric charges flow through the wires and loads of the circuits they encounter resistance
or a hindrance to their movement.
- The symbol for resistance is capital letter R. The unit, ohms (Ω) is named after the German
physicist Georg Simon Ohm.
Current is the continuous movement of electric charge through the conductors of a circuit.
Voltage is the amount of potential energy between two points on a circuit.
Resistance is the hindrance to the flow of charge unit of measurement is Ohm and the symbol is Ω.

Electric circuits are path that transmit electric current. Electric Circuits are composed of three parts: the source
of energy (battery / cell), connecting wires, and device that uses current (bulb).
 SCIENCE Q2

Earthquake
Earthquake is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from the sudden release of energy in the
Earth’s lithosphere, that occurs naturally or by human activities. The energy will eventually be released once
the fault overcomes the friction movement. This is also part of the geological processes that result to the
formation of oceans, valleys, mountains, and plains.
What causes Earthquake? An earthquake occurs because of geologic forces inside the Earth. These inner forces
build up slowly and eventually become so strong that may cause underground rocks to break. When this happens,
tremendous energy is released causing the ground to move and shake. These waves of energy travel through the
Earth are called seismic waves.

Fault is a weak point in the tectonic plate where the pressure inside the crust is released.
Types of Fault;
 Strike-slip Fault - rocks are sliding past each other horizontally. (San Andreas Fault, Anatolian Fault.)
 Normal Fault - two blocks of crust pull apart create space, stretching the crust into a valley. In a normal fault,
the hanging wall drops down.
 Reverse Fault - also known as thrust fault, sliding one block of crust on top of another. This fault is
commonly found in collisions zones where tectonic plates push up mountain ranges, for example, the Himalayas
and Rocky Mountains.

Slip - the amount of ground displacement in an earthquake.

Focus - the area inside the Earth where an earthquake starts is known as the focal point of the quake(focus).
Epicenter – the point at the Earth’s surface directly above the focus.
Magnitude - measures the energy being released from the origin of the earthquake. It is measured by an instrument
called seismograph. The Richter Magnitude Scale measures the quantity of seismic energy released by an earthquake.
Intensity - the strength of the trembling made by the earthquake at a place. The intensity of an earthquake varies
relying on where you are and is determined by the Mercalli Scale.
Active Fault - are areas along in which displacement is expected to occur. Since a shallow earthquake produces
displacement across a fault, all shallow earthquakes occur on active faults. These are considered to be geologic
hazards.
Inactive Fault - are areas that can be identified, but which do not have earthquakes.

Earthquake Waves
Seismic Waves - the waves of energy that travel either along or near the Earth’s surface. This energy that travels
through the Earth is recorded by seismographs.
Types of Earthquake Waves;
 Body Waves - are seismic waves that travel through the interior of the Earth. These waves are of
higher frequency than surface waves. The two types of body waves are primary and secondary waves.
o Primary Waves(P Waves) – the fastest kind of seismic waves, the first to arrive at a seismic
station and recorded in the seismograph. It can move through solid rocks and fluids (the liquid
layers of the Earth). P Waves are also known as compressional or longitudinal waves because of the
pushing and pulling that they do. P Waves vibrate parallel to the direction and travelling in push-pull
motion. It can travel at a velocity of about 4 to 6km/s (depends on the nature of the material it
passes through).
o Secondary Waves(S Waves) – it’s slower than P Waves and can only move through solid rocks,
not through any liquid medium. These waves move rock particles up and down, or side-to-side
perpendicular to the direction that the waves are travelling in. S Waves are also known as
transverse or shear waves, which create the shaking of the ground back and forth perpendicular to
the direction the waves are moving. S Waves have a velocity of 3 to 4km/s.
 Surface Waves - travel only through the crust. These are of lower frequency than body waves, and are
easily distinguished on a seismograph. Though they arrive after body waves, it is the surface waves
that are almost entirely responsible for the destruction associated with earthquakes. There are two types
of surface waves, the Love Wave and Rayleigh Wave.
o Love Waves – it’s named after Augustus Edward Hough Love, a British mathematician who worked
out the mathematical model for this kind of wave in 1911. This is the fastest surface wave and moves
the ground from side-to-side. Love waves produce entirely horizontal motion. It can travel a velocity
of 4km/s and create more shaking.
o Rayleigh Waves – this is the second type of surface wave, named after John William Strutt,
Lord Rayleigh, a British scientist who predicted the excistence of this kind of wave in 1885. This wave
rolls along the ground just like a wave rolls across a lake or an ocean. It moves the ground side-
to-side and up and down in the same direction that the wave is moving. Most of the trembling
felt from an earthquake is due to the Rayleigh wave, which can be much larger than the other
waves.

What can seismic waves tell us? The different types of seismic waves can tell us more about the nature of the Earth’s
interior. For instance, seismologists use the seismic waves such as the P waves and S waves to determine the distance from
the source of an earthquake by getting the direction and the difference in the time of arrival of the waves. When the seismic
waves travel deeper into the crust, the quake will speed up. This means that at depth, the rocks are denser. When it reaches
the upper part of the mantle, the waves will slow down. This means that the rocks are partially molten. As the waves reach the
core, one kind of seismic waves called the secondary waves, will disappear thus, the outer core is liquid. At a certain depth,
the waves are reflected and refracted. This means that the Earth must be layered.
SCIENCE Q2
TYPHOON/Tropical Cyclone
Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)

 Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR)

Terms; “Typhoon” – Northwestern Part of the Pacific, “Hurricane” – Northeastern Part of Pacific Ocean, Northern Part
of Atlantic Ocean, “Bagyo” - Philippines

 PSWS – Public Storm Warning Signals

 A tropical cyclone is a system of thunderstorms moving in a circular direction. As the winds strengthen or
weaken, the category is upgraded or downgraded accordingly.

 ‘Effects of Tropical Cyclone’ – Strong Winds, Tornadoes, Rainfall & Flooding, Storm Surge

A tropical cyclone can only form over oceans of the world except in the South Atlantic Ocean and the Southeastern
Pacific due to its lower air temperature. Oceans in the tropics, and landforms in nearby countries can affect the
formation of typhoons.
Landforms affect wind directions, and therefore disrupt the spin of a typhoon. Typhoon weakens because of lack of
water to supply the needed moisture in the air. A typhoon is likely to dissolve or decrease its wind speed when it passes
over a mountain or a mountain range. The cold air on top of a mountain prevents the building up of a typhoon, which
needs warmer air. The bodies of water help in the formation and development of a typhoon. In order for a typhoon to
develop, it needs the abundance of warm water, high humidity, optimal location, ocean water with a temperature of
26.5˚C, spanning from the surface up to the depth of at least 50 meters (160 ft), and low vertical wind shear. Warm
bodies of water are the main factors in the formation of a typhoon. “Typhoon gains energy from warm
ocean water and loses it over cold water.” If warm air rises, it causes an area of lower air pressure.
“Do you know that storms that form north of the equator spin counter clockwise and storms south of the
equator spin clockwise? This is because of the Earth's rotation on its axis.”

TRACKING A TYPHOON
The weather in a specific location show signs of an approaching typhoon, like an increasing wave height and
frequency, increasing cloudiness, falling air pressure, and heavy rainfall. An accurate track forecast is essential
because if the track forecast goes wrong, the intensity, rainfall, storm surge, and tornado threat will also be
incorrect. Typhoons have lower air pressure in the middle. This is often the explanation as to why the air in the
surroundings moves towards the “eye” where wind speed is low. But within the eyewall, where dense clouds are
found, the wind speed is great. Whenever news report emphasizes that typhoon has sustained winds of 200 kph
for example, they are pertaining to the winds at the eyewall. When the eye of typhoon passes over a specific place,
it is the winds at the eyewall that wreak lots of destructions. As one side of the eyewall approaches, it brings
robust winds blowing in one direction. Then comes the center of typhoon, with its calm weather. As it leaves, the
opposite side of the eyewall brings strong winds again, but this time in the opposite way.
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
ENGLISH
- A citation is a reference to the source of information used in one’s written work, The Modern Language
Association (MLA) citation style is normally used for the Humanities, like English, History, or Drama.
On the other hand, the American Psychological Association style is used for Social Sciences, like
Psychology, Education, Sociology, and the like.
- If a subject is singular, its verb must also be singular; if a subject is plural, its verb must also be plural.
- Adjective a word or phrase naming an attribute, added to, or grammatically related to a noun to modify
or describe it.
- An adverb is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.

-
- Multimodal Texts are often live, digital text, or paper-based. It requires the processing of more than one
method and the recognition of the interconnections between information.
- What is comparing and contrasting?
 Comparing is the process of looking at the similarities of two things or ideas with the use of
appropriate transition signals.
 Contrasting is the process of looking at the differences between two things or ideas with the
use of appropriate transition signals
- Language is divided into two categories, literal and figurative.
- Bias refers to an author’s expression of his/her own opinion on a particular issue without examining and
presenting enough evidences.
- Types of Propaganda Techniques. There are a number of ways and/or techniques on how to
persuade people to buy products, accept ideas, and avail services; Card Stacking, Testimonial,
Name-Calling, Transfer, Loaded Words, Simplification, Soft Soap, Bandwagon, Plain Folks &
Glittering Generalities.
- An issue is an important problem or topic that people in the society argue about or discuss since it
negatively affects many people in the society. It could be a social, moral, or economic issue.
- Idea development is essential in writing. This is done by organizing ideas in a logical and clear
manner that suits the writer’s purpose. To achieve this, it is necessary to use appropriate
grammatical signals or expressions.
- Grammatical signals are writing devices such as transitional devices, connectors, determiners,
and repetitions that are used to maintain text coherence.
- A. Narrative text tells us either true or fiction events or connected sequence of events. These
events are recounted by the narrator to the readers.
- B. Descriptive text shows how something is done. It is written through careful observation. It may
pertain to places, persons, animals, featuring their qualities and distinctive aspects to give a clear
and complete description of something that happened.
- C. Expository text is usually nonfiction and is informational. It is not designed like that of a story
but is organized according to purpose or goal of the author. Examples of this text are news
articles, books, manuals, or textbooks.
- D. Persuasive text has the purpose of presenting a point of view to persuade a reader. This text can
be an argument, exposition, discussion, review or it can also be an advertisement.