Persyaratan Konservasi Energy Selubung Bangunan

Jatmika Adi Suryabrata

Department of Architecture and Planning
Universitas Gadjah Mada

d+e Lab (https://www.dpelab.com/)

Senior Technical Consultant
Global Building Performance Network

Senior Expert Consultant

IFC – World Bank Group

June 2022
Pict source: IFC’s DfGE workshop 2020
The Problems
Impact of GHG (C02) Concentration on Climate Change
Pollution from fossil fuel

15-19 lm/W
CFL 46-75 lm/W
LED 75 – 120 lm/W
 350

438,777,420
INDONESIA'S URBAN
300 10%

380,742,328
POPULATION Average annual
construction growth
250

291,347,596
222,293,000
200

USD Billions
160,943,057

150
109,387,114
80,564,904

100

50

0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2016 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
2011
(e) (f) (f) (f) (f) (f) (f) (f) (f) (f) (f)
Buildings 47.4 52.5 60.3 71.9 87.3 105.7 128.6 155.7 188.1 226.2 270.1 321.8
Source: World Bank

• By 2030, 71% of the Indonesian population will be in the cities

• Increasing demand for more building space
• Building sector emissions are expected to grow annually at 4.5%
The Opportunities
 29% reduction of GHG emissions by 2030
41% with international support

Forestry
Energy Agriculture Waste Industries
& OLU

EBTKE (Energy Baru Terbarukan dan Konservasi Energi)

 Permen PUPR 21, 2021 Bangunan Gedung Hijau

Source: Penyelengaaraan Bangunan Gedung Hijau, by Ir. M. Sulton Sahara M.Eng

Mandatory Voluntary
Pergub DKI 38, 2012 Greenship Certification by GBCI
Perwal Bandung 1023, 2016 EDGE Certification by IFC – World Bank with GBCI
Perwal Semarang 24, 2019
Pergub 45 Bali, 45 2019
Perwal Samarinda, 55, 2021
----- GHG Reduction Potential GtCO2e/yr-------

Buildings offer the

most
cost-effective GHG
reduction
opportunity

Note:
‘Low cost’ emission reductions = carbon
price <20 US$/tCO2-eq.
‘Medium cost’ emission reductions = carbon
price <50 US$/tCO2-eq.
‘High cost’ emission reductions = carbon
price <100 US$/tCO2-eq

Jauh lebih murah dan efisien untuk menghemat listrik 1 Watt dari pada memproduksi listrik 1 Watt
14
Source: IPCC 2007, AR4 Chapter 10 & World Resources Institute
 Climate Transparency Report, 2021
Some technical and organizational challenges
toward policies development & implementation

ASEAN Indonesia

500
Energy Usage Intensity (kWh/m2/yr)

400

300

200

100

0
Office Library Retail/Mall Hotels Hospital
Platinum certification by GBCI
124 kWh/m2.yr
Winner 2014 ASEAN Energy Chiller 600 TR
Awards for Energy Efficient 225 kWh/m2.yr
new & large Building Chiller 700 TR

Winner 2016 ASEAN Energy

Awards for Green Building

Energy cost Savings

+ IDR 230 mil/mo
The Design Principles
100%
11.6% 7.4% 8%
90% 20.2% 20.2%
31.5% 30.7%
80%

35.8% 39.2%
70%
30.3% 30.3% Windows
60% 19.6% 23%
50%
30.8% Walls
40% Lighting
30%
52.6% 49.7% 53.3% Equipment
49.5% 49.5% 60%
20% 37.7%
6% Occupancy
10%

0% 3%
LARGE OFFICE RETAIL HOTEL HOSPITAL APARTMENT EDU. BUILDING

COOLING LIGHTING MISC

Cooling load Breakdown (office buildings)

Energy consumption Breakdown
Konduksi dinding Konduksi kaca Radiasi kaca
 Konduksi dinding Konduksi kaca Radiasi kaca

To Ti
 Thermal comfort Calculate the amount of Radiant and Conductive Heat coming through:

I Difference= Delta T

Avg. incident solar radiation (Jakarta – orientasi barat): 197 W/m2 (see solar factor data) Assumed Indoor temp.: 25 C Outdoor
temperature: 30 C
A A

Wall Conductive U Value:

Glass Solar Heat Gain Ratio (SHGC): 2.7 W/m2K (for uninsulated brick
0.8 (for clear glass) wall)

Glass Conductive U Value:

5.7 W/m2K

Radiant Qr= I * A* SHGC 197 x 1 x 0.8 = 157,6 No Radiant Gain

Heat Gain

Conductive Qc= U*A*DeltaT 5,7 x 1 x 5 = 28,5 2,7 x 1 x 5 = 13,5

Heat Gain
Total Heat 186,1 W/m2 13,5 W/m2
Gain

Where is most heat coming from in above example? Wall or Windows?

Conduction or radiation?
 Energy Conservation Design Principles
climate
Micro climate
Building forms, Building envelopes

Human Comfort level

25 C

20 C

Passive cooling-heating, low energy ME

Mechanical Electrical Systems

Taman Menteng Jakarta
Building Orientation
 79.09 W/m2
The Impact of Building Orientation

104.25 W/m2

92.58 W/m2
74.09 W/m2

102.94 W/m2
113.17 W/m2

52.43 W/m2 56.32W/m2

WWR = 70%
WWR = 70%
SHGC = 0.6 (panasap)
SHGC = 0.6 (panasap)
HVAC COP = 3 (package system, VRF/VRV) HVAC COP = 3 (package system, VRF/VRV)

OTTV = 74.47 W/m2 OTTV = 98.82 W/m2

IKE = 171.99 kWh/m2/year IKE =201.40 kWh/m2/year

Jakarta Paris
 The Impact of WWR 70% → 30%

36.56 W/m2
74.09 W/m2

50.03 W/m2
52.66 W/m2
102.94 W/m2
113.17 W/m2

25.88 W/m2
52.43 W/m2
WWR = 30%
WWR = 70%
SHGC = 0.6 (panasap)
SHGC = 0.6 (panasap)
HVAC COP = 3 (package system, VRF/VRV)
HVAC COP = 3 (package system, VRF/VRV)

OTTV = 36.26 W/m2

OTTV = 74.47 W/m2

IKE = 171.99 kWh/m2/year IKE = 143.36 kWh/m2/year

WWR: Window to Wall Ratio (%), yaitu persentase luasan jendela kaca terhadap dinding
masif.
Semakin besar luasan jendela, semakin banyak beban panas untuk AC dan semakin tinggi
konsumsi energy.

WWR < 20% WWR 33% - 50% WWR 70 %

No view and daylight
 The Impact of SHGC 0.6 → 0.4 (stopsol)

74.09 W/m2 56.07 W/m2

76.86 W/m2
102.94 W/m2

83.88 W/m2
113.17 W/m2

52.43 W/m2 40.07 W/m2

WWR = 70% WWR = 70%

SHGC = 0.6 (panasap) SHGC = 0.4 (stopsol)

HVAC COP = 3 (package system, VRF/VRV) HVAC COP = 3 (package system, VRF/VRV)

OTTV = 74.47 W/m2 OTTV = 56.14 W/m2

IKE = 171.99 kWh/m2/year IKE = 154.02 kWh/m2/year

 The Impact of HVAC system (COP)

74.09 W/m2 74.09 W/m2

102.94 W/m2

102.94 W/m2
113.17 W/m2

113.17 W/m2
52.43 W/m2 52.43 W/m2
WWR = 70% WWR = 70%
SHGC = 0.6 (panasap) SHGC = 0.6 (panasap)
HVAC COP = 3 (package system, VRF/VRV) HVAC COP = 5.8 (water cooled chiller)

OTTV = 74.47 W/m2 OTTV = 74.47 W/m2

IKE = 171.99 kWh/m2/year IKE = 147.12 kWh/m2/year
 Best Practices → passive & active

74.09 W/m2 28.18 W/m2

102.94 W/m2

38.37 W/m2
113.17 W/m2

39.72 W/m2
52.43 W/m2 20.09 W/m2

WWR = 70% WWR = 30%

SHGC = 0.6 (panasap) SHGC = 0.4 (stopsol)

HVAC COP = 3 HVAC COP = 3 HVAC COP = 5.8

OTTV = 74.47 W/m2 OTTV = 27.86 W/m2
IKE = 171.99 kWh/m2/year IKE = 151.10 kWh/m2/year IKE = 129.33 kWh/m2/year

Savings = 42.66 kWh/m2.yr atau IDR 60.000 /m2.yr

Perhitungan RTTV
form 6x6
atap metal roof PVC
ceiling gypsum
WWR N+S 10%
WWR E+W 10%
shading no
Wall brick
AC COP 2.7
Temp setting 22
Ceiling fan no
lighting W/m2 (oC) 5
operational hours 12pm - 6am

MRT (oC) 26.95 0.46%

Cooling load (W) 7,108.44 1.00%
kWh / Tahun 11,070.78 0.78%
form 6x6
atap metal roof
ceiling gypsum No ceiling
WWR N+S 10%
WWR E+W 10%
shading no
Wall brick
AC COP 2.7
Temp setting (oC) 22
Ceiling fan no
lighting W/m2 5
operational hours 12pm - 6am

MRT (oC) 28.54 -5.40%

Cooling load (W) 22,301.31 -210.60%
kWh / Tahun 19,969.07 -78.98%
Photo mall
Case Studies
STUDI TIPOLOGI BANGUNAN RUSUNAWA
RAMAH LINGKUNGAN
Thermal, Natural Ventilation & Daylight Analysis
VARIABEL YANG DIANALISA
External heat gain
• Besarnya panas matahari yang diterima oleh unit rusun melalui selubung bangunan (dinding)

Air temperature
• Suhu udara di dalam ruangan yang dapat diukur dengan termometer pada umumnya

Mean radiant temperature (MRT)

• Suhu rata-rata radiasi permukaan interior (sisi dalam selubung bangunan) yang dipancarkan selubung bangunan
(dinding, atap, lantai) ke dalam ruangan

Operative temperature
• Sensasi suhu yang dirasakan manusia yang menentukan tingkat kenyamanan termal.
• Operative temperature merupakan perpaduan dari air temperature dan MRT

Comfort temperature (sebagai standar nyaman secara termal)

• Merupakan suhu nyaman yang dirasakan manusia, sebagai hasil dari interaksi antara manusia dengan
lingkungan sekitarnya.
• Menurut Nicol & Humphreys, comfort temperature dihitung dengan rumus = 13.5 + 0.54 x suhu udara di luar
Model Rusun T-36
WWR (window to wall ratio) = 22.46%

ROOM

LIVING
ROOM
WC
Kondisi Termal di Rusun T-36
BASEDESIGN
Dinding precast hebel
Kaca clear panasap clear panasap
External Heat Gain (W) 544.12 517.29 353.79 321.75
External Heat Gain (W/m2) 37.32 35.48 24.27 22.07
LIVING
Air Temperature ( C) 31.63 31.44 30.51 30.25
ROOM
MRT ( C) 32.17 31.97 31.03 30.77
Operative Temperature (C) 31.90 31.70 30.77 30.51
External Heat Gain (W) 412.00 392.31 281.42 255.85
External Heat Gain (W/m2) 50.31 47.90 34.36 31.24
BEDROOM Air Temperature ( C) 31.72 31.50 30.57 30.26
MRT ( C) 32.32 32.10 31.15 30.83
Operative Temperature (C) 32.02 31.80 30.86 30.55

BASEDESIGN BASEDESIGN BASEDESIGN

• Berdasarkan rata-rata heat gain, MRT dan operative temperature selama setahun, nilai heat gain, MRT dan operative temperature terendah
diperoleh desain unit menggunakan dinding hebel dan kaca panasap, sedangkan nilai rata-rata heat gain, MRT dan operative temperature
tertinggi diperoleh desain unit menggunakan dinding precast dan kaca clear.
• Dinding dengan material hebel menghantarkan panas lebih sedikit daripada precast, karena U value Hebel (1.231 W/m2-K) jauh lebih baik
dibandingkan dengan U value precast (4.417 W/m2-K). Semakin kecil nilai U-value, semakin kecil panas yang ditransmisikan melalui material
tersebut.
• Kaca panasap menghantarkan panas lebih sedikit daripada kaca clear, karena nilai SHGC kaca panasap (0.584) yang lebih kecil dibandingkan
dengan kaca clear (0.839). Semakin kecil nilai SHGC, semakin kecil pula transmisi radiasi panas yang terjadi melalui material kaca.
 SIMULATION ASSUMPTION

Analisis CFD menggunakan software Autodesk CFD. Sampel modelling diambil dari bangunan rusun T-30 dengan
membuat unit typical dalam dua kondisi
1. Unit dengan dinding dapur tertutup (box kuning)
2. Unit dengan dinding dapur terbuka –menggunakan rooster (box merah) sehingga memungkinkan terjadi cross
ventilation

Kedua model tersebut dimodelkan dalam kondisi pintu utama unit terbuka dan tertutup untuk mengetahui
pergerakan udara di dalam ruangan.
Analysis Natural Ventilation

Model dengan pintu unit terbuka Model dengan pintu unit tertutup

• Jika dinding di area dapur menggunakan material rooster maka udara dapat mengalir melewati area dapur,
sedangkan jika dinding area dapur menggunakan dinding bata maka udara akan berbelok mengalir melalui ruang
keluarga.
• Ketika pintu unit terbuka, udara dapat mengalir dengan bebas ke dalam unit, sedangkan ketika pintu unit
tertutup, udara masih dapat mengalir ke dalam area unit melalui jendela dan bouven di atas pintu, tetapi
kecepatan dan tekanan udara tersebut lebih kecil daripada model dengan pintu terbuka.
• Kecepatan udara di dalam unit dengan dinding dapur menggunakan rooster (dalam box merah) ketika pintu
terbuka berkisar dari 0.6 – 1.5 m/s sedangkan ketika pintu tertutup berkisar dari 0.6 – 1.2 m/s.
Perbandingan Natural Ventilation setiap Orientasi

Arah angin diasumsikan dari timur ke barat

Thank You